Impacts of Political Instability on the Tourism and Hospitality Businesses in Amhara National Regional State, Ethiopia

Impacts of Political Instability on the Tourism and Hospitality Businesses in Amhara National Regional State, Ethiopia | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Impacts of Political Instability on the Tourism and Hospitality Businesses in Amhara National Regional State, Ethiopia Getachew Melesse Asefa, Busha Taa, Endalkachew Teshome This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6795742/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 29 Dec, 2025 Read the published version in Discover Sustainability → Version 1 posted 14 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The aim of this paper is to examine the impact of political instability on the tourism and hospitality sector in the case of major tourist sites in Amhara, Ethiopia. Data were collected through the SurveyCTO software. In this survey, 367 respondents and 12 key informant interviewees conducted. Participants from hospitality and tourism businesses were located in key tourist sites including Gondar, Debark, Lalibela, and Bahir Dar. To analyze differences in responses across multiple categorical variables (tourist sites, business types, locations, and business categories) as it’s suitable to comparing two or more independent groups of the hospitality and tourism businesses with non-normal data, the Kruskal-Wallis test was employed. The Mann-Whitney U-test specifically examined to compare the variances in responses between those hospitality and tourism businesses. The study findings indicate that political instability results in decreased revenues, decreased numbers of tourists, shorter lengths of stay, increased mobility of manpower, and increased costs for the tourism industry. This result was valid not only for all major tourist destinations but also for the rest of the country in general, even though the level of impact is different for hospitality and tourism businesses based on their characteristics. As a result of the political instability impact since 2020 in Amhara, Ethiopia, the performance of the tourism industry has declined. Tourism crisis management and recovery marketing strategies for tourism and hospitality businesses will need to be considered in future studies of sustainable tourism development. Political Instability Tourism Business Hospitality Business Tourist Sites Impacts Introduction Over the past two decades, the world has undergone significant changes. Events such as terrorist attacks, regional conflicts, natural disasters, and disease outbreaks have led to a marked decline in security (Kővári & Zimányi, 2010 ). African countries are regularly animated by crisis (political instability, conflicts, pandemic, epidemic diseases, drought, famine, wars, coup d’états and economic crisis) (Ndokang & Tsambou, 2015 ; Radelet, 2010 ). Political instability has become an endemic to third world countries (Aluko & Arowolo, 2010 ; Ayoob, 1991 ). It has resulted in a decrease in the number of tourists visiting Africa and in foreign tourism investment, as travelers are wary of the potential risks associated with traveling to unstable countries (Santana & Fourie, 2022 ). Such political instability directly influences tourist demand (Sönmez & Sönmez, 2017 ), destination image (Hammam & El Sayed, 2017 ), and raises concerns about targeting tourists, particularly in some of the most popular tourist destinations directly (Naef & Ploner, 2016 ). Additionally, tourism has increasingly been used as a strategic instrument in political contexts (Dredge & Jamal, 2015 ). International visitor flows to Egypt, Morocco, Tunisia, and Algeria are negatively impacted by violent political acts like assassinations, purges, and revolutions (Reeves, 2019 ). The Arab Spring upheavals had a negative effect on tourism to the Middle East, and it had taken a long time to restore a positive image and bring back tourists (Avraham, 2015 ). A significant part of what makes tourism a popular activity is its focus on pleasant experiences, which have no place in a world of conflict, violence, and terrorism (Shahrabani et al., 2020 ). “Peace, safety, and security are the primary conditions for the normal tourism development of a destination, and thus are the basic determinants of its growth (Cavlek, 2002 )”. Tourism can promote positive peace by encouraging social cohesion, economic fairness, cultural awareness, and environmental stewardship in a destination. When managed effectively, tourism not only fosters peace but also thrives in peaceful conditions.(Alamineh, 2022 ). “While the 21st century has so far been statistically the most peaceful one; numerous violent conflicts and comprehensive media coverage have brought dreadful events into the cities and homes of many people (Tkalec & Žilić, 2017 )”. Ethiopia proudly boasts one of the highest concentrations of UNESCO World Heritage sites in Africa. Over recent years, it has emerged as an increasingly popular tourist destination on the continent (Brown & Hay-Edie, 2014 ; Löki et al., 2019 ). By 2018, the Ethiopian government set an ambitious goal to triple the number of foreign visitors, aiming to welcome over 2.5 million tourists (Woldu, 2018 ). The impact of tourism on the Ethiopian economy has been substantial. From 2006 to 2020, tourism receipts surged from $ 2.5 billion to $ 8.5 billion (World-Bank, 2023 ). The number of events hosted in the country grew dramatically during the same period, increasing from 1,000 to 3,000. This remarkable growth can be attributed to a robust economy and significant investments in tourism infrastructure (Mann, 2006 ; World-Bank, 2023 ). In fact, tourism historically contributed around $ 2.9 billion annually to Ethiopia’s economy, creating nearly a million jobs and accounting for approximately 4.5 percent of the nation’s gross domestic product (world-bank, 2019 ). Focusing on the northern circuit, often regarded as Ethiopia's historic heartland, this encompasses many key tourist attractions in the Amhara National Regional State (Tafesse, 2016 ). Notably, three of Ethiopia's UNESCO World Heritage sites are located here (Worku & Tessema, 2018 ). The region is endowed with marvelous natural and cultural attractions (Tessema et al., 2021 ). Major cities like Bahir Dar, Lalibela, Gondar, and Debark are recognized as prime tourist destinations along this historic route (Geremew et al., 2017 ; Haile et al., 2020 ). Currently, Ethiopia's tourism industry is grappling with several intertwined challenges. Key factors impacting this sector include political instability, ongoing conflicts, wars, unhelpful economic policies, inadequate infrastructure development, economic downturns, subpar service quality, and a lack of robust marketing and promotional efforts(Ahmed & Oumer, 2023 ; Asmare, 2016 ). In Ethiopia, political instability has been considered a major hindrance to tourism industry since 2020, as a result of conflicts in Northern Ethiopia between the Federal Government and Tigray rebels (Berhe et al., 2022 ; Regasa et al., 2023 ). It is affecting the performance of the tourism business, causing for socio-economic crisis, a stagnation of foreign investment, a decrease in the number of foreign tourists and environmental degradation (Berhe et al., 2022 ; Bogale, 2020 ; Hall, 2005 ; Sönmez, 1998 ). Although the country managed to achieve a high tourism flow, recently political instability has continued to be a threat to the sustainability of this growth through its direct and indirect tourism business impacts (Khafaga & Albagoury, 2022 ). After two years of conflict, the Federal government and the Tigray rebel group signed a peace agreement in Pretoria, South Africa (Gebresenbet & Tariku, 2023 ). Subsequently, a fresh political dispute emerged in the Amhara National Regional State between the Federal Government and the "Amhara Fano" in 2023. This led the Federal Government to declaring a state of emergency in the area on August 4, 2023. This has also exacerbated tourism problems, creating another major crisis for the tourism industry, just as "mumps on a goiter". Before such political conflicts, the top tourist destinations in the Amhara National Regional State, particularly Gondar, Bahir Dar, Lalibela and Debark, were the most popular and frequently visited destinations for UNESCO World Heritage Sites (Woreta & Meskele, 2018 ). In 2018, 849,000 international tourists visited Ethiopia, which means that 79% of the Travel & Tourism expenditures were generated by leisure visitors and 21% by business tourists (WTTC, 2019 ). Amhara National Regional State's major tourist destinations were primarily driven by leisure travellers and Ethiopia's tourism grew by 48.6% in 2018 (WTTC, 2019 ). However, after this political unrest and conflicts broke out in Northern Ethiopia, tourism to Northern Ethiopia has been impeded, making these areas’ tourism sector more complicated and, they hurt most parts of the tourism business due to travel forbids that disrupted most operations. The tourism industry could not overcome the negative impacts and consequences of political instability and conflict (Isaac, 2010 ).. According to the Amhara-Region-Culture-and-Tourism-Bureau ( 2022 ) 2021–2022 report, tourist receipts plummeted due to the political instability and conflict in Northern Ethiopia. In 2020 Ethiopia recorded a total of 518,000 tourists and ranked 126th in the world (WorldData, 2022 ; WTTC, 2022 ). Previous research has explored the themes of political unrest, states of emergency, and armed conflict (Ahmed & Oumer, 2022 ; Bogale, 2020 ; Gebremeskel, 2023 ; Tomczewska-Popowycz & Quirini-Popławski, 2021 ; Wondirad, 2017 ). Their findings highlighted the effects of these issues on tourism marketing, the image of tourist destinations, and the preservation of museum heritages, indicating that uncertainty negatively impacts tourist flow. On the other hand, some studies have focused on the role of tourism in promoting reconciliation and the importance of peace and security for tourism development (Alene, 2017 ; Geremew, 2020 ). Despite these insights, there remains a gap in understanding the specific effects of political instability on tourism industry performance. Many studies lack clarity on how tourism and hospitality businesses are influenced by political factors and often fail to represent the full spectrum of the tourism sector in the Amhara National Regional State (ANRS), particularly as most utilize qualitative methods (Adane, 2021 ; Gebremeskel, 2023 ). Moreover, there is insufficient research on how political instability and conflicts impact the tourism industry and, the degree of influence on each stakeholder. Existing studies largely focus on developed countries and third-world tourist destinations, with minimal attention given to Ethiopian locations like Gondar, Bahir Dar, Lalibela, and Debark. Given the unique cultural, service quality, security, infrastructure, and risk management differences among these destinations, the factors contributing to political instability may vary significantly. This study addresses a gap by examining a different geographical area and timeframe than previous research (Ingram et al., 2013 ; Tomczewska-Popowycz & Quirini-Popławski, 2021 ; Usman et al., 2022 ). The lack of rigorous academic research in this field has led to a limited understanding of the impact of political instability, resulting in uninformed decision-making that hampers effective planning, development, and management of tourist destinations (Bogale & Wondirad, 2019 ). Consequently, this study aims to examine to what extent political instability (PI) influences the performance of tourism and hospitality businesses within major tourist destinations in the Amhara National Regional State to answer the following research questions: Does political instability have a different effect on different types of business and locations? How does political instability influence the performance of the tourism industry? Literature Review A substantial literature explores various concepts of political instability and its impacts on the tourism and hospitality business. One of the most significant studies is authored by Murad and Alshyab ( 2019 ), who characterize political instability as a system's inability to mobilize sufficient resources to manage community conflicts and prevent violence. Another important study by Campos et al. ( 2012 ) reveals that occurrences such assassinations, guerrilla warfare, coups, strikes, civil wars, riots, revolutions, and violence serve as indicators of both formal and informal political instability, impacting growth through various pathways over time. Besides Jong-A-Pin ( 2009 ) study, political instability is expressed in multiple dimensions: politically motivated violence, mass civil protest, instability within the political regime, and instability of the political conflict in the regime. In similar manner, other literature discusses the prevalent factors contributing to political instability; for instance Ogbonnaya ( 2013 ) identify common causes such as cultural heterogeneity, low regime legitimacy, lack of coercive power, economic backwardness, and structural simplicity. Political instability in the developing countries, particularly in African, often stems from the complex interplay of diverse indigenous societies and political cultures, which hinders their ability to address economic backwardness (Coleman, 2015 ). Ethiopia has faced considerable political turmoil, as highlighted by Fiseha ( 2019 ) and Kebede ( 2018 )), which indicates that the nation's political instability is a complex issue stemming from governance difficulties, ethnic rivalries, and regional disputes, even in light of its economic development and federal structure aimed at accommodating its ethno national diversity. On the other side, Henderson ( 2003 ) demonstrates that the relationship between politics and tourism is intricate and multi-dimensional. This perspective is corroborated by (Farmaki et al., 2015 ) and Henderson ( 2003 ), who claim that tourism is largely a political phenomenon that transcends formal governmental frameworks and processes when politics is understood primarily as a matter of power dynamics. Additionally, a substantial body of literature examines how tourism arrivals decline due to various challenges and threats. Hlengwa and Thusi ( 2018 ) identify factors such as terrorist attacks, political instability, health pandemics, and natural disasters, which, despite having caused issues, have shown resilience and are forecasted to have a strong future. David Mc A ( 2014 ), in his study of various human-induced disasters that can profoundly affect tourism flow, notes that the risks associated with political unrest tend to deter potential travelers even more significantly, thus reinforcing the findings of Hlengwa and Thusi ( 2018 ) research. Conversely, Political stability and political relations within and between states are extremely important in determining the image of destinations in tourist generating regions (Yap & Saha, 2013 ). Additionally, there is another literature that is more closely linked with tourism is an activity largely based on pleasant experiences and it is fundamentally incompatible with conflict, war, violence, and terrorism (Mataković & Cunjak Mataković, 2019 ; Tkalec & Žilić, 2021 ). In fact, while the 21st century has so far been statistically the most peaceful one, numerous violent conflicts and comprehensive media coverage have brought dreadful events into the cities and homes of many people (Tkalec & Žilić, 2017 ). Political instability events in popular tourist destinations, which are affected the movement of the people at different times: Yemen, Sri Lanka, Liechtenstein, Thailand, Ukrainian and Russian and, terrorist attacks in Tunisia, Turkey, France and Spain that shift tourist demand towards places which are perceived safer (Ivanov et al., 2017 ; Tkalec & Žilić, 2017 ). There are others who have looked into a related problem, political instability increases crime rate and food prices, and weakened tourism development have affecting the living standards of the general population (Rauf, 2022 ). In fact, in the past few years, the relationship between political unrest and war, and the tourism industry studies have concentrated related studies in Ethiopia. For example, Chiriko ( 2021 ), in his study focused on the complex relationship between political violence and hotels. In a similar manner, Alene ( 2017 ) focused on in his publication upon the complex relationship between tourism and peace. Numerous writers in these texts perceive tourism as either a victim that endures conflicts or as a proactive participant striving to mediate between conflicting parties. Literature that supports tourists tends to steer clear of unpleasant political situations from the perspective of a victim of political circumstances (Adane, 2021 ; Bogale, 2020 ; Gebremeskel, 2023 ). Whereas, literatures that deals with the role of tourism in terms of peace making and reconcile opposing sides of a conflict (Asongu et al., 2019; Becken & Carmignani, 2016 ; Geremew, 2020 ). The tourism industry can promote growth and create numerous employment opportunities in the region, as well as increase domestic and foreign investment. This can not only benefit the region economically, but can also contribute to peace and harmony following political turmoil (Çakmak, 2012 ; Seyfi et al., 2022 ). Indeed, political instability negatively impacts businesses and the operating environment of tourism companies (Ivanov et al., 2017 ; Llorca-Vivero, 2008 ) by creating a less secure atmosphere for tourists and frequently resulting in economic turmoil (such as inflation, and unemployment). In this study, the researcher investigated to what extent the political instability has impacted the tourism and hospitality business that has been ongoing in Northern Ethiopia, particularly in the Amhara National Regional State's top tourist destinations. There is considerable evidence to suggest that impacts are likely unfavorable for business people working in tourism and hospitality, as indicated by existing literature on the subject (Adane, 2021 ; Ahmed & Oumer, 2023 ; Chiriko, 2021 ; Ivanov et al., 2017 )). Thus, the aim of this paper is to consolidate current insights on how political instability affects the tourism business and to evaluate the factors influencing the performances of tourism and level consequences among the private sectors of such instability. Methodology of the Study Description of the Study Areas Geographically, this study was limited in Gondar, Bahir Dar, Lalibela, and Debark tourist destinations, Ethiopia. These top tourist sites have become a hub of tourist attractions, where large numbers of tourists enjoy a safe and pleasant vacation in Ethiopia (Asmare, 2016 ). Despite the fact that these sites are regarded as World Heritage Sites, political instability greatly affects the tourism industry in the Amhara National Regional State including the major tourist sites. Research Design, Sampling Techniques and Instrument To get a comprehensive understanding of the impacts of political instability on the tourism business, this study employed a convergent parallel design to provide a more holistic view of the research problem, and to compare the results enhance-validate of the findings (Creswell & Clark, 2017 ). It helps to triangulate data and get reliable findings through the use of multiple data sets or methods in research (Vivek & Nanthagopan, 2021 ). The main subjects of this study were travel agencies, tourist guides, hotel employees, souvenir shops, car rentals, boat rentals, cooks, tourist polices, scouts, equipment rentals and ecotourism associations, as well as tourism and heritage experts. The researcher was applied stratified simple random and purposive sampling techniques to achieve this research objective. Therefore, the sampling method has used Yamane ( 1967 ) formula n = N/ ((1 + N (e) 2)) chose 372 tourism and hospitality business personnel from four tourist destinations. Then, the number of respondents to each destination (stratum) was distributed as prescribed by Kothari ( 2004 ) formula n1 = nN1/ N. Subsequently, number of respondents was distributed Bahir Dar-127, Lalibela-82, Gondar-96 and Debark-66. In order to address the research questions effectively, survey questionnaires and key informant interviews were formulated as a data collection instruments. This study was tried to adopt and adapt different scholars’ published papers instruments (Eid et al., 2019 ; Ivanov, 2017 ; Pereira et al., 2022 ; Seddighi et al., 2002 ). Both close-ended and open-ended questionnaires were employed to find additional information and in order to give respondents an opportunity to make comments (Asmare, 2016 ). Additionally, five point likert scales was applied in this research to measure respondents level of agreement. Method of Data Collection To address this study objective, both primary and secondary data were gathered for analysis and interpretation that contribute to triangulate data as it involves the use of multiple methods to study a single problem (Decrop, 1999 ). In the current investigation, data collection took place in June-September 2024, questionnaires data was collected via survey CTO software using trained interviewers/data collectors. The researcher gathered data amid political instability in the areas of study, which led to the development of two methods. The first involved employing data collectors who reside in those regions, while the second utilized an online system. To implement this, the researcher created a questionnaire using Survey CTO, highly regarded data collection software that operates offline. After crafting all the questionnaires, they were integrated into the software with translations in both Amharic and English langauages. A fortunate turn of events occurred during the data collection phase when the previously blocked internet became operational across all study sites. To facilitate data gathering with this software, experts from the culture and tourism office and other tourism graduates living in the areas were recruited. Once selected, they received practical training via personal communication through phone calls, Google meet, WhatsApp, and Telegram. A pilot survey was carried out at each site with a sample of 50 participants. Throughout the training and pilot testing phases, corrections and adjustments were made to finalize the instrument. Data collection then commenced, either through interviews or by having participants self-administer the survey via a provided Survey CTO link. Consequently, 12-key informant participants were interviewed that assigned in government and private tourism sectors with experience in these study sites. Interviews are widely held to be a fundamentally useful way to understand informants’ beliefs, experiences, and worlds (Mann, 2016 ). In addition, in this study, secondary sources of data were used to address the study objective effectively either published or unpublished materials. Hence, for this study 367 survey questionnaires, 12 key informants interviews and secondary sources of data were collected for analysis to generalize the impact of political instability on tourism business in Amhara National Regional State, Ethiopia. Method of Data Analysis In order to analyze how political instability influences tourism performance, peoples working in the tourism and hospitality businesses shared their diverse perspectives. The findings from the Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) and Shapiro-Wilk tests suggested that the responses did not follow a normal distribution, the p-value is greater than 0.05. Consequently, their answer was analyzed using non-parametric tests in SPSS version 26 software due to the nature of the data. As a result, Kruskal-Wallis x2 and Mann-Whitney U tests were preferred to compare the difference between the independent groups. Specifically, the Kruskal-Wallis χ2 test was utilized to determine the differing responses of hospitality professionals based on tourist locations (Gondar, Debark, Bahir Dar, and Lalibela), accommodation categories (Standard, 1 star, 2 stars, 3 stars, and 4–5 stars), and the type of property location (urban, seaside, mountain). Additionally, the Kruskal-Wallis χ2 test was also employed to analyze variations in the opinions of tourism professionals based on tourist sites (Gondar, Debark, Bahir Dar, and Lalibela) and the types of businesses (travel agent, tour guide, tourist police, car rental, boat rental, cook, scout, souvenir, equipment rental, and ecotourism) according to the characteristics of their destinations. Lastly, the Mann-Whitney U-test was conducted to assess differences in the responses of individuals working in the tourism and hospitality businesses. Results and Discussion Political instability various impacts on different types of location and business performance A. Hospitality Business This study employed non-parametric statistical methods to analyze the data due to violations of normality assumptions. The Kruskal-Wallis χ² test was used to compare tourism performance for hospitality and tourism sectors across different groups: tourist destinations (Gondar, Lalibela, Debark, and Bahir Dar); locations (urban, mountain, seaside), and category (tourist standard, one star, two star, three star, four star and five star); and Mann-Whitney U-test was used also to compare the differences between hospitality and tourism businesses. The Impacts of political instability in the Amhara National Regional State on hotel operational statistics are illustrated in Tables 1 and 3 (What impact has the political turmoil had on hotel sector performance in the Amhara National Regional State?). The findings indicate (table-1) that the hospitality industry faced significant challenges: there was a decline in total revenue of their hotel business (96.5% respondents), of that 44.1% respondents revealed more than 75% of revenue plummeted following the conflict in comparison to the pre-conflict period (M = 4.09, SD = 0.953); the overall number of tourists fell 93.1% and only 6.9% experienced no-change, average ordinal score for tourists flow decreased was M = 4.47%, SD = 0.828) after the conflict as opposed to before 2020; and the total number of employees dropped by (M = 2.68, SD = 1.556) after the conflict when compared to the pre-conflict situation, which indicates most respondents hotel business employees change in around the 25–49% decreased category after political instability. Moreover, since 2020, political instability in Ethiopia has had a greater impact on hotel business tourists number than total revenues and employees’ numbers (see Table-1). At the same time, costs experienced a 98.5% of respondents indicated an increase in total costs, the most notable impact was seen in the 51–75% range (28.6% of respondents); resulting in an overall mean score for increased costs was M = 3.30, SD = 1.282 (refer Table-1). It implies, the majorities experienced increased costs due to PI, likely from reduced demand, and supply chain disruptions. Thus, it is unsurprising that employees, managers, and owners in the hotel sector perceived the political instability as having a markedly negative effect on their operations: the influx of international tourists diminished (M = 4.81 and SD = 0.392), domestic tourism also declined (M = 4.60 and SD = 0.490), hotel bookings dropped (M = 4.61 and SD = 0.488), and the average length of stay was reduced (M = 4.50 and SD = 0.558). This situation resulted in constraints on financial access, increased staff turnover and migration, and a decline in hotel re/investment. The significant chi-square results indicate also (see Table = 3) that the tourist sites and category of hotels notably different influence how PI impacts