Assessing Landslide Susceptibility through Rock Cut Analysis: A Case Study of National Highway NH-919, India

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Masroor Alam, Md. Rehan Sadique, Mohammed Faiz This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4000775/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract In the recent past, slope failures along highways have resulted in the destruction of infrastructure and loss of lives and properties throughout the world. Many issues of landslips, debris flow, and rockfalls in inhabited areas along road networks in hilly states of India, the USA, Australia, China, Canada, Brazil, etc., are testimony to this. In the present study, the slope stability of an overpass of National Highway NH-919 in the NCR region, India, has been analyzed. Field observations and petrographic analysis identified Quartzite with localized Schist presence. This study aims to identify the vulnerability of an existing road to landslide hazards and for conditional monitoring of roads for their stability in a present-day scenario of increasing vibrations of heavy vehicles and continuous seismicity in North-Western India, which are two important factors destabilizing the slopes along roads. During field assessment, a few major discontinuities were observed while collecting data at three probable failure locations. The hazard potential has been worked out by incorporating Landslide Susceptibility Score [LSS] and Landslide Hazard Evaluation Factor [LHEF], and the Slope Mass Rating [SMR] system has been used to identify the stability class. The DEM file, combined with the USGS DEM dataset, was used to generate thematic maps. Given the changing rainfall patterns and the heavy precipitation during the monsoon season, the chances of failure increase even more. The study also recommends applying simple mitigating measures to improve road stability and guarantee the long-term safety of residents and users. National Highway Slope Stability Rock Cut Landslide Susceptibility Score [LSS] Landslide Hazard Evaluation Factor [LHEF] Slope Mass Rating [SMR] Kinematic Analysis Digital Elevation Model (DEM) Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 INTRODUCTION Due to mass wasting, all slopes are susceptible to failure. A variety of variables, including geology, geomorphology and climatic considerations as natural factors and many anthropogenic factors, can cause and trigger landslides. The rock slopes are particularly susceptible to failure if the hills are made of brittle rocks, have severe hydro-meteorological and climatic conditions, are seismically active, have steep rock slopes cut for road and rail tracks, etc. [ 1 ] Human activities like deforestation, excavation of slopes for road/rail tracks, cuttings for building sites and mining for construction materials etc., have become significant triggers for landslide occurrence as development expands into unstable hill slope areas under the stresses of growing population and urbanization [ 2 ]. Landslides are one of the major destructive phenomenons to the safety and stability of transportation networks in the hilly rocky areas. As development spreads into hilly slope areas under the strains of growing population and urbanization, human activities like cutting and excavation of slopes for building sites, road/rail tracks, mining for construction materials, natural landscapes being paved over, deforestation, etc. have increase multifold. Nevertheless, these factors have become significant triggers for landslide occurrences recently in hilly regions of Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand wreaking havoc across the state in India. [ 3 , 4 , 5 ] Recently, the Joshimath landslide subsidence brought to light the necessity of early warning systems, readiness, and the necessity of implementing sustainable development methods [ 6 ]. The global landscape is certainly witnessing the pervasive impact of landslides, transcending national boundaries and leaving their mark on diverse countries. The significance of landslides is underscored by illustrative incidents such as the Oso landslide of 2014 and the Mud Creek slide of 2017 in the United States [ 7 , 8 ] both of which demonstrated the overwhelming force of these incidents, resulting in widespread damage and loss of lives. Australia witnessed more than 180 landslides along the Great Ocean Road in 2016, and the Tasman highway in the Tasmania region is susceptible to landslips due to its steep and rocky topography [ 9 , 10 ]. The Hubei province of China [ 11 ] witnessed a landslide disrupting a highway construction site, illuminating the challenges posed by geologically unstable regions. Equally affecting was the scenario in Canada, where the severance of Highway 170 in Quebec due to a landslide illustrated the broad-reaching repercussions of these events on critical transportation routes [ 12 ], Brazil experienced a deadly mudslide incident along the BR-376 federal road [ 13 ]. Together, these occurrences serve as a warning to the world that landslides transcend national and geographic borders and demand global awareness, mitigation, and proactive response strategies to manage their broad impacts. These occurrences emphasize the need for comprehensive monitoring and preventive measures. In India, many road widening projects have already been undertaken and will also be undertaken in the future in hilly tracts, which may undermine the designed parameters, making them vulnerable to landslide hazards. Deviation from the natural angle of rock slopes for laying roads or rail may significantly affect slope stability by reducing the bearing capacity, realigning residual stresses, disrupting natural drainage and accelerating erosion. Further, as reported by Pande and Uniyal [ 14 ], even though no immediate failure is expected, continuous internal and external stresses may weaken the rock mass, posing long-term future risks. Detailed geotechnical studies and slope