Leeuwenhoekiella obamensis sp. nov., a novel marine bacterium isolated from the surface water of a Japanese fishing port

Leeuwenhoekiella obamensis sp. nov., a novel marine bacterium isolated from the surface water of a Japanese fishing port | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Leeuwenhoekiella obamensis sp. nov., a novel marine bacterium isolated from the surface water of a Japanese fishing port Yuka Machii, Mao Tsukamoto, Takafumi Kataoka, Ryuji Kondo This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5394029/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 27 Jan, 2025 Read the published version in Antonie van Leeuwenhoek → Version 1 posted 4 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract A novel aerobic marine bacterium, FRT2 T , was isolated from the surface water of a fishing port in Fukui, Japan. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that the strain FRT2 T clustered with the genus Leeuwenhoekiella . The closest relatives of the strain FRT2 T were Leeuwenhoekiella palythoae KMM 6264 T and Leeuwenhoekiella nanhaiensis G18 T with 16S rRNA gene sequence identities of 95.1% and 94.5%, respectively, suggesting that FRT2 T is a novel species of the genus Leeuwenhoekiella . The values of digital DNA-DNA hybridisation and average nucleotide identity between FRT2 T strain and type strains of species of the genus Leeuwenhoekiella were lower than the threshold for species delineation, indicating that FRT2 T is a novel species of the genus Leeuwenhoekiella . Cells were Gram-negative, strictly aerobic, yellow-orange-pigmented, motile by gliding, and had a rod shape with 0.3–0.8 µm width and 1.6–4.1 µm length. Saline was needed to grow FRT2 T with optimal growth in the presence of 3.0–4.0% (w/v) NaCl. Growth was observed from pH 5.5 to 8.5 (optimum pH 6.5–7.5) and at temperatures between 10 and 39°C (optimum 25–35°C). Major cellular fatty acids were iso-C 15:0 , iso-C 15:1 , iso-C 17:0 3-OH and summed feature 3 (C 16:1 ω 6 c and/or C 16:1 ω 7 c ). The only respiratory quinone was MK-6. The DNA G + C content of FRT2 T was 38.9 mol%. Based on its genetic and phenotypic features, the strain FRT2 T represents a novel species, for which the name Leeuwenhoekiella obamensis sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain FRT2 T (= BCRC 81451 T = JCM 36940 T ). The discovery of this novel bacterial species provides the scope for future research. Flavobacteriaceae Leeuwenhoekiella marine bacterium novel species Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Introduction The genus Leeuwenhoekiella was proposed by Nedashkovskaya et al. ( 2005 ) in 2005, emended by Nedashkovskaya et al. ( 2014 ) in 2014 and Tahon et al. ( 2020 ) in 2020, and belongs to the family Flavobacteriaceae within the phylum Bacteroidota . To date, the genus Leeuwenhoekiella consists of eight validly published species and is described as a Gram-negative, aerobic, yellow- or yellow-orange-pigmented, chemoorganotrophic bacterium with gliding motility (Nedashkovskaya et al. 2014 ). These species have been isolated from saline environments such as seawater and coral (Tahon et al. 2020 ). Leeuwenhoekiella are thought to play important roles in the marine food web because of their abundance in marine environments (Tahon et al. 2020 ) and their biochemical characteristics, such as the hydrolysation of a wide variety of high-molecular-weight organic compounds as well as the use of various low-molecular-weight organic compounds (Tahon et al. 202 and references therein). Culturable bacteria is considered less than 1% of total bacterial cells in nature (Amann et al. 1995 ). Martiny ( 2019 ) theorised three interpretations of this paradigm: 1) 1% of cells in a community can be cultivated using all available methods; 2) 1% of taxa in a community can be cultivated using all available methods; and 3) 1% of cells in a community grow when plated on a standard agar medium. The author compared directly amplified 16S rRNA gene sequences from major biomes with those of known isolates. He then maintained that many cells and taxa across environments are culturable with known techniques, and that the 1% paradigm is no longer correct. However, the third interpretation of the paradigm was not analysed in detail, as some would dispute that cultivation on standard agar plates underestimates the diversity and abundance of microorganisms (Martiny 2019 ). The existence of many unknown taxa of prokaryotes, referred to as “microbial dark matter”, has been revealed through culture-independent methods, such as 16S rRNA gene libraries, metagenomic data, and metagenome-assembled genomes (Williams et al. 2021 ). The development of various cultivation methodologies has made it possible to culture prokaryotes that were not previously cultured (Choi et al. 2015 and references therein). More than 500 novel prokaryotic species (without new combinations) have been proposed and validated annually since 2005 ( https://lpsn.dsmz.de/statistics/figure/15 ) (Parte et al. 2020 ), suggesting that various prokaryotes have not yet been cultured. The use of low-nutrient media and/or extended incubation periods is a simpler method for culturing microbial dark matter (Choi et al. 2015 ). The Department of Marine Science and Technology at Fukui Prefectural University offers a variety of practical training programs as introductory education for first-year university students. Our microbiology group attempted to isolate novel prokaryotic species from aquatic environments. A yellow-orange-pigmented bacterial strain FRT2 T was isolated from the surface water of the Nishizu Fishing Port in Obama Bay in Fukui, Japan. Phylogenetic analyses based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence as well as the genomic and physiological characteristics suggested that the strain FRT2 T is a novel species of the genus Leeuwenhoekiella , according to bacterial criteria (Goris et al. 2007 ). This report describes the novel mesophilic, pigmented marine bacterium, FRT2 T . Materials and methods Isolation The surface water was sampled using a sterilised plastic tube at the Nishizu Fishing Port in Obama Bay in Fukui, Japan (35°30'50.3"N, 135°44'55.3"E) on the 22nd of July, 2023. The water sample was serially diluted 10-fold in autoclaved Daigo Artificial Seawater SP (Nihon Pharmaceutical). Further, 0.1 mL of the diluted sample was spread onto diluted Marine Agar (MA), which was prepared by adding 1.5% (w/v) agar to 1:10- and 1:50-diluted Marine Broth 2216 (MB) (BD Difco) with Daigo Artificial Seawater SP. The plates were incubated at 20 °C in the dark for 2 weeks. Five colonies developed on the agar plates after one week of incubation, which were then randomly isolated from each plate. The colonies were suspended in sterilised distilled water, and DNA was extracted from them by boiling for 10 min. The extracts served as the template DNA for PCR. The results of preliminary PCR-amplicon sequence analysis targeting the V3/V5 region of the 16S rRNA gene indicated that the closest relatives of a yellow-orange-pigmented colony developed on 1/10 diluted-MA were Leeuwenhoekiella palythoae KMM 6264 T and Leeuwenhoekiella nanhaiensis G18 T with 16S rRNA gene sequence identities of 95.1% and 94.5%, respectively. This suggests that the strain is a novel species of the genus Leeuwenhoekiella . The colony was then re-streaked twice on MA to obtain the single strain FRT2 T . After cultivation of FRT2 T in MB at 20 °C, FRT2 T was stored in our laboratory at -80 °C with 25% (v/v) glycerol. Morphology and motility Morphological characteristics were assessed using an optical microscope (Olympus BX51). Cell shape was determined using a scanning electron microscope (Hitachi Su1510) after fixation with glutaraldehyde at a final concentration of 2% (v/v), dehydration in increasing concentrations of ethanol (25%, 50%, 70%, 80%, 90%, and 100%, v/v), drying with a mixture of 1:1 100% ethanol and t -butyl alcohol with subsequent drying in pure t -butyl alcohol, and sputter-coating with gold. Gliding motility was evaluated using the hanging drop technique as described by Bernardet et al. (2002). Whole-cell fatty acids, respiratory quinone and pigment analyses The whole-cell fatty acids in FRT2 T were analysed using a mid-exponential growth phase culture grown on MA at 25 °C. Fatty acids were extracted from whole cells and analysed according to the protocols of the Sherlock Microbial Identification System (version 6.0) using the TSBA6 database of the Microbial Identification System (Sasser 1990). For respiratory quinone analysis, cells cultivated on MA at 25 °C for 48 h were freeze-dried, and total lipids were extracted from the dried cells according to the modified method of Bligh and Dyer (1959). The quinone fraction was separated and purified from the total lipid extract using a Sep-Pak Plus silica solid-phase column (Waters). The quinone fraction was analysed via high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), as previously described by Tamaoka et al. (1983). The HPLC system was an ACQUITY UPLC H-class system (Waters). Quinones were separated with a BEH C18 column (150 × 2.1 mm I.D., 1.7 μm; Waters) and detected with a photodiode array eλ detector (Waters). All analyses were performed at 35 °C with a flow rate of 0.3 ml min -1 . A methanol/isopropanol mixture (7:3, v/v) was used as the solvent. The chromatograms were digitally recorded on a computer using MassLynx V4.2. Whole-cell fatty acid and respiratory quinone analyses were performed at TechnoSuruga Laboratory (Shizuoka, Japan). The presence of flexirubin pigments was determined using potassium hydroxide (KOH) according to the method of Fautz and Reichenbach (1980). Gram staining was performed using the Favour method (Tanaka et al. 1997) and the non-staining (KOH) method (Buck 1982). Metabolic profiles Growth experiments were performed in triplicate using 18-mm clean glass tubes. Growth was routinely monitored using a DEN-1B McFarland densitometer (Biosan) at 565 ± 15 nm at appropriate intervals. MB was filtered through a 0.22-µm polycarbonate filter (Millipore) to remove precipitation in the medium. Cultures of FRT2 T were subjected to temperatures of 4, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 37, 38, 39, 40, and 45 °C in this medium. The pH range for growth was determined at 30 °C in the filtered MB using an initial pH range of 5.0–10.0 (in increments of 0.5 pH units) with the pH adjusted using 2-morpholinoethanesulphonic acid (pH 5.0–6.0), 3-(N-morpholino)propanesulphonic acid (pH 6.5–7.5), Tris (pH 7.5–8.5), or N-cyclohexyl-2-aminoethanesulphonic acid (pH 9.0–10.0) in a final concentration of 5 mM. Growth at different salinity concentrations was determined in artificial seawater medium as described by Tahon et al. (2020), by using 1.3 g KCl, 3 g MgCl 2 ·6H 2 O, 0.5 g NH 4 Cl, 0.1 g CaCl 2 ·2H 2 O, 0.14 g KBr, 0.02 g K 2 HPO 4 , 1 g yeast extract, and 5 g peptone per litre of distilled water. Salinity requirements were assessed at 30 °C with the following concentrations of NaCl: 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 15 and 17% (w/v). Growth under anaerobic conditions (80% N 2 , 20% CO 2 , v/v) was tested using an 18-mm anaerobic culture tube (Sanshin) containing the filtered MB supplemented with sodium resazurin (1 mg l -1 ) as a redox indicator. Physiological and biochemical properties of FRT2 T were tested using the API 20NE, API 50CH, API ZYM (bioMérieux), and GEN III MicroPlate (Biolog) systems, according to the manufacturers’ instructions, except that inoculation fluids were modified to contain a final concentration of 1x Daigo Artificial Seawater SP for API 50CH and GEN III MicroPlate, and 10% (v/v) MB in Daigo Artificial Seawater SP for API 20NE; moreover, the galleries were incubated for 48 h at 30 °C in the dark, after which the reactions were read. Oxidase activity was determined using 1% (w/v) dimethylamino-4-benzaldehyde solution (bioMérieux). Catalase activity was determined by measuring bubble production in 3% (v/v) H 2 O 2 . The hydrolysis of high-molecular-weight organic compounds was performed according to the method described by Tahon et al. (2020). The hydrolysis of carboxymethylcellulose was conducted using MA containing 0.5% (w/v) carboxymethylcellulose, followed by flooding with 0.2% (w/v) aqueous Congo red. Starch hydrolysis was tested using Lugol’s iodine solution on MA supplemented with 0.5% (w/v) starch. Casein hydrolysis was performed using MA containing 3% (w/v) casein. DNA hydrolysis was performed using DNAse Test Agar (Difco) dissolved in Daigo Artificial Seawater SP containing 0.005% (w/v) methyl green. A change in colour around bacterial growth indicates a positive reaction. DNA hydrolysis was also conducted using DNAse Test Agar, followed by flooding with 1M HCl. A positive reaction was indicated by the appearance of a transparent halo around the colonies. Hydrolysis of Tween 20, 40, 60, and 80 was carried out by culturing on MA containing 1% (w/v) of one of the Tweens. A cloudy halo around the bacterial colonies indicated positive activity. Further, antibiotic sensitivity was determined on MA using the plate-diffusion method. Susceptibility paper discs were impregnated with the following antibiotics (µg per disk): ampicillin (10), bacitracin (10), chloramphenicol (30), gentamicin (10), tetracycline (30), and vancomycin (30). Genome analyses and 16S rRNA gene phylogeny Genomic DNA was extracted and purified using the standard phenol-chloroform-isoamyl alcohol method as described previously (Kondo et al. 2000). The whole genome of the strain FRT2 T was sequenced using PacBio technology at the Bioengineering Laboratory. Co., Ltd. (Kanagawa, Japan) and assembled and annotated as previously described (Machii et al. 2024). 