total costs, but did not on their location. Hotels in different sites experienced varying levels of impact, likely due to differences in tourist flow, accessibility, and local relative stability during periods of PI and that affecting operational expenses and profitability for the hospitality sector. KI stated some the hotel owners till working with few employees special in urban areas, others some closed and some of them rent for Bank and other service providers (Tourism expert in Bahir Dar, 2024). Table-1: Percentage for Hospitality Business Items Change Percentage Ordinal score in percentage Mean SD 75% How did the total number of your hospitality business employees change after the PI compared to before? I 0% NC 11.9% D 81.1% 37.6% 12.4% 10.7% 23% 16.3% 2.68 1.556 How did the number of your business tourists change after the PI compared to before? I 0% NC 6.9% D 93.1% 1.1% 3.2% 5.4% 28.1% 62.2% 4.47 0.828 How did your business total revenues change after the PI compared to before? I 0% No 3.5% D 96.5% 0.5% 4.6% 24.1% 26.7% 44.1% 4.09 0.953 How did your business total costs change after the PI compared to before? I 98.5% 10.9% 17.3% 22.6% 28.6% 20.6% 3.30 1.282 No 1.5% D 0% NB: 1) SD = Standard deviation, PI = Political Instability 2) Measurement scales: level of change: I = Increased, NC = No Change, D = Decreased; Impact level in percentage: 1- 75%; Consequently, the Kruskal-Wallis χ2 test revealed a statistically significant difference in respondents’ answers based on the Amhara National Regional State's top tourist sites (does the impact of political instability differ on the hotel industry’s performance depending on its tourist destinations?). Specifically, the results showed that the impact of political instability on international tourist flow had a mean decrease of 4.81, with a standard deviation of 0.392, and exhibited statistically significant variations across the tourist sites of Gondar, Bahir Dar, Lalibela, and Debark (X2 = 58.633, P < 0.01) (See table-3). The results indicate that the impact of political instability on international tourist flow scores varies across the Amhara National Regional State's top tourist sites. There is a greater impact of political instability on international tourist flow in Lalibela area hotels (M = 4.96, SD = 0.186) than in Bahir area hotels, Gondar area hotels, and Debark area hotels respectively (Table 4). KI also stated that 45 tourist-standard hotels, lodges and resorts in Lalibela have closed and changed to other services due to political instability (Tourism expert in Lalibela, 2024).This variation attributed factors such as proximity to conflict zones, and inaccessibility. However, PI impacts based on location and category of the hospitality industry, the χ2 test did not reveal a statistically significant difference, which means failure to reject the null hypothesis (the impact of political instability no difference on international tourist flow on its hotel industry’s location or/and category). A similar situation was observed regarding to domestic tourist flow decreased on different mean score for different site total Mean = 4.60, SD = 0.490 and there is a statistically significant difference between those tourist sites (X2 = 20.46, P < 0.01), but not a significant difference on their location (urban, seaside, and mountain) and category (tourist standard, one star, two star, three star, and four star hotel). Likewise, the impacts of political instability on manpower migration and employee turnover exhibited notable differences across various hotel establishments, shaped largely by their geographical locations and proximity to tourist sites. According to the chi-square analysis conducted in this study, the X² and P values revealed that political instability's impact on workforce migration and turnover rates is statistically significant(refer to Table 3). Specifically, in the hospitality sector of the Lalibela area, there was a higher incidence of staff migration and turnover compared to other sites, with a mean value of 4.97 and a standard deviation of 0.186 (Table 4). This trend can be attributed to Lalibela's considerable influx of tourists and the presence of numerous quality hotels, which ultimately resulted in greater staff losses compared to other regions. The Debark site experienced the least impact, with a M of 3.81 and a SD of 1.089. Even though the relative impact across sites was quite similar, the number of standard tourist hotels in the area is relatively limited, and most visitors tend to engage in day trips to Gondar or participate in trekking adventures while camping within the park. Furthermore, as shown in Table 4, the Chi-square analysis indicates a statistically significant difference in the hospitality sector based on location. Specifically, respondents noted that hotels situated in the mountains had a higher mean score of 4.85 (SD = 0.376) and experienced greater manpower migration and turnover compared to urban hotels, which had a mean of 4.31, and seaside hotels, also at a mean of 4.31. This difference might be attributed to the ongoing political turmoil. KI also stated that numerous star-rated hotels and hotels in mountain areas, especially in Gondar, Debark, and Lalibela, have curtailed services, minimized staff, and sometimes implemented unpaid leave policies. Product and service offerings have also been significantly reduced due to operational challenges (Tourism Bureau experts working in Bahir Dar and employees in Gondar, Lalibela, and Debark, 2024). Nonetheless, despite the fact that political unrest affects manpower migration and staff turnover, a statistically significant difference did not emerge depending on the category of hospitality service. Additionally, regarding to tourist booking results shows PI highly affected their business on tourist booking, total mean 4.50, SD 0.558 (see Table − 3). It shows that, on average, respondents’ very high impact or observes considerable effects and consistent experiences of PI on this aspect. But the level of impact depending on their tourist sites, location of accommodation establishment, and category are different tourist booking experiences in this sporadic instability. Major tourist destinations found in the Amhara National Regional State, statistically there is a significant difference dependence of tourist booking (x2 = 9.458, P < 0.05). Political instability impacts are not similar across tourist destinations, Lalibela area hospitality sector service providers (M-4.97, SD = 0.186) were more severely hit by the instability than Debark, B/Dar and Gondar tourist destinations. It implies that some of them experienced intense effects due to purposely targeted and damaged accommodation establishment like in Lalibela (assessment report for Ethiopian Ministry of Tourism, 2022) and on the other destination some hotel rooms were occupied by military and government officials during the conflict, for example Debark hotels (KI interviews in Debark and Lalibela, 2024). Likewise, Category of the hospitality sector significantly were influence the by PI on hotel room reservation/booking (X 2 = 8.233, P < 0.1). A comparable scenario was noted within the hospitality industry, showing mean values of 4.67 for tourist standard, 4.83 for one-star, 4.17 for two-star, 4.71 for three-star, and 4.53 for four-star hotels. This significantly demonstrates that political instability affects tourist room bookings (X2 = 8.233, P < 0.1); indicating that one-star rated hotels are more adversely impacted by political instability compared to hotels with other star ratings in terms of tourist booking rates. These findings suggest that PI significantly influenced hotel room bookings based on category at different levels in the hospitality sector. However, the impacts of political instability on the average length of stay for tourists did not vary notably across different hotel establishments’ site, location and category. On the other hand, impact level in percentage results were presented in table-4 for decreased rate of tourist number for hospitality sector in different sites, location and category. So, the Kruskal- Wallis x2 test revealed site and location are statistically significant different, but not on their category. Tourist number reported by Gondar, Lalibela, Debark and Bahir Dar culture and tourism offices (2023) (Table-2), 2019/20 tourist number both domestic and international compared to 2022/23 after PI decreased for Gondar domestic tourists by 40%, international tourist deceased by 95%; for Lalibela domestic tourist decreased by 69%, international tourist decreased by 96%; for Bahir Dar domestic tourists decreased by 13%, international tourist decreased by 92%; and for Debark domestic tourists decreased by 80%, international tourist decreased 97%. It indicates Lalibela and Debark tourist sites experienced highest decrease rate in international tourists, suggesting it has been more heavily impacted by the PI compared to other sites (refer Table-2). Table-2: Tourist flow in Amhara region top tourist destinations Year Gondar Debark Lalibela Bahir Dar Domestic International Domestic International Domestic International Domestic International 2015/16 97,459 23,376 2,346 20,111 14780 34,623 226,449 43,045 2016/17 62,899 19,096 2,748 23,251 25,006 38,235 278,228 45,959 2017/18 53,867 12,792 2,028 10,685 12,670 25,039 274,976 17,393 2018/19 116,558 25,223 4,329 18,758 24,625 36,828 322,305 27,203 2019/20 89,170 29,461 2,922 29,486 29,909 45,144 417,626 35,808 2020/21 93,171 26,978 2,543 28,050 39,249 21,061 336475 39355 2021/22 57,261 553 1,358 880 8,171 1,106 429,439 1751 2022/23 53,420 531 546 192 9,310 779 335,585 1,137 2023/24 78,931 2,430 1424 2870 6,062 435,182 6,014 Source: Gondar, Lalibela, Debark and Bahir Dar tourism offices report (2024) Revenue of the hospitality sector was an important factor; political instability placed significant influencing the total revenues change in the performance after the PI compared to before 2020 on hospitality sector. The Kruskal-Wallis χ2 test revealed notable variations in participant responses across tourist sites and by their category, suggesting a critical issue with financial accessibility for hotel businesses (as evidenced by the Chi-square results by their site and category, X2 = 52.107, P < 0.01 and X2 = 18.662, P < 0.001 respectively). The hotels located in Lalibela area and four star rated hotels were more affected by political instability than other major tourist sites and category in Amhara National Regional State. Lalibela is one of the most important tourist destinations in Amhara National Regional State, which make this site more prone to disruption caused by political instability. As tourist inflows are reduced during periods of instability, four-star hotels, which cater to higher-end tourists, experienced more pronounced revenue declines. According to (Issa and Altinay ( 2006 )), major tourist attractions and high-star hotels are more susceptible to political instability due to their reliance on foreign tourists and have higher costs as well. In contrast, the Kruskal-Wallis test failed to demonstrate statistically significant differences in participant answers when considering the location of hotel establishments. This finding lends support to the null hypothesis, which posits that the impact of political instability on the hospitality industry does not significantly differ based on the business's location. The result is that political instability has a broad uniform impact across different parts of the business's location, affecting the hospitality sector rather than being confined to a specific region location. Table-3: Impact of PI on hospitality Business Items Control Variable Total mean SD Kruskal-Wallis X 2 Test Chi-Square (χ²) p-value How would you evaluate the magnitude of the impact of PI on international tourist flow in your business? a Site 4.81 0.392 58.633 *** .000 Location 0.178 .915 Category 4.002 . 406 How would you evaluate the magnitude of the impact of PI on domestic tourist flow in your business? a Site 4.60 0.490 20.460 *** .000 Location 0.734 .693 Category 7.141 .129 How would you evaluate the magnitude of the impact of PI on your business’ manpower’s migration/ staff turnover? a Site Location Category 4.34 0.745 47.879 *** 9.681 *** .000 .008 1.898 .754 As a result of PI average lengths of stay for tourists have decreased in your business b Site 4.61 0.488 0.871 .832 Location 4.357 .113 Category 0.508 .973 As a result of PI tourists booking have decreased in your business b Site 4.50 0.558 9.458 ** .024 Location 1.366 .505 Category 8.233 * .083 How did the number of your business tourists change after the PI compared to before? c Site 4.47 0.824 20.830 *** .000 Location 4.647 * .098 Category 1.580 .812 How did your business total revenues change after the PI compared to before? c Site Location Category 4.09 0.953 52.107 *** 3.735 .000 .155 18.662 *** .001 How did your business total costs change after the PI compared to before? c Site Location Category 3.30 1.282 83.767 *** 4.309 8.513 * .000 .116 .074 How did the total number of your tourism business employees change after the PI compared to before? c Site 2.68 1.556 111.759 *** .000 Location 4.703 * .095 * Category 7.451 .114 Notes : Measurement: evaluation of impact: a 1- very low impact (VLI), 5-very high impact (VHI); b level of agreement:-1-Strongly disagree (SD), 5-Strongly Agree (SA); c impact level in percentage 1 75% Abbreviations: SD=Standard deviation, PI=political Instability Grouping of respondents: Site (Gondar, Lalibela, Bahir Dar, and Debark), Category (tourist standard, 1-star,2-star, 3-star, 4-star, 5-star hotels), location (mountain, urban, seaside) Significant level: *at 10%, **at 5%, *** at 1%, Table-4: Impact of PI on hospitality Business based on tourist sites, location, and category Items Category Control variables Tourist site Location Category Gondar Debark Bahir Dar Lalibela Urban seaside mountain TS 1st 2 nd 3 rd 4 th International tourists Mean 4.81 4.30 4.93 4.97 - - - - - - - - SD .392 .465 .250 .186 - - - - - - - - Domestic tourists Mean 4..51 4.67 4.53 4.97 - - - - - - - - SD .503 .480 .503 .186 - - - - - - - - Staff turnover and migration Mean 4.44 3.81 4.20 4.97 4.31 4.13 4.85 - - - - - SD .735 1.039 .566 .186 .782 .743 .376 - - - - - Tourists booking Mean 4.53 4.67 4.54 4.97 - - - 4.67 4.83 4.17 4.71 4.53 SD .503 .480 .502 .186 - - - .473 .408 .383 .458 .516 Tourist decrease rate in percentage Mean 4.18 4.37 3.33 3.15 3.75 3.60 4.25 SD .819 .742 .890 .864 .906 .828 1.288 Revenue decrease rate in percentage Mean 4.00 3.07 4.25 4.83 - - - 4.19 4.50 3.89 3.67 4.67 SD .836 .781 .931 .468 - - - .992 .837 .676 .954 .955 Cost increased rate in percentage Mean 4.04 3.22 2.32 4.21 - - - 3.14 2.83 4.00 3.44 3.50 SD .928 .892 1.048 1.048 - - - 1.374 1.602 1.237 .990 1.557 Employees decrease rate in % Mean 3.69 1.65 1.40 4.38 2.27 1.92 3.33 - - - - - SD 1.055 1.152 .676 .979 1.619 1.256 1.497 - - - - - Notes: SD=Standard deviation, TS = Tourist Standard, 2. Tourism Business Table 5 illustrates the impact of political instability on the tourism industry, highlighting a noticeable shift in percentages compared to before 2020. Key findings include a decrease in the number of tourists (M=4.63, SD=0.800) and a decline in employment opportunities (M=3.48, SD=1.433). Additionally, total revenues experienced a drop (M=4.39, SD=0.950), whereas costs demonstrated an increased (M=3.26, SD=1.260). Similar trends were observed in the hospitality sector, with ANRS tourism businesses also witnessing a downturn. A staggering 97% of survey respondents indicated a reduction in their customer base, with only 3% reporting no changes. Notably, an average of 75% of these respondents claimed that over three-quarters of their tourist numbers declined in the rouse of political unrest (M=4.63, SD=0.800). But, When considered the Chi-square results, the number of tourists in tourist sites and business types decreased after the conflict compared to before the conflict, which was statistically significant (X2 = 51.401 and X2 = 17.662, respectively, P < 0.01). Following the conflict, Lalibela and Debark suffered the most; Bahir Dar and Gondar were less affected. Business types such as tour guides, scouts, and travel agencies experienced the greatest decreased in the number of tourists. This indicates that the conflict had a greater impact on some tourist destinations and types of business than others. Despite this, some travel agents, car rentals and tour guides continue on this business by relocating their business to Addis Ababa because of their type of license, and occasionally bringing customers to northern Ethiopia as well based on prevailing conditions and flight availability (KI of tour guides, 2024). The overall staffing in tourism businesses has dwindled, with 80% of respondents noted a decrease in employees, with 34.8% reporting that the drop was over 75%. Key informants mentioned that many individuals pivoted their careers, transitioning to other roles, such as car rentals renting their assets to NGOs/ Government offices and changed to public transport or migrating to Addis Ababa. Tour guides have altered their careers and relocated in search of better prospects. Some travel agents shifted business to better stable areas in Southern Ethiopia, while some have exited the tourism industry altogether, opting to sell their assets. Financially, total revenues plummeted, as noted by 97.6% of survey respondents. Among these, 64% reported their income had decreased by more than 75% since the onset of conflict in northern Ethiopia. Key informants have mentioned that they relied on their savings, sold or rented out properties (such as cars, houses, and land), and sought loans (both private and governmental. On the other way, the Kruskal-Wallis X2 result shows in table 7, tourism business total revenues change after the PI compared to before 2020, there is a significant difference in tourist sites and types of business. Moreover, since 2020, political instability in Ethiopia has had a greater impact on tourists number than total revenues and employees’ numbers in the case of tourism business (see Table-5). Regarding costs, the situation is quite varied; 76.4% of respondents reported an increase, while 23.6% noted no change following the instability. The total mean score for increased costs stands at M=3.26, significantly impacting tourism businesses. Besides, the Kruskal results show a significant difference in total costs associated with different tourist sites and types of business, when compared results before and after PI (X2= 48.140 for increased site; and X2=22.318, respectively at significant P<0.01). In this case, Debark faced more cost increased challenges than to other sites, and inside that destination Cook service providers also highly faced cost-increase problems (See Tables 6 and 7). Still, Key informants pointed out that the challenges during political instability led to higher expenses for tourism businesses. For instance, operational costs, fixed costs (employee salaries and rent), government taxes, and other miscellaneous expenses (website hosting and utility bills), were particularly hard hit those businesses that heavily relied on international tourists. On the other hand, few managed their costs by paring down their staff and services. Some businesses shifted their focus to local customers, and for a few respondents, their costs did not change due to geographical advantages. Table-5: Percentage for Tourism Business Items Change Percentage Ordinal Score in Percentage Mean SD 75% How did the total number of your tourism business employees change after the PI compared to before? I 0% NC 20% D 80% 15.9% 6.8% 25.1% 17.4% 34.8% 3.48 1.433 How did the number of your business tourists change after the PI compared to before? I 0% NC 3% D 97% 1.9% 1.3% 5% 16.9% 75% 4.63 0.800 How did your business total revenues change after the PI compared to before? I 0% No 2.4% D 97.6% 1.2% 4.3% 12.4% 18.1% 64% 4.39 0.950 How did your business total costs change after the PI compared to before? I 76.4% 9.5% 18.3% 31.0% 19% 22.2% 3.26 1.260 No 23.6% D 0% NB: SD=Standard deviation, PI=political Instability Measurement scales: level of change: I=Increased, NC=No change, D=Decreased; impact level in percentage: 1-75%; Furthermore, the results from the Kruskal-Wallis X2 test, as shown in Table 6, revealed the impacts of political instability (PI) on the performance of tourism businesses across various sites and types of tourism business. The chi-square analysis demonstrates statistically significant differences in political instability impacts on both international and domestic tourist flows (P > 0.01; refer to Table 6). In particular, the Lalibela area exhibited the most substantial impacted area from political instability on both international and domestic tourist flows (M=4.96, SD=0.202) compared to other sites. Following closely, the Bahir Dar area, which includes the Tis Abay and Zega sites, showed notable impacts on international tourists (M=4.93, SD=0.250), and the Debark site was found the most affected area regarding domestic tourists (M=463, SD=0.488). But, the respondents answer indicates Gondar area was less disruptions compared to Lalibela, Bahir Dar and Debark sites both in domestic and international tourists. Similarly, when evaluate the magnitude of the impact of PI on tourism business’ manpower’s migration or staff turnover, and the total number of tourism business employees change after the PI compared to before, Kruskal- Wallis test results indicated significant differences both in tourist sites (X 2 = 29.437, and X 2 = 62.549), and types of business (X 2 =25.435, and X 2 = 28.477) (see Table-6, P > 0.01) respectively. The data presented in Table 7 indicates that the Lalibela and Gondar areas experience significantly higher levels of staff turnover and migration compared to the tourist sites in Bahir Dar and Debark. Notably, car rental services are facing greater challenges than other segments within the tourism business, primarily due to issues of insecurity and limited accessibility on surface roads. In terms of tourism-related businesses, such as car rentals and tour guiding, many individuals are left their business areas in search of similar roles or entirely different opportunities outside the tourism sector. It’s worth mentioning that, the regional government established regulations stating in regulation No.80/2010 “Visit and Hospitality system Determination” that stated tour guide services are only compulsory for customers of tour companies at key tourist locations. While most of their customers are international tourists, domestic visitors have the option to visit sites like Lalibela and Gondar without the need for interpretation. However, the result of chi square for the impact of PI on tourists’ average length of stay and tour reservations records were not statistically significant differences on tourist sites and types of tourism business. Table-6: Impact of PI on tourism business in different sites and type of business Items Control Variable Total mean SD Kruskal-Wallis X 2 Test Chi-Square (χ²) P-value How would you evaluate the magnitude of the impact of PI on international tourist flow in your business? a Sites 4.82 0.397 60.363 *** .000 Types 31.123 *** .000 How would you evaluate the magnitude of the impact of PI on domestic tourist flow in your business? a Sites 4.66 0.547 29.437 *** .000 Types 25.435 *** .003 How would you evaluate the magnitude of the impact of PI on your business’ manpower’s migration/ staff turnover? a Sites 4.50 0.686 29.437 *** .000 Types 25.435 *** .003 As a result of PI average lengths of stay for tourists have decreased in your business b Sites 4.10 0.709 1.573 .665 Types 10.335 .324 As a result of PI tour reservation have decreased in your business b Sites 4.64 0.596 3.812 .283 Types 12.380 .193 How did the total number of your tourism business employees change after the PI compared to before? c Sites 3.48 1.433 62.549 *** .000 Types 28.477 *** .000 How did the number of your business tourists change after the PI compared to before? c Sites 4.63 0.800 51.401 *** .000 Types 17.662 ** .039 How did your business total revenues change after the PI compared to before? c Sites 4.39 0.950 34.390 *** .000 Types 18.858 ** .026 How did your business total costs change after the PI compared to before? c Sites 3.26 1.260 48.140 *** .000 Types 22.318 *** .008 Notes: Measurement: evaluation of impact: a 1- very low impact (VLI), 5-very high impact (VHI); b level of agreement:-1-Strongly disagree (SD), 5-Strongly Agree (SA); c impact level in percentage 1 75% Abbreviations: SD=Standard deviation, PI=political Instability Grouping of respondents: Site (Gondar, Lalibela, Bahir Dar, and Debark), Types (tour guide, travel agent, car rent, scout, boat rental, souvenir shop, tourist police, cook, equipment rental, ecotourism association) Significant level: *at 10%, **at 5%, *** at 1%, Table-7: Impact of PI on the Tourism Business based on Tourist Sites, and Types of Business Items Category Control Variables Tourist site Types Gondar Debark Bahir Dar Lalibela Travel agent Tour Guide Tourist Police Scout Cook Boat rental Equipment Souvenir Ecotourism Car rental International tourists Mean 4.90 4.41 4.93 4.96 4.86 4.88 4.50 4.44 4.70 4.98 4.50 4.94 4.73 4.88 SD 0.305 0.547 0.250 0.202 .351 .375 .535 .527 .483 .011 .707 .243 .467 .342 Domestic tourists Mean 4.57 4.63 4.61 4.96 4.73 4.81 4.25 4.56 4.50 4.64 4.96 4.88 4.82 4.50 SD 0.504 0.488 0.493 0.202 .456 .393 .463 .527 .527 .505 0.202 .332 .405 .516 Staff turnover and migration Mean 4.60 4.29 4.24 4.87 4.32 4.70 4.00 4.22 4.41 4.18 4.50 4.65 4.64 4.69 SD 0.675 0.844 0.639 0.334 .945 .483 .926 .441 0.547 .874 .707 .606 .505 .479 Average length of stay Mean - - - - - - - - - - - - - - SD - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Tourists booking Mean - - - - - - - - - - - - - - SD - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Tourist decrease rate in percentage Mean 3.97 4.90 4.46 4.98 4.45 4.69 4.63 5.00 5.00 4.36 5.00 4.65 4.64 4.31 SD 1.189 0.625 0.690 0.144 .800 .836 .744 .000 .000 .674 .000 .606 .924 1.138 Revenue decrease rate in percentage Mean 3.79 4.54 4.13 4.87 4.00 4.52 4.25 3.67 4.80 4.55 5.00 4.59 4.45 4.27 SD 1.197 0.790 0.980 0.531 .976 .934 .886 1.00 .422 .934 .000 .712 1.036 1.223 Cost increased rate in percentage Mean 3.37 4.15 2.26 3.58 2.91 3.22 4.13 3.67 4.30 2.36 4.00 2.78 3.71 3.13 SD 1.098 0.910 0.978 1.084 1.151 1.453 .835 .707 .949 1.027 1.414 1.202 1.380 1.088 Employees decrease rate in % Mean 3.62 2.69 2.25 4.65 4.10 3.85 1.86 - 2.56 2.25 3.00 3.12 4.36 3.53 SD 0.942 1.466 1.206 0.674 1.370 1.459 1.464 - 1.333 1.753 1.000 1.147 .674 .640 C. Hospitality Business vs. Tourism Business To compare the differences between hospitality and tourism businesses, the Mann-Whitney U-test result presented in Table-8 indicate that the impacts of PI on tourist flow in the hospitality business dropped more than the tourism business after the conflict. Specifically, there are a limited number of domestic tourists in the hospitality business compared to tourism business, while the hospitality business reports slightly less negative numbers of international tourists than the tourism business, with a significant level of P< 0.01. Additionally, PI has a stronger negative influences on the average length of stay in tourism businesses compared to hospitality businesses, while their tour reservations/hotel bookings a significant reduction is observed more in tourism businesses compared to hospitality businesses (P<0.01, and P<0.05 respectively). Similarly, the number of tourism and hospitality employees decreased after the PI compared to before, but the hospitality business experienced less staff turnover and migration (P<0.05). Even though total revenue decreased because of the PI, the statistical analysis did not show a significant difference between hospitality and tourism businesses. While hospitality business challenge greater cost increases related with PI compared to tourism business (P<0.05). Table-8: Comparison of the Impacts of PI on Hospitality vs. Tourism Businesses Operational statistics Mann-Whitney U-test Explanation How would you evaluate the magnitude of the impact of PI on international tourist flow in your business? 