Formative feedback to improve pharmacology learning: Proposed principles and guidelines for effective practice

Formative feedback to improve pharmacology learning: Proposed principles and guidelines for effective practice | Authorea try { document.documentElement.classList.add('js'); } catch (e) { } var _gaq = _gaq || []; _gaq.push(['_setAccount', 'G-8VDV14Y67G']); _gaq.push(['_trackPageview']); (function() { var ga = document.createElement('script'); ga.type = 'text/javascript'; ga.async = true; ga.src = ('https:' == document.location.protocol ? 'https://ssl' : 'http://www') + '.google-analytics.com/ga.js'; var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(ga, s); })(); Skip to main content Preprints Collections Wiley Open Research IET Open Research Ecological Society of Japan All Collections About About Authorea FAQs Contact Us Quick Search anywhere Search for preprint articles, keywords, etc. Search Search ADVANCED SEARCH SCROLL British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology This is a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. 14 October 2025 V1 Latest version Share on Formative feedback to improve pharmacology learning: Proposed principles and guidelines for effective practice Author : Thomas Angelo 0000-0003-2155-3897 [email protected] Authors Info & Affiliations https://doi.org/10.22541/au.176045955.54249074/v1 147 views 121 downloads Contents Abstract Supplementary Material Information & Authors Metrics & Citations View Options References Figures Tables Media Share Abstract Aims. To learn effectively, students need timely, specific, actionable feedback---known as formative feedback---on what and how well they are learning and on how to improve further. Providing feedback to help students learn pharmacology effectively is a complex task. Currently, however, pharmacology educators lack evidence-based guidelines for effective, efficient practice. This article aims to fill that gap. First, it briefly defines formative assessment and feedback and explains how they can affect student learning. Second, it offers pharmacology teachers research-based principles and related practical guidelines for using formative feedback to improve student learning. These principles and guidelines may also be useful in training generative artificial intelligence programs to support formative feedback provision. Third, it aims to stimulate interest in, use of, experimentation with, and research on formative feedback in pharmacology education. Methods. Relevant research literature was reviewed from higher education, medical and health sciences education, pharmacy education, and pharmacology education on effective practice of formative assessment and formative feedback published in English between 2000 and 2024. Findings. While there is a substantial body of empirical research on formative feedback in higher education, relatively little has been published in medical and health sciences education. In pharmacology education, no relevant research on formative feedback was located, making a formal literature review unviable. Conclusion. Students need formative feedback to learn. Teachers need guidance to provide that feedback effectively and efficiently. Pharmacology teachers and learners can benefit from practical principles and guidelines for formative feedback practice based in the most current, relevant research. Supplementary Material File (formative.feedback.revised.mss.bjcp.final_t.a. angelo_13.oct.2025.docx) Download 71.15 KB Information & Authors Information Version history V1 Version 1 14 October 2025 Copyright This work is licensed under a Non Exclusive No Reuse License. Collection British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology Authors Affiliations Thomas Angelo 0000-0003-2155-3897 [email protected] Monash University View all articles by this author Metrics & Citations Metrics Article Usage 147 views 121 downloads .FvxKWukQNSOunydq8rnd { width: 100px; } Citations Download citation Thomas Angelo. Formative feedback to improve pharmacology learning: Proposed principles and guidelines for effective practice. Authorea . 14 October 2025. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22541/au.176045955.54249074/v1 If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download. For more information or tips please see 'Downloading to a citation manager' in the Help menu . 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