16S rRNA gene sequences were extracted from the genome sequence of FRT2 T . The PCR-amplified 16S rRNA gene of the strain FRT2 T using a universal bacterial primer set (Weisburg et al. 1991) was also directly sequenced using an Applied Biosystems 3500 Genetic Analyser (Thermo Fisher Scientific), and its sequence was deposited in the DNA Data Bank of Japan (DDBJ) under accession number LC801115. For phylogenetic analyses, 16S rRNA gene sequences were obtained from the genome sequences, if available. A phylogenetic tree was constructed using the maximum likelihood (ML) method with the GTRGAMMA substitution model. The tree topology was evaluated via the neighbour-joining (NJ) method and estimated using the Jukes–Cantor distance. The bootstrap percentages of ML and NJ were calculated based on 1000 resamples. Zobellia alginiliquefaciens LLG6346-3.1 T was used as an outgroup. Evolutionary analyses were conducted using MEGA11 (Tamura et al. 2021). Digital DNA–DNA hybridisation (dDDH) values were calculated using formula 2 in the Genome-to-Genome Distance Calculator (GGDC) tool (http://ggdc.dsmz.de/distcalc2.php) (Meier-Kolthoff et al. 2022). The average nucleotide identity (ANI) values between FRT2 T and species of the genus Leeuwenhoekiella were calculated as genome relatedness indices using an online tool (https://www.ezbiocloud.net/tools/ani) (Yoon et al. 2017). Results And Discussion Morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics Cells were Gram-negative, oxidase-negative, catalase-positive, aerobic, motile by gliding, and rod-shaped, measuring 1.6–4.1 × 0.3–0.8 µm in size (Fig. 1). No spores were observed for this strain. Colonies grown on MA were yellow-orange and circular. Cultures of FRT2 T showed mesophilic behaviour with growth at 10–39 °C (optimum 25–35 °C) (Table 1 and Fig. S1A). Growth of the strain was observed for up to two days after inoculation at 39 °C, but not thereafter. FRT2 T incubated at 39 °C for 5 days was transferred to 30 °C, and no subsequent growth was observed. Moreover, the strain incubated at 4 °C for 4 weeks grew after transferring to 30 °C. Growth was observed at NaCl concentrations between 0.5 and 10% which correspond to salinity values between 13 and 89 ‰, as determined by using a refractometer (MASTER-S/Millα, ATAGO). The optimum NaCl concentration for the growth of the strain FRT2 T was 3–4% (Fig. S1B). The pH values for the growth of FRT2 T were 5.5–8.5 with an optimum of 6.0–7.5 (Fig. S1C). Growth of FRT2 T occurs under aerobic conditions but not under anaerobic conditions (80% N 2 , 20% CO 2 , v/v). FRT2 T was found to be susceptible to chloramphenicol and tetracycline, and resistant to ampicillin, bacitracin, gentamycin, and vancomycin. Obama Bay, where the strain FRT2 T was isolated, is a semi-closed bay that opens into the Sea of Japan through a narrow bay mouth and empties two major rivers, Kita and Minami, into the western part of the bay (Sugimoto et al. 2016). Thus, bay temperatures change seasonally, ranging from <10 °C to ca. 30 °C (Honda et al. 2016). Although the salinities of Obama Bay ordinarily vary between 33 and 35 practical salinity unit (psu), they are occasionally less than 8 psu because of flooding from the main rivers after heavy precipitation (Honda et al. 2016). Wide ranges in temperature and salinity for the growth of FRT2 T indicate its ability to adapt or survive under varying environmental conditions, such as in Obama Bay, throughout the year. As shown in Table 1, FRT2 T shared many physiological and biochemical characteristics with other type strains of the genus Leeuwenhoekiella , for example, the presence of catalase, alkaline phosphatase and esterase, but not lipase, β-glucuronidase or α-fucosidase. However, the strain FRT2 T can be clearly differentiated from the type strains of Leeuwenhoekiella species by the ability to hydrolyse Tweens 20 and 40; presence of α-chymotrypsin and α-mannosidase; absence of trypsin, arginine dehydrase, and urease; inability to assimilate L-arabinose, D-mannose, and trisodium citrate; and resistance to vancomycin. Cytochrome oxidase was negative, as with that observed for Leeuwenhoekiella parthenopeia Mr9 T within the genus Leeuwenhoekiella . Further, we found that FRT2 T utilised as much labile organic matter as do other Leeuwenhoekiella species but hydrolysed a narrow range of high-molecular-weight organic compounds compared with the type strains of the genus Leeuwenhoekiella . Chemotaxonomic characterisation As with all species of the genus Leeuwenhoekiella , predominant cellular fatty acids (>10% of the total fatty acids) of the strain FRT2 T were iso-C 15:0 , iso-C 15:1 , iso-C 17:0 3-OH and summed feature 3 (C 16:1 ω 6 c and/or C 16:1 ω 7 c ) (Table 2). The fatty acid profile of FRT2 T was similar to that of the type strain of the genus Leeuwenhoekiella , whereas C 15:00 and iso-C 17:1 ω 9 c , which accounted for 3.7–7.0% and 7.1–10.5%, respectively, of the total fatty acids of all type strains of Leeuwenhoekiella species, was not detected in the strain FRT2 T . Furthermore, flexirubin was not detected. The sole respiratory quinone was MK-6, which is the major quinone in members of the genus Leeuwenhoekiella (Nedashkovskaya et al . 2005). Phylogenetic placement Phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing placed the strain FRT2 T on a separate branch of the genus Leeuwenhoekiella (Fig. 2). Although slight differences in the tree topologies were obtained using the ML and NJ methods, FRT2 T was placed outside the clade of the eight validly described species of the genus Leeuwenhoekiella between these two analyses (data not shown). Furthermore, analyses of the complete 16SrRNA gene sequences of the strain FRT2 T with type strains of the eight validly described species of Leeuwenhoekiella indicated that the sequence identities were less than 95% in most cases. These results suggest that FRT2 T belongs to a novel genus within the family Flavobacteriaceae . However, the sequence identity between FRT2 T and the closest relative L. palythoae KMM6264 T was 95.1%, which is greater than 95%, indicating that FRT2 T is member of the genus Leeuwenhoekiella according to the species delineation using 16S rRNA gene sequencing (Barco et al. 2020). These results revealed that FRT2 T is a member of the genus Leeuwenhoekiella . Genome features Genome size and the DNA G+C content of FRT2 T were 3.81 Mb and 38.9 mol%, respectively (Table 1), which fall within the size range of other species of the genus Leeuwenhoekiella . The complete genome contained three ribosomal RNA operons, 44 tRNA genes, and 3,269 coding DNA sequences. Within the 16S-5S-23S ribosomal RNA operons, two 16S rRNA gene sequences were identical and only a single nucleotide in the remaining gene sequence was changed. The dDDH values between FRT2 T and species of the genus Leeuwenhoekiella with publicly available genome information ranged from 17.6% to 20.3% (Table 3). The ANI values between FRT2 T and species of the genus Leeuwenhoekiella were lower than 71% for all examined strains of the members of the genus Leeuwenhoekiella (Table 3). The dDDH and ANI values of FRT2 T were lower than the thresholds (70% for dDDH and 95% for ANI) for species delineation (Goris et al. 2007). Polyphasic taxonomic conclusion Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene of FRT2 T , along with its identical physiological, chemotaxonomic, and genomic characteristics, supported its characterisation as a member of the genus Leeuwenhoekiella . Based on the low dDDH and ANI values between FRT2 T and the type strains of the genus Leeuwenhoekiella , FRT2 T is considered a novel species within the genus Leeuwenhoekiella for which the name Leeuwenhoekiella obamae sp. nov. is proposed. Description of Leeuwenhoekiella obamensis sp. nov. Leeuwenhoekiella obamensis (o.ba.men’sis. N.L. fem. adj. obamensis pertaining to Obama Bay, where the type strain was isolated). Cells are Gram-negative, strictly aerobic, yellow-orange-pigmented, motile by gliding, and have a rod shape with 0.3–0.8 µm width and 1.6–4.1 µm length. Saline is needed for the growth of the strain FRT2 T with optimal growth in the presence of 3.0–4.0% (w/v) NaCl. Growth is observed from pH 5.5 to 8.5 (optimum pH 6.5–7.5) and at temperatures between 10 and 39 °C (optimum 25–35 °C). According to the API ZYM, alkaline phosphatase, esterase (C4), esterase lipase (C8), leucine arylamidase, valine arylamidase, α-chymotrypsin, acid phosphatase, naphthol-AS-BI-phosphohydrolase, α-galactosidase, β-galactosidase, α-glucosidase, β-glucosidase, N -acetyl-β-glucosaminidase and α-mannosidase activities are present. Lipase (C14), cysteine arylamidase, trypsin, β-glucuronidase and α-fucosidase activities are absent. In the API 20NE gallery, strain FRT2 T is positive for aesculin and the PNPG test (β-galactosidase), and assimilation of glucose, mannose, N -acetyl-D-glucosamine, maltose, gluconate, adipic acid and malate. In the API 50 CH assay, strain FRT2 T is positive for D-galactose, D-glucose, D-fructose, D-mannose, D-rhamnose, methyl α-D-mannopyranoside, methyl α-D-glucopyranoside, amygdalin, arbutin, aesculin, salicin, D-cellobiose, D-maltose, D-lactose, D-melibiose, D-saccharose, D-trehalose, inulin, D-melizitose, D-raffinose, strarch, gentiobiose and D-turanose. In the Biolog GEN III assays, positive results are obtained for the following carbon sources: dextrin, D-maltose, D-trehalose, D-cellobiose, gentiobiose, sucrose, D-turanose, stachyose, D-raffinose, β-methyl-D-glucoside, D-salicin, N -Acetyl-β-D-Mannosamine, α-D-glucose, D-mannose, D-fructose, 3-methyl glucose, D-fucose, L-fucose, L-rhamnose, D-sorbitol, D-mannitol, D-arabitol, glycerol, glycyl-L-proline, L-arginine, pectin, D-glucuronic acid, glucuronamide, mucic acid, quinic acid, Tween 40 and acetic acid. For the chemical sensitivity assays, the type strain is positive for pH 6, 1% NaCl, 4% NaCl, 8% NaCl, 1% sodium lactate, minocycline, vancomycin, tetrazolium violet, tetrazolium blue, nalidixic acid, potassium tellurite and aztreonam. The type strain is susceptible to chloramphenicol and tetracycline, and resistant to ampicillin, bacitracin, gentamycin and vancomycin. Major cellular fatty acids are iso-C 15:0 , iso-C 15:1 , iso-C 17:0 3-OH, and summed feature 3 (C 16:1 ω 6 c and/or C 16:1 ω 7 c ). The only respiratory quinone is MK-6. The type strain FRT2 T (=BCRC 81451 T =JCM 36940 T ) was isolated from the surface water of the Nishizu Fishing Port (35°30'50.3"N, 135°44'55.3"E) in Obama Bay in Fukui, Japan. The G+C content of the chromosomal DNA of the type strain is 38.9 mol%. The genome size of this strain is 3.81 Mb. The genome sequence of FRT2 T has been deposited in the DDBJ under the accession number AP029251. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of the strain was deposited in the DDBJ under the accession number LC801115. Emended description of the genus Leeuwenhoekiella Nedashkovskaya et al . 2005, emend. Nedashkovskaya et al . 2014, emend. Tahon et al . 2020 A description was provided by Tahon et al. (2020), with the following emendations: Cytochrome oxidase activity varies among species. C 16:1 ω 6 c and/or C 16:1 ω 7 c were added as the predominant cellular fatty acids. Abbreviations ANI Average nucleotide identity dDDH Digital DNA–DNA hybridisation HPLC High-performance liquid chromatography MA Marine agar MB Marine broth ML Maximum likelihood NJ Neighbour-joining psu Practical salinity unit Declarations Supplementary Information One supplementary figure and four supplementary tables are available in the online version of the manuscript. Conflicts of interest The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest. Ethical approval Ethical approval was not required because this article did not contain any studies involving humans or animals. Consent for publication Consent for publication was not applicable because this article did not contain personal details. Funding information This work received no specific grant from any funding agency. Author Contribution Y.M., M.T. and R.K. performed field sampling and morphological, physiological, biochemical, and genomic experiments in the laboratory. T.K. analysed the genome sequence and 16S rRNA gene phylogeny. R.K. participated as the project administrator and supervisor of the microbiology group. All authors contributed to the data discussion, wrote the original draft of the manuscript, and critically revised the manuscript. Acknowledgement We thank H. Adachi, R. Uwano, M. Kinoshita, K. Furuta, T. Mizuno, N. Miyamoto and F. Watanabe, members of our microbiology group at the Department of Marine Science and Technology, Fukui Prefectural University, for their field and laboratory assistance. We are also grateful to Y. Hamano, C. Maruyama and F. Hasebe of the Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, for allowing us to use their laboratory for the initial cultivation of bacteria. Data Availability The genome sequence of FRT2T has been deposited in the DNA Data Bank of Japan (DDBJ) under the accession number AP029251 (https://getentry.ddbj.nig.ac.jp/getentry/na/AP029251/?format=flatfile&filetype=html&trace=true&show_suppressed=false&limit=10). The BioProject and BioSample accession numbers are PRJDB17504 (https://ddbj.nig.ac.jp/search/entry/bioproject/PRJDB17504) and SAMD00738033 (), respectively. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of the strain was deposited in the DDBJ under the accession number LC801115. A culture of Leeuwenhoekiella obamensis sp. nov. strain FRT2T was deposited in the Bioresource Collection and Research Center (BCRC), the Food Industry Research and Development Institute, Taiwan as BCRC 81451T and in the Japan Collection of Microorganisms (JCM), Microbe Division, the RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Japan as JCM 36940T. References Amann RI, Ludwig W, Schleifer K-H (1995) Phylogenetic identification and in situ detection of individual microbial cells without cultivation. Microbiol Rev 59:143–69. https://doi.org/10.1128/mr.59.1.143-169.1995 Barco RA, Garrity GM, Scott JJ, Amend JP, Nealson KH, Emerson D (2020) A genus definition for Bacteria and Archaea based on a standard genome relatedness index. mBio 11:e02475-19. https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.02475-19 Barrow GI, Feltham RKA (1993) Characterization tests. In: Barrow GI, Feltham RKA (eds). Cowan and steel’s manual for the identification of medical bacteria. 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Chem Biol 22:1270–1279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chembiol.2015.07.014 Fautz E, Reichenbach H (1980) A simple test for flexirubin-type pigments. FEMS Microbiol Lett 8:87–91. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1980.tb05056.x Gattoni G, de la Haba RR, Martín J, Reyes F, Sánchez-Porro C, Feola A, Zuchegna C, Guerrero-Flores S, Varcamonti M, Ricca E, Selem-Mojica N, Ventosa A, Corral P (2023) Genomic study and lipidomic bioassay of Leeuwenhoekiella parthenopeia : A novel rare biosphere marine bacterium that inhibits tumor cell viability. Front Microbiol 13:1090197. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2022.1090197 Goris J, Konstantinidis KT, Klappenbach JA, Coenye T, Vandamme P, Tiedje JM (2007) DNA–DNA hybridization values and their relationship to whole-genome sequence similarities. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 57:81–89. https://doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.64483-0 Honda H, Sugimoto R, Kobayashi S, Tahara D, Tominaga O (2016) Temporal and spatial variation in primary production in Obama Bay. Bull Jpn Soc Fish Oceanogr 80;269–282 (In Japanese). https://doi.org/10.34423/jsfo.80.4_269 Kondo R, Yoshida T, Yuki Y, Hiroishi S (2000) DNA–DNA reassociation among a bloom-forming cyanobacterial genus, Microcystis. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 50:767–770. https://doi.org/10.1099/00207713-50-2-767 Liu Q, Li J, Wei B, Zhang X, Zhang L, Zhang Y, Fang J (2016) Leeuwenhoekiella nanhaiensis sp. nov., isolated from deep-seawater. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 66:1352–1357. https://doi.org/10.1099/ijsem.0.000883 Machii Y, Tsukamoto M, Kataoka T, Kondo R (2024) Whole-genome sequence of a marine bacterial strain, FRT2, belonging to the genus Leeuwenhoekiella , isolated from the seawater of the Obama Bay in Fukui, Japan. Microbiol Resour Announc 13:e00277-24. https://doi.org/10.1128/mra.00277-24 Martiny AC (2019) High proportions of bacteria are culturable across major biomes. The ISME J 13:2125–2128. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41396-019-0410-3 Meier-Kolthoff JP, Carbasse JS, Peinado-Olarte RL, Göker M (2022) TYGS and LPSN: a database tandem for fast and reliable genome-based classification and nomenclature of prokaryotes. Nucleic Acids Res 50:D801–D807. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkab902 Nedashkovskaya OI, Kukhlevskiy AD, Zhukova NV, Kim SB (2014) Flavimarina pacifica gen. nov., sp. nov., a new marine bacterium of the family Flavobacteriaceae , and emended descriptions of the genus Leeuwenhoekiella , Leeuwenhoekiella aequorea and Leeuwenhoekiella marinoflava . Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 106:421–429. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10482-014-0210-8 Nedashkovskaya OI, Vancanneyt M, Dawyndt P, Engelbeen K, Vandemeulebroecke K, Cleenwerck I, Hoste B, Mergaert J, Tan TL, Frolova GM, Mikhailov VV, Swings J (2005) Reclassification of [ Cytophaga ] marinoflava Reichenbach 1989 as Leeuwenhoekiella marinoflav a gen. nov., comb. nov. and description of Leeuwenhoekiella aequorea sp. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 55:1033–1038. https://doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.63410-0 Nedashkovskaya OI, Vancanneyt M, Kim SB, Zhukova NV, Han JH, Mikhailov VV (2009) Leeuwenhoekiella palythoae sp. nov., a new member of the family Flavobacteriaceae . Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 59:3074–3077. https://doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.010371-0 Parte AC, Sardà Carbasse J, Meier-Kolthoff JP, Reime, LC, Göker M (2020) List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) moves to the DSMZ. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 70:5607–5612. https://doi.org/10.1099/ijsem.0.004332 Pinhassi J, Bowman JP, Nedashkovskaya OI, Lekunberri I, Gomez-Consarnau L, Pedrós-Alio C (2006) Leeuwenhoekiella blandensis sp. nov., a genome-sequenced marine member of the family Flavobacteriaceae . Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 56:1489–1493. https://doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.64232-0 Sasser M (1990) Identification of bacteria by gas chromatography of cellular fatty acids. MIDI Technical Note 101. MIDI Inc., Newark, DE Si O-J, Kim S-J, Jung M-Y, Choi S-B, Kim J-G, Kim S-G, Roh SW, Lee SH, Rhee S-K (2015) Leeuwenhoekiella polynyae sp. nov., isolated from a polynya in Western Antarctica. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 65:1694–1699. https://doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.000160 Sugimoto R, Honda H, Kobayashi S, Takao Y, Tahara D, Tominaga O, Taniguchi M (2016) Seasonal changes in submarine groundwater discharge and associated nutrient transport into a tideless semi-enclosed embayment (Obama Bay, Japan). Estuaries and Coasts 39:13–26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-015-9986-7 Tahon G, Lebbe L, De Troch M, Sabbe K, Willems A (2020) Leeuwenhoekiella aestuarii sp. nov., isolated from salt-water sediment and first insights in the genomes of Leeuwenhoekiella species. Int J Syst Evo Microbiol 70:1706–1719. https://doi.org/10.1099/ijsem.0.003959 Tamaoka J, Katayama-Fujimura Y, Kuraishi H (1983) Analysis of bacterial menaquinone mixtures by high performance liquid chromatography. J Appl Bacteriol 54:31–36. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.1983.tb01297.x Tamura K, Stecher G, Kumar S (2021) MEGA 11: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 11. Mol Biol Evol 33:245–254. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msab120 Tanaka N, Nagata N, Ooshige T, Takasaki M (1997) The usability of a simple Gram stain procedure (Nishioka’s method). J Jpn Soc Intensive Care Med 4:383 (In Japanese). https://doi.org/10.3918/jsicm.4.383 Weisburg WG, Barns SM, Pelletier DA, Lane DJ (1991) 16S ribosomal DNA amplification for phylogenetic study. J Bacteriol 173:697–703. https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.173.2.697-703.1991 Williams TJ, Allen MA, Berengut JF, Cavicchioli R (2021) Shedding light on microbial “dark matter”: Insights into novel Cloacimonadota and Omnitrophota from an Antarctic lake. Front Microbiol 12:741077. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.741077 Yoon SH, Ha SM, Lim JM, Kwon SJ, Chun J (2017) A large-scale evaluation of algorithms to calculate average nucleotide identity. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 110:1281–1286. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10482-017-0844-4 Tables Table 1 Differential characteristics of strain FRT2 T and type strains of species within the genus Leeuwenhoekiella Taxa: 1, Leeuwenhoekiella obamensis sp. nov. FRT2 T (present study); 2, Leeuwenhoekiella aestuarii R-48165 T (data from Tahon et al. 2020); 3, Leeuwenhoekiella marinoflava LMG 1345 T (data from Nedashkovskaya et al. 2005; Tahon et al. 2020); 4, Leeuwenhoekiella aequorea LMG 22550 T (data from Nedashkovskaya et al. 2005; Tahon et al. 2020); 5, Leeuwenhoekiella palythoae KMM6264 T (data from Nedashkovskaya et al. 2009; Tahon et al. 2020); 6, Leeuwenhoekiella blandensis MED 217 T (data from Pinhassi et al. 2006; Tahon et al. 2020); 7, Leeuwenhoekiella polynyae SOJ2014-1 T (data from Si et al. 2015; Tahon et al. 2020); 8, Leeuwenhoekiella nanhaiensis G18 T (data from Liu et al. 2016; Tahon et al. 2020); 9, Leeuwenhoekiella parthenopeia Mr9 T (data from Gattoni et al. 2023). All strains formed yellow/orange colonies, have rod- shaped cell morphology; and are positive for gliding motility; catalase, alkaline phosphatase, esterase (C4), esterase lipase (C8), leucine arylamidase, valine arylamidase, acid phosphatase, naphthol-AS-BI-phosphohydrolase, α-glucosidase, β-glucosidase and N -acetyl-β-glucosaminidase activitie; hydrolysis of Tweens 40 and 60; acid formation from D-galactose, D-glucose, D-fructose, D-mannose, amygdaline, arbutin, esculin, salicin, D-maltose, D-saccharose, D-trehalose, D-raffinose and D-turanose; assimilation of D-glucose, D-mannose, N -acetyl-D-glucosamine, D-maltose, potassium gluconate, adipic acid and malic acid. All straines are negative for Gram stain and formation of spores; hydrolysis of CM cellulose and gelatin; lipase (C14), β-glucuronidase and α-fucosidase activities; indole production; acid formation from erythritol, D-ribose, L-xylose, D-adonitol, methyl-β-D-xylopyranoside, L-sorbose, dulcitol, inositol, xylitol, D-sorbitol, D-lyxose, D-tagatose, D-fucose, D-arabitol, L-arabitol, potassium gluconate, potassium 2-ketogluconate and potassium 5-ketogluconate. All strains are sensitive to chloramphenicol, but resistant to gentamicin. +, positive; -, negative; w, weakly positive; R, resistant; S, sensitive; ND, not determined. Details on the results of API 20 NE, API 50 CH, API ZYM and Biolog GEN III assays can be found in Tables S1-S4 Characteristic 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Cell size (µm) 1.6–4.1 × 0.3–0.8 2.0–3.0 × 0.4–0.6 2.0–3.0 × 0.4–0.6 2.0–3.0 × 0.4–0.6 2.0–3.0 × 0.4–0.5 3.0–4.0 × 0.4–0.6 2.0–3.0 × 0.4–0.5 1.4–4.1 × 0.4–0.7 0.6×1.0 Anaerobic growth − + + + + + + − - Growth conditions: Temperature range (°C) 10–39 4–41 4–37 4–37 4–44 4–37 10–41 4–41 10-37 Temperature optimum (°C) 25–35 20–30 20–30 20–30 20–30 20–30 25–30 25–30 25 Salinity range (% NaCl, w/v) 0.5–10 0.5–12 0.5–15 0.5–15 0.5–15 0–15 0.5–15 0.5–12 3.0–8.0 Salinity optimum (% NaCl, w/v) 3–4 2–7 1–8 2–5 1–4 0.5–5 1–8 2–5 3.5 pH range 5.5–8.5 5.5–9.0 5.5–9.0 5.5–9.0 5.5–9.0 5.0–9.0 5.5–8.5 5.5–8.5 6.5–9.0 pH optimum 6.5–7.5 6.0–6.5 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0–6.5 6.0–7.0 6.5–7.5 8.0 Oxidase - + + + + + + + - Reduction of nitrate to nitrite - - - - - - - - + Acid formation from (API 50CH): Glycerol - - + + - + + - - † D-Arabinose - - - - - - + + ND L-Arabinose - + + - + + + + + † D-Xylose - + + - + - + + + † L-Rhamnose + - + - + - + + ND D-Mannitol - - - + - - + + ND Methyl-α-D-mannopyranoside + + + + - - + - ND Methyl-α-D-glucopyranoside + + + + + + + - ND N -Acetylglucosamine - - - + - - + - ND D-Cellobiose + + + - + + + + ND D-Lactose + + + - + + + + ND D-Melibiose + + + + - + + + ND Inuline + - - - - + - - ND D-Melezitose + + + - + + + + ND Amidon - - - + + + + + ND Glycogen - - - - + + - + ND Gentiobiose + - - - - + - - ND L-Fucose - - - - - - - + ND Assimilation of: * L-Arabinose - + + + + + + + ND D-Mannitol - + + + + + + + ND Trisodium citrate - + + + + + + + ND Phenylacetic acid - + + - + + + + ND Enzymatic activity (API ZYM) Cystine arylamidase - w - - w w w w ND Trypsin - + + + + + + + ND α-Chymotrypsin + - - - - - - - ND α-Galactosidase + + - - - - + - ND β-Galactosidase + + + - w w + + ND α-Mannosidase + - - - - - w w ND Arginine dehydrolase * - + + + + + + + ND Urease * - + + + + + + + ND Hydrolysis of: Casein − + + + − − + − − Starch − − + + + + + + − DNA + + − − − − − − − Tweens20 − + + + + + + + ND Tweens80 − + + + + + + + − Susceptibility to: Ampicillin R S S S R S R S ND Tetracycline S R S R R R R R ND Bacitracin R S S R S S S S ND Vancomycin R S S S S S S S ND Major cellular fatty acids (>10%) iso-C 15:0 , iso-C 15:1 , iso-C 17:0 3-OH, summed feature 3 (C 16:1 ω6 c and/or C 16:1 ω7 c ) iso-C 15:0 , iso-C 15:1 , iso-C 17:0 3-OH, summed feature 3 (C 16:1 ω7 c and/or iso-C 15:0 2-OH) iso-C 15:0 , iso-C 15:1 , iso-C 17:0 3-OH, summed feature 3 (C 16:1 ω7 c and/or iso-C 15:0 2-OH) iso-C 15:0 , iso-C 17:0 3-OH, iso-C 17:1 ω9c, summed feature 3 (C 16:1 ω7 c and/or iso-C 15:0 2-OH) iso-C 15:0 , iso-C 15:1 , iso-C 17:0 3-OH, summed feature 3 (C 16:1 ω7 c and/or iso-C 15:0 2-OH) ‡ iso-C 15:0 , iso-C 15:1 , iso-C 17:0 3-OH, summed feature 3 (C 16:1 ω7 c and/or iso-C 15:0 2-OH) iso-C 15:0 , iso-C 15:1 , iso-C 17:0 3-OH, iso-C 17:1 ω9c, summed feature 3 (C 16:1 ω7 c and/or iso-C 15:0 2-OH) iso-C 15:0 , iso-C 15:1 , iso-C 17:0 3-OH, summed feature 3 (C 16:1 ω7 c and/or iso-C 15:0 2-OH) iso-C 15:0 , iso-C 15:1 , iso-C 17:0 3-OH, iso-C 17:1 ω9c/C 16:0 , 10-methyl, summed feature 3 (C 16:1 ω6 c and/or C 16:1 ω7 c ) Genome size (mb) 3.81 4.43 4.74 3.46 3.94 4.24 4.79 4.36 4.42 DNA G+C content (mol%) 38.9 37.8 37.5 35.4 39.9 39.7 38.1 42.1 42.2 Isolation source Seawater in a fishing port Seawater in an estuary Seawater in the North Sea Antarctic seawater Soft coral Seawater in the Mediterranean Sea Antarctic seawater Deep-sea water in the South China Sea Seawater in the Mediterranean Sea * Determined using API 20NE † Determined by the methods of Barrow and Felthman (1993) ‡ iso-C 15:0 3-OH was also determined as major cellular fatty acids in the original report (Nedashkovskaya et al. 2009). Table 2 Whole-cell fatty acid profile of the strain FRT2 T Fatty acid Value (%) * iso-C 13:0 1.1 iso-C 15:1 18.6 anteiso-C 15:1 2.3 iso-C 15:0 10.6 anteiso-C 15:0 3.8 iso-C 16:0 2.9 iso-C 15:0 3-OH 2.3 iso-C 16:0 3-OH 3.0 iso-C 17:0 3-OH 19.3 C 17:0 2-OH 4.7 Summed feature 3 (C 16:1 ω6c and/or C 16:1 ω7c) 25.9 * Fatty acids comprising less than 1% of the sample are not included. Table 3 Digital DNA-DNA hybridisation (dDDH) (upper right) and average nucleotide identity (ANI) (lower left) values (%) between Leeuwenhoekiella obamensis strain FRT2 T and type strains of species of the genus Leeuwehnoekiella Species strain 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 Leeuwenhoekiella obamensis FRT2 T 18.9 18.0 18.6 18.4 20.3 18.1 17.6 18.3 2 Leeuwenhoekiella palythoae KMM 6264 T 70.7 20.4 20.6 20.4 26.4 18.4 20.0 20.4 3 Leeuwenhoekiella nanhaiensis G18 T 70.4 75.0 19.3 19.0 19.6 19.0 33.9 19.6 4 Leeuwenhoekiella marinoflava R-48165 T 70.8 77.0 74.8 30.9 20.7 20.3 19.1 32.8 5 Leeuwenhoekiella aestuarii LMG 30908 T 70.9 77.0 74.9 85.7 20.6 18.7 19.3 56.6 6 Leeuwenhoekiella blandensis MED217 T 71.0 83.5 74.5 77.4 77.0 18.7 19.4 20.8 7 Leeuwenhoekiella aequorea LMG 22550 T 70.4 73.9 73.2 75.8 74.6 74.1 18.6 19.9 8 Leeuwenhoekiella parthenopeia Mr9 T 70.0 74.5 88.3 74.6 75.1 74.5 72.8 19.6 9 Leeuwenhoekiella polynyae SOJ2014-1 T 70.6 76.9 75.3 86.7 94.3 77.1 75.3 75.3 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files SupplementaryinformationFRT2.pdf Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 27 Jan, 2025 Read the published version in Antonie van Leeuwenhoek → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 09 Nov, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 05 Nov, 2024 Submission checks completed at journal 05 Nov, 2024 First submitted to journal 05 Nov, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5394029","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":376026787,"identity":"97f823f1-5a0e-4ba4-97a7-6e6ad56b4887","order_by":0,"name":"Yuka Machii","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Fukui Prefectural University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yuka","middleName":"","lastName":"Machii","suffix":""},{"id":376026788,"identity":"20334898-182d-48af-8801-e870a3e66f33","order_by":1,"name":"Mao Tsukamoto","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Fukui Prefectural University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mao","middleName":"","lastName":"Tsukamoto","suffix":""},{"id":376026789,"identity":"a69e8af0-e1bb-4c2f-a633-b4aeec0a2f43","order_by":2,"name":"Takafumi Kataoka","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Fukui Prefectural University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Takafumi","middleName":"","lastName":"Kataoka","suffix":""},{"id":376026790,"identity":"c9af3fb4-b23b-40ab-a70e-b4a28f20d4e9","order_by":3,"name":"Ryuji Kondo","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAxElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFACNjCWY2+AcJmJ1mLMc4BULYk9B4h1lvmMtMTHBWU26T3SPQYMP2oY2M0JaZG5kXbYeMa5tNwemTMGjD3HGJgtGwhokZBIb5PmbTucu18ix4CBt4GB2YCQC2Fa0nmAWhj/Eqcl7RhISwJICzNxtvA8SzbmOZdm2CNzrOCwzDEJIvzCnmb4mKfMRp5Hunnjwzc1NskEQ4xBIAGmmYEB6CSJZAOCWvgPILSAgB1hLaNgFIyCUTDSAADMWzXzrU/VAwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Fukui Prefectural University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ryuji","middleName":"","lastName":"Kondo","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-11-05 09:23:30","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5394029/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5394029/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10482-025-02061-4","type":"published","date":"2025-01-27T15:57:31+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":69362312,"identity":"5aae56de-77df-43ad-a46f-7e7cfadf74d6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-11-19 14:31:02","extension":"jpeg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":429526,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eScanning electron micrograph of cells of FRT2\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e. Bars, 2 μm.