8941.00*** HB TB How would you evaluate the magnitude of the impact of PI on your business’ manpower’s migration/ staff turnover? 15257.00 > As a result of PI average lengths of stay for tourists have decreased in your business 14420.50** HB < TB As a result of PI tourist reservations /booking have decreased in your business 6847.50*** HB TB How did your business total revenues decreased after the PI compared to before? 16491.500 > How did your business total costs increased after the PI compared to before? 215.500** HB >TB How did the total number of your tourism business employees decreased after the PI compared to before? 15312.00** HB <TB N.B: HB refers to the average value of answers from hospitality business workers; TB refers to the average value of answers from tourism business workers Significant level: *at 10%, **at 5%, *** at 1%, Therefore, political instability asymmetrically impacts when compared to tourism and hospitality businesses, both financial results are deteriorated with different reasons: hospitality business profit drop mostly due to decrease their tourist flows, hotel bookings, revenues, and cost increases. On the other hand, tourism businesses face a stronger negative impact on average tourist stay length, revenues and employee reductions (see Table 8). Moreover, Ivanov et al. (2017) stated, the location of accommodation establishments cannot be changed for the time being, while changing the product requires time. But, travel agencies are much more able to adapt and change their product offering based on changes in demand. Conclusion Ethiopia's Tourism has emerged as one of the most important economic sectors contributing to the country's GDP. However, since 2020, political unrest in Northern Ethiopia has had an impact on Ethiopian Tourism: travel warnings from government agencies and cancellation of many international package tours, particularly during the peak travel season, have impacted the industry. In 2020, Ethiopia recorded 518,000 tourist arrivals, a decrease from 812 thousand tourists in 2019. Therefore, this paper aims to advance knowledge in the field of tourism crisis management by examining the impact of political instability and continuing conflict in the Amhara National Regional State (ANRS) on the tourism industry in Ethiopia. It discusses the various ways political instability influences the tourism industry's performance, including factors like tourist inflows, revenue generation, and tourist length of stays, costs, manpower migration, turnover, and investment. As well as, evaluating the impacts of political instability on different types of businesses, including hospitality businesses by their site, location, and category and tourism businesses based on their site, and business type. Lastly, the paper examines differential impact of the above-mentioned factors that influence business resulting in political instability, as well as which business is most affected, in order to develop strategies to mitigate the negative effects of political instability. Tourism crisis management and recovery marketing strategies for both tourism and hospitality businesses will need to be considered in future studies of sustainable tourism development. Managerial implications From the perspective of managerial, the findings confirm previous research results that political instability leads to negative impacts on the tourism industry of the country (Adane, 2021; Bogale, 2020; Gebremeskel, 2023). This study results also indicate due to political instability decreased revenues, decreased numbers of tourists flow and shorter lengths of stay, increased mobility of manpower and turnover rates, and increased costs for the tourism business. This result was valid not only for all major tourist destinations but also for the rest of the country in general, even though the level of impact is different for hospitality and tourism businesses based on their characteristics. However, every business type works cooperatively with the government and other private businesses to survive the challenges of the socioeconomic and political environment and try to increase their marketing strategies to overcome the consequences of political instability.This finding is also considered a fundamental geographical concept; typically, tourism research models tourist flows (Yan, 2011), as hospitality and tourism establishments located farther from the conflict experience less impact than those in closer proximity. Policy implications Policy makers and tourism stakeholders need to focus on tourist destination specific solutions: increasing security and provide financial support in highly victim areas. Diversify the new tourism products and promote resilience and recovery marketing strategies that help to mitigate the impacts of political instability in the future. Limitations The study of the impacts of PI on the tourism business in Amhara National Regional State, Ethiopia has limitations. It is common in research of this nature; which affects the generalizability, accuracy, and depth of the findings. The study only analyzed from 2020-2024, data focusing on the immediate impact of PI, lack of longitudinal study. The study only focused on Amhara region tourist destinations, no comparison with others experiencing PI, which provide broader insights and best practices for tourism crisis management (Tigray and Afar Regions). The study focused on four tourist destinations that are found in Amhara region: Gondar, Debark, Bahir Dar, and Lalibela. And, the study focused on hospitality and tourism businesses but did not include other sectors those who are participated indirectly, since tourism has a multiplier effect, which are also exposed to the impacts of PI. Finally, the study did not explore the external factors: global economic crisis, exchange rates, pandemics, tourism trends of the study areas, this also influence the results. Future Research Directions Researchers can focus on long period effects of political instability on the tourism business in Amhara region major tourist destinations and particularly in Ethiopia via a panel survey. A solution to political conflict is expected to minimize the effects of political instability on tourism business over time, but researchers need to ensure this progress in the future, either recovering immediately or it will take additional recovery time after a political conflict is resolved including tourism marketing strategies. Additionally, research could concentrate on the impact of the political instability on other tourism destinations and tourism activities like Afar Region, Tigray region and other remaining regions in Ethiopia in general. Finally, future research might focus on how Ethiopian tourism policy support to tourism and hospitality business and organizations during and after conflict to mitigate the negative impacts of the political instability:- tax breaks and donations. Abbreviations SD Standard deviation PI political Instability Declarations Ethical Clearance: All methods in this study were carried out in accordance with relevant ethical guidelines and regulations. The research protocol received ethical review and approval from the University of Gondar Institutional Review Board (IRB) in May, 2024 prior to data collection. Letter of Ethical approval is attached (see in Appendix). Funding Declaration: This research received no specific grant from any funding agency. Informed Consent Statement Informed consent was obtained from all participants involved in the study prior to their participation (e.g. research questionnaire), covering both participations and publication of the results. No participants under the age of 18 were included in this study, consent from parents or legal guardians was not required (refer in Appendix). Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments: I would like to thank all those who have supported me along the way. First of all, I would like to express my gratitude to my advisors, teachers and family for their valuable insights, critical comments, guidance, encouragement, and support. Second, I would like to thank my colleagues and friends for reading, commenting, and correcting the preliminary drafts of this study. Finally, I would like to thank the academic staff at the University of Gondar for their positive encouragement. Author Contribution Getachew: Conceptualized the study, designed the methodology, data collection, conducted data analysis, prepared figures and tables, and drafted the manuscript.Endalkachew: Provided expertise support; performed statistical analysis and contributed to manuscript revision.Busha: Provided expertise on tourism and hospitality, interpreted results, and edited the manuscript.All authors wrote and reviewed this final approved manuscript. Data Availability Data availability statement-the dataset is temporarily embargoed due to PhD dissertation completion (until Dec 2025), but available from the corresponding author upon request. Full public archiving will occur via University of Gondar Repository. A journal compliant subset can be provided if required (Discovery Sustainability). website: www.uog.edu.et. References Abebe, M., Melku, M., Enawgaw, B., Birhan, W., Deressa, T., Terefe, B., & Baynes, H. W. (2018). Reference intervals of routine clinical chemistry parameters among apparently healthy young adults in Amhara National Regional State, Ethiopia. PloS one , 13 (8), e0201782. Adane, T. (2021). The Effect of Political Conflict on Tourism: the Case of Bahir Dar City. http://dspace.org Ahmed, M. J., & Oumer, A. A. (2022). The impacts of armed conflicts on the heritage tourism of Dessie and its environs, Northern Ethiopia. Journal of Heritage Tourism , 1-20. Ahmed, M. J., & Oumer, A. A. (2023). The impacts of armed conflicts on the heritage tourism of Dessie and its environs, Northern Ethiopia. Journal of Heritage Tourism , 18 (1), 101-120. Alamineh, G. A. (2022). The Nexus between coronavirus and tourism: Tourism as peace sensitive industry. Cogent Arts & Humanities , 9 (1), 2014110. Alene, Y. (2017). Peace and Stability as a decisive factor for Tourism Development in Ethiopia (Vol. 6). Journal of Exclusive Management Science. Aluko, F., & Arowolo, D. (2010). Foreign Aid, the Third World's debt crisis and the implication for economic development: The Nigerian experience. African journal of political science and international relations , 4 (4), 120. Amhara-Region-Culture-and-Tourism-Bureau. (2022). Tourism development report . Asmare, B. A. (2016). Pitfalls of tourism development in Ethiopia: the case of Bahir Dar town and its surroundings. Korean Social Science Journal , 43 , 15-28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40483-016-0029-1 Asongu, S., Nnanna, J., Biekpe, N., & ... (2019). Contemporary drivers of global tourism: evidence from terrorism and peace factors. Journal of Travel & … . https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2018.1541778 Avraham, E. (2015). Destination image repair during crisis: Attracting tourism during the Arab Spring uprisings. Tourism management , 47 , 224-232. Ayoob, M. (1991). The security problematic of the Third World. World Politics , 43 (2), 257-283. Becken, S., & Carmignani, F. (2016). Does tourism lead to peace? Annals of tourism research . https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160738316301220 Berhe, E., Ross, W., Teka, H., Abraha, H. E., & Wall, L. (2022). Dialysis service in the embattled Tigray Region of Ethiopia: a call to action. International Journal of Nephrology , 2022 , 1-6. Bogale, D., & Wondirad, A. (2019). Determinant factors of tourist satisfaction in Arbaminch City and its vicinity, Southern Ethiopia. International Journal of Tourism Policy , 9 (4), 320-348. Bogale, S. (2020). The Impact of Political Unrest on Tourism Marketing Performance: The Case of Selected Tour Operators ST. MARY’S UNIVERSITY]. Brown, J., & Hay-Edie, T. (2014). Engaging Local Communities in Stewardship of World Heritage: A methodology based on the COMPACT experience (Vol. 40). UNESCO. Çakmak, E., & Isaac, R. K. (2012). “What destination marketers can learn from their visitors' blogs: An image analysis of Bethlehem, Palestine”. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management , 124–133. https://www.researchgate.net/deref/http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1016%2Fj.jdmm.2012.09.004 Campos, N. F., Karanasos, M. G., & Tan, B. (2012). Two to tangle: Financial development, political instability and economic growth in Argentina. Journal of Banking & Finance , 36 (1), 290-304. Cavlek, N. (2002). Tour operators and destination safety. Annals of tourism research , 29 (2), 478-496. Chiriko, A. Y. (2021). Political violence and hotels: economic consequences and response strategies. Anatolia , 32 (3), 419-429. Coleman, J. S. (2015). Conclusion: the political systems of the developing areas. In The politics of the developing areas (pp. 532-576). Princeton University Press. Creswell, J. W., & Clark, V. L. P. (2017). Designing and conducting mixed methods research . Sage publications. David Mc A, B. (2014). The effects of terrorism on the travel and tourism industry. International Journal of Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage , 2 (1), 58. Decrop, A. (1999). Triangulation in qualitative tourism research. Tourism management , 20 (1), 157-161. Dredge, D., & Jamal, T. (2015). Progress in tourism planning and policy: A post-structural perspective on knowledge production. Tourism management , 51 , 285-297. Eid, R., El-Kassrawy, Y. A., & Agag, G. (2019). Integrating destination attributes, political (in) stability, destination image, tourist satisfaction, and intention to recommend: A study of UAE. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research , 43 (6), 839-866. Farmaki, A., Altinay, L., Botterill, D., & Hilke, S. (2015). Politics and sustainable tourism: The case of Cyprus. Tourism management , 47 , 178-190. Fiseha, A. (2019). Federalism, development and the changing political dynamics in Ethiopia. International Journal of Constitutional Law , 17 (1), 151-176. Gebremeskel, M. (2023). Impact of political instability on the tourism sector in Ethiopia. Gebresenbet, F., & Tariku, Y. (2023). The Pretoria Agreement: mere cessation of hostilities or heralding a new era in Ethiopia? Review of African Political Economy , 50 (175), 96-106. Geremew, Y. M. (2020). Domestic Tourism as a Reconciliation Mechanism for Socio-cultural and Political Crisis in the Multicultural Society of Ethiopia. Geremew, Y. M., Alemayehu, H. B., & Meskele, A. T. (2017). Tourism marketing challenges and new tourism product development potentials: Practices from the Amhara National Regional State World heritage sites. Journal of Hospitality Management and Tourism , 8 (1), 1-13. Haile, S., Abiew, D., & Abuhay, T. (2020). An investigation of destination attributes and service quality of tourism in Amhara Region, Ethiopia. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure , 9 (1), 1-11. Hall, A. R. (2005). Generalized Method of Moments. Advanced Texts in Econometrics. Oxford University Press . Hammam, A., & El Sayed, S. F. (2017). The Effect of Political Instability and Terrorism on The Migration of Egyptian Hospitality Manpower (Case Study on Five Star Resort Hotels in Hurghada). International Journal on Recent Trends in Business and Tourism (IJRTBT) , 1 (2), 55-68. Henderson, J. C. (2003). The politics of tourism in Myanmar. Current Issues in Tourism , 6 (2), 97-118. Hlengwa, D. C., & Thusi, K. (2018). Crucial for economic growth, nonetheless facing numerous challenges: Tourism SMMEs within uMsunduzi Local Municipality [Article]. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure , 7 (1), Article 28. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85042473581&partnerID=40&md5=066ec8b6d145b3c2ade77b77bcf2ca4d Ingram, H., Tabari, S., & Watthanakhomprathip, W. (2013). The impact of political instability on tourism: case of Thailand. Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes , 5 (1), 92-103. Isaac, R. K. (2010). Alternative tourism: New forms of tourism in Bethlehem for the Palestinian tourism industry. Current Issues in Tourism , 13 (1), 21-36. Issa, I. A., & Altinay, L. (2006). Impacts of political instability on tourism planning and development: The case of Lebanon. Tourism Economics , 12 (3), 361-381. Ivanov, S. (2017). Impacts of political instability on the tourism industry in Ukraine (Vol. 9). https://doi.org/10.1080/19407963.2016.1209677 Ivanov, S., Gavrilina, M., & Webster, C. (2017). Impacts of political instability on the tourism industry in Ukraine (Vol. 9). https://doi.org/10.1080/19407963.2016.1209677 Jong-A-Pin, R. (2009). On the measurement of political instability and its impact on economic growth. European Journal of Political Economy , 25 (1), 15-29. Kebede, N. S. (2018). The fate of tourism during and in the aftermath of political instability: Ethiopia tourism in focus. Journal of Tourism Hospitality , 7 (337), 2167-0269.1000337. Khafaga, R., & Albagoury, S. H. (2022). Political Instability and Economic Growth in Ethiopia: An Empirical Analysis. Journal of Social and Political Sciences , 5 (1), 20-31. https://doi.org/DOI: 10.31014/aior.1991.05.01.332 Kothari, C. R. (2004). Research methodology: Methods and techniques . New Age International. Kővári, I., & Zimányi, K. (2010). Safety and security in the age of global tourism. Applied Studies in Agribusiness and Commerce , 4 (5-6), 67-69. Llorca‐Vivero, R. (2008). Terrorism and international tourism: New evidence. Defence and Peace Economics , 19 (2), 169-188. Löki, V., Deák, B., Lukács, A. B., & Molnár, A. (2019). Biodiversity potential of burial places–a review on the flora and fauna of cemeteries and churchyards. Global ecology and conservation , 18 , e00614. Mann, S. (2006). Ethiopia, in makeda’s footsteps: Towards a strategy for pro-poor tourism development. Private Sector Development, World Bank . Mann, S. (2016). The research interview. Reflective practice and reflexivity in research processes . Mataković, H., & Cunjak Mataković, I. (2019). The impact of crime on security in tourism. Security and Defence Quarterly , 27 (5), 1-20. Murad, M. S. A., & Alshyab, N. (2019). Political instability and its impact on economic growth: the case of Jordan. International Journal of Development Issues . Naef, P., & Ploner, J. (2016). Tourism, conflict and contested heritage in former Yugoslavia. Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change , 14 (3), 181-188. Ndokang, L. E., & Tsambou, A. D. (2015). Political instability in Central African Republic (CAR) and health state of the Cameroon population. Journal of life economics , 2 (2), 113-129. Ogbonnaya, U. M. (2013). Regional Integration, Political Crisis and the Transformation of ECOWAS Crisis Management Mechanisms. Turkish Journal of Politics , 4 (2), 49-63. Pereira, V., Gupta, J. J., & Hussain, S. (2022). Impact of travel motivation on tourist’s attitude toward destination: Evidence of mediating effect of destination image. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research , 46 (5), 946-971. Radelet, S. (2010). Emerging Africa: How 17 countries are leading the way . Brookings Institution Press. Rauf, A. (2022). The Impact of Political Instability, Food Prices, and Crime Rate on Tourism: A Way toward Sustainable Tourism in Pakistan (Vol. 14). https://doi.org/10.3390/su142416993 Reeves, N. (2019). Tourism Sector in the Middle East and North Africa. Regasa, A., Ettisa, D. L., & Tadesse, E. (2023). Factors Affecting Economic Crisis in Ethiopia: A Literature. Santana, G., Maria, & Fourie, J. (2022). Tourism falls apart: How insecurity affects African tourism. Tourism Economics , 28 (4), 995-1008. Seddighi, H., Theocharous, A. L., & Nuttall, M. (2002). Political instability and tourism: an empirical study with special reference to the microstate of Cyprus. International Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Administration , 3 (1), 61-84. Seyfi, S., Hall, C. M., & Vo-Thanh, T. (2022). Tourism, peace and sustainability in sanctions-ridden destinations. Journal of sustainable tourism , 30 (2-3), 372-391. Shahrabani, S., Teitler-Regev, S., Desivilya Syna, H., Tsoukatos, E., Ambrosio, V., Correia Loureiro, S. M., & Voulgaris, F. (2020). The effects of socio-political context on Tourism. EuroMed Journal of Business , 15 (1), 22-38. Sönmez, S. F. (1998). Tourism, terrorism, and political instability. Annals of tourism research , 25 (2), 416-456. Sönmez, S. F., & Sönmez, S. (2017). Tourism, Terrorism and Political Instability. Anatolia: Turizm Arastirmalari Dergisi , 28 (1), 110-137. Tafesse, A. (2016). The historic route in Ethiopian tourism development. Tessema, G. A., van Der Borg, J., Minale, A. S., Van Rompaey, A., Adgo, E., Nyssen, J., . . . Poesen, J. (2021). Inventory and assessment of geosites for geotourism development in the Eastern and Southeastern Lake Tana Region, Ethiopia. Geoheritage , 13 (2), 43. Tkalec, M., & Žilić, I. (2017). Does proximity to conflict affect tourism: Evidence from NATO bombing. Radni materijali EIZ-a (4), 1-22. Tkalec, M., & Žilić, I. (2021). Does proximity to conflict affect tourism: Evidence from NATO bombing. PloS one , 16 (10), e0258195. Tomczewska-Popowycz, N., & Quirini-Popławski, Ł. (2021). Political instability equals the collapse of tourism in Ukraine? Sustainability , 13 (8), 4126. Usman, O., Alola, A. A., & Ike, G. (2022). Inbound tourism demand elasticities of MENA countries: the role of internal and external conflicts. International Journal of Emerging Markets . Vivek, R., & Nanthagopan, Y. (2021). Review and comparison of multi-method and mixed method application in research studies. European Journal of Management Issues , 29 (4), 200-208. Woldu, M. G. (2018). Community based tourism in Lake Tana growth corridor of the Amhara region of Ethiopia: The missing link among stakeholders and implications to tourism industry. Cogent Social Sciences , 4 (1), 1450335. Wondirad, A. (2017). The impact of political unrest and the subsequent state of emergency in Ethiopian tourism sector. International Journal of Tourism Sciences , 17 (4), 276-297. Woreta, S. L., & Meskele, A. T. (2018). Challenges of Tourism Destination Development in the Amhara National Regional State, Ethiopia. Worku, Y. G., & Tessema, G. A. (2018). Public-private collaboration in the tourism industry in Northwestern Ethiopia. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure , 7 (2), 1-12. world-bank. (2019). Tourism in Ethiopia . Retrieved 22/06/2023 from https://www.worldbank.org/en/home World-Bank. (2023). Scaling up pathways to growth in Ethiopia through tourism ... OECD Publishing. WorldData. (2022). Tourism in Ethiopia. International journal of surgery (London, England) . https://www.worlddata.info/africa/ethiopia/tourism.php WTTC. (2022). Travel and tourism economic impact 2022. WTTC, W. (2019). World travel and tourism council. The Economic Impact of Travel and Tourism . Yamane, T. (1967). Problems to accompany" Statistics, an introductory analysis" . Harper & Row. Yap, G., & Saha, S. (2013). Do political instability, terrorism, and corruption have deterring effects on tourism development even in the presence of UNESCO heritage? A cross-country panel estimate. Tourism Analysis , 18 (5), 587-599. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 29 Dec, 2025 Read the published version in Discover Sustainability → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 30 Sep, 2025 Reviews received at journal 26 Aug, 2025 Reviews received at journal 19 Aug, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 14 Aug, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 11 Aug, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 11 Aug, 2025 Reviews received at journal 17 Jul, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 16 Jul, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 16 Jul, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 11 Jul, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 11 Jul, 2025 Editor invited by journal 01 Jul, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 26 Jun, 2025 First submitted to journal 26 Jun, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6795742","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":484723684,"identity":"6b47df2a-19a3-45af-bf9f-88173bb92271","order_by":0,"name":"Getachew Melesse Asefa","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"University of Gondar College of Business and Economics","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Getachew","middleName":"Melesse","lastName":"Asefa","suffix":""},{"id":484723685,"identity":"bd4dc5bd-6757-4fdb-ac8f-6e67dc73d98f","order_by":1,"name":"Busha Taa","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Gondar College of Social Sciences and Humanities","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Busha","middleName":"","lastName":"Taa","suffix":""},{"id":484723686,"identity":"035792b0-486e-4639-b39b-f829705f5771","order_by":2,"name":"Endalkachew Teshome","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Gondar College of Business and Economics","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Endalkachew","middleName":"","lastName":"Teshome","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-06-01 12:53:20","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6795742/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6795742/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43621-025-02541-7","type":"published","date":"2025-12-29T15:56:59+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":99545186,"identity":"3c5967ad-7f79-469b-8188-109f1b6c7329","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-05 16:00:57","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1671770,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6795742/v1/4cc3ec76-cfba-493d-a3ac-cde17f68e894.