stability analyses are essential to assess and mitigate these effects and ensure slope safety. If this instability is not quickly corrected, the slopes may fail instantly over time. The stability of the overall rock mass is considerably decreased by joints acting as discontinuities. The most frequent modes of failure in jointed rock slopes are toppling, planar failure, and wedge failure [ 15 ]. The stability of rock cuts can be analyzed by various tried and tested rock mass classification approaches. The classification of rock mass is a very important tool for characterizing rock mass, particularly for assessing slope risk. The landslide susceptibility assessment in the present study has been done by using Landslide Susceptibility Score [LSS] developed by CBRI, Roorkee [ 16 ] and Landslide Hazard Evaluation Factor [LHEF] as per Bureau of Indian Standards [ 17 ]. The Slope Mass Rating [SMR] system, considered the most comprehensive and commonly used method for evaluating rock slopes, has been employed alongside the Rock Mass Rating [RMR] system and kinematic analysis for assessment [ 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 ]. The observations were made on the most vulnerable slope at three locations, along a road stretch of 370 m at the top of the hill pass. Along the slope, several geological and geotechnical traits were observed and measured to determine the slope's vulnerability to failure. Additionally, some preventative measures for the security of the road system, the current and upcoming traffic load, and the vulnerable people residing at the base of the slope have been recommended. The observations and analysis of this study may be applied in any part of world having similar geological and geotechnical conditions. STUDY AREA The research and work area is about a 370 m section of road part of NH-919, also known as Palwal-Rewari Marg, with a cutting width of 7 m, in Sohna, a town in the district of Gurugram, Haryana [ Figure 1 ] . The coordinates of the study area are located between the latitudes of 28°14'38" and 28°14'20" N and the longitudes of 77°03'54" and 77°03'05" E [Figure 2 ] [ 22 ]. The rock hills have a sizeable number of houses on their slopes. The slope runs approximately parallel to the north-south direction. The under-construction overhead double track ”Western Dedicated Freight Corridor" crosses the extension of the same hill at its southern edge, two kms away across the strike of the hills. The track goes as overpass on the hill slope for 3 kms and entering an underground 14 m span tunnel for a stretch of 1.5 km. The observations and measurements were made at three distinct points along the slope: two at the extreme ends of the slope and one in the middle, about 100 meters apart at the maximum elevation, 60 meters above ground [ Figure 3 – 6 ]. GEOLOGICAL SETTING AND GEOMORPHOLOGY The hill is a scarp with a steep slope towards the east, i.e. Sohna side and a gentler Tauru side towards the west. The study area surrounding the hill had been under mining operations for building materials especially aggregates, resulting in a lot of scars and nearly vertical slopes at several places including along road bends at location 3, resulting in rugged and dissected topography [ Figure 7 ] [ 23 ]. The Honourable Supreme Court of India later prohibited mining in 2015 to preserve the hill, which acts as a natural barrier to the aeolian sediments coming from Rajasthan in the west and protects Punjab, Haryana and Western UP from desertification. These hills are the northern extension of Aravalli Range just before entering Delhi state. Stratigraphically, the exposed rocks are part of the Alwar Group of the Delhi Supergroup of rocks. These are primarily made up of different types of Quartzite with minor Schists. The quartzite has a grey colour and is fairly banded and streaked with reddish red undertones. The rocks are sheared at many places which have developed strong schistocity zones. Low magnitude earthquakes frequently occur in the vicinity of Sohna, as it is close to the Great Boundary Fault and the Rewari Fault, both of which have known seismicity. In the past two years or so, there have been at least four earthquakes with magnitudes ranging from 2.1 to 4.7. Despite being a part of a semi-arid environment, over the past three years the area has periodically seen exceptionally high rain, which has led to "Urban Flooding" in the area and may cause rock toppling in an event of a storm. The rock shows an interlocking texture with coarse-grained nature [ Figure 8 a-b ]. The rock is dominated by quartz minerals [> 95%]. The grain boundaries can be seen easily due to the presence of Sericite along grain boundaries which suggests that rocks are weathered to grade II i.e. slightly weathered. The Quartzite is grey in colour, somewhat streaked and banded with brownish red tints. The rocks are sheared at many places. METHODOLOGY USED The methodology adopted in this study has been illustrated as a flowchart in Fig. 9 . Comprehensive field investigations were carried out to analyze the rock cut slopes, for collection of rock samples and to measure the various properties of the discontinuities present. The Landslide Susceptibility Score [LSS] is the simple and quick method to determine the landslide hazard susceptibility. It is based on different factors like Hydrology, Slope, Overburden Thickness, Slope and Discontinuity relation, Joint and Fracture, Weathering, Rock Mass, Lithology and Vegetation Type, each given a specific rank, higher rank to most important causative factors and lesser rank to factors with less importance. All of these factors are sub-divided into different categories and each category has been assigned a weightage [ Table 1 ]. The LSS is then calculated as: LSS = ∑ [Rank × Weight] If the calculated value exceeds 300, then the slope is said to be Highly Susceptible to landslide hazard. If it lies between 300 and 200 then the slope is moderately susceptible