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5394029/v1/a80b9794863f12f28154c293.jpeg"},{"id":69362310,"identity":"7de859d5-eb8b-44db-8293-c93d952e06ab","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-11-19 14:31:02","extension":"jpeg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":520930,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePhylogenetic position of FRT2\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e within the genus \u003cem\u003eLeeuwenhoekiella\u003c/em\u003e base on almost full-length 16S rRNA gene sequences. Bootstrap percentages of the maximum likelihood (ML) (left) and neighbour-joining (NJ) (right) based on 1000 resamples are shown at the nodes. \u003cem\u003eZobellia\u0026nbsp;alginiliquefaciens\u003c/em\u003e LLG6346-3.1\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e was used as an outgroup. The distance scale indicates the substitution rate. The DNA Data Bank of Japan (DDBJ) accession numbers are given in parentheses. The genome of FRT2\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e contained three 16S rRNA genes (see text). Loci tags in the genome sequence are also shown in parentheses.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5394029/v1/0aa2660f702aa8de522ea700.jpeg"},{"id":75351263,"identity":"54e199f1-0586-48f6-9dab-6b05706c5b39","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-02-03 16:08:41","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2335095,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5394029/v1/58af81de-4fe0-434e-8e9f-01f2a63c671b.pdf"},{"id":69362309,"identity":"d78dcaab-030d-47d5-bc14-07d70a75d13e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-11-19 14:31:02","extension":"pdf","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":360679,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"SupplementaryinformationFRT2.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5394029/v1/844fc835429ed1830ce379d6.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Leeuwenhoekiella obamensis sp. nov., a novel marine bacterium isolated from the surface water of a Japanese fishing port","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe genus \u003cem\u003eLeeuwenhoekiella\u003c/em\u003e was proposed by Nedashkovskaya et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e) in 2005, emended by Nedashkovskaya et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e) in 2014 and Tahon et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) in 2020, and belongs to the family \u003cem\u003eFlavobacteriaceae\u003c/em\u003e within the phylum \u003cem\u003eBacteroidota\u003c/em\u003e. To date, the genus \u003cem\u003eLeeuwenhoekiella\u003c/em\u003e consists of eight validly published species and is described as a Gram-negative, aerobic, yellow- or yellow-orange-pigmented, chemoorganotrophic bacterium with gliding motility (Nedashkovskaya et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). These species have been isolated from saline environments such as seawater and coral (Tahon et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). \u003cem\u003eLeeuwenhoekiella\u003c/em\u003e are thought to play important roles in the marine food web because of their abundance in marine environments (Tahon et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) and their biochemical characteristics, such as the hydrolysation of a wide variety of high-molecular-weight organic compounds as well as the use of various low-molecular-weight organic compounds (Tahon et al. 202 and references therein).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCulturable bacteria is considered less than 1% of total bacterial cells in nature (Amann et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1995\u003c/span\u003e). Martiny (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e) theorised three interpretations of this paradigm: 1) 1% of cells in a community can be cultivated using all available methods; 2) 1% of taxa in a community can be cultivated using all available methods; and 3) 1% of cells in a community grow when plated on a standard agar medium. The author compared directly amplified 16S rRNA gene sequences from major biomes with those of known isolates. He then maintained that many cells and taxa across environments are culturable with known techniques, and that the 1% paradigm is no longer correct. However, the third interpretation of the paradigm was not analysed in detail, as some would dispute that cultivation on standard agar plates underestimates the diversity and abundance of microorganisms (Martiny \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). The existence of many unknown taxa of prokaryotes, referred to as \u0026ldquo;microbial dark matter\u0026rdquo;, has been revealed through culture-independent methods, such as 16S rRNA gene libraries, metagenomic data, and metagenome-assembled genomes (Williams et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). The development of various cultivation methodologies has made it possible to culture prokaryotes that were not previously cultured (Choi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e and references therein). More than 500 novel prokaryotic species (without new combinations) have been proposed and validated annually since 2005 (\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://lpsn.dsmz.de/statistics/figure/15\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://lpsn.dsmz.de/statistics/figure/15\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e) (Parte et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e), suggesting that various prokaryotes have not yet been cultured. The use of low-nutrient media and/or extended incubation periods is a simpler method for culturing microbial dark matter (Choi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Department of Marine Science and Technology at Fukui Prefectural University offers a variety of practical training programs as introductory education for first-year university students. Our microbiology group attempted to isolate novel prokaryotic species from aquatic environments. A yellow-orange-pigmented bacterial strain FRT2\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e was isolated from the surface water of the Nishizu Fishing Port in Obama Bay in Fukui, Japan. Phylogenetic analyses based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence as well as the genomic and physiological characteristics suggested that the strain FRT2\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e is a novel species of the genus \u003cem\u003eLeeuwenhoekiella\u003c/em\u003e, according to bacterial criteria (Goris et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e). This report describes the novel mesophilic, pigmented marine bacterium, FRT2\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIsolation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe surface water was sampled using a sterilised plastic tube at\u0026nbsp;the Nishizu Fishing Port in Obama Bay in Fukui, Japan (35\u0026deg;30\u0026apos;50.3\u0026quot;N, 135\u0026deg;44\u0026apos;55.3\u0026quot;E) on the 22nd of July, 2023. The water sample was serially diluted 10-fold in autoclaved Daigo Artificial Seawater SP (Nihon Pharmaceutical). Further, 0.1 mL of the diluted sample was spread onto diluted Marine Agar (MA),\u0026nbsp;which was prepared by adding 1.5% (w/v) agar to 1:10- and 1:50-diluted Marine Broth 2216 (MB) (BD Difco) with Daigo Artificial Seawater SP. The plates were incubated at 20 \u0026deg;C in the dark for 2 weeks. Five colonies\u0026nbsp;developed on\u0026nbsp;the agar plates after one week of incubation, which were then randomly isolated from each plate. The colonies were suspended in sterilised distilled water, and\u0026nbsp;DNA was extracted from\u0026nbsp;them by boiling\u0026nbsp;for 10 min. The extracts served as the template DNA for PCR. The results of preliminary PCR-amplicon sequence analysis targeting the V3/V5 region of the 16S rRNA gene indicated that the closest relatives of\u0026nbsp;a yellow-orange-pigmented colony developed on 1/10 diluted-MA were \u003cem\u003eLeeuwenhoekiella palythoae\u003c/em\u003e KMM 6264\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e and \u003cem\u003eLeeuwenhoekiella nanhaiensis\u003c/em\u003e G18\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e with 16S rRNA gene sequence identities of 95.1% and 94.5%, respectively. This suggests that the strain is a novel species of the genus \u003cem\u003eLeeuwenhoekiella\u003c/em\u003e. The colony was\u0026nbsp;then re-streaked twice on MA to obtain the single\u0026nbsp;strain FRT2\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e. After cultivation of FRT2\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e in MB at 20 \u0026deg;C, FRT2\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e was stored in our laboratory at -80 \u0026deg;C with 25% (v/v) glycerol.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMorphology and motility\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMorphological characteristics were assessed using an optical microscope (Olympus\u0026nbsp;BX51). Cell shape was determined using a scanning electron microscope (Hitachi Su1510) after fixation with glutaraldehyde at a final concentration of 2% (v/v), dehydration in increasing concentrations of ethanol (25%, 50%, 70%, 80%, 90%, and 100%, v/v),\u0026nbsp;drying with a mixture of 1:1 100% ethanol and \u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e-butyl alcohol with subsequent drying in pure \u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e-butyl alcohol, and sputter-coating with gold. Gliding motility was evaluated using the hanging drop technique as described by Bernardet\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;et al.\u003c/em\u003e (2002).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhole-cell fatty acids, respiratory quinone and pigment analyses\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe whole-cell fatty acids in FRT2\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e were analysed using a mid-exponential growth phase culture grown on MA at 25 \u0026deg;C. Fatty acids were extracted\u0026nbsp;from whole cells and\u0026nbsp;analysed according to the protocols of the Sherlock Microbial Identification System (version 6.0) using the TSBA6 database of the Microbial Identification System (Sasser 1990). For respiratory quinone analysis, cells cultivated on MA at 25 \u0026deg;C for 48 h were freeze-dried, and total lipids were extracted from the dried cells according to the modified method of Bligh and Dyer (1959). The quinone fraction was separated and purified from the total lipid extract using a Sep-Pak Plus silica solid-phase column (Waters). The quinone fraction was analysed via high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC),\u0026nbsp;as previously described by Tamaoka\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;et al.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(1983). The HPLC system was an ACQUITY UPLC H-class system (Waters). Quinones were separated with a BEH C18 column (150 \u0026times; 2.1 mm I.D., 1.7 \u0026mu;m; Waters) and detected with a photodiode array e\u0026lambda; detector (Waters). All analyses were performed at 35 \u0026deg;C with a flow rate of 0.3 ml min\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e. A methanol/isopropanol mixture (7:3, v/v) was used as the solvent. The chromatograms were digitally recorded on a computer using MassLynx V4.2. Whole-cell fatty acid and respiratory quinone analyses were performed at TechnoSuruga Laboratory (Shizuoka, Japan). The presence of flexirubin pigments was determined using potassium hydroxide (KOH) according to the method of Fautz and Reichenbach (1980). Gram staining was performed using the Favour method (Tanaka et al. 1997)\u0026nbsp;and the non-staining (KOH) method (Buck 1982).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMetabolic profiles\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGrowth experiments were performed in triplicate using 18-mm clean glass tubes. Growth was routinely monitored using a DEN-1B McFarland densitometer (Biosan) at 565 \u0026plusmn; 15 nm at appropriate intervals. MB was filtered through a 0.22-\u0026micro;m polycarbonate filter (Millipore) to remove precipitation in the medium. Cultures of FRT2\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e were subjected to temperatures of 4, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 37, 38, 39, 40, and 45 \u0026deg;C in this medium. The pH range for growth was determined at 30 \u0026deg;C in the filtered MB using an initial pH range of 5.0\u0026ndash;10.0 (in increments of 0.5 pH units) with the pH adjusted using 2-morpholinoethanesulphonic acid (pH 5.0\u0026ndash;6.0), 3-(N-morpholino)propanesulphonic acid (pH 6.5\u0026ndash;7.5), Tris (pH 7.5\u0026ndash;8.5), or N-cyclohexyl-2-aminoethanesulphonic acid (pH 9.0\u0026ndash;10.0) in a final concentration of 5 mM. Growth at different salinity concentrations was determined in artificial seawater medium as described by Tahon et al. (2020), by using 1.3 g KCl, 3 g MgCl\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026middot;6H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO, 0.5 g NH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eCl, 0.1 g CaCl\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026middot;2H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO, 0.14 g KBr, 0.02 g K\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eHPO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e, 1 g yeast extract, and 5 g peptone per litre of distilled water. Salinity requirements were assessed at 30 \u0026deg;C with the following concentrations of NaCl: 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 15 and 17% (w/v). Growth under anaerobic conditions (80%\u0026nbsp;N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, 20% CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, v/v) was tested using an 18-mm anaerobic culture tube (Sanshin) containing the filtered MB supplemented with sodium resazurin (1 mg l\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e) as a redox indicator.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePhysiological and biochemical properties of FRT2\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e were tested using the API 20NE, API 50CH, API ZYM (bioM\u0026eacute;rieux), and GEN III MicroPlate (Biolog) systems, according to the manufacturers\u0026rsquo; instructions, except that inoculation fluids were modified to contain a final concentration of 1x Daigo Artificial Seawater SP for API 50CH and GEN III MicroPlate, and 10% (v/v) MB in Daigo Artificial Seawater SP for API 20NE; moreover, the galleries were incubated for 48 h at 30 \u0026deg;C in the dark, after which the reactions were read. Oxidase activity was determined using 1% (w/v) dimethylamino-4-benzaldehyde solution (bioM\u0026eacute;rieux). Catalase activity was determined by measuring bubble production in 3% (v/v) H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe hydrolysis of high-molecular-weight organic compounds was performed according to the method described by Tahon\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;et al.