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Impacts of Political Instability on the Tourism and Hospitality Businesses in Amhara National Regional State, Ethiopia","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eOver the past two decades, the world has undergone significant changes. Events such as terrorist attacks, regional conflicts, natural disasters, and disease outbreaks have led to a marked decline in security (Kőv\u0026aacute;ri \u0026amp; Zim\u0026aacute;nyi, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e). African countries are regularly animated by crisis (political instability, conflicts, pandemic, epidemic diseases, drought, famine, wars, coup d\u0026rsquo;\u0026eacute;tats and economic crisis) (Ndokang \u0026amp; Tsambou, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR58\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Radelet, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR61\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e). Political instability has become an endemic to third world countries (Aluko \u0026amp; Arowolo, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e; Ayoob, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1991\u003c/span\u003e). It has resulted in a decrease in the number of tourists visiting Africa and in foreign tourism investment, as travelers are wary of the potential risks associated with traveling to unstable countries (Santana \u0026amp; Fourie, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR65\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Such political instability directly influences tourist demand (S\u0026ouml;nmez \u0026amp; S\u0026ouml;nmez, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR70\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e), destination image (Hammam \u0026amp; El Sayed, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e), and raises concerns about targeting tourists, particularly in some of the most popular tourist destinations directly (Naef \u0026amp; Ploner, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR57\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). Additionally, tourism has increasingly been used as a strategic instrument in political contexts (Dredge \u0026amp; Jamal, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eInternational visitor flows to Egypt, Morocco, Tunisia, and Algeria are negatively impacted by violent political acts like assassinations, purges, and revolutions (Reeves, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR63\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). The Arab Spring upheavals had a negative effect on tourism to the Middle East, and it had taken a long time to restore a positive image and bring back tourists (Avraham, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA significant part of what makes tourism a popular activity is its focus on pleasant experiences, which have no place in a world of conflict, violence, and terrorism (Shahrabani et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR68\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). \u0026ldquo;Peace, safety, and security are the primary conditions for the normal tourism development of a destination, and thus are the basic determinants of its growth (Cavlek, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e)\u0026rdquo;. Tourism can promote positive peace by encouraging social cohesion, economic fairness, cultural awareness, and environmental stewardship in a destination. When managed effectively, tourism not only fosters peace but also thrives in peaceful conditions.(Alamineh, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). \u0026ldquo;While the 21st century has so far been statistically the most peaceful one; numerous violent conflicts and comprehensive media coverage have brought dreadful events into the cities and homes of many people (Tkalec \u0026amp; Žilić, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR73\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e)\u0026rdquo;.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eEthiopia proudly boasts one of the highest concentrations of UNESCO World Heritage sites in Africa. Over recent years, it has emerged as an increasingly popular tourist destination on the continent (Brown \u0026amp; Hay-Edie, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; L\u0026ouml;ki et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). By 2018, the Ethiopian government set an ambitious goal to triple the number of foreign visitors, aiming to welcome over 2.5\u0026nbsp;million tourists (Woldu, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR78\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). The impact of tourism on the Ethiopian economy has been substantial. From 2006 to 2020, tourism receipts surged from \u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e2.5\u0026nbsp;billion to \u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e8.5\u0026nbsp;billion (World-Bank, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR83\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). The number of events hosted in the country grew dramatically during the same period, increasing from 1,000 to 3,000. This remarkable growth can be attributed to a robust economy and significant investments in tourism infrastructure (Mann, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e; World-Bank, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR83\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). In fact, tourism historically contributed around \u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e2.9\u0026nbsp;billion annually to Ethiopia\u0026rsquo;s economy, creating nearly a million jobs and accounting for approximately 4.5 percent of the nation\u0026rsquo;s gross domestic product (world-bank, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR82\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFocusing on the northern circuit, often regarded as Ethiopia's historic heartland, this encompasses many key tourist attractions in the Amhara National Regional State (Tafesse, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR71\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). Notably, three of Ethiopia's UNESCO World Heritage sites are located here (Worku \u0026amp; Tessema, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR81\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). The region is endowed with marvelous natural and cultural attractions (Tessema et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR72\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Major cities like Bahir Dar, Lalibela, Gondar, and Debark are recognized as prime tourist destinations along this historic route (Geremew et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Haile et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCurrently, Ethiopia's tourism industry is grappling with several intertwined challenges. Key factors impacting this sector include political instability, ongoing conflicts, wars, unhelpful economic policies, inadequate infrastructure development, economic downturns, subpar service quality, and a lack of robust marketing and promotional efforts(Ahmed \u0026amp; Oumer, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Asmare, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). In Ethiopia, political instability has been considered a major hindrance to tourism industry since 2020, as a result of conflicts in Northern Ethiopia between the Federal Government and Tigray rebels (Berhe et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Regasa et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR64\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). It is affecting the performance of the tourism business, causing for socio-economic crisis, a stagnation of foreign investment, a decrease in the number of foreign tourists and environmental degradation (Berhe et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Bogale, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Hall, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e; S\u0026ouml;nmez, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR69\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1998\u003c/span\u003e). Although the country managed to achieve a high tourism flow, recently political instability has continued to be a threat to the sustainability of this growth through its direct and indirect tourism business impacts (Khafaga \u0026amp; Albagoury, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). After two years of conflict, the Federal government and the Tigray rebel group signed a peace agreement in Pretoria, South Africa (Gebresenbet \u0026amp; Tariku, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Subsequently, a fresh political dispute emerged in the Amhara National Regional State between the Federal Government and the \"Amhara Fano\" in 2023. This led the Federal Government to declaring a state of emergency in the area on August 4, 2023. This has also exacerbated tourism problems, creating another major crisis for the tourism industry, just as \"mumps on a goiter\".\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBefore such political conflicts, the top tourist destinations in the Amhara National Regional State, particularly Gondar, Bahir Dar, Lalibela and Debark, were the most popular and frequently visited destinations for UNESCO World Heritage Sites (Woreta \u0026amp; Meskele, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR80\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). In 2018, 849,000 international tourists visited Ethiopia, which means that 79% of the Travel \u0026amp; Tourism expenditures were generated by leisure visitors and 21% by business tourists (WTTC, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR86\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Amhara National Regional State's major tourist destinations were primarily driven by leisure travellers and Ethiopia's tourism grew by 48.6% in 2018 (WTTC, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR86\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHowever, after this political unrest and conflicts broke out in Northern Ethiopia, tourism to Northern Ethiopia has been impeded, making these areas\u0026rsquo; tourism sector more complicated and, they hurt most parts of the tourism business due to travel forbids that disrupted most operations. The tourism industry could not overcome the negative impacts and consequences of political instability and conflict (Isaac, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e).. According to the Amhara-Region-Culture-and-Tourism-Bureau (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e) 2021\u0026ndash;2022 report, tourist receipts plummeted due to the political instability and conflict in Northern Ethiopia. In 2020 Ethiopia recorded a total of 518,000 tourists and ranked 126th in the world (WorldData, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR84\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; WTTC, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR85\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrevious research has explored the themes of political unrest, states of emergency, and armed conflict (Ahmed \u0026amp; Oumer, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Bogale, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Gebremeskel, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Tomczewska-Popowycz \u0026amp; Quirini-Popławski, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR75\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Wondirad, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR79\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). Their findings highlighted the effects of these issues on tourism marketing, the image of tourist destinations, and the preservation of museum heritages, indicating that uncertainty negatively impacts tourist flow. On the other hand, some studies have focused on the role of tourism in promoting reconciliation and the importance of peace and security for tourism development (Alene, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Geremew, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Despite these insights, there remains a gap in understanding the specific effects of political instability on tourism industry performance. Many studies lack clarity on how tourism and hospitality businesses are influenced by political factors and often fail to represent the full spectrum of the tourism sector in the Amhara National Regional State (ANRS), particularly as most utilize qualitative methods (Adane, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Gebremeskel, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMoreover, there is insufficient research on how political instability and conflicts impact the tourism industry and, the degree of influence on each stakeholder. Existing studies largely focus on developed countries and third-world tourist destinations, with minimal attention given to Ethiopian locations like Gondar, Bahir Dar, Lalibela, and Debark. Given the unique cultural, service quality, security, infrastructure, and risk management differences among these destinations, the factors contributing to political instability may vary significantly.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study addresses a gap by examining a different geographical area and timeframe than previous research (Ingram et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Tomczewska-Popowycz \u0026amp; Quirini-Popławski, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR75\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Usman et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR76\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). The lack of rigorous academic research in this field has led to a limited understanding of the impact of political instability, resulting in uninformed decision-making that hampers effective planning, development, and management of tourist destinations (Bogale \u0026amp; Wondirad, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Consequently, this study aims to examine to what extent political instability (PI) influences the performance of tourism and hospitality businesses within major tourist destinations in the Amhara National Regional State to answer the following research questions:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eDoes political instability have a different effect on different types of business and locations?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eHow does political instability influence the performance of the tourism industry?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Literature Review","content":"\u003cp\u003eA substantial literature explores various concepts of political instability and its impacts on the tourism and hospitality business. One of the most significant studies is authored by Murad and Alshyab (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR56\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e), who characterize political instability as a system's inability to mobilize sufficient resources to manage community conflicts and prevent violence. Another important study by Campos et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e) reveals that occurrences such assassinations, guerrilla warfare, coups, strikes, civil wars, riots, revolutions, and violence serve as indicators of both formal and informal political instability, impacting growth through various pathways over time. Besides Jong-A-Pin (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e) study, political instability is expressed in multiple dimensions: politically motivated violence, mass civil protest, instability within the political regime, and instability of the political conflict in the regime. In similar manner, other literature discusses the prevalent factors contributing to political instability; for instance Ogbonnaya (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR59\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e) identify common causes such as cultural heterogeneity, low regime legitimacy, lack of coercive power, economic backwardness, and structural simplicity.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePolitical instability in the developing countries, particularly in African, often stems from the complex interplay of diverse indigenous societies and political cultures, which hinders their ability to address economic backwardness (Coleman, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). Ethiopia has faced considerable political turmoil, as highlighted by Fiseha (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e) and Kebede (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e)), which indicates that the nation's political instability is a complex issue stemming from governance difficulties, ethnic rivalries, and regional disputes, even in light of its economic development and federal structure aimed at accommodating its ethno national diversity.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOn the other side, Henderson (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e) demonstrates that the relationship between politics and tourism is intricate and multi-dimensional. This perspective is corroborated by (Farmaki et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e) and Henderson (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e), who claim that tourism is largely a political phenomenon that transcends formal governmental frameworks and processes when politics is understood primarily as a matter of power dynamics. Additionally, a substantial body of literature examines how tourism arrivals decline due to various challenges and threats. Hlengwa and Thusi (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e) identify factors such as terrorist attacks, political instability, health pandemics, and natural disasters, which, despite having caused issues, have shown resilience and are forecasted to have a strong future. David Mc A (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e), in his study of various human-induced disasters that can profoundly affect tourism flow, notes that the risks associated with political unrest tend to deter potential travelers even more significantly, thus reinforcing the findings of Hlengwa and Thusi (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e) research.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eConversely, Political stability and political relations within and between states are extremely important in determining the image of destinations in tourist generating regions (Yap \u0026amp; Saha, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR88\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). Additionally, there is another literature that is more closely linked with tourism is an activity largely based on pleasant experiences and it is fundamentally incompatible with conflict, war, violence, and terrorism (Mataković \u0026amp; Cunjak Mataković, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Tkalec \u0026amp; Žilić, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR74\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). In fact, while the 21st century has so far been statistically the most peaceful one, numerous violent conflicts and comprehensive media coverage have brought dreadful events into the cities and homes of many people (Tkalec \u0026amp; Žilić, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR73\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). Political instability events in popular tourist destinations, which are affected the movement of the people at different times: Yemen, Sri Lanka, Liechtenstein, Thailand, Ukrainian and Russian and, terrorist attacks in Tunisia, Turkey, France and Spain that shift tourist demand towards places which are perceived safer (Ivanov et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Tkalec \u0026amp; Žilić, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR73\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). There are others who have looked into a related problem, political instability increases crime rate and food prices, and weakened tourism development have affecting the living standards of the general population (Rauf, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR62\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn fact, in the past few years, the relationship between political unrest and war, and the tourism industry studies have concentrated related studies in Ethiopia. For example, Chiriko (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e), in his study focused on the complex relationship between political violence and hotels. In a similar manner, Alene (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e) focused on in his publication upon the complex relationship between tourism and peace. Numerous writers in these texts perceive tourism as either a victim that endures conflicts or as a proactive participant striving to mediate between conflicting parties. Literature that supports tourists tends to steer clear of unpleasant political situations from the perspective of a victim of political circumstances (Adane, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Bogale, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Gebremeskel, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Whereas, literatures that deals with the role of tourism in terms of peace making and reconcile opposing sides of a conflict (Asongu et al., 2019; Becken \u0026amp; Carmignani, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Geremew, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). The tourism industry can promote growth and create numerous employment opportunities in the region, as well as increase domestic and foreign investment. This can not only benefit the region economically, but can also contribute to peace and harmony following political turmoil (Çakmak, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e; Seyfi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR67\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Indeed, political instability negatively impacts businesses and the operating environment of tourism companies (Ivanov et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Llorca-Vivero, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e) by creating a less secure atmosphere for tourists and frequently resulting in economic turmoil (such as inflation, and unemployment).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn this study, the researcher investigated to what extent the political instability has impacted the tourism and hospitality business that has been ongoing in Northern Ethiopia, particularly in the Amhara National Regional State's top tourist destinations. There is considerable evidence to suggest that impacts are likely unfavorable for business people working in tourism and hospitality, as indicated by existing literature on the subject (Adane, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Ahmed \u0026amp; Oumer, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Chiriko, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Ivanov et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e)). Thus, the aim of this paper is to consolidate current insights on how political instability affects the tourism business and to evaluate the factors influencing the performances of tourism and level consequences among the private sectors of such instability.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methodology of the Study","content":"\u003ch2\u003eDescription of the Study Areas\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eGeographically, this study was limited in Gondar, Bahir Dar, Lalibela, and Debark tourist destinations, Ethiopia. These top tourist sites have become a hub of tourist attractions, where large numbers of tourists enjoy a safe and pleasant vacation in Ethiopia (Asmare, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). Despite the fact that these sites are regarded as World Heritage Sites, political instability greatly affects the tourism industry in the Amhara National Regional State including the major tourist sites.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch3\u003eResearch Design, Sampling Techniques and Instrument\u003c/h3\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo get a comprehensive understanding of the impacts of political instability on the tourism business, this study employed a convergent parallel design to provide a more holistic view of the research problem, and to compare the results enhance-validate of the findings (Creswell \u0026amp; Clark, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). It helps to triangulate data and get reliable findings through the use of multiple data sets or methods in research (Vivek \u0026amp; Nanthagopan, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR77\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). The main subjects of this study were travel agencies, tourist guides, hotel employees, souvenir shops, car rentals, boat rentals, cooks, tourist polices, scouts, equipment rentals and ecotourism associations, as well as tourism and heritage experts. The researcher was applied stratified simple random and purposive sampling techniques to achieve this research objective. Therefore, the sampling method has used Yamane (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR87\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1967\u003c/span\u003e) formula n = N/ ((1 + N (e) 2)) chose 372 tourism and hospitality business personnel from four tourist destinations. Then, the number of respondents to each destination (stratum) was distributed as prescribed by Kothari (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e) formula n1 = nN1/ N. Subsequently, number of respondents was distributed Bahir Dar-127, Lalibela-82, Gondar-96 and Debark-66. In order to address the research questions effectively, survey questionnaires and key informant interviews were formulated as a data collection instruments. This study was tried to adopt and adapt different scholars’ published papers instruments (Eid et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Ivanov, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Pereira et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Seddighi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR66\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e). Both close-ended and open-ended questionnaires were employed to find additional information and in order to give respondents an opportunity to make comments (Asmare, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). Additionally, five point likert scales was applied in this research to measure respondents level of agreement.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch3\u003eMethod of Data Collection\u003c/h3\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo address this study objective, both primary and secondary data were gathered for analysis and interpretation that contribute to triangulate data as it involves the use of multiple methods to study a single problem (Decrop, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1999\u003c/span\u003e). In the current investigation, data collection took place in June-September 2024, questionnaires data was collected via survey CTO software using trained interviewers/data collectors. The researcher gathered data amid political instability in the areas of study, which led to the development of two methods. The first involved employing data collectors who reside in those regions, while the second utilized an online system. To implement this, the researcher created a questionnaire using Survey CTO, highly regarded data collection software that operates offline. After crafting all the questionnaires, they were integrated into the software with translations in both Amharic and English langauages. A fortunate turn of events occurred during the data collection phase when the previously blocked internet became operational across all study sites. To facilitate data gathering with this software, experts from the culture and tourism office and other tourism graduates living in the areas were recruited. Once selected, they received practical training via personal communication through phone calls, Google meet, WhatsApp, and Telegram. A pilot survey was carried out at each site with a sample of 50 participants. Throughout the training and pilot testing phases, corrections and adjustments were made to finalize the instrument. Data collection then commenced, either through interviews or by having participants self-administer the survey via a provided Survey CTO link. Consequently, 12-key informant participants were interviewed that assigned in government and private tourism sectors with experience in these study sites. Interviews are widely held to be a fundamentally useful way to understand informants’ beliefs, experiences, and worlds (Mann, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). In addition, in this study, secondary sources of data were used to address the study objective effectively either published or unpublished materials. Hence, for this study 367 survey questionnaires, 12 key informants interviews and secondary sources of data were collected for analysis to generalize the impact of political instability on tourism business in Amhara National Regional State, Ethiopia.