to landslide hazard. If it is below 200, then the slope is having low susceptibility to landslide hazard. Table 1 Landslide Susceptibility Scores [LSS] S. No. Factors Rank Category Weight 1. Hydrology 9 Flowing 9 Wet 6 Dry 1 2. Slope 8 Flat 0 0 - 45 o 9 3. Overburden Thickness 7 3m 9 4. Slope and Discontinuity Relation 6 Dip Slope 9 Oblique Slope 5 Opposite Slope 1 Flat Slope 0 5. Joint and Fractures 5 High 9 Moderate 4 Low 2 6. Weathering 4 High 6 Moderate 5 Low 2 7. Rock Mass 3 Soil and Boulder 9 Thinly Bedded 6 Thick Bedded 3 Massive 1 8. Lithology 2 Schist / Shale * 7 Sandstone/ Limestone * 6 Gneiss / Quartzite * 5 Basalt * / Rhyolite * 4 Granite * / Granulite * 3 9. Vegetation Type 1 Barren 9 Sparse 7 Moderate 5 Agriculture 3 Thick 1 * To make this study comprehensive and realistic; Alam [ 24 ], included a few common rocks marked with a '*'. In this study, LHEF has been employed as per Bureau of Indian Standards [ 17 ]., for resolving landslide hazard along NH-919. The LHEF analyses the vulnerability of a rocky slope by incorporating six factors A to F and adding their corresponding rating values [ Table 2 ]. Table 2 Landslide Hazard Evaluation Factors [LHEF] and Rating Values Causative Factors Maximum LHEF Ratings A – Lithology B - Structure C - Slope Morphometry D - Relative Relief E - Land Use and Land Cover F - Hydro-Geological Conditions 2 2 2 1 2 1 The smallest unit of study shall be the slope facet, showing consistent slope direction and inclination, delimited by ridges, spurs, gully, valley and river. The ratings for each causative factor are assigned for their respective cases as per Bureau of Indian Standards [ 17 ]. The LHEF helps in estimating the value of Total Estimated Hazard Degree which describes probability of instability of joints facet-wise [ 25 ] [ Table 3 ]. Table 3 Total Estimated Hazard Degree [TEHD] ZONE TEHD VALUE DESCRIPTION OF ZONE I 7.5 VHZ Very High hazard Zone DIGITAL ELEVATION MODEL Before undertaking any highway project, a landslide inventory of the area having landslide triggering factors such as slope, aspect, curvature, contour, DEM [Digital Elevation Model] etc. should be done [ 26 ]. The DEM file combined with the USGS DEM dataset was used for generation of thematic maps such as slope map, aspect map, curvature map, contour map and DEM [Digital Elevation Model] using using Inverse Distance Weighted [IDW] method of interpolation a Geographic Information System [GIS] tool for an enhanced understanding about the topography of the study area [ Figure 10 a-e ]. SMR given by Romana [ 27 , 28 , 29 ] and IS 13365 Part III [ 30 ] for rocky slopes along with Geomechanics classification of rock masses or RMR given by Bieniawski [ 31 , 32 ] and IS 13365 Part I [ 33 ], has been used to discern the safety of the slope from rock failure. The RMR parameters are given in Table 4 . Table 4 Rock Mass Rating Parameters The RMR Parameters Ratings 1. Uniaxial Compressive Strength of Intact Rock Material 1–15 2. Rock Quality Designation 3–20 3. Discontinuity [Joint / Layer] Spacing 5–20 4. Discontinuity Conditions 0–30 5. Ground Water 0–15 6. Discontinuity Orientation VF- Very Favorable F – Favorable F – Fair UF – Un Favorable VUF - Very Un Favorable 0 – [-60] 0 -6 -25 -50 -60 The value of SMR is calculated as the summation of RMR basic and product of three adjustment factors, F1, F2 and F3. There is a further addition of fourth adjustment factor F4. The SMR is given as – $$\varvec{S}\varvec{M}\varvec{R}={\varvec{R}\varvec{M}\varvec{R}}_{\varvec{B}}+\left({\varvec{F}}_{1}\varvec{*} {\varvec{F}}_{2}\varvec{*} {\varvec{F}}_{3}\right)+{\varvec{F}}_{4}$$ where, RMR B is RMR Basic given by Bieniawski [ 30 ], Factor F 1, is an adjustment factor for parallelism between strike of most critical joints and orientation of slope face, F 2 is an adjustment factor for the dip of the joint. It has same rating values for Planar [P] and Wedge [W] failure while a different rating for Toppling [T] failure, F 3 is an adjustment factor for relationship between the inclination of slope face and the dip of joint [ Table 5 ] , F 4 is an adjustment factor for method of excavation. [ Table 6 ] Table 5 Rating Values for different cases for SMR calculation Case of Slope Failure Very Favorable Favorable Fair Unfavorable Very Unfavourable P T W │α j - α s │ │α j – α s – 180 º │ │α i – α s │ > 30 º 30 º − 20 º 20 º - 10 º 10 º − 5 º < 5 º P/W/T F 1 0.15 0.40 0.70 0.85 1.0 P W │ β j │ │ βi │ 45 º P/W F 2 0.15 0.40 0.70 0.85 1.0 T F 2 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 P W │β j – β s │ │β i – β s │ > 10 º 10 º − 0 º 0 º 0 º – [-10 º ] < − 10 º T │β j + β s │ 120 º ---- ---- P/W/T F 3 0 − 6 − 25 − 50 − 60 Table 6 Values of Adjustment Factor for Method of Excavation Method of Excavation F 4 Values Method of Excavation F 4 Values Natural Slope + 15 Pre Splitting + 10 Smooth Blasting + 8 Normal Blasting 0 Mechanized Excavation 0 Poor blasting − 8 As per the SMR values, Romana defined five slope stability classes shown in table which can be used for landslide zonation, cut slope design and in deciding slope for open cast mines [ Table 7 ] . Table 7 Stability Classes after Final SMR calculations Stability Class V VI III II I SMR Values 0–20 21–40 41–60 61–80 81–100 Rock Mass Description Very Bad Bad Normal Good Very Good Stability Completely Stable Unstable Partially stable Stable Completely stable Failures Big planar or soil like complex failure Planar or big wedges Planar along joints and wedge failure Some block to toppling failure No Failure Support Re-excavation Important corrective measures Systematic supports Occasional Supports No support Failure Probability 0.9 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 KINEMATIC ANALYSIS The ‘‘Kinematic’’ refers to the motion of rock blocks without considering the forces which cause them to move [ 34 ]. Kinematic analysis employing stereographic projections of slopes and was carried out to workout nature of failure as per IS 11315 [ 35 ]. The potential mode of failure has been identified using Stereo Net plots for kinematic analysis, which is a reliable technique to predict the most probable failure types [ 36 ]. The stereonet plot also helps in identifying the sliding direction and the stability conditions of the rock blocks for the preliminary designs [ 37 ]. The data for dip and dip direction was recorded for different joint sets at each location [ Table 8 ] . The value of angle of internal friction has been adopted as 30º. Table 8 Orientation of different Joint sets for Kinematic Analysis Location Orientation of Slope Orientation of Joints J1 J2 J3 J4 1 074 º /265 º 080 º /185 º 090 º /125 º 070 º /085 º 2 070 º /265 º 075 º /095 º 065 º /345 º 022 º /275 º 039 º /184 º 3 070 º /260 º 070 º /090 º 090 º /000 º 080 º /000 º At the First location [L1], Slope is dipping 74 º due 265 º ; angle of internal friction [φ] is 30 º ; joint planes J1, J2 and J3 are 080 º due 185 º ,090 º due 125 º and 070 º due 085 º respectively .The J1, J2 and J3 shows the Direct Toppling failure with potential failure direction being eastward. [ Figure 11 [a]] At the Second location [L2], Slope is dipping 70 º due 265 º ; angle of internal friction [φ] is 30 º ; joint planes J1, J2, J3 and J4 are 075 º due 095 º ,065 º due 345 º , 022 º due 275 º and 039 º due 184 º respectively .The J1, J2,J3 and J4 shows the Direct Toppling failure with potential failure direction being eastward. [ Figure 11 [b]] At the Third location [L3], Slope is dipping 70 º due 260 º ; angle of internal friction [φ] is 30 º ; joint planes J1, J2 and J3 are 070 º due 090 º ,090 º due 000 º and 080 º due 000 º respectively .The J1, J2 and J3 shows the Direct Toppling failure with potential failure direction being eastward. [ Figure 11 [c]] RESULTS The three different rock slopes identified were subjected to observations and analysis for their vulnerabilities and to discern potential mode of failure. The field observations were carefully done at three accessible locations at the slope, the site conditions and the calculations of ratings is incorporated in Table 9 for values of LSS. Table 9 Site Conditions and calculations of different locations for LSS Factors with Rank Weightage Site Condition with Ratings for Location 1 Site Condition for with Ratings Location 2 Site Condition for with Ratings Location 3 Hydrology [ 9 ] Dry [9 x 1] = 9 Dry [9 x 1] = 9 Dry [9 x 1] = 9 Slope [ 8 ] > \({45}^{^\circ }\) [8 x 9] = 72 > \({45}^{^\circ }\) [8 x 9] = 72 > \({45}^{^\circ }\) [8 x 9] = 72 Overburden Thickness [ 7 ] < 1m [7 x 1] = 7 < 1m [7 x 1] = 7 < 1m [7 x 1] = 7 Slope & Discontinuity relation [ 6 ] Dip Slope [6 x 9] = 54 Dip Slope [6 x 9] = 54 Dip Slope [6 x 9] = 54 Joint & Fractures [ 5 ] Low [5 x 2] = 10 Moderate [5 x 4] = 20 High [5 x 9] = 45 Weathering [ 4 ] Moderate [4 x 5] = 20 Moderate [4 x 5] = 20 High [4 x 6] = 24 Rock Mass [ 3 ] Massive [3 x 1] = 3 Thick Bedded [3 x 3] = 9 Thick Bedded [3 x 3] = 9 Lithology [ 2 ] Quartzite [2 x 5] = 10 Quartzite [2 x 5] = 10 Quartzite [2 x 5] = 10 Vegetation Type [ 1 ] Sparse [1 x 7] = 7 Sparse [1 x 7] = 7 Moderate [1 x 5] = 5 LSS value = ∑ [Rank ×Weight] \(\sum\) = 192 \(\sum\) = 208 \(\sum\) = 235 For Location 1, the LSS has shown low susceptibility while for Locations 2 & 3 the LSS has shown moderate susceptibility with a slightly higher value at location 3 along NH-919. Location three which showing slightly more susceptibility is at the turn of the hairpin bend with a steep slope on left side. The results for Landslide Hazard Evaluation Factor are shown in Table 10 . Table 10 Observations and Calculations for LHEF of different locations A – Lithology / Location 1 2 3 Rock : Quartzite [Type 1] Weathering Correction Mod. Weathered at Loc. 1 & 2 [C2] Slightly discolored at Loc. 3 [C3] Soil [Not Present] Final A Values [Lithology x Weathering State] 0.2 3.0 None 0.60 0.2 3.0 None 0.60 0.2 2.0 None 0.40 B – Structure [Strike of Joint – Strike of Slope [α j – α s ] This Study Ratings Location 1180° − 176°= < 5° Location 2180° − 176°= < 5° Location 3180° − 165° = 15° 0.50 0.50 0.30 B – Structure [Dip of joint – Dip of Slope [β j – β s ] 0.50 0.50 0.70 Location 180°- 74° = 6° Location 275°- 70° = 5° Location 370°- 70° = 0° B – Structure [Dip of Joint β j ] 0.50 0.50 0.50 Location 185° > 45° Location 290° > 45° Location 385° > 45° Total of B:- Location 1 = 1.5, Location 2 = 1.5, Location 3 = 1.5 , C – Slope Morphology 2.0 2.0 2.0 Location 1Escarpment / Cliff Location 2Escarpment / Cliff Location 3Escarpment / Cliff D - Relief 0.30 0.30 0.30 Location 1Low < 100m Location 2Low < 100m Location 3Low < 100m E - Land Use Land Cover 1.5 1.5 1.2 Location 1Sparsely Vegetated Location 2Sparsely Vegetated Location 3Moderately Vegetated F - Hydrological Conditions 0 0 0 Location 1Dry Location 2Dry Location 3Dry RESULT : Final A + B + C + D + E + F for Road Slope Striking N – S and facing East Total Estimated Hazard Degree FINAL A + B + C + D + E + F = Location 1 = 0.6 + 1.5 + 2.0 + 0.30 + 1.5 + 0 = 5.90 Moderate Hazard Location 2 = 0.6 + 1.5 + 2.0 + 0.30 + 1.5 + 0 = 5.90 Moderate Hazard Location 3 = 0.4 + 1.5 + 2.0 + 0.30 + 1.2 + 0 = 5.40 Moderate Hazard As per the Table 10 for total estimated hazard degree all the three slopes come in the Zone 3 having range from 5.1 to 6.0 for moderate. The RMR ratings have been calculated as per the parameters given in Table 1 . The Unconfined Compressive Strength was measured in the laboratory. Rock Quality Designation has been calculated using the empirical formula RQD = 110 − 2.5*Jv, [ 38 ] where Jv is joints per m 3 . For SMR, only five parameters of RMR are to be used. The sixth parameter about discontinuity orientation is taken care of by the functions F1, F2 and F3 in SMR and differs for Planar, Wedge and Toppling types of failures. In the area under consideration, the types of failure have been worked out by doing kinematic analysis from rock strike, dip and slope orientation and inclination