\u003c/em\u003e (2020). The hydrolysis of carboxymethylcellulose was conducted using MA containing 0.5% (w/v) carboxymethylcellulose,\u0026nbsp;followed by flooding with 0.2% (w/v) aqueous Congo red. Starch hydrolysis was tested using Lugol\u0026rsquo;s iodine solution on MA supplemented with 0.5% (w/v) starch. Casein hydrolysis was performed using MA containing 3% (w/v) casein. DNA hydrolysis was performed using DNAse Test Agar (Difco) dissolved in Daigo Artificial Seawater SP containing 0.005% (w/v) methyl green. A change in colour around bacterial growth indicates a positive reaction. DNA hydrolysis was also conducted\u0026nbsp;using\u0026nbsp;DNAse Test Agar, followed by flooding with 1M HCl.\u0026nbsp;A positive reaction was indicated by the appearance of a transparent halo around the colonies. Hydrolysis of Tween 20, 40, 60, and 80 was carried out by culturing on MA containing 1% (w/v) of one of the Tweens. A cloudy halo around the bacterial colonies indicated positive activity.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFurther, antibiotic sensitivity was determined on MA using the plate-diffusion method. Susceptibility paper discs were impregnated with the following antibiotics (\u0026micro;g per disk): ampicillin (10), bacitracin (10), chloramphenicol (30), gentamicin (10), tetracycline (30), and vancomycin (30).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGenome analyses and 16S rRNA gene phylogeny\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGenomic DNA was extracted and purified using the standard phenol-chloroform-isoamyl alcohol method as described previously (Kondo et al. 2000). The whole genome of the strain FRT2\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e was sequenced using PacBio technology at\u0026nbsp;the Bioengineering Laboratory. Co., Ltd. (Kanagawa, Japan) and\u0026nbsp;assembled and annotated as previously described (Machii et al. 2024). 16S rRNA gene sequences were extracted from the genome sequence of FRT2\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e. The PCR-amplified 16S rRNA gene of the strain FRT2\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e using a\u0026nbsp;universal bacterial\u0026nbsp;primer set (Weisburg et al. 1991)\u0026nbsp;was\u0026nbsp;also directly sequenced using an Applied Biosystems 3500 Genetic Analyser (Thermo Fisher Scientific), and its sequence was deposited in the DNA Data Bank of Japan (DDBJ) under accession number LC801115. For phylogenetic analyses, 16S rRNA gene sequences were obtained from\u0026nbsp;the genome sequences,\u0026nbsp;if available. A phylogenetic tree was constructed using the maximum likelihood (ML) method with the GTRGAMMA substitution model. The tree topology was evaluated via the\u0026nbsp;neighbour-joining (NJ) method and estimated using the Jukes\u0026ndash;Cantor distance. The bootstrap percentages of ML and NJ were calculated based on 1000 resamples. \u003cem\u003eZobellia\u0026nbsp;alginiliquefaciens\u003c/em\u003e LLG6346-3.1\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e was used as\u0026nbsp;an outgroup.\u0026nbsp;Evolutionary analyses were conducted using MEGA11 (Tamura et al. 2021).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDigital DNA\u0026ndash;DNA hybridisation (dDDH) values were calculated using formula 2 in the Genome-to-Genome Distance Calculator (GGDC) tool (http://ggdc.dsmz.de/distcalc2.php) (Meier-Kolthoff et al. 2022). The average nucleotide identity (ANI) values between FRT2\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e and species of the genus \u003cem\u003eLeeuwenhoekiella\u003c/em\u003e were calculated as genome relatedness indices using an online tool (https://www.ezbiocloud.net/tools/ani) (Yoon et al. 2017).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results And Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMorphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCells were Gram-negative, oxidase-negative, catalase-positive, aerobic, motile by gliding, and rod-shaped, measuring\u0026nbsp;1.6\u0026ndash;4.1 \u0026times; 0.3\u0026ndash;0.8 \u0026micro;m in size (Fig. 1). No spores\u0026nbsp;were observed for this strain. Colonies grown on MA were yellow-orange and circular.\u0026nbsp;Cultures of FRT2\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e showed mesophilic behaviour with growth at 10\u0026ndash;39 \u0026deg;C (optimum 25\u0026ndash;35 \u0026deg;C) (Table 1 and Fig. S1A). Growth of the strain was observed\u0026nbsp;for up to\u0026nbsp;two days after inoculation at 39 \u0026deg;C, but not thereafter. FRT2\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e incubated at 39 \u0026deg;C for 5 days was transferred to 30 \u0026deg;C,\u0026nbsp;and no subsequent growth was observed. Moreover, the strain incubated at 4 \u0026deg;C for 4 weeks grew after transferring to 30 \u0026deg;C. Growth was observed at NaCl concentrations between 0.5 and 10% which correspond to salinity values between 13 and 89 \u0026permil;, as determined by using a refractometer (MASTER-S/Mill\u0026alpha;, ATAGO). The optimum NaCl concentration for the growth of the strain FRT2\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e was 3\u0026ndash;4% (Fig. S1B). The pH values for the growth of FRT2\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e were 5.5\u0026ndash;8.5 with an optimum of 6.0\u0026ndash;7.5 (Fig. S1C). Growth of FRT2\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e occurs under aerobic conditions but not under anaerobic\u0026nbsp;conditions (80% N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, 20% CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, v/v). FRT2\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e was found to be susceptible to chloramphenicol and tetracycline, and resistant to ampicillin, bacitracin, gentamycin, and vancomycin.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eObama Bay, where the strain\u0026nbsp;FRT2\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e was isolated, is a semi-closed bay\u0026nbsp;that opens into\u0026nbsp;the Sea of Japan\u0026nbsp;through a narrow bay mouth and empties two major rivers, Kita and Minami, into the western part of the bay (Sugimoto et al. 2016). Thus, bay temperatures change seasonally, ranging from \u0026lt;10 \u0026deg;C to \u003cem\u003eca.\u003c/em\u003e30 \u0026deg;C (Honda et al. 2016). Although the salinities of Obama Bay ordinarily vary between 33 and 35 practical salinity unit (psu), they are occasionally less than 8 psu because of flooding from the main rivers after heavy precipitation (Honda et al. 2016). Wide ranges in temperature and salinity for the growth of FRT2\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e indicate its ability\u0026nbsp;to adapt\u0026nbsp;or survive under varying environmental conditions, such as in Obama Bay, throughout the year.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs shown in Table 1, FRT2\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e shared many physiological and biochemical characteristics with other type strains of the genus \u003cem\u003eLeeuwenhoekiella\u003c/em\u003e, for example, the presence of catalase, alkaline phosphatase and esterase, but not lipase, \u0026beta;-glucuronidase or \u0026alpha;-fucosidase. However, the strain FRT2\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e can be clearly differentiated from the type strains of \u003cem\u003eLeeuwenhoekiella\u003c/em\u003e species by the ability to hydrolyse Tweens 20 and 40; presence of \u0026alpha;-chymotrypsin and \u0026alpha;-mannosidase; absence of trypsin, arginine dehydrase, and urease; inability to assimilate L-arabinose, D-mannose, and trisodium citrate; and resistance to vancomycin. Cytochrome oxidase was negative, as with that observed for \u003cem\u003eLeeuwenhoekiella parthenopeia\u003c/em\u003e Mr9\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e within the genus \u003cem\u003eLeeuwenhoekiella\u003c/em\u003e. Further, we found that FRT2\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e utilised as much labile organic matter as do other \u003cem\u003eLeeuwenhoekiella\u003c/em\u003e species but hydrolysed\u0026nbsp;a narrow range of high-molecular-weight organic compounds compared with the type strains of the genus \u003cem\u003eLeeuwenhoekiella\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eChemotaxonomic characterisation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs with all species of the genus\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eLeeuwenhoekiella\u003c/em\u003e, predominant cellular fatty acids (\u0026gt;10% of the total fatty acids) of the strain FRT2\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e were\u0026nbsp;iso-C\u003csub\u003e15:0\u003c/sub\u003e, iso-C\u003csub\u003e15:1\u003c/sub\u003e, iso-C\u003csub\u003e17:0\u003c/sub\u003e 3-OH and summed feature 3 (C\u003csub\u003e16:1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026omega;\u003c/em\u003e6\u003cem\u003ec\u003c/em\u003e and/or C\u003csub\u003e16:1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026omega;\u003c/em\u003e7\u003cem\u003ec\u003c/em\u003e) (Table 2). The fatty acid profile of FRT2\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e was similar to that of the type strain of the genus \u003cem\u003eLeeuwenhoekiella\u003c/em\u003e, whereas C\u003csub\u003e15:00\u003c/sub\u003e and iso-C\u003csub\u003e17:1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026omega;\u003c/em\u003e9\u003cem\u003ec\u003c/em\u003e, which accounted for 3.7\u0026ndash;7.0% and 7.1\u0026ndash;10.5%, respectively, of the total fatty acids of all type strains of \u003cem\u003eLeeuwenhoekiella\u003c/em\u003e species, was not detected in the strain FRT2\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e. Furthermore, flexirubin was not detected. The sole respiratory quinone was MK-6, which is the major quinone in members\u0026nbsp;of the genus\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eLeeuwenhoekiella\u003c/em\u003e (Nedashkovskaya et al\u003cem\u003e.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e2005).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePhylogenetic placement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePhylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing placed\u0026nbsp;the strain\u0026nbsp;FRT2\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e on a separate branch of the genus\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eLeeuwenhoekiella\u003c/em\u003e (Fig. 2). Although slight differences in\u0026nbsp;the tree topologies were obtained using\u0026nbsp;the ML and NJ methods, FRT2\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e was placed outside the clade of the eight validly described species of the genus\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eLeeuwenhoekiella\u003c/em\u003e between these two analyses (data not shown). Furthermore, analyses of the complete 16SrRNA gene sequences of the strain FRT2\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e with type strains of the eight validly described species of\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eLeeuwenhoekiella\u003c/em\u003e indicated that the sequence identities were less than 95% in most cases. These results suggest that FRT2\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e belongs to a novel genus within the family\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eFlavobacteriaceae\u003c/em\u003e. However, the sequence identity between FRT2\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e and the closest relative \u003cem\u003eL. palythoae\u003c/em\u003e KMM6264\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e was 95.1%, which is greater than 95%, indicating that FRT2\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e is member of the genus \u003cem\u003eLeeuwenhoekiella\u003c/em\u003e according to the species delineation using 16S rRNA gene sequencing (Barco et al. 2020). These results revealed that FRT2\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e is a member of the genus\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eLeeuwenhoekiella\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGenome features\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGenome size and the DNA G+C content of FRT2\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e were 3.81 Mb and 38.9 mol%, respectively (Table 1), which fall within the size range of other species of the genus\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eLeeuwenhoekiella\u003c/em\u003e. The complete genome contained three ribosomal RNA operons, 44 tRNA genes, and\u0026nbsp;3,269 coding DNA sequences.\u0026nbsp;Within the 16S-5S-23S ribosomal RNA operons, two 16S rRNA gene sequences were identical and only\u0026nbsp;a single nucleotide in the remaining gene sequence was changed.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe dDDH values between FRT2\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e and species of the genus\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eLeeuwenhoekiella\u003c/em\u003e with publicly available genome information ranged from 17.6% to 20.3% (Table 3). The ANI values between FRT2\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e and species of the genus\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eLeeuwenhoekiella\u003c/em\u003e were lower than 71% for all examined strains of the members of the genus\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eLeeuwenhoekiella\u003c/em\u003e (Table 3). The dDDH and ANI values of FRT2\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e were lower than the thresholds (70% for dDDH and 95% for ANI) for species delineation (Goris et al. 2007).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePolyphasic taxonomic conclusion\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePhylogenetic analysis of\u0026nbsp;the 16S rRNA gene of FRT2\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e, along with its identical physiological, chemotaxonomic, and genomic characteristics, supported its\u0026nbsp;characterisation as a member of the genus\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eLeeuwenhoekiella\u003c/em\u003e. Based on the low dDDH and ANI values between FRT2\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e and\u0026nbsp;the type strains of the genus\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eLeeuwenhoekiella\u003c/em\u003e, FRT2\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e is considered a novel species within the genus\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eLeeuwenhoekiella\u003c/em\u003e for which the name\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eLeeuwenhoekiella obamae\u003c/em\u003e sp. nov. is proposed.