Strategy for unlimited cycles of scarless oligonucleotide directed gene editing inChlamydomonas reinhardtii

CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing in the model green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii relies on the use of selective marker genes to enrich for non-selectable target mutations. This becomes challenging when many sequential modifications are required in a single cell line, as useful markers are limited. Here we demonstrate a cyclical selection process which only requires a single marker gene to identify an almost infinite sequential series of CRISPR-based target gene modifications. The NIA1 ( Nit1, NR ; nitrate reductase) gene was this selectable marker. In the forward stage of the cycle, a stop codon was engineered into the NIA1 gene at the CRISPR target location. Cells retaining the wild type NIA1 gene were killed by chlorate, while NIA1 knockout mutants survived. In the reverse phase of the cycle, the stop codon engineered into the NIA1 gene during the forward phase was edited back to the wild type sequence. Using nitrate as the sole nitrogen source, here only the reverted wild type cells survived. By using CRISPR to specifically deactivate and reactivate the NIA1 gene, a marker system was established that flipped back and forth between chlorate- and auxotrophic (nitrate) based selection. This provided a scarless cyclical marker system that enabled an indefinite series of CRISPR edits in other, non-selectable genes. Here, we demonstrate that this ‘ Sequential CRISPR via Recycling Endogenous Auxotrophic Markers (SCREAM)’ technology enables an essentially limitless series of genetic modifications to be introduced to a single cell lineage of C. reinhardtii in a fast and efficient manner to complete complex genetic engineering.