data. Kinematic analysis of the discontinuities has shown a potential direct toppling failure at each location with the probable direction being eastward, i.e., towards the NH-919. Table 11 Calculations for RMR Ratings of different locations to be incorporated in SMR Location Strength of Rock Material, UCS [MPa] Value/Rating Rock Quality Designation Value/Rating Discontinuity [Joint / Layer] Spacing Value/Rating Discontinuity Conditions Rating Ground Water Value/Rating RMR B Value Rock Class 1 135/13 97.5/19 2-0.6m /15 13 Dry/15 75 Good 2 140/13 95.0/19 0.6-0.2m /10 18 Dry/15 74 Good 3 120/13 92.5/18 0.2-0.06m /8 15 Dry/15 68 Good The resulting values of RMR B has been calculated [ Table 11 ] as per the parameters given in Table 4 . The values of adjustment factors have been calculated as per Tables 5 & 6 . The final values of SMR for Toppling failure have been incorporated in Table 12 . Table 12 Calculation for SMR values LOCATION RMR B F 1 Value/Rating F 2 Value/Rating F 3 Value/Rating F 4 Value/Rating FINAL SMR 1 75 Unfavourable/0.85 85 º /1.0 > 120 º /-25 Mechanised Excavation / 0 53.75 2 74 Unfavourable/0.85 90 º /1.0 > 120 º /-25 Mechanised Excavation/ 0 52.75 3 68 Unfavourable/0.85 85 º /1.0 > 120 º /-25 Mechanised Excavation/ 0 46.75 For toppling failures at all three locations, the SMR has been determined. The stability class number is IV, which has a normal rock mass description, applies to all three locations. These slopes of the three locations have a failure risk of 0.4 and are only partially stable. [ Table 13 ]. Table 13 Final Results Location RMR B Rock Class SMR Class Observed failure Stability Failure Probability 1 75 Good 53.75 [IIIa] Direct Toppling Partially Stable 0.4 2 74 Good 52.75 [IIIa] Direct Toppling Partially Stable 0.4 3 68 Good 46.75[IIIb] Direct Toppling Partially Stable 0.4 Furthermore, a fundamental shift from dry conditions to monsoon conditions, characterized by intensified water flow, has implications for calculations of RMR, particularly in assessing groundwater flow conditions. The previously considered RMR rating for groundwater flow becomes zero. This modification impacts the SMR value, causing it to decrease, thereby increasing the failure risk to 0.6. As a consequence, the stability of slopes at all three study locations is compromised, demanding prompt protective measures. CONCLUSIONS Road safety is a shared responsibility, and together, we can make our highways safer for all. This study was crucial for road safety as it addressed a pressing concern of slope instability along the NH-919 overpass. The rock cut was studied at three vulnerable locations on a continued slope along the highway for the future safety of the road and of the dense population at the foot of the hill. Due to being located in Seismic Zone III and recent seismic excitations in the past few years it is essential to reanalyze the road cut slope stability. The study finds that the rocks are severely dissected along joints that are of open nature. This gives a well perceived impression of slope vulnerability to toppling as well as planar sliding. On the basis of DEM studies east facing slopes are more precarious rather than west facing. The location three seems to require attention being at a turn. The results given by empirical methods of LSS and LHEF identify the slope as Low Susceptible [for Location 1] and Moderately Susceptible [for Locations 2 & 3] having a Moderate Hazard respectively. The studied slope as per SMR falls in between 46.75 and 53.75, suggestive of partially stable. Location 3 being low in SMR value is more vulnerable. Here, the potential for toppling failure has increased mainly due to loose blocks and open joints. The failure probability of 0.4, suggests that the chances of failure cannot be out rightly ignored but rather need some safety measures. Furthermore, considering the changing rain pattern and high rainfall in the current monsoon season, the probability of failure is increased to 0.6. As of now, no precautionary slope stability measures have been provided to safeguard the vulnerable population. Moreover, increasing vibrations of heavy vehicles and continuous seismicity of North-Western India are two important factors to destabilize these slopes. Hence, for safety some basic measures need to be undertaken immediately. In such a case the strengthening of slope along the road is highly warranted. Installation of Double twisted wire mesh system can be done to stabilize loose blocks which might fall with time and cause damage to NH-919 and the populace residing on the slope. The construction of retaining wall can be constructed specially at location 3, being present at a steep bend as per Bureau of Indian Standards [ 39 ]. As per SMR suggestions some basic mitigation measures can be put in place in advance, such as Fence Net and Spot Bolting for longer stability of road and the safety of users and residents. Declarations ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Authors are thankful to the Department of Civil Engineering, AMU for providing the test facilities. The authors also acknowledge the Interdisciplinary Department of Remote Sensing and GIS Applications, AMU for allowing accessing to the GIS facilities. FUNDING Not Applicable DATA AVAILABILITY Data supporting reported results can be provided on request to the corresponding author. CONFLICT OF INTEREST The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. Author Contribution BA wrote the manuscript and processed the data. MRS reviewed and corrected the manuscript. MMA supervised and reviewed the manuscript. MF prepared the maps. References NDMA [2009] National Disaster Management Authority, Government of India, National disaster management guidelines—Management of Landslides and Avalanches, Available at: https://nidm.gov.in/PDF/pubs/NDMA/7.pdf Dai, F.C, C.F Lee, and Y.Y Ngai. 2002. “Landslide Risk Assessment and Management: An Overview.” Engineering Geology 64 [1]: 65–87. doi: 10.1016/S0013-7952[01]00093-X . Azad S. [2023, August 18]. Unsustainable development leading to natural disasters: Experts. The Times of India. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/unsustainable-development-leading-to-natural-disasters-experts/articleshow/102815711.cms Mukhopadhyay S. [2023, August 17]. Himachal Pradesh news: 71 dead, ₹7,500 crore lost due to hostile weather, rain, landslide. Mint. https://www.livemint.com/news/india/himachal-pradesh-news-rs-7-500-crore-lost-due-to-hostile-weather-rain-landslide-top-points-11692240689543.html Al Jazeera. [2023, August 26]. Hundreds evacuated in India’s Himalayan state amid monsoon mayhem. https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2023/8/16/photos-hundreds-evacuated-in-indias-himalayan-state-amid-monsoon-mayhem PTI. [2023, January 08]. Joshimath declared landslide-subsidence zone. The Hindu . https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/joshimath-declared-landslide-subsidence-zone-plea-in-delhi-hc-to-constitute-probe-committee-rehab-residents/article66352945.ece USGS [2019, March 20]. Oso Landslide- Five years later. https://www.usgs.gov/news/featured-story/five-years-later-oso-sr-530-landslide-washington NASA [2017, May 27]. Drought then Deluge Turned a Stable Landslide into Disaster. NASA Earth Observatory. https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/144518/drought-then-deluge-turned-a-stable-landslide-into-disaster VICSES [2023]. Landslides - Take action and stay safe. Victoria State Emergency Service. https://www.ses.vic.gov.au/plan-and-stay-safe/emergencies/ landslide Podwinski I. [2022, September 12]. Rockfall briefly blocks Tasman Highway again as angry locals call for solution to ensure towns not cut off. ABC News. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-09-12/tasman-highway-rock-fall-sparks-fears-of-road-closure/101428224 Reuters. [2023, July 09]. 1 dead, 7 missing in central China highway landslide. India Today. https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/1-dead-7-missing-in-central-china-highway-landslide-2404033-2023-07-09 The Canadian Press. [2023, July 03]. Search for 2 people missing after Quebec landslide a ‘colossal’ task: police. Global News . https://globalnews.ca/news/9808757/search-for-missing-people-quebec-landslide-colossal-task/ Gregory J., Buschschlüter V., [2022, December 01]. Deadly landslide engulfs motorway in Brazil. BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-63817378 Pande RK, Uniyal A [2007] The fury of nature in Uttaranchal: Uttarkashi landslide of the year 2003. Disaster Prev Manag An Int J 16:562–575. https://doi.org/10.1108/09653560710817048 Singh P., Kainthola A., Singh T. [2014] Influence of Rock Mass Parameters on the Stability of High Hill Slopes, in: proceedings of Indorock, Fifth Indian rock conference, New Delhi pp. 577–587. Sarkar, S., & Kanungo, D. P. & Ghosh, A. 2008. An engineering geological approach for slope instability assessment. In Proceedings of the Indian Geotechnical Conference on "Advances in Geotechnical Engineering", Bangalore, India. BIS. 1998a. “Preparation of Landslide Hazard Zonation Maps in Mountainous Terrains – Guidelines.” Bureau of Indian Standards [BIS] IS 14496:1998 [Part-II]. Kafle KR [1970] Slope mass rating in middle mountain of Nepal: a case study on landslide at Rabi VDC Opi Village, Kavre. Kathmandu Univ J Sci Eng Technol 6:28–38. https://doi.org/10.3126/kuset.v6i2.4009 Umrao RK, Singh R, Ahmad M, Singh TN [2011] Stability Analysis of Cut Slopes Using Continuous Slope Mass Rating and Kinematic Analysis in Rudraprayag District, Uttarakhand. Geomaterials 01:79–87. https://doi.org/10.4236/gm.2011.13012 Siddique T, Masroor Alam M, Mondal MEA, Vishal V [2015] Slope mass rating and kinematic analysis of slopes along the national highway-58 near Jonk, Rishikesh, India. J Rock Mech Geotech Eng 7:600–606. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JRMGE.2015.06.007 Basahel H, Mitri H [2017] Application of rock mass classification systems to rock slope stability assessment: A case study. J Rock Mech Geotech Eng 9:993–1009. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JRMGE.2017.07.007 . Google Earth [2018] Version 9.174.0.2 Sohna, Haryana. 28°14’38’’N 77°03’54’’, Eye Alt 320 m. Maxar Technologies 2022, Landsat/ Copernicus. https://earth.google.com/ [Accessed 21 August, 2022] Survey of India Open Series Map [2007], Department of Science and Technology, Dehradun. https://onlinemaps.surveyofindia.gov.in/ Alam, M. Masroor [2017] Fundamentals of Engineering Geology and Geo-engineering, Axioe Publisher, Agra. Anbalagan, R. 1992. “Landslide Hazard Evaluation and Zonation Mapping in Mountainous Terrain.” Engineering Geology 32 [4]: 269–277. doi: 10.1016/0013-7952[92]90053-2 . Singh, Kanwarpreet, and Virender Kumar. 2018. “Hazard Assessment of Landslide Disaster Using Information Value Method and Analytical Hierarchy Process in Highly Tectonic Chamba Region in Bosom of Himalaya.” Journal of Mountain Science 15 [4]. Science Press: 808–824. doi: 10.1007/S11629-017-4634-2/METRICS . Romana M [1985] New adjustment ratings for application of Bieniawski classification to slopes. In: International symposium on the role of rock mechanics, Zacatecas, pp 49–53 Romana M [1993] A geomechanical classification for slopes: slope mass rating. In: Hudson JA [ed] Comprehensive rock engineering, 3. Pergamon, New York, pp 575–600 Romana M [1995] The geomechanical classification SMR for slope correction. In: Proceedings of the 8th ISRM congress on rock mechanics, vol. 3, Tokyo, pp 1085–1092 Bureau of Indian Standards [1997] IS 13365 Part-III: Quantitative Classification System of Rock Mass- Guidelines: Determination of Slope Mass Rating, New Delhi. Reaffirmed 2012 Available at: https://www.services.bis.gov.in/php/BIS_2.0/bisconnect/standard_review/Standard_review/Isdetails?ID=NDk4Mg%3D%3D Bieniawski ZT [1973] Engineering classification of jointed rock masses. Trans S Afr Inst Civ Eng 15:335–344 