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDescription of \u003cem\u003eLeeuwenhoekiella obamensis\u003c/em\u003e sp. nov.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLeeuwenhoekiella obamensis\u003c/em\u003e (o.ba.men\u0026rsquo;sis. N.L. fem. adj.\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eobamensis\u003c/em\u003e pertaining to Obama Bay, where the type strain was isolated).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCells are Gram-negative, strictly aerobic, yellow-orange-pigmented, motile by gliding, and have a rod shape with 0.3\u0026ndash;0.8 \u0026micro;m width and 1.6\u0026ndash;4.1 \u0026micro;m length. Saline is needed for the growth of the strain FRT2\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e with optimal growth in the presence of 3.0\u0026ndash;4.0% (w/v) NaCl. Growth is observed from pH 5.5 to 8.5 (optimum pH 6.5\u0026ndash;7.5) and at temperatures between 10 and 39 \u0026deg;C (optimum 25\u0026ndash;35 \u0026deg;C).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to the API ZYM, alkaline phosphatase, esterase (C4), esterase lipase (C8), leucine arylamidase, valine arylamidase, \u0026alpha;-chymotrypsin, acid phosphatase, naphthol-AS-BI-phosphohydrolase, \u0026alpha;-galactosidase, \u0026beta;-galactosidase, \u0026alpha;-glucosidase, \u0026beta;-glucosidase, \u003cem\u003eN\u003c/em\u003e-acetyl-\u0026beta;-glucosaminidase and \u0026alpha;-mannosidase activities are present. Lipase (C14), cysteine arylamidase, trypsin, \u0026beta;-glucuronidase and \u0026alpha;-fucosidase activities are absent. In the API 20NE gallery, strain FRT2\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e is positive for aesculin and the PNPG test (\u0026beta;-galactosidase), and assimilation of glucose, mannose, \u003cem\u003eN\u003c/em\u003e-acetyl-D-glucosamine, maltose, gluconate, adipic acid and malate. In the API 50 CH assay, strain FRT2\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e is positive for D-galactose, D-glucose, D-fructose, D-mannose, D-rhamnose, methyl \u0026alpha;-D-mannopyranoside, methyl \u0026alpha;-D-glucopyranoside, amygdalin, arbutin, aesculin, salicin, D-cellobiose, D-maltose, D-lactose, D-melibiose, D-saccharose, D-trehalose, inulin, D-melizitose, D-raffinose, strarch, gentiobiose and D-turanose. In the Biolog GEN III assays, positive results are obtained for the following carbon sources: dextrin, D-maltose, D-trehalose, D-cellobiose, gentiobiose, sucrose, D-turanose, stachyose, D-raffinose, \u0026beta;-methyl-D-glucoside, D-salicin, \u003cem\u003eN\u003c/em\u003e-Acetyl-\u0026beta;-D-Mannosamine, \u0026alpha;-D-glucose, D-mannose, D-fructose, 3-methyl glucose, D-fucose, L-fucose, L-rhamnose, D-sorbitol, D-mannitol, D-arabitol, glycerol, glycyl-L-proline, L-arginine, pectin, D-glucuronic acid, glucuronamide, mucic acid, quinic acid, Tween 40 and acetic acid. For the chemical sensitivity assays, the type strain is positive for pH 6, 1% NaCl, 4% NaCl, 8% NaCl, 1% sodium lactate, minocycline, vancomycin, tetrazolium violet, tetrazolium blue, nalidixic acid, potassium tellurite and aztreonam.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe type strain is susceptible to chloramphenicol and tetracycline, and resistant to ampicillin, bacitracin, gentamycin\u0026nbsp;and vancomycin.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMajor cellular fatty acids are\u0026nbsp;iso-C\u003csub\u003e15:0\u003c/sub\u003e, iso-C\u003csub\u003e15:1\u003c/sub\u003e, iso-C\u003csub\u003e17:0\u003c/sub\u003e 3-OH, and summed feature 3 (C\u003csub\u003e16:1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026omega;\u003c/em\u003e6\u003cem\u003ec\u003c/em\u003e and/or C\u003csub\u003e16:1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026omega;\u003c/em\u003e7\u003cem\u003ec\u003c/em\u003e). The only respiratory quinone is MK-6.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe type strain FRT2\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e (=BCRC 81451\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e=JCM 36940\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e)\u0026nbsp;was isolated from the surface water of the Nishizu Fishing Port (35\u0026deg;30\u0026apos;50.3\u0026quot;N, 135\u0026deg;44\u0026apos;55.3\u0026quot;E) in Obama Bay in Fukui, Japan. The G+C content of the chromosomal DNA of the type strain is 38.9 mol%. The genome size of this strain is 3.81 Mb. The genome sequence of FRT2\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e has been deposited in the DDBJ under\u0026nbsp;the accession number AP029251. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of the strain\u0026nbsp;was deposited in the DDBJ under\u0026nbsp;the accession number LC801115.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEmended description of the genus \u003cem\u003eLeeuwenhoekiella\u003c/em\u003e Nedashkovskaya\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eet al\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;2005, emend. Nedashkovskaya\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eet al\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;2014, emend. Tahon\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eet al\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;2020\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA description was provided by Tahon\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;et al.\u003c/em\u003e (2020),\u0026nbsp;with the following emendations: Cytochrome oxidase activity varies among species. C\u003csub\u003e16:1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026omega;\u003c/em\u003e6\u003cem\u003ec\u003c/em\u003e and/or C\u003csub\u003e16:1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026omega;\u003c/em\u003e7\u003cem\u003ec\u003c/em\u003e were added as the predominant cellular fatty acids.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cp\u003eANI\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Average nucleotide identity\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003edDDH\u0026nbsp;Digital DNA\u0026ndash;DNA hybridisation\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHPLC\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;High-performance liquid chromatography\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMA\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Marine agar\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMB\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Marine broth\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eML\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Maximum likelihood\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNJ\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Neighbour-joining\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003epsu \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Practical salinity unit\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSupplementary Information\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eOne supplementary figure and four supplementary tables are available in the online version of the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003ch2\u003eConflicts of interest\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eEthical approval\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eEthical approval was not required because this article did not contain any studies involving humans or animals.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eConsent for publication was not applicable because this article did not contain personal details.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eFunding information\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis work received no specific grant from any funding agency.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eY.M., M.T. and R.K. performed field sampling and morphological, physiological, biochemical, and genomic experiments in the laboratory. T.K. analysed the genome sequence and 16S rRNA gene phylogeny. R.K. participated as the project administrator and supervisor of the microbiology group. All authors contributed to the data discussion, wrote the original draft of the manuscript, and critically revised the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eWe thank H. Adachi, R. Uwano, M. Kinoshita, K. Furuta, T. Mizuno, N. Miyamoto and F. Watanabe, members of our microbiology group at the Department of Marine Science and Technology, Fukui Prefectural University, for their field and laboratory assistance. We are also grateful to Y. Hamano, C. Maruyama and F. Hasebe of the Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, for allowing us to use their laboratory for the initial cultivation of bacteria.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData Availability\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe genome sequence of FRT2T has been deposited in the DNA Data Bank of Japan (DDBJ) under the accession number AP029251 (https://getentry.ddbj.nig.ac.jp/getentry/na/AP029251/?format=flatfile\u0026amp;filetype=html\u0026amp;trace=true\u0026amp;show_suppressed=false\u0026amp;limit=10). The BioProject and BioSample accession numbers are PRJDB17504 (https://ddbj.nig.ac.jp/search/entry/bioproject/PRJDB17504) and SAMD00738033 (), respectively. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of the strain was deposited in the DDBJ under the accession number LC801115. A culture of Leeuwenhoekiella obamensis sp. nov. strain FRT2T was deposited in the Bioresource Collection and Research Center (BCRC), the Food Industry Research and Development Institute, Taiwan as BCRC 81451T and in the Japan Collection of Microorganisms (JCM), Microbe Division, the RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Japan as JCM 36940T.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAmann RI, Ludwig W, Schleifer K-H (1995) Phylogenetic identification and in situ detection of individual microbial cells without cultivation. 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Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 110:1281\u0026ndash;1286. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1007/s10482-017-0844-4\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1007/s10482-017-0844-4\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1\u003c/strong\u003e Differential characteristics of strain FRT2\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e and type strains of species within the genus \u003cem\u003eLeeuwenhoekiella\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTaxa: 1, \u003cem\u003eLeeuwenhoekiella obamensis\u003c/em\u003e sp. nov. FRT2\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e (present study); 2, \u003cem\u003eLeeuwenhoekiella aestuarii\u003c/em\u003e R-48165\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e (data from Tahon et al. 2020); \u0026nbsp;3, \u003cem\u003eLeeuwenhoekiella marinoflava\u003c/em\u003e LMG 1345\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e (data from Nedashkovskaya et al. 2005; Tahon et al. 2020); 4, \u003cem\u003eLeeuwenhoekiella aequorea\u003c/em\u003e LMG 22550\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e (data from Nedashkovskaya et al. 2005; Tahon et al. 2020); 5, \u003cem\u003eLeeuwenhoekiella palythoae\u003c/em\u003e KMM6264\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e (data from Nedashkovskaya et al. 2009; Tahon et al. 2020); 6, \u003cem\u003eLeeuwenhoekiella blandensis\u003c/em\u003e MED 217\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e (data from Pinhassi et al. 2006; Tahon et al. 2020); 7, \u003cem\u003eLeeuwenhoekiella polynyae\u003c/em\u003e SOJ2014-1\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e (data from Si et al. 2015; Tahon et al. 2020); 8, \u003cem\u003eLeeuwenhoekiella nanhaiensis\u003c/em\u003e G18\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e (data from Liu et al. 2016; Tahon et al. 2020); 9, \u003cem\u003eLeeuwenhoekiella parthenopeia\u003c/em\u003e Mr9\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e (data from Gattoni et al. 2023). All strains formed yellow/orange colonies, have rod- shaped cell morphology; and are positive for gliding motility; catalase, alkaline phosphatase, esterase (C4), esterase lipase (C8), leucine arylamidase, valine arylamidase, acid phosphatase, naphthol-AS-BI-phosphohydrolase, \u0026alpha;-glucosidase, \u0026beta;-glucosidase and \u003cem\u003eN\u003c/em\u003e-acetyl-\u0026beta;-glucosaminidase activitie; hydrolysis of Tweens 40 and 60; acid formation from D-galactose, D-glucose, D-fructose, D-mannose, amygdaline, arbutin, esculin, salicin, D-maltose, D-saccharose, D-trehalose, D-raffinose and D-turanose; assimilation of D-glucose, D-mannose, \u003cem\u003eN\u003c/em\u003e-acetyl-D-glucosamine, D-maltose, potassium gluconate, adipic acid and malic acid. All straines are negative for Gram stain and formation of spores; hydrolysis of CM cellulose and gelatin; lipase (C14), \u0026beta;-glucuronidase and \u0026alpha;-fucosidase activities; indole production; acid formation from erythritol, D-ribose, L-xylose, D-adonitol, methyl-\u0026beta;-D-xylopyranoside, L-sorbose, dulcitol, inositol, xylitol, D-sorbitol, D-lyxose, D-tagatose, D-fucose, D-arabitol, L-arabitol, potassium gluconate, potassium 2-ketogluconate and potassium 5-ketogluconate. All strains are sensitive to chloramphenicol, but resistant to gentamicin. +, positive; -, negative; w, weakly positive; R, resistant; S, sensitive; ND, not determined. Details on the results of API 20 NE, API 50 CH, API ZYM and Biolog GEN III assays can be found in Tables S1-S4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"699\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21.5714%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCharacteristic\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e6\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e7\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e8\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e9\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21.5714%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCell size (\u0026micro;m)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.6\u0026ndash;4.1 \u0026times; 0.3\u0026ndash;0.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.0\u0026ndash;3.0 \u0026times; 0.4\u0026ndash;0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.0\u0026ndash;3.0 \u0026times; 0.4\u0026ndash;0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.0\u0026ndash;3.0 \u0026times; 0.4\u0026ndash;0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.0\u0026ndash;3.0 \u0026times; 0.4\u0026ndash;0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.0\u0026ndash;4.0 \u0026times; 0.4\u0026ndash;0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.0\u0026ndash;3.0 \u0026times; 0.4\u0026ndash;0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.4\u0026ndash;4.1 \u0026times; 0.4\u0026ndash;0.