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch3\u003eMethod of Data Analysis\u003c/h3\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn order to analyze how political instability influences tourism performance, peoples working in the tourism and hospitality businesses shared their diverse perspectives. The findings from the Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) and Shapiro-Wilk tests suggested that the responses did not follow a normal distribution, the p-value is greater than 0.05. Consequently, their answer was analyzed using non-parametric tests in SPSS version 26 software due to the nature of the data. As a result, Kruskal-Wallis x2 and Mann-Whitney U tests were preferred to compare the difference between the independent groups. Specifically, the Kruskal-Wallis χ2 test was utilized to determine the differing responses of hospitality professionals based on tourist locations (Gondar, Debark, Bahir Dar, and Lalibela), accommodation categories (Standard, 1 star, 2 stars, 3 stars, and 4–5 stars), and the type of property location (urban, seaside, mountain). Additionally, the Kruskal-Wallis χ2 test was also employed to analyze variations in the opinions of tourism professionals based on tourist sites (Gondar, Debark, Bahir Dar, and Lalibela) and the types of businesses (travel agent, tour guide, tourist police, car rental, boat rental, cook, scout, souvenir, equipment rental, and ecotourism) according to the characteristics of their destinations. Lastly, the Mann-Whitney U-test was conducted to assess differences in the responses of individuals working in the tourism and hospitality businesses.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results and Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePolitical instability various impacts on different types of location and business performance\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eA. Hospitality Business\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study employed non-parametric statistical methods to analyze the data due to violations of normality assumptions. The Kruskal-Wallis χ\u0026sup2; test was used to compare tourism performance for hospitality and tourism sectors across different groups: tourist destinations (Gondar, Lalibela, Debark, and Bahir Dar); locations (urban, mountain, seaside), and category (tourist standard, one star, two star, three star, four star and five star); and Mann-Whitney U-test was used also to compare the differences between hospitality and tourism businesses.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe Impacts of political instability in the Amhara National Regional State on hotel operational statistics are illustrated in Tables\u0026nbsp;1 and 3 (What impact has the political turmoil had on hotel sector performance in the Amhara National Regional State?). The findings indicate (table-1) that the hospitality industry faced significant challenges: there was a decline in total revenue of their hotel business (96.5% respondents), of that 44.1% respondents revealed more than 75% of revenue plummeted following the conflict in comparison to the pre-conflict period (M\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4.09, SD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.953); the overall number of tourists fell 93.1% and only 6.9% experienced no-change, average ordinal score for tourists flow decreased was M\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4.47%, SD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.828) after the conflict as opposed to before 2020; and the total number of employees dropped by (M\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.68, SD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.556) after the conflict when compared to the pre-conflict situation, which indicates most respondents hotel business employees change in around the 25\u0026ndash;49% decreased category after political instability. Moreover, since 2020, political instability in Ethiopia has had a greater impact on hotel business tourists number than total revenues and employees\u0026rsquo; numbers (see Table-1).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAt the same time, costs experienced a 98.5% of respondents indicated an increase in total costs, the most notable impact was seen in the 51\u0026ndash;75% range (28.6% of respondents); resulting in an overall mean score for increased costs was M\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.30, SD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.282 (refer Table-1). It implies, the majorities experienced increased costs due to PI, likely from reduced demand, and supply chain disruptions. Thus, it is unsurprising that employees, managers, and owners in the hotel sector perceived the political instability as having a markedly negative effect on their operations: the influx of international tourists diminished (M\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4.81 and SD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.392), domestic tourism also declined (M\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4.60 and SD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.490), hotel bookings dropped (M\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4.61 and SD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.488), and the average length of stay was reduced (M\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4.50 and SD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.558). This situation resulted in constraints on financial access, increased staff turnover and migration, and a decline in hotel re/investment. The significant chi-square results indicate also (see Table\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3) that the tourist sites and category of hotels notably different influence how PI impacts total costs, but did not on their location. Hotels in different sites experienced varying levels of impact, likely due to differences in tourist flow, accessibility, and local relative stability during periods of PI and that affecting operational expenses and profitability for the hospitality sector. KI stated some the hotel owners till working with few employees special in urban areas, others some closed and some of them rent for Bank and other service providers (Tourism expert in Bahir Dar, 2024).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable-1: Percentage for Hospitality Business\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Taba\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eItems\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChange\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePercentage\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOrdinal score in percentage\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;25%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25\u0026ndash;49%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e51\u0026ndash;75%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;75%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHow did the total number of your hospitality business employees change after the PI compared to before?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.9%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e81.1%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37.6%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.4%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.7%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.3%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.68\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.556\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHow did the number of your business tourists change after the PI compared to before?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.9%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e93.1%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.1%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.2%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.4%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28.1%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e62.2%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.47\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.828\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHow did your business total revenues change after the PI compared to before?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.5%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e96.5%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.5%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.6%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.1%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.7%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e44.1%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.953\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHow did your business total costs change after the PI compared to before?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e98.5%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.9%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.3%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.6%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28.6%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.6%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.282\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.5%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"10\"\u003eNB:\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"10\"\u003e1) SD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Standard deviation, PI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Political Instability\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"10\"\u003e2) Measurement scales: level of change: I\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Increased, NC\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;No Change, D\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Decreased;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"10\"\u003eImpact level in percentage: 1-\u0026lt;25%, \u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;75%;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eConsequently, the Kruskal-Wallis χ2 test revealed a statistically significant difference in respondents\u0026rsquo; answers based on the Amhara National Regional State's top tourist sites (does the impact of political instability differ on the hotel industry\u0026rsquo;s performance depending on its tourist destinations?). Specifically, the results showed that the impact of political instability on international tourist flow had a mean decrease of 4.81, with a standard deviation of 0.392, and exhibited statistically significant variations across the tourist sites of Gondar, Bahir Dar, Lalibela, and Debark (X2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;58.633, P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01) (See table-3). The results indicate that the impact of political instability on international tourist flow scores varies across the Amhara National Regional State's top tourist sites. There is a greater impact of political instability on international tourist flow in Lalibela area hotels (M\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4.96, SD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.186) than in Bahir area hotels, Gondar area hotels, and Debark area hotels respectively (Table\u0026nbsp;4). KI also stated that 45 tourist-standard hotels, lodges and resorts in Lalibela have closed and changed to other services due to political instability (Tourism expert in Lalibela, 2024).This variation attributed factors such as proximity to conflict zones, and inaccessibility. However, PI impacts based on location and category of the hospitality industry, the χ2 test did not reveal a statistically significant difference, which means failure to reject the null hypothesis (the impact of political instability no difference on international tourist flow on its hotel industry\u0026rsquo;s location or/and category). A similar situation was observed regarding to domestic tourist flow decreased on different mean score for different site total Mean\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4.60, SD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.490 and there is a statistically significant difference between those tourist sites (X2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;20.46, P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01), but not a significant difference on their location (urban, seaside, and mountain) and category (tourist standard, one star, two star, three star, and four star hotel).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLikewise, the impacts of political instability on manpower migration and employee turnover exhibited notable differences across various hotel establishments, shaped largely by their geographical locations and proximity to tourist sites. According to the chi-square analysis conducted in this study, the X\u0026sup2; and P values revealed that political instability's impact on workforce migration and turnover rates is statistically significant(refer to Table\u0026nbsp;3). Specifically, in the hospitality sector of the Lalibela area, there was a higher incidence of staff migration and turnover compared to other sites, with a mean value of 4.97 and a standard deviation of 0.186 (Table\u0026nbsp;4). This trend can be attributed to Lalibela's considerable influx of tourists and the presence of numerous quality hotels, which ultimately resulted in greater staff losses compared to other regions. The Debark site experienced the least impact, with a M of 3.81 and a SD of 1.089. Even though the relative impact across sites was quite similar, the number of standard tourist hotels in the area is relatively limited, and most visitors tend to engage in day trips to Gondar or participate in trekking adventures while camping within the park. Furthermore, as shown in Table\u0026nbsp;4, the Chi-square analysis indicates a statistically significant difference in the hospitality sector based on location. Specifically, respondents noted that hotels situated in the mountains had a higher mean score of 4.85 (SD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.376) and experienced greater manpower migration and turnover compared to urban hotels, which had a mean of 4.31, and seaside hotels, also at a mean of 4.31. This difference might be attributed to the ongoing political turmoil. KI also stated that numerous star-rated hotels and hotels in mountain areas, especially in Gondar, Debark, and Lalibela, have curtailed services, minimized staff, and sometimes implemented unpaid leave policies. Product and service offerings have also been significantly reduced due to operational challenges (Tourism Bureau experts working in Bahir Dar and employees in Gondar, Lalibela, and Debark, 2024). Nonetheless, despite the fact that political unrest affects manpower migration and staff turnover, a statistically significant difference did not emerge depending on the category of hospitality service.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAdditionally, regarding to tourist booking results shows PI highly affected their business on tourist booking, total mean 4.50, SD 0.558 (see Table \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3). It shows that, on average, respondents\u0026rsquo; very high impact or observes considerable effects and consistent experiences of PI on this aspect. But the level of impact depending on their tourist sites, location of accommodation establishment, and category are different tourist booking experiences in this sporadic instability. Major tourist destinations found in the Amhara National Regional State, statistically there is a significant difference dependence of tourist booking (x2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;9.458, P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Political instability impacts are not similar across tourist destinations, Lalibela area hospitality sector service providers (M-4.97, SD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.186) were more severely hit by the instability than Debark, B/Dar and Gondar tourist destinations. It implies that some of them experienced intense effects due to purposely targeted and damaged accommodation establishment like in Lalibela (assessment report for Ethiopian Ministry of Tourism, 2022) and on the other destination some hotel rooms were occupied by military and government officials during the conflict, for example Debark hotels (KI interviews in Debark and Lalibela, 2024). Likewise, Category of the hospitality sector significantly were influence the by PI on hotel room reservation/booking (X\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;8.233, P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.1). A comparable scenario was noted within the hospitality industry, showing mean values of 4.67 for tourist standard, 4.83 for one-star, 4.17 for two-star, 4.71 for three-star, and 4.53 for four-star hotels. This significantly demonstrates that political instability affects tourist room bookings (X2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;8.233, P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.1); indicating that one-star rated hotels are more adversely impacted by political instability compared to hotels with other star ratings in terms of tourist booking rates. These findings suggest that PI significantly influenced hotel room bookings based on category at different levels in the hospitality sector. However, the impacts of political instability on the average length of stay for tourists did not vary notably across different hotel establishments\u0026rsquo; site, location and category.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOn the other hand, impact level in percentage results were presented in table-4 for decreased rate of tourist number for hospitality sector in different sites, location and category. So, the Kruskal- Wallis x2 test revealed site and location are statistically significant different, but not on their category. Tourist number reported by Gondar, Lalibela, Debark and Bahir Dar culture and tourism offices (2023) (Table-2), 2019/20 tourist number both domestic and international compared to 2022/23 after PI decreased for Gondar domestic tourists by 40%, international tourist deceased by 95%; for Lalibela domestic tourist decreased by 69%, international tourist decreased by 96%; for Bahir Dar domestic tourists decreased by 13%, international tourist decreased by 92%; and for Debark domestic tourists decreased by 80%, international tourist decreased 97%. It indicates Lalibela and Debark tourist sites experienced highest decrease rate in international tourists, suggesting it has been more heavily impacted by the PI compared to other sites (refer Table-2).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTable-2: Tourist flow in Amhara region top tourist destinations\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Tabb\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYear\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGondar\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDebark\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLalibela\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBahir Dar\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDomestic\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eInternational\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDomestic\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eInternational\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDomestic\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eInternational\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDomestic\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eInternational\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2015/16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e97,459\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23,376\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,346\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20,111\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14780\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34,623\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e226,449\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e43,045\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2016/17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e62,899\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19,096\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,748\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23,251\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25,006\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38,235\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e278,228\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e45,959\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2017/18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e53,867\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12,792\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,028\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10,685\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12,670\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25,039\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e274,976\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17,393\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2018/19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e116,558\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25,223\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4,329\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18,758\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24,625\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36,828\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e322,305\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27,203\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2019/20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e89,170\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29,461\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,922\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29,486\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29,909\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e45,144\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e417,626\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35,808\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2020/21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e93,171\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26,978\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,543\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28,050\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39,249\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21,061\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e336475\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39355\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2021/22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e57,261\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e553\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,358\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e880\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8,171\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,106\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e429,439\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1751\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2022/23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e53,420\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e531\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e546\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e192\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9,310\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e779\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e335,585\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,137\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2023/24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e78,931\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,430\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1424\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2870\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6,062\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e435,182\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6,014\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"9\"\u003eSource: Gondar, Lalibela, Debark and Bahir Dar tourism offices report (2024)\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRevenue of the hospitality sector was an important factor; political instability placed significant influencing the total revenues change in the performance after the PI compared to before 2020 on hospitality sector. The Kruskal-Wallis χ2 test revealed notable variations in participant responses across tourist sites and by their category, suggesting a critical issue with financial accessibility for hotel businesses (as evidenced by the Chi-square results by their site and category, X2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;52.107, P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01 and X2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;18.662, P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001 respectively). The hotels located in Lalibela area and four star rated hotels were more affected by political instability than other major tourist sites and category in Amhara National Regional State. Lalibela is one of the most important tourist destinations in Amhara National Regional State, which make this site more prone to disruption caused by political instability. As tourist inflows are reduced during periods of instability, four-star hotels, which cater to higher-end tourists, experienced more pronounced revenue declines. According to (Issa and Altinay (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e)), major tourist attractions and high-star hotels are more susceptible to political instability due to their reliance on foreign tourists and have higher costs as well.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn contrast, the Kruskal-Wallis test failed to demonstrate statistically significant differences in participant answers when considering the location of hotel establishments. This finding lends support to the null hypothesis, which posits that the impact of political instability on the hospitality industry does not significantly differ based on the business's location. The result is that political instability has a broad uniform impact across different parts of the business's location, affecting the hospitality sector rather than being confined to a specific region location.