Bieniawski ZT [1979] The geomechanics classifications in rock engineering applications. Proceedings of the 4th international congress on rock mechanics [Montreaux], Balkema, Rotterdam, vol 5, pp 55–95 Bureau of Indian Standards [1998] IS 13365 Part-I: Quantitative Classification System of Rock Mass - Guidelines : RMR for Predicting of Engineering Properties, New Delhi. Reaffirmed 2010 Available at: https://www.services.bis.gov.in/php/BIS_2.0/bisconnect/standard_review/Standard_review/Isdetails?ID=NDk4MA%3D%3D Goodman RE [1989], Introduction to rock mechanics . Wiley, New York. Bureau of Indian Standards [1987] IS 11315 Part-I: Methods for Quantitative description of discontinuities in rock masses, New Delhi. Reaffirmed 2001 Available at: https://www.services.bis.gov.in/php/BIS_2.0/bisconnect/standard_review/Standard_review/Isdetails?ID=MjM4OQ%3D%3D Hussain G, Singh Y, Bhat GM [2015] Geotechnical Investigation of Slopes along the National Highway [NH-1D] from Kargil to Leh, Jammu and Kashmir [India]. Geomaterials 05:56–67. https://doi.org/10.4236/gm.2015.52006 Hoek E, Bray J [1981] Rock slope engineering, 3rd edn. Inst. Mining and Metallurgy, London Palmstrom A [2005] Measurements of and correlations between block size and rock quality designation [RQD]. Tunn Undergr Sp Technol 20:362–377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2005.01.005 BIS. 1998b. “Retaining Wall for Hill Area – Guidelines.” Bureau of Indian Standards [BIS] IS 14458:1998 [Part-I]. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4000775","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":279929838,"identity":"f4bcd888-f410-4f53-8932-a15915f257d9","order_by":0,"name":"Bilal Ahmad","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Aligarh Muslim University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Bilal","middleName":"","lastName":"Ahmad","suffix":""},{"id":279929841,"identity":"2d95a027-05d1-4cb2-b0a6-6d4aa6a78755","order_by":1,"name":"Mohd. Masroor Alam","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAx0lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYHACxgNgir0BymcmQg9EC88BkrVIJBDpKt1phx8c+JnDIG9w8/HTzTwMdvIM7LwH8Goxu51mcLB3G4PhhttpZrd5GJING5j58NtndjvB4ADvNoYEydkJIC3MCQzMPAYEtKR/OPgXpGXm8W9ALfXEaMkxOAyyhV+CB2TLYaK0FByW3SZh2M+TU3ZzjsFxwzYiHLbx4dttNvJs7Me33XhTUS3Pz38GvxYokIDSQMVsxKgfBaNgFIyCUYAfAAD6bz+0NyAj1wAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Aligarh Muslim University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mohd.","middleName":"Masroor","lastName":"Alam","suffix":""},{"id":279929842,"identity":"4d786900-6fb2-4f27-8ebe-abb43c3b12a4","order_by":2,"name":"Md. Rehan Sadique","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Aligarh Muslim University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Md.","middleName":"Rehan","lastName":"Sadique","suffix":""},{"id":279929843,"identity":"4b782ccf-009d-4010-aa37-2098b5f43f58","order_by":3,"name":"Mohammed Faiz","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Aligarh Muslim University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mohammed","middleName":"","lastName":"Faiz","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-02-29 18:16:39","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4000775/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4000775/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":53014325,"identity":"3fe1331b-8702-40df-b6c7-c937782ae16f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-19 15:51:40","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":260641,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLocation Map of the Study Area\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[Source: Google Earth, 2018]\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4000775/v1/b91b15f169fe90df1357dacd.jpg"},{"id":53015751,"identity":"0c6c03bd-e854-4f87-a76f-629f556985cb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-19 15:59:41","extension":"jpg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":235227,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSatellite Imagery showing a 3-D view of the Slope studied along NH-919 with the residential area. Red Circles show the study locations.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[Source: Google Earth, 2018]\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure2.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4000775/v1/08f3ddb09359fe0f990324cc.jpg"},{"id":53014328,"identity":"978882b2-0ee2-4758-8de1-1da9cdb303b1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-19 15:51:41","extension":"jpg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1330157,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGeneral view taken from Location 1, seeing towards Location 3 along NH-919, with four prominent set of joints with strike and dip direction.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure3.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4000775/v1/f6ebcd1834fb118eacfa1b88.jpg"},{"id":53014327,"identity":"da4aa884-7030-4c82-b709-9520275a7151","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-19 15:51:40","extension":"jpg","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1011333,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePhotograph of Location 1 taken at NH-919 depicting mostly barren rock blocks at the Second Bench where the field observations were recorded. Also, see toppled rectangular blocks and boulders by the side of the road.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure4.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4000775/v1/9441b9ad08700541118476e4.jpg"},{"id":53015752,"identity":"872d6b20-0395-4b93-afa6-cb088f728bab","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-19 15:59:41","extension":"jpg","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1177334,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePhotograph of Location 2 taken at NH-919 depicting sparse vegetation at the Second Bench where the field observations were recorded\u003c/strong\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure5.