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6\u0026times;1.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21.5714%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAnaerobic growth\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21.5714%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGrowth conditions:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.28571%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.2857%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTemperature range (\u0026deg;C)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u0026ndash;39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u0026ndash;41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u0026ndash;41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10-37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.28571%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.2857%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTemperature optimum (\u0026deg;C)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u0026ndash;35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u0026ndash;30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u0026ndash;30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u0026ndash;30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u0026ndash;30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u0026ndash;30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u0026ndash;30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u0026ndash;30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.28571%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.2857%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSalinity range (% NaCl, w/v)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5\u0026ndash;10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5\u0026ndash;12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5\u0026ndash;15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5\u0026ndash;15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5\u0026ndash;15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u0026ndash;15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5\u0026ndash;15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5\u0026ndash;12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.0\u0026ndash;8.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.28571%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.2857%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSalinity optimum (% NaCl, w/v)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u0026ndash;4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u0026ndash;7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.28571%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.2857%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003epH range\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.5\u0026ndash;8.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.5\u0026ndash;9.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.5\u0026ndash;9.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.5\u0026ndash;9.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.5\u0026ndash;9.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.0\u0026ndash;9.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.5\u0026ndash;8.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.5\u0026ndash;8.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.5\u0026ndash;9.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.28571%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.2857%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003epH optimum\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.5\u0026ndash;7.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.0\u0026ndash;6.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.0\u0026ndash;6.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.0\u0026ndash;7.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.5\u0026ndash;7.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21.5714%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOxidase\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21.5714%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReduction of nitrate to nitrite\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21.5714%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcid formation from (API 50CH):\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.28571%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.2857%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGlycerol\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003csup\u003e\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.28571%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.2857%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eD-Arabinose\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.28571%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.2857%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eL-Arabinose\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003csup\u003e\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.28571%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.2857%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eD-Xylose\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003csup\u003e\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.28571%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.2857%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eL-Rhamnose\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.28571%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.2857%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eD-Mannitol\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.28571%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.2857%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMethyl-\u0026alpha;-D-mannopyranoside\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.28571%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.2857%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMethyl-\u0026alpha;-D-glucopyranoside\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.28571%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.2857%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eN\u003c/em\u003e-Acetylglucosamine\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.28571%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.2857%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eD-Cellobiose\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.28571%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.2857%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eD-Lactose\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.28571%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.2857%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eD-Melibiose\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.28571%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.2857%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInuline\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.28571%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.2857%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eD-Melezitose\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.28571%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.2857%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAmidon\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.28571%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.2857%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGlycogen\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.28571%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.2857%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGentiobiose\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.28571%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.2857%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eL-Fucose\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21.5714%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAssimilation of:\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.28571%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.2857%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eL-Arabinose\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.28571%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.2857%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eD-Mannitol\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.28571%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.2857%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTrisodium citrate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.28571%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.2857%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhenylacetic acid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21.5714%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEnzymatic activity (API ZYM)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.28571%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.2857%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCystine arylamidase\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ew\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ew\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ew\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ew\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ew\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.28571%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.2857%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTrypsin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.28571%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.2857%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026alpha;-Chymotrypsin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.28571%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.2857%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026alpha;-Galactosidase\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.28571%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.2857%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026beta;-Galactosidase\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ew\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ew\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.28571%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.2857%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026alpha;-Mannosidase\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ew\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ew\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.28571%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.2857%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eArginine dehydrolase\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.28571%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.2857%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUrease\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21.5714%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHydrolysis of:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.28571%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.2857%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCasein \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.28571%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.2857%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStarch \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.28571%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.2857%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDNA \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.28571%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.2857%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTweens20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.28571%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.2857%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTweens80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21.5714%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSusceptibility to:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.28571%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.2857%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAmpicillin \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.28571%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.2857%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTetracycline \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.28571%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.2857%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBacitracin \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 2.28571%;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.2857%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVancomycin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21.5714%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMajor cellular fatty acids (\u0026gt;10%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eiso-C\u003csub\u003e15:0\u003c/sub\u003e, iso-C\u003csub\u003e15:1\u003c/sub\u003e, iso-C\u003csub\u003e17:0\u003c/sub\u003e 3-OH, summed feature 3 (C\u003csub\u003e16:1\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026omega;6\u003cem\u003ec\u003c/em\u003e and/or C\u003csub\u003e16:1\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026omega;7\u003cem\u003ec\u003c/em\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eiso-C\u003csub\u003e15:0\u003c/sub\u003e, iso-C\u003csub\u003e15:1\u003c/sub\u003e, iso-C\u003csub\u003e17:0\u003c/sub\u003e 3-OH, summed feature 3 (C\u003csub\u003e16:1\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026omega;7\u003cem\u003ec\u003c/em\u003e and/or iso-C\u003csub\u003e15:0\u003c/sub\u003e 2-OH)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eiso-C\u003csub\u003e15:0\u003c/sub\u003e, iso-C\u003csub\u003e15:1\u003c/sub\u003e, iso-C\u003csub\u003e17:0\u003c/sub\u003e 3-OH, summed feature 3 (C\u003csub\u003e16:1\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026omega;7\u003cem\u003ec\u003c/em\u003e and/or iso-C\u003csub\u003e15:0\u003c/sub\u003e 2-OH)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eiso-C\u003csub\u003e15:0\u003c/sub\u003e, iso-C\u003csub\u003e17:0\u003c/sub\u003e 3-OH, iso-C\u003csub\u003e17:1\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026omega;9c, summed feature 3 (C\u003csub\u003e16:1\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026omega;7\u003cem\u003ec\u003c/em\u003e and/or iso-C\u003csub\u003e15:0\u003c/sub\u003e 2-OH)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eiso-C\u003csub\u003e15:0\u003c/sub\u003e, iso-C\u003csub\u003e15:1\u003c/sub\u003e, iso-C\u003csub\u003e17:0\u003c/sub\u003e 3-OH, summed feature 3 (C\u003csub\u003e16:1\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026omega;7\u003cem\u003ec\u003c/em\u003e and/or iso-C\u003csub\u003e15:0\u003c/sub\u003e 