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable-3: Impact of PI on hospitality Business\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Tabc\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eItems\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal mean\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eKruskal-Wallis X\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e Test\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChi-Square (χ\u0026sup2;)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ep-value\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHow would you evaluate the magnitude of the impact of PI on international tourist flow in your business? \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSite\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.81\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.392\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e58.633\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLocation\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.178\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.915\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCategory\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.002\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e. 406\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHow would you evaluate the magnitude of the impact of PI on domestic tourist flow in your business? \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSite\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.60\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.490\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.460\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLocation\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.734\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.693\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCategory\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.141\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.129\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHow would you evaluate the magnitude of the impact of PI on your business\u0026rsquo; manpower\u0026rsquo;s migration/ staff turnover? \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSite\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLocation\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCategory\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.34\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.745\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e47.879\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.681\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e.008\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.898\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.754\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAs a result of PI average lengths of stay for tourists have decreased in your business \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSite\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.61\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.488\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.871\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.832\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLocation\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.357\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.113\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCategory\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.508\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.973\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAs a result of PI tourists booking have decreased in your business \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSite\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.558\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.458\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.024\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLocation\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.366\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.505\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCategory\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.233\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.083\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHow did the number of your business tourists change after the PI compared to before? \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ec\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSite\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.47\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.824\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.830\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLocation\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.647\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.098\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCategory\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.580\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.812\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHow did your business total revenues change after the PI compared to before? \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ec\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSite\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLocation\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCategory\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.953\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e52.107\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.735\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e.155\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.662\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHow did your business total costs change after the PI compared to before? \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ec\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSite\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLocation\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCategory\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.282\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e83.767\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.309\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.513\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e.116\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e.074\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHow did the total number of your tourism business employees change after the PI compared to before? \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ec\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSite\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.68\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.556\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e111.759\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLocation\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.703\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.095\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCategory\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.451\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.114\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNotes\u003c/b\u003e:\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003e\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMeasurement: evaluation of impact: \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e 1- very low impact (VLI), 5-very high impact (VHI); \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e level of agreement:-1-Strongly disagree (SD), 5-Strongly Agree (SA); \u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003e\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e impact level in percentage 1\u0026lt; 25%, \u0026nbsp; \u0026gt; 75%\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAbbreviations: SD=Standard deviation, PI=political Instability\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eGrouping of respondents: \u0026nbsp;Site (Gondar, Lalibela, Bahir Dar, and Debark), Category (tourist standard, 1-star,2-star, 3-star, 4-star, 5-star hotels), location (mountain, urban, seaside)\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSignificant level: *at 10%, **at 5%, *** at 1%,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTable-4: \u003cstrong\u003eImpact of PI on hospitality Business based on tourist sites, location, and category\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"867\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 142px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eItems\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCategory\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"12\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 671px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eControl variables\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 222px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTourist site\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 188px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLocation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 261px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCategory\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGondar\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDebark\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBahir Dar\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLalibela\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUrban\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eseaside\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emountain\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1st\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003csup\u003end\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003csup\u003erd\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 142px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInternational tourists\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.392\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.465\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.250\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.186\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 142px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDomestic tourists\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4..51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.503\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.480\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.503\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.186\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 142px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStaff turnover and migration\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.735\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.039\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.566\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.186\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.782\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.743\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.376\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 142px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTourists booking\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.503\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.480\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.502\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.186\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.473\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.408\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.383\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.458\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.516\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 142px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTourist decrease rate in percentage\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.819\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.742\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.890\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.864\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.906\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.828\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.288\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 142px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRevenue decrease rate in percentage\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.836\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.781\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.931\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.468\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.992\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.837\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.676\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.954\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.955\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 142px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCost increased rate in percentage\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.928\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.892\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.048\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.048\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.374\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.602\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.237\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.990\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.557\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 142px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEmployees decrease rate in %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.055\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.152\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.676\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.979\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.619\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.256\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.497\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNotes: \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;SD=Standard deviation, TS = Tourist Standard,\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2. Tourism Business\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 5 illustrates the impact of political instability on the tourism industry, highlighting a noticeable shift in percentages compared to before 2020. Key findings include a decrease in the number of tourists (M=4.63, SD=0.800) and a decline in employment opportunities (M=3.48, SD=1.433). Additionally, total revenues experienced a drop (M=4.39, SD=0.950), whereas costs demonstrated an increased (M=3.26, SD=1.260). Similar trends were observed in the hospitality sector, with ANRS tourism businesses also witnessing a downturn. A staggering 97% of survey respondents indicated a reduction in their customer base, with only 3% reporting no changes. Notably, an average of 75% of these respondents claimed that over three-quarters of their tourist numbers declined in the rouse of political unrest (M=4.63, SD=0.800).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBut, When considered the Chi-square results, the number of tourists in tourist sites and business types decreased after the conflict compared to before the conflict, which was statistically significant (X2 = 51.401 and X2 = 17.662, respectively, P \u0026lt; 0.01). Following the conflict, Lalibela and Debark suffered the most; Bahir Dar and Gondar were less affected. Business types such as tour guides, scouts, and travel agencies experienced the greatest decreased in the number of tourists. This indicates that the conflict had a greater impact on some tourist destinations and types of business than others.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDespite this, some travel agents, car rentals and tour guides continue on this business by relocating their business to Addis Ababa because of their type of license, and occasionally bringing customers to northern Ethiopia as well based on\u0026nbsp;prevailing conditions and flight availability (KI of tour guides, 2024). The overall staffing in tourism businesses has dwindled, with 80% of respondents noted a decrease in employees, with 34.8% reporting that the drop was over 75%. Key informants mentioned that many individuals pivoted their careers, transitioning to other roles, such as car rentals renting their assets to NGOs/ Government offices and changed to public transport or migrating to Addis Ababa. Tour guides have altered their careers and relocated in search of better prospects. Some travel agents shifted business to better stable areas in Southern Ethiopia, while some have exited the tourism industry altogether, opting to sell their assets.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFinancially, total revenues plummeted, as noted by 97.6% of survey respondents. Among these, 64% reported their income had decreased by more than 75% since the onset of conflict in northern Ethiopia. Key informants have mentioned that they relied on their savings, sold or rented out properties (such as cars, houses, and land), and sought loans (both private and governmental. On the other way, the Kruskal-Wallis X2 result shows in table 7, tourism business total revenues change after the PI compared to before 2020, there is a significant difference in tourist sites and types of business. Moreover, since 2020, political instability in Ethiopia has had a greater impact on tourists number than total revenues and employees\u0026rsquo; numbers in the case of tourism business (see Table-5).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRegarding costs, the situation is quite varied; 76.4% of respondents reported an increase, while 23.6% noted no change following the instability. The total mean score for increased costs stands at M=3.26, significantly impacting tourism businesses. Besides, the Kruskal results show a significant difference in total costs associated with different tourist sites and types of business, when compared results before and after PI (X2= 48.140 for increased site; and X2=22.318, respectively at significant P\u0026lt;0.01). In this case, Debark faced more cost increased challenges than to other sites, and inside that destination Cook service providers also highly faced cost-increase problems (See Tables 6 and 7). Still, Key informants pointed out that the challenges during political instability led to higher expenses for tourism businesses. For instance, operational costs, fixed costs (employee salaries and rent), government taxes, and other miscellaneous expenses (website hosting and utility bills), were particularly hard hit those businesses that heavily relied on international tourists. On the other hand, few managed their costs by paring down their staff and services. Some businesses shifted their focus to local customers, and for a few respondents, their costs did not change due to geographical advantages. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable-5: Percentage for Tourism Business\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"690\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eItems\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChange\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePercentage\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 273px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Ordinal \u0026nbsp;Score in Percentage\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt; 25%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25-49%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51-75%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt; 75%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHow did the total number of your tourism business employees change after the PI compared to before?\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 273px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 273px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.9%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.8%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.1%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.4%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.8%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.433\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHow did the number of your business tourists change after the PI compared to before?\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 273px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 273px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e97%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.9%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.3%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.9%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.800\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHow did your business total revenues change after the PI compared to before?\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.4%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e97.6%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.2%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.3%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.4%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.1%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.950\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 186px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHow did your business total costs change after the PI compared to before?\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76.4%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.5%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.3%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.0%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.2%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.260\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.6%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\" style=\"width: 273px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNB:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSD=Standard deviation, PI=political Instability\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u0026nbsp;Measurement scales: level of change: I=Increased, NC=No change, D=Decreased; impact level in percentage: 1-\u0026lt;25%, \u0026gt;75%; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFurthermore, the results from the Kruskal-Wallis X2 test, as shown in Table 6, revealed the impacts of political instability (PI) on the performance of tourism businesses across various sites and types of tourism business. The chi-square analysis demonstrates statistically significant differences in political instability impacts on both international and domestic tourist flows (P \u0026gt; 0.01; refer to Table 6).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn particular, the Lalibela area exhibited the most substantial impacted area from political instability on both international and domestic tourist flows (M=4.96, SD=0.202) compared to other sites. Following closely, the Bahir Dar area, which includes the Tis Abay and Zega sites, showed notable impacts on international tourists (M=4.93, SD=0.250), and the Debark site was found the most affected area regarding domestic tourists (M=463, SD=0.488). But, the respondents answer indicates Gondar area was less disruptions compared to Lalibela, Bahir Dar and Debark sites both in domestic and international tourists.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSimilarly, when evaluate the magnitude of the impact of PI on tourism business\u0026rsquo; manpower\u0026rsquo;s migration or staff turnover, and the total number of tourism business employees change after the PI compared to before, Kruskal- Wallis test results indicated significant differences both in tourist sites (X\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e= 29.437, and X\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e= 62.549), and types of business (X\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e=25.435, and X\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e= 28.477) (see Table-6, P \u0026gt; 0.01) respectively.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data presented in Table 7 indicates that the Lalibela and Gondar areas experience significantly higher levels of staff turnover and migration compared to the tourist sites in Bahir Dar and Debark. Notably, car rental services are facing greater challenges than other segments within the tourism business, primarily due to issues of insecurity and limited accessibility on surface roads. In terms of tourism-related businesses, such as car rentals and tour guiding, many individuals are left their business areas in search of similar roles or entirely different opportunities outside the tourism sector. It\u0026rsquo;s worth mentioning that, the regional government established regulations stating in regulation No.80/2010 \u0026ldquo;Visit and Hospitality system Determination\u0026rdquo; that stated tour guide services are only compulsory for customers of tour companies at key tourist locations. While most of their customers are international tourists, domestic visitors have the option to visit sites like Lalibela and Gondar without the need for interpretation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHowever, the result of chi square for the impact of PI on tourists\u0026rsquo; average length of stay and tour reservations records were not statistically significant differences on tourist sites and types of tourism business.