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4000775/v1/e11e92fb5c1801b0db218a39.jpg"},{"id":53014330,"identity":"aa589650-3887-4a6e-a34f-6301f176fe09","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-19 15:51:41","extension":"jpg","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1208168,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePhotograph of Location 3 taken at NH-919 depicting moderate vegetation at Second Bench where the field observations were recorded. Also, see loose and toppled rectangular rock blocks.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure6.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4000775/v1/734b73100cf1cdc789d371af.jpg"},{"id":53014333,"identity":"6f0dc9ee-55b0-4213-a255-6e9c80f90002","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-19 15:51:41","extension":"jpg","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1740115,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSohna Town's topographic map, scaled to 1:50000, according to Sheet 53 H/4 [Studied Slope Area in Rectangle]\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure7.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4000775/v1/5970a68bb2a1ee4d443ab9f2.jpg"},{"id":53015754,"identity":"b1788628-a5c7-4641-8416-f4da3e859a72","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-19 15:59:41","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1082203,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(a,b) Petrographic feature of Rock Quartzite collected from Sohna Hills [a] Under Ordinary Light [b] Under Polarised Light, under 60X magnification\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4000775/v1/dfd89e538d4adc470fca0c2d.png"},{"id":53014335,"identity":"c5fb05ea-2dc5-439e-939e-47e89468b5fd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-19 15:51:41","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":152425,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFlowchart of the methodology adopted in this study\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure9flowchart.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4000775/v1/219c0d75f3c2087a38ba68a0.png"},{"id":53015753,"identity":"9b4d051b-5e6d-4f66-a097-68fed2d54394","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-19 15:59:41","extension":"png","order_by":10,"title":"Figure 10","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":348839,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThematic maps pertaining to [a] Curvature [b] Aspect [c] Slope [d] Contour [e] DEM [Digital Elevation Model; of the study area\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4000775/v1/e01e645a5de61b30876c605c.png"},{"id":53014334,"identity":"5e380881-066a-4c8e-aacf-be86963a4cda","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-19 15:51:41","extension":"png","order_by":11,"title":"Figure 11","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":115297,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(a,b,c) \u0026nbsp;Stereonet plots for Kinematic Analysis for [a] Location 1, [b] Location 2 and [c] Location 3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"11.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4000775/v1/96ea4811cf9bc9747d33d0fa.png"},{"id":56759155,"identity":"da7e66be-76f3-4bad-b0ee-d8a64d349860","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-05-20 06:29:33","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":10079782,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4000775/v1/bce481eb-cdb8-4b54-8c1e-9a69e8f231ed.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Assessing Landslide Susceptibility through Rock Cut Analysis: A Case Study of National Highway NH-919, India","fulltext":[{"header":"INTRODUCTION","content":"\u003cp\u003eDue to mass wasting, all slopes are susceptible to failure. A variety of variables, including geology, geomorphology and climatic considerations as natural factors and many anthropogenic factors, can cause and trigger landslides. The rock slopes are particularly susceptible to failure if the hills are made of brittle rocks, have severe hydro-meteorological and climatic conditions, are seismically active, have steep rock slopes cut for road and rail tracks, etc. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e] Human activities like deforestation, excavation of slopes for road/rail tracks, cuttings for building sites and mining for construction materials etc., have become significant triggers for landslide occurrence as development expands into unstable hill slope areas under the stresses of growing population and urbanization [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLandslides are one of the major destructive phenomenons to the safety and stability of transportation networks in the hilly rocky areas. As development spreads into hilly slope areas under the strains of growing population and urbanization, human activities like cutting and excavation of slopes for building sites, road/rail tracks, mining for construction materials, natural landscapes being paved over, deforestation, etc. have increase multifold. Nevertheless, these factors have become significant triggers for landslide occurrences recently in hilly regions of Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand wreaking havoc across the state in India. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e] Recently, the Joshimath landslide subsidence brought to light the necessity of early warning systems, readiness, and the necessity of implementing sustainable development methods [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe global landscape is certainly witnessing the pervasive impact of landslides, transcending national boundaries and leaving their mark on diverse countries. The significance of landslides is underscored by illustrative incidents such as the