2-OH)\u003csup\u003e\u0026Dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eiso-C\u003csub\u003e15:0\u003c/sub\u003e, iso-C\u003csub\u003e15:1\u003c/sub\u003e, iso-C\u003csub\u003e17:0\u003c/sub\u003e 3-OH, summed feature 3 (C\u003csub\u003e16:1\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026omega;7\u003cem\u003ec\u003c/em\u003e and/or iso-C\u003csub\u003e15:0\u003c/sub\u003e 2-OH)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eiso-C\u003csub\u003e15:0\u003c/sub\u003e, iso-C\u003csub\u003e15:1\u003c/sub\u003e, iso-C\u003csub\u003e17:0\u003c/sub\u003e 3-OH, iso-C\u003csub\u003e17:1\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026omega;9c, summed feature 3 (C\u003csub\u003e16:1\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026omega;7\u003cem\u003ec\u003c/em\u003e and/or iso-C\u003csub\u003e15:0\u003c/sub\u003e 2-OH)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eiso-C\u003csub\u003e15:0\u003c/sub\u003e, iso-C\u003csub\u003e15:1\u003c/sub\u003e, iso-C\u003csub\u003e17:0\u003c/sub\u003e 3-OH, summed feature 3 (C\u003csub\u003e16:1\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026omega;7\u003cem\u003ec\u003c/em\u003e and/or iso-C\u003csub\u003e15:0\u003c/sub\u003e 2-OH)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eiso-C\u003csub\u003e15:0\u003c/sub\u003e, iso-C\u003csub\u003e15:1\u003c/sub\u003e, iso-C\u003csub\u003e17:0\u003c/sub\u003e 3-OH, iso-C\u003csub\u003e17:1\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026omega;9c/C\u003csub\u003e16:0\u003c/sub\u003e, 10-methyl, summed feature 3 (C\u003csub\u003e16:1\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026omega;6\u003cem\u003ec\u003c/em\u003e and/or C\u003csub\u003e16:1\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026omega;7\u003cem\u003ec\u003c/em\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21.5714%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGenome size (mb)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21.5714%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDNA G+C content (mol%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21.5714%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIsolation source\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSeawater in a fishing port\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSeawater in an estuary\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSeawater in the North Sea\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAntarctic seawater\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSoft coral\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSeawater in the Mediterranean Sea\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAntarctic seawater\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDeep-sea water in the South China Sea\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.71429%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSeawater in the Mediterranean Sea\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e Determined using API 20NE\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e Determined by the methods of Barrow and Felthman (1993)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u0026Dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e iso-C\u003csub\u003e15:0\u003c/sub\u003e 3-OH was also determined as major cellular fatty acids in the original report (Nedashkovskaya et al. 2009).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2\u003c/strong\u003e Whole-cell fatty acid profile of the strain FRT2\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"575\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70.6087%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFatty acid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 29.3913%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eValue (%)\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70.6087%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eiso-C\u003csub\u003e13:0\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 29.3913%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70.6087%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eiso-C\u003csub\u003e15:1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 29.3913%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70.6087%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eanteiso-C\u003csub\u003e15:1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 29.3913%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70.6087%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eiso-C\u003csub\u003e15:0\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 29.3913%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70.6087%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eanteiso-C\u003csub\u003e15:0\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 29.3913%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70.6087%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eiso-C\u003csub\u003e16:0\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 29.3913%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70.6087%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eiso-C\u003csub\u003e15:0\u003c/sub\u003e 3-OH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 29.3913%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70.6087%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eiso-C\u003csub\u003e16:0\u003c/sub\u003e 3-OH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 29.3913%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70.6087%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eiso-C\u003csub\u003e17:0\u003c/sub\u003e 3-OH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 29.3913%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70.6087%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e17:0\u003c/sub\u003e 2-OH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 29.3913%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70.6087%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSummed feature 3 (C\u003csub\u003e16:1\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026omega;6c and/or C\u003csub\u003e16:1\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026omega;7c)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 29.3913%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e* Fatty acids comprising less than 1% of the sample are not included.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3\u003c/strong\u003e Digital DNA-DNA hybridisation (dDDH) (upper right) and average nucleotide identity (ANI) (lower left) values (%) between \u003cem\u003eLeeuwenhoekiella obamensis\u003c/em\u003e strain FRT2\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e and type strains of species of the genus \u003cem\u003eLeeuwehnoekiella\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 171px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSpecies\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003estrain\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e6\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e7\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e8\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e9\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 152px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLeeuwenhoekiella obamensis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFRT2\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 152px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLeeuwenhoekiella palythoae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKMM 6264\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 152px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLeeuwenhoekiella nanhaiensis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eG18\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 152px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLeeuwenhoekiella marinoflava\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR-48165\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 152px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLeeuwenhoekiella aestuarii\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLMG 30908\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e85.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e6\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 152px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLeeuwenhoekiella blandensis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMED217\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e83.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e7\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 152px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLeeuwenhoekiella aequorea\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLMG 22550\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e8\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 152px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLeeuwenhoekiella parthenopeia\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMr9\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n 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style=\"width: 152px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLeeuwenhoekiella polynyae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSOJ2014-1\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e86.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"antonie-van-leeuwenhoek","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"anto","sideBox":"Learn more about [Antonie van Leeuwenhoek](https://www.springer.com/journal/10482)","snPcode":"10482","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/10482/3","title":"Antonie van Leeuwenhoek","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Flavobacteriaceae, Leeuwenhoekiella, marine bacterium, novel species","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5394029/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5394029/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eA novel aerobic marine bacterium, FRT2\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e, was isolated from the surface water of a fishing port in Fukui, Japan. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that the strain FRT2\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e clustered with the genus \u003cem\u003eLeeuwenhoekiella\u003c/em\u003e. The closest relatives of the strain FRT2\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e were \u003cem\u003eLeeuwenhoekiella palythoae\u003c/em\u003e KMM 6264\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e and \u003cem\u003eLeeuwenhoekiella nanhaiensis\u003c/em\u003e G18\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e with 16S rRNA gene sequence identities of 95.1% and 94.5%, respectively, suggesting that FRT2\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e is a novel species of the genus \u003cem\u003eLeeuwenhoekiella\u003c/em\u003e. The values of digital DNA-DNA hybridisation and average nucleotide identity between FRT2\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e strain and type strains of species of the genus \u003cem\u003eLeeuwenhoekiella\u003c/em\u003e were lower than the threshold for species delineation, indicating that FRT2\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e is a novel species of the genus \u003cem\u003eLeeuwenhoekiella\u003c/em\u003e. Cells were Gram-negative, strictly aerobic, yellow-orange-pigmented, motile by gliding, and had a rod shape with 0.3\u0026ndash;0.8 \u0026micro;m width and 1.6\u0026ndash;4.1 \u0026micro;m length. Saline was needed to grow FRT2\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e with optimal growth in the presence of 3.0\u0026ndash;4.0% (w/v) NaCl. Growth was observed from pH 5.5 to 8.5 (optimum pH 6.5\u0026ndash;7.5) and at temperatures between 10 and 39\u0026deg;C (optimum 25\u0026ndash;35\u0026deg;C). Major cellular fatty acids were iso-C\u003csub\u003e15:0\u003c/sub\u003e, iso-C\u003csub\u003e15:1\u003c/sub\u003e, iso-C\u003csub\u003e17:0\u003c/sub\u003e 3-OH and summed feature 3 (C\u003csub\u003e16:1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003eω\u003c/em\u003e6\u003cem\u003ec\u003c/em\u003e and/or C\u003csub\u003e16:1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003eω\u003c/em\u003e7\u003cem\u003ec\u003c/em\u003e). The only respiratory quinone was MK-6. The DNA G\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;C content of FRT2\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e was 38.9 mol%. Based on its genetic and phenotypic features, the strain FRT2\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e represents a novel species, for which the name \u003cem\u003eLeeuwenhoekiella obamensis\u003c/em\u003e sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain FRT2\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e (=\u0026thinsp;BCRC 81451\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;JCM 36940\u003csup\u003eT\u003c/sup\u003e). The discovery of this novel bacterial species provides the scope for future research.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Leeuwenhoekiella obamensis sp. nov., a novel marine bacterium isolated from the surface water of a Japanese fishing port","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-11-19 14:30:57","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5394029/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2024-11-09T10:02:01+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-11-06T02:16:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2024-11-06T02:14:59+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Antonie van Leeuwenhoek","date":"2024-11-05T09:13:55+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"antonie-van-leeuwenhoek","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"anto","sideBox":"Learn more about [Antonie van Leeuwenhoek](https://www.springer.com/journal/10482)","snPcode":"10482","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/10482/3","title":"Antonie van Leeuwenhoek","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"12f7fce6-1eb7-4ba4-9dfb-e8cc03583ae3","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 19th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-02-03T16:02:25+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-5394029","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10482-025-02061-4","journal":{"identity":"antonie-van-leeuwenhoek","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Antonie van Leeuwenhoek"},"publishedOn":"2025-01-27 15:57:31","publishedOnDateReadable":"January 27th, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2024-11-19 14:30:57","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s10482-025-02061-4","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10482-025-02061-4","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5394029","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5394029","identity":"rs-5394029","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}