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable-6: Impact of PI on tourism business in different sites and type of business\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"661\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 283px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eItems\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eControl\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal mean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 192px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKruskal-Wallis X\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e Test\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChi-Square (\u0026chi;\u0026sup2;)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP-value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 283px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHow would you evaluate the magnitude of the impact of PI on international tourist flow in your business? \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSites\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.397\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.363\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTypes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.123\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 283px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHow would you evaluate the magnitude of the impact of PI on domestic tourist flow in your business? \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSites\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.547\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.437\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTypes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.435\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 283px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHow would you evaluate the magnitude of the impact of PI on your business\u0026rsquo; manpower\u0026rsquo;s migration/ staff turnover? \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSites\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.686\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.437\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTypes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.435\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 283px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAs a result of PI average lengths of stay for tourists have decreased in your business \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSites\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.709\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.573\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.665\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTypes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.335\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.324\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 283px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAs a result of PI tour reservation have decreased in your business \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSites\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.596\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.812\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.283\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTypes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.380\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.193\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 283px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHow did the total number of your tourism business employees change after the PI compared to before? \u003cstrong\u003e\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSites\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.433\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.549\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTypes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.477\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 283px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHow did the number of your business tourists change after the PI compared to before? \u003cstrong\u003e\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSites\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.800\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.401\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTypes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.662\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.039\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 283px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHow did your business total revenues change after the PI compared to before? \u003cstrong\u003e\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSites\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.950\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.390\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTypes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.858\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.026\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 283px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHow did your business total costs change after the PI compared to before? \u003cstrong\u003e\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSites\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.260\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.140\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTypes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 126px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.318\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.008\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNotes:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMeasurement: evaluation of impact: \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e 1- very low impact (VLI), 5-very high impact (VHI); \u0026nbsp; \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e level of agreement:-1-Strongly disagree (SD), 5-Strongly Agree (SA); \u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003e\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e impact level in percentage 1\u0026lt; 25%, \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026gt; 75%\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAbbreviations: SD=Standard deviation, PI=political Instability\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eGrouping of respondents: \u0026nbsp;Site (Gondar, Lalibela, Bahir Dar, and Debark), Types (tour guide, travel agent, car rent, scout, boat rental, souvenir shop, tourist police, cook, equipment rental, ecotourism association)\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSignificant level: *at 10%, **at 5%, *** at 1%,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable-7: \u003cstrong\u003eImpact of PI on the Tourism Business based on Tourist Sites, and Types of Business\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"898\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eItems\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCategory\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"14\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 712px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eControl Variables\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 220px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTourist site\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"10\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 492px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTypes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGondar\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDebark\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBahir Dar\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLalibela\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTravel agent\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTour Guide\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTourist Police\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eScout\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCook\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBoat rental\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEquipment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSouvenir\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEcotourism\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCar rental\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInternational tourists\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.305\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.547\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.250\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.202\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.351\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.375\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.535\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.527\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.483\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.011\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.707\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.243\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.467\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.342\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDomestic tourists\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.504\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.488\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.493\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.202\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.456\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.393\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.463\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.527\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.527\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.505\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.202\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.332\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.405\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.516\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStaff turnover and migration\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.675\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.844\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.639\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.334\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.945\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.483\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.926\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.441\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.547\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.874\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.707\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.606\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.505\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.479\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAverage length of stay\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTourists booking\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTourist decrease rate in percentage\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.189\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.625\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.690\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.144\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.800\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.836\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.744\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.674\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.606\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.924\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.138\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRevenue decrease rate in percentage\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.197\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.790\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.980\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.531\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.976\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.934\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.886\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.422\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.934\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.712\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.036\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.223\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCost increased rate in percentage\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.098\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.910\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.978\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.084\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.151\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.453\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.835\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.707\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.949\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.027\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.414\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.202\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.380\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.088\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEmployees decrease rate in %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.942\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.466\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.206\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.674\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.370\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.459\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.464\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.333\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.753\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.147\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.674\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.640\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eC. \u003cstrong\u003eHospitality Business vs. Tourism Business\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo compare the differences between hospitality and tourism businesses, the Mann-Whitney U-test result presented in Table-8 indicate that the impacts of PI on tourist flow in the hospitality business dropped more than the tourism business after the conflict. Specifically, there are a limited number of domestic tourists in the hospitality business compared to tourism business, while the hospitality business reports slightly less negative numbers of international tourists than the tourism business, with a significant level of P\u0026lt; 0.01.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAdditionally, PI has a stronger negative influences on the average length of stay in tourism businesses compared to hospitality businesses, while their tour reservations/hotel bookings a significant reduction is observed more in tourism businesses compared to hospitality businesses (P\u0026lt;0.01, and P\u0026lt;0.05 respectively). Similarly, the number of tourism and hospitality employees decreased after the PI compared to before, but the hospitality business experienced less staff turnover and migration (P\u0026lt;0.05). Even though total revenue decreased because of the PI, the statistical analysis did not show a significant difference between hospitality and tourism businesses. While hospitality business challenge greater cost increases related with PI compared to tourism business (P\u0026lt;0.05).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable-8: Comparison of the Impacts of PI on Hospitality vs. Tourism Businesses\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"672\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 402px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOperational statistics\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 174px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMann-Whitney \u0026nbsp;U-test\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExplanation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 402px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHow would you evaluate the magnitude of the impact of PI on international tourist flow in your business?\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 174px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8941.00***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHB \u0026lt; TB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 402px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHow would you evaluate the magnitude of the impact of PI on domestic tourist flow in your business?\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 174px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12933.00***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHB \u0026gt; TB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 402px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHow would you evaluate the magnitude of the impact of PI on your business\u0026rsquo; manpower\u0026rsquo;s migration/ staff turnover?\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 174px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15257.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 402px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAs a result of PI average lengths of stay for tourists have decreased in your business\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 174px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14420.50**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHB \u0026lt; TB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 402px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAs a result of PI tourist reservations /booking have decreased in your business\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 174px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6847.50***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHB \u0026lt; TB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 402px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHow did the number of your business tourists decreased after the PI compared to before?\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 174px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1728.00***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHB \u0026gt; TB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 402px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHow did your business total revenues decreased after the PI compared to before?\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 174px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16491.500\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 402px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHow did your business total costs increased after the PI compared to before?\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 174px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e215.500**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHB \u0026gt;TB \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 402px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHow did the total number of your tourism business employees decreased after the PI compared to before?\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 174px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15312.00**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHB \u0026lt;TB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eN.B:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eHB refers to the average value of answers from hospitality business workers; TB refers to the average value of answers from tourism business workers\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSignificant level: *at 10%, **at 5%, *** at 1%,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTherefore, political instability asymmetrically impacts when compared to tourism and hospitality businesses, both financial results are deteriorated with different reasons: hospitality business profit drop mostly due to decrease their tourist flows, hotel bookings, revenues, and cost increases. On the other hand, tourism businesses face a stronger negative impact on average tourist stay length, revenues and employee reductions (see Table 8). Moreover, Ivanov et al. (2017) stated, the location of accommodation establishments cannot be changed for the time being, while changing the product requires time. But, travel agencies are much more able to adapt and change their product offering based on changes in demand.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eEthiopia\u0026apos;s Tourism has emerged as one of the most important economic sectors contributing to the country\u0026apos;s GDP. However, since 2020, political unrest in Northern Ethiopia has had an impact on Ethiopian Tourism: travel warnings from government agencies and cancellation of many international package tours, particularly during the peak travel season, have impacted the industry. In 2020, Ethiopia recorded 518,000 tourist arrivals, a decrease from 812 thousand tourists in 2019. Therefore, this paper aims to advance knowledge in the field of tourism crisis management by examining the impact of political instability and continuing conflict in the Amhara National Regional State (ANRS) on the tourism industry in Ethiopia. It discusses the various ways political instability influences the tourism industry\u0026apos;s performance, including factors like tourist inflows, revenue generation, and tourist length of stays, costs, manpower migration, turnover, and investment. As well as, evaluating the impacts of political instability on different types of businesses, including hospitality businesses by their site, location, and category and tourism businesses based on their site, and business type. Lastly, the paper examines differential impact of the above-mentioned factors that influence business resulting in political instability, as well as which business is most affected, in order to develop strategies to mitigate the negative effects of political instability. \u003cem\u003eTourism crisis management and recovery marketing strategies for both tourism and hospitality businesses will need to be considered in future studies of sustainable tourism development.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eManagerial implications\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFrom the perspective of managerial, the findings confirm previous research results that political instability leads to negative impacts on the tourism industry of the country (Adane, 2021; Bogale, 2020; Gebremeskel, 2023). This study results also indicate due to\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003epolitical instability decreased revenues, decreased numbers of tourists flow and shorter lengths of stay, increased mobility of manpower and turnover rates, and increased costs for the tourism business. This result was valid not only for all major tourist destinations but also for the rest of the country in general, even though the level of impact is different for hospitality and tourism businesses based on their characteristics.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/em\u003eHowever, every business\u0026nbsp;type works cooperatively with the government and other private businesses to survive the challenges of the socioeconomic and political environment and try to increase their marketing strategies to overcome the consequences\u0026nbsp;of political instability.This finding is also considered a fundamental geographical concept; typically, tourism research models tourist flows (Yan, 2011), as hospitality and tourism establishments located farther from the conflict experience less impact than those in closer proximity.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePolicy implications\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePolicy makers and tourism stakeholders need to focus on tourist destination specific solutions: increasing security and provide financial support in highly victim areas. Diversify the new tourism products and promote resilience and recovery marketing strategies that help to mitigate the impacts of political instability in the future.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLimitations\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study of the impacts of PI on the tourism business in Amhara National Regional State, Ethiopia has limitations. It is common in research of this nature; which affects the generalizability, accuracy, and depth of the findings. \u0026nbsp;The study only analyzed from 2020-2024, data focusing on the immediate impact of PI, lack of longitudinal study. The study only focused on Amhara region tourist destinations, no comparison with others experiencing PI, which provide broader insights and best practices for tourism crisis management (Tigray and Afar Regions). The study focused on four tourist destinations that are found in Amhara region: Gondar, Debark, Bahir Dar, and Lalibela. And, the study focused on hospitality and tourism businesses but did not include other sectors those who are participated indirectly, since tourism has a multiplier effect, which are also exposed to the impacts of PI. Finally, the study did not explore the external factors: global economic crisis, exchange rates, pandemics, tourism trends of the study areas, this also influence the results.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFuture Research Directions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eResearchers can focus on long period effects of political instability on the tourism business in Amhara region major tourist destinations and particularly in Ethiopia via a panel survey. A solution to political conflict is expected to minimize the effects of political instability on tourism business over time, but researchers need to ensure this progress in the future, either recovering immediately or it will take additional recovery time after a political conflict is resolved including tourism marketing strategies. Additionally, research could concentrate on the impact of the political instability on other tourism destinations and tourism activities like Afar Region, Tigray region and other remaining regions in Ethiopia in general. Finally, future research might focus on how Ethiopian tourism policy support to tourism and hospitality business and organizations during and after conflict to mitigate the negative impacts of the political instability:- tax breaks and donations.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionList\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eSD\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStandard deviation\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003ePI\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003epolitical Instability\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical Clearance:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll methods in this study were carried out in accordance with relevant ethical guidelines and regulations. The research protocol received ethical review and approval from the \u003cstrong\u003eUniversity of Gondar Institutional Review Board (IRB)\u003c/strong\u003e in May, 2024\u0026nbsp;prior to data collection. Letter of Ethical approval is attached (see in Appendix).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding Declaration:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThis research received no specific grant from any funding agency.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInformed Consent Statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInformed consent was obtained from all participants involved in the study prior to their participation (e.g. research questionnaire), covering both participations and publication of the results. No participants under the age of 18 were included in this study, consent from parents or legal guardians was not required (refer in Appendix).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflicts of Interest:\u003c/strong\u003e The authors declare no conflict of interest.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eI would like to thank all those who have supported me along the way. First of all, I would like to express my gratitude to my advisors, teachers and family for their valuable insights, critical comments, guidance, encouragement, and support. Second, I would like to thank my colleagues and friends for reading, commenting, and correcting the preliminary drafts of this study. Finally, I would like to thank the academic staff at the University of Gondar for their positive encouragement.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eGetachew: Conceptualized the study, designed the methodology, data collection, conducted data analysis, prepared figures and tables, and drafted the manuscript.Endalkachew: Provided expertise support; performed statistical analysis and contributed to manuscript revision.Busha: Provided expertise on tourism and hospitality, interpreted results, and edited the manuscript.All authors wrote and reviewed this final approved manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData Availability\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eData availability statement-the dataset is temporarily embargoed due to PhD dissertation completion (until Dec 2025), but available from the corresponding author upon request. Full public archiving will occur via University of Gondar Repository. A journal compliant subset can be provided if required (Discovery Sustainability). website: www.uog.edu.et.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAbebe, M., Melku, M., Enawgaw, B., Birhan, W., Deressa, T., Terefe, B., \u0026amp; Baynes, H. W. (2018). Reference intervals of routine clinical chemistry parameters among apparently healthy young adults in Amhara National Regional State, Ethiopia. \u003cem\u003ePloS one\u003c/em\u003e,\u003cem\u003e 13\u003c/em\u003e(8), e0201782. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAdane, T. (2021). The Effect of Political Conflict on Tourism: the Case of Bahir Dar City. http://dspace.org \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAhmed, M. J., \u0026amp; Oumer, A. A. (2022). The impacts of armed conflicts on the heritage tourism of Dessie and its environs, Northern Ethiopia. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Heritage Tourism\u003c/em\u003e, 1-20. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAhmed, M. J., \u0026amp; Oumer, A. A. (2023). The impacts of armed conflicts on the heritage tourism of Dessie and its environs, Northern Ethiopia. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Heritage Tourism\u003c/em\u003e,\u003cem\u003e 18\u003c/em\u003e(1), 101-120. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAlamineh, G. A. (2022). The Nexus between coronavirus and tourism: Tourism as peace sensitive industry. \u003cem\u003eCogent Arts \u0026amp; Humanities\u003c/em\u003e,\u003cem\u003e 9\u003c/em\u003e(1), 2014110. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAlene, Y. (2017). \u003cem\u003ePeace and Stability as a decisive factor for Tourism Development in Ethiopia\u003c/em\u003e (Vol. 6). Journal of Exclusive Management Science. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAluko, F., \u0026amp; Arowolo, D. (2010). Foreign Aid, the Third World\u0026apos;s debt crisis and the implication for economic development: The Nigerian experience. \u003cem\u003eAfrican journal of political science and international relations\u003c/em\u003e,\u003cem\u003e 4\u003c/em\u003e(4), 120. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAmhara-Region-Culture-and-Tourism-Bureau. (2022). \u003cem\u003eTourism development report\u003c/em\u003e. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAsmare, B. A. (2016). Pitfalls of tourism development in Ethiopia: the case of Bahir Dar town and its surroundings. \u003cem\u003eKorean Social Science Journal\u003c/em\u003e,\u003cem\u003e 43\u003c/em\u003e, 15-28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40483-016-0029-1 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAsongu, S., Nnanna, J., Biekpe, N., \u0026amp; ... (2019). Contemporary drivers of global tourism: evidence from terrorism and peace factors. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Travel \u0026amp; \u0026hellip;\u003c/em\u003e. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2018.1541778 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAvraham, E. (2015). Destination image repair during crisis: Attracting tourism during the Arab Spring uprisings. \u003cem\u003eTourism management\u003c/em\u003e,\u003cem\u003e 47\u003c/em\u003e, 224-232. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAyoob, M. (1991). The security problematic of the Third World. \u003cem\u003eWorld Politics\u003c/em\u003e,\u003cem\u003e 43\u003c/em\u003e(2), 257-283. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBecken, S., \u0026amp; Carmignani, F. (2016). Does tourism lead to peace? \u003cem\u003eAnnals of tourism research\u003c/em\u003e. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160738316301220 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBerhe, E., Ross, W., Teka, H., Abraha, H. E., \u0026amp; Wall, L. (2022). Dialysis service in the embattled Tigray Region of Ethiopia: a call to action. \u003cem\u003eInternational Journal of Nephrology\u003c/em\u003e,\u003cem\u003e 2022\u003c/em\u003e, 1-6. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBogale, D., \u0026amp; Wondirad, A. (2019). Determinant factors of tourist satisfaction in Arbaminch City and its vicinity, Southern Ethiopia. \u003cem\u003eInternational Journal of Tourism Policy\u003c/em\u003e,\u003cem\u003e 9\u003c/em\u003e(4), 320-348. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBogale, S. (2020). \u003cem\u003eThe Impact of Political Unrest on Tourism Marketing Performance: The Case of Selected Tour Operators\u003c/em\u003e ST. MARY\u0026rsquo;S UNIVERSITY]. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBrown, J., \u0026amp; Hay-Edie, T. (2014). \u003cem\u003eEngaging Local Communities in Stewardship of World Heritage: A methodology based on the COMPACT experience\u003c/em\u003e (Vol. 40). UNESCO. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u0026Ccedil;akmak, E., \u0026amp; Isaac, R. K. (2012). \u0026ldquo;What destination marketers can learn from their visitors\u0026apos; blogs: An image analysis of Bethlehem, Palestine\u0026rdquo;. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Destination Marketing \u0026amp; Management\u003c/em\u003e, 124\u0026ndash;133. https://www.researchgate.net/deref/http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1016%2Fj.jdmm.2012.09.004\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCampos, N. F., Karanasos, M. G., \u0026amp; Tan, B. (2012). Two to tangle: Financial development, political instability and economic growth in Argentina. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Banking \u0026amp; Finance\u003c/em\u003e,\u003cem\u003e 36\u003c/em\u003e(1), 290-304. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCavlek, N. (2002). Tour operators and destination safety. \u003cem\u003eAnnals of tourism research\u003c/em\u003e,\u003cem\u003e 29\u003c/em\u003e(2), 478-496. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChiriko, A. Y. (2021). Political violence and hotels: economic consequences and response strategies. \u003cem\u003eAnatolia\u003c/em\u003e,\u003cem\u003e 32\u003c/em\u003e(3), 419-429. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eColeman, J. S. (2015). Conclusion: the political systems of the developing areas. In \u003cem\u003eThe politics of the developing areas\u003c/em\u003e (pp. 532-576). Princeton University Press. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCreswell, J. W., \u0026amp; Clark, V. L. P. (2017). \u003cem\u003eDesigning and conducting mixed methods research\u003c/em\u003e. Sage publications. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDavid Mc A, B. (2014). The effects of terrorism on the travel and tourism industry. \u003cem\u003eInternational Journal of Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage\u003c/em\u003e,\u003cem\u003e 2\u003c/em\u003e(1), 58. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDecrop, A. (1999). Triangulation in qualitative tourism research. \u003cem\u003eTourism management\u003c/em\u003e,\u003cem\u003e 20\u003c/em\u003e(1), 157-161. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDredge, D., \u0026amp; Jamal, T. (2015). Progress in tourism planning and policy: A post-structural perspective on knowledge production. \u003cem\u003eTourism management\u003c/em\u003e,\u003cem\u003e 51\u003c/em\u003e, 285-297. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEid, R., El-Kassrawy, Y. A., \u0026amp; Agag, G. (2019). Integrating destination attributes, political (in) stability, destination image, tourist satisfaction, and intention to recommend: A study of UAE. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Hospitality \u0026amp; Tourism Research\u003c/em\u003e,\u003cem\u003e 43\u003c/em\u003e(6), 839-866. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFarmaki, A., Altinay, L., Botterill, D., \u0026amp; Hilke, S. (2015). Politics and sustainable tourism: The case of Cyprus. \u003cem\u003eTourism management\u003c/em\u003e,\u003cem\u003e 47\u003c/em\u003e, 178-190. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFiseha, A. (2019). Federalism, development and the changing political dynamics in Ethiopia. \u003cem\u003eInternational Journal of Constitutional Law\u003c/em\u003e,\u003cem\u003e 17\u003c/em\u003e(1), 151-176. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGebremeskel, M. (2023). Impact of political instability on the tourism sector in Ethiopia. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGebresenbet, F., \u0026amp; Tariku, Y. (2023). The Pretoria Agreement: mere cessation of hostilities or heralding a new era in Ethiopia? \u003cem\u003eReview of African Political Economy\u003c/em\u003e,\u003cem\u003e 50\u003c/em\u003e(175), 96-106. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGeremew, Y. M. (2020). Domestic Tourism as a Reconciliation Mechanism for Socio-cultural and Political Crisis in the Multicultural Society of Ethiopia. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGeremew, Y. M., Alemayehu, H. B., \u0026amp; Meskele, A. T. (2017). Tourism marketing challenges and new tourism product development potentials: Practices from the Amhara National Regional State World heritage sites. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Hospitality Management and Tourism\u003c/em\u003e,\u003cem\u003e 8\u003c/em\u003e(1), 1-13. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHaile, S., Abiew, D., \u0026amp; Abuhay, T. (2020). An investigation of destination attributes and service quality of tourism in Amhara Region, Ethiopia. \u003cem\u003eAfrican Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure\u003c/em\u003e,\u003cem\u003e 9\u003c/em\u003e(1), 1-11. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHall, A. R. (2005). Generalized Method of Moments. Advanced Texts in Econometrics. \u003cem\u003eOxford University Press\u003c/em\u003e. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHammam, A., \u0026amp; El Sayed, S. F. (2017). The Effect of Political Instability and Terrorism on The Migration of Egyptian Hospitality Manpower (Case Study on Five Star Resort Hotels in Hurghada). \u003cem\u003eInternational Journal on Recent Trends in Business and Tourism (IJRTBT)\u003c/em\u003e,\u003cem\u003e 1\u003c/em\u003e(2), 55-68. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHenderson, J. C. (2003). The politics of tourism in Myanmar. \u003cem\u003eCurrent Issues in Tourism\u003c/em\u003e,\u003cem\u003e 6\u003c/em\u003e(2), 97-118. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHlengwa, D. C., \u0026amp; Thusi, K. (2018). Crucial for economic growth, nonetheless facing numerous challenges: Tourism SMMEs within uMsunduzi Local Municipality [Article]. \u003cem\u003eAfrican Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure\u003c/em\u003e,\u003cem\u003e 7\u003c/em\u003e(1), Article 28. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85042473581\u0026amp;partnerID=40\u0026amp;md5=066ec8b6d145b3c2ade77b77bcf2ca4d \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIngram, H., Tabari, S., \u0026amp; Watthanakhomprathip, W. (2013). The impact of political instability on tourism: case of Thailand. \u003cem\u003eWorldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes\u003c/em\u003e,\u003cem\u003e 5\u003c/em\u003e(1), 92-103. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIsaac, R. K. (2010). Alternative tourism: New forms of tourism in Bethlehem for the Palestinian tourism industry. \u003cem\u003eCurrent Issues in Tourism\u003c/em\u003e,\u003cem\u003e 13\u003c/em\u003e(1), 21-36. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIssa, I. A., \u0026amp; Altinay, L. (2006). Impacts of political instability on tourism planning and development: The case of Lebanon. \u003cem\u003eTourism Economics\u003c/em\u003e,\u003cem\u003e 12\u003c/em\u003e(3), 361-381. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIvanov, S. (2017). \u003cem\u003eImpacts of political instability on the tourism industry in Ukraine\u003c/em\u003e (Vol. 9). https://doi.org/10.1080/19407963.2016.1209677 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIvanov, S., Gavrilina, M., \u0026amp; Webster, C. (2017). \u003cem\u003eImpacts of political instability on the tourism industry in Ukraine\u003c/em\u003e (Vol. 9). https://doi.org/10.1080/19407963.2016.1209677 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJong-A-Pin, R. (2009). On the measurement of political instability and its impact on economic growth. \u003cem\u003eEuropean Journal of Political Economy\u003c/em\u003e,\u003cem\u003e 25\u003c/em\u003e(1), 15-29. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKebede, N. S. (2018). The fate of tourism during and in the aftermath of political instability: Ethiopia tourism in focus. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Tourism Hospitality\u003c/em\u003e,\u003cem\u003e 7\u003c/em\u003e(337), 2167-0269.1000337. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKhafaga, R., \u0026amp; Albagoury, S. H. (2022). Political Instability and Economic Growth in Ethiopia: An Empirical Analysis. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Social and Political \u003cem\u003eSciences\u003c/em\u003e,\u003cem\u003e 5\u003c/em\u003e(1), 20-31. https://doi.org/DOI: 10.31014/aior.1991.05.01.332\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKothari, C. R. (2004). \u003cem\u003eResearch methodology: Methods and techniques\u003c/em\u003e. New Age International. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKőv\u0026aacute;ri, I., \u0026amp; Zim\u0026aacute;nyi, K. (2010). Safety and security in the age of global tourism. \u003cem\u003eApplied Studies in Agribusiness and Commerce\u003c/em\u003e,\u003cem\u003e 4\u003c/em\u003e(5-6), 67-69. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLlorca‐Vivero, R. (2008). Terrorism and international tourism: New evidence. \u003cem\u003eDefence and Peace Economics\u003c/em\u003e,\u003cem\u003e 19\u003c/em\u003e(2), 169-188. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eL\u0026ouml;ki, V., De\u0026aacute;k, B., Luk\u0026aacute;cs, A. B., \u0026amp; Moln\u0026aacute;r, A. (2019). Biodiversity potential of burial places\u0026ndash;a review on the flora and fauna of cemeteries and churchyards. \u003cem\u003eGlobal ecology and conservation\u003c/em\u003e,\u003cem\u003e 18\u003c/em\u003e, e00614. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMann, S. (2006). Ethiopia, in makeda\u0026rsquo;s footsteps: Towards a strategy for pro-poor tourism development. \u003cem\u003ePrivate Sector Development, World Bank\u003c/em\u003e. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMann, S. (2016). The research interview. \u003cem\u003eReflective practice and reflexivity in research processes\u003c/em\u003e. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMataković, H., \u0026amp; Cunjak Mataković, I. (2019). The impact of crime on security in tourism. \u003cem\u003eSecurity and Defence Quarterly\u003c/em\u003e,\u003cem\u003e 27\u003c/em\u003e(5), 1-20. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMurad, M. S. A., \u0026amp; Alshyab, N. (2019). Political instability and its impact on economic growth: the case of Jordan. \u003cem\u003eInternational Journal of Development Issues\u003c/em\u003e. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNaef, P., \u0026amp; Ploner, J. (2016). Tourism, conflict and contested heritage in former Yugoslavia. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Tourism and Cultural Change\u003c/em\u003e,\u003cem\u003e 14\u003c/em\u003e(3), 181-188. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNdokang, L. E., \u0026amp; Tsambou, A. D. (2015). Political instability in Central African Republic (CAR) and health state of the Cameroon population. \u003cem\u003eJournal of life economics\u003c/em\u003e,\u003cem\u003e 2\u003c/em\u003e(2), 113-129. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOgbonnaya, U. M. (2013). Regional Integration, Political Crisis and the Transformation of ECOWAS Crisis Management Mechanisms. \u003cem\u003eTurkish Journal of Politics\u003c/em\u003e,\u003cem\u003e 4\u003c/em\u003e(2), 49-63. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePereira, V., Gupta, J. J., \u0026amp; Hussain, S. (2022). Impact of travel motivation on tourist\u0026rsquo;s attitude toward destination: Evidence of mediating effect of destination image. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Hospitality \u0026amp; Tourism Research\u003c/em\u003e,\u003cem\u003e 46\u003c/em\u003e(5), 946-971. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRadelet, S. (2010). \u003cem\u003eEmerging Africa: How 17 countries are leading the way\u003c/em\u003e. Brookings Institution Press. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRauf, A. (2022). \u003cem\u003eThe Impact of Political Instability, Food Prices, and Crime Rate on Tourism: A Way toward Sustainable Tourism in Pakistan\u003c/em\u003e (Vol. 14). https://doi.org/10.3390/su142416993 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eReeves, N. (2019). Tourism Sector in the Middle East and North Africa. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRegasa, A., Ettisa, D. L., \u0026amp; Tadesse, E. (2023). Factors Affecting Economic Crisis in Ethiopia: A Literature. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSantana, G., Maria, \u0026amp; Fourie, J. (2022). Tourism falls apart: How insecurity affects African tourism. \u003cem\u003eTourism Economics\u003c/em\u003e,\u003cem\u003e 28\u003c/em\u003e(4), 995-1008. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSeddighi, H., Theocharous, A. L., \u0026amp; Nuttall, M. (2002). Political instability and tourism: an empirical study with special reference to the microstate of Cyprus. \u003cem\u003eInternational Journal of Hospitality \u0026amp; Tourism Administration\u003c/em\u003e,\u003cem\u003e 3\u003c/em\u003e(1), 61-84. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSeyfi, S., Hall, C. M., \u0026amp; Vo-Thanh, T. (2022). Tourism, peace and sustainability in sanctions-ridden destinations. \u003cem\u003eJournal of sustainable tourism\u003c/em\u003e,\u003cem\u003e 30\u003c/em\u003e(2-3), 372-391. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eShahrabani, S., Teitler-Regev, S., Desivilya Syna, H., Tsoukatos, E., Ambrosio, V., Correia Loureiro, S. M., \u0026amp; Voulgaris, F. (2020). The effects of socio-political context on Tourism. \u003cem\u003eEuroMed Journal of Business\u003c/em\u003e,\u003cem\u003e 15\u003c/em\u003e(1), 22-38. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eS\u0026ouml;nmez, S. F. (1998). Tourism, terrorism, and political instability. \u003cem\u003eAnnals of tourism research\u003c/em\u003e,\u003cem\u003e 25\u003c/em\u003e(2), 416-456. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eS\u0026ouml;nmez, S. F., \u0026amp; S\u0026ouml;nmez, S. (2017). Tourism, Terrorism and Political Instability. \u003cem\u003eAnatolia: Turizm Arastirmalari Dergisi\u003c/em\u003e,\u003cem\u003e 28\u003c/em\u003e(1), 110-137. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTafesse, A. (2016). The historic route in Ethiopian tourism development. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTessema, G. A., van Der Borg, J., Minale, A. S., Van Rompaey, A., Adgo, E., Nyssen, J., . . . Poesen, J. (2021). Inventory and assessment of geosites for geotourism development in the Eastern and Southeastern Lake Tana Region, Ethiopia. \u003cem\u003eGeoheritage\u003c/em\u003e,\u003cem\u003e 13\u003c/em\u003e(2), 43. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTkalec, M., \u0026amp; Žilić, I. (2017). Does proximity to conflict affect tourism: Evidence from NATO bombing. \u003cem\u003eRadni materijali EIZ-a\u003c/em\u003e(4), 1-22. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTkalec, M., \u0026amp; Žilić, I. (2021). Does proximity to conflict affect tourism: Evidence from NATO bombing. \u003cem\u003ePloS one\u003c/em\u003e,\u003cem\u003e 16\u003c/em\u003e(10), e0258195. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTomczewska-Popowycz, N., \u0026amp; Quirini-Popławski, Ł. (2021). Political instability equals the collapse of tourism in Ukraine? \u003cem\u003eSustainability\u003c/em\u003e,\u003cem\u003e 13\u003c/em\u003e(8), 4126. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eUsman, O., Alola, A. A., \u0026amp; Ike, G. (2022). Inbound tourism demand elasticities of MENA countries: the role of internal and external conflicts. \u003cem\u003eInternational Journal of Emerging Markets\u003c/em\u003e. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eVivek, R., \u0026amp; Nanthagopan, Y. (2021). Review and comparison of multi-method and mixed method application in research studies. \u003cem\u003eEuropean Journal of Management Issues\u003c/em\u003e,\u003cem\u003e 29\u003c/em\u003e(4), 200-208. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWoldu, M. G. (2018). Community based tourism in Lake Tana growth corridor of the Amhara region of Ethiopia: The missing link among stakeholders and implications to tourism industry. \u003cem\u003eCogent Social Sciences\u003c/em\u003e,\u003cem\u003e 4\u003c/em\u003e(1), 1450335. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWondirad, A. (2017). The impact of political unrest and the subsequent state of emergency in Ethiopian tourism sector. \u003cem\u003eInternational Journal of Tourism Sciences\u003c/em\u003e,\u003cem\u003e 17\u003c/em\u003e(4), 276-297. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWoreta, S. L., \u0026amp; Meskele, A. T. (2018). Challenges of Tourism Destination Development in the Amhara National Regional State, Ethiopia. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWorku, Y. G., \u0026amp; Tessema, G. A. (2018). Public-private collaboration in the tourism industry in Northwestern Ethiopia. \u003cem\u003eAfrican Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure\u003c/em\u003e,\u003cem\u003e 7\u003c/em\u003e(2), 1-12. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eworld-bank. (2019). \u003cem\u003eTourism in Ethiopia\u003c/em\u003e. Retrieved 22/06/2023 from https://www.worldbank.org/en/home\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWorld-Bank. (2023). \u003cem\u003eScaling up pathways to growth in Ethiopia through tourism ...\u003c/em\u003e OECD Publishing. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWorldData. (2022). Tourism in Ethiopia. \u003cem\u003eInternational journal of surgery (London, England)\u003c/em\u003e. https://www.worlddata.info/africa/ethiopia/tourism.php \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWTTC. (2022). Travel and tourism economic impact 2022. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWTTC, W. (2019). World travel and tourism council. \u003cem\u003eThe Economic Impact of Travel and Tourism\u003c/em\u003e. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYamane, T. (1967). \u003cem\u003eProblems to accompany\u0026quot; Statistics, an introductory analysis\u0026quot;\u003c/em\u003e. Harper \u0026amp; Row. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYap, G., \u0026amp; Saha, S. (2013). Do political instability, terrorism, and corruption have deterring effects on tourism development even in the presence of UNESCO heritage? A cross-country panel estimate. \u003cem\u003eTourism Analysis\u003c/em\u003e,\u003cem\u003e 18\u003c/em\u003e(5), 587-599. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-sustainability","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"disu","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Sustainability](https://www.springer.com/43621)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Discover Sustainability","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Political Instability, Tourism Business, Hospitality Business, Tourist Sites, Impacts","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6795742/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6795742/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe aim of this paper is to examine the impact of political instability on the tourism and hospitality sector in the case of major tourist sites in Amhara, Ethiopia. Data were collected through the SurveyCTO software. In this survey, 367 respondents and 12 key informant interviewees conducted. Participants from hospitality and tourism businesses were located in key tourist sites including Gondar, Debark, Lalibela, and Bahir Dar. To analyze differences in responses across multiple categorical variables (tourist sites, business types, locations, and business categories) as it\u0026rsquo;s suitable to comparing two or more independent groups of the hospitality and tourism businesses with non-normal data, the Kruskal-Wallis test was employed. The Mann-Whitney U-test specifically examined to compare the variances in responses between those hospitality and tourism businesses. The study findings indicate that political instability results in decreased revenues, decreased numbers of tourists, shorter lengths of stay, increased mobility of manpower, and increased costs for the tourism industry. This result was valid not only for all major tourist destinations but also for the rest of the country in general, even though the level of impact is different for hospitality and tourism businesses based on their characteristics. As a result of the political instability impact since 2020 in Amhara, Ethiopia, the performance of the tourism industry has declined. Tourism crisis management and recovery marketing strategies for tourism and hospitality businesses will need to be considered in future studies of sustainable tourism development.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Impacts of Political Instability on the Tourism and Hospitality Businesses in Amhara National Regional State, Ethiopia","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-07-15 09:43:50","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6795742/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-09-30T04:41:08+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-08-26T11:40:54+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-08-19T11:50:53+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"94968420218243916595902092956197394962","date":"2025-08-14T15:45:09+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"208238420617306738484115699572830850581","date":"2025-08-12T01:02:11+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"3531334030465276618696872438654507637","date":"2025-08-11T23:27:27+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-07-18T03:27:06+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"49493268253016708976277179309865472090","date":"2025-07-17T00:19:07+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"157681364726271253205772842003313118102","date":"2025-07-16T18:01:56+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-07-11T15:55:20+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-07-11T15:45:57+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-07-01T08:21:16+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-06-26T13:08:31+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Discover Sustainability","date":"2025-06-26T13:04:15+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-sustainability","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"disu","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Sustainability](https://www.springer.com/43621)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Discover Sustainability","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"84b3d877-e481-449e-859b-c99218f9a0be","owner":[],"postedDate":"July 15th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-01-05T15:58:58+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-6795742","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43621-025-02541-7","journal":{"identity":"discover-sustainability","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Discover Sustainability"},"publishedOn":"2025-12-29 15:56:59","publishedOnDateReadable":"December 29th, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-07-15 09:43:50","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s43621-025-02541-7","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43621-025-02541-7","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6795742","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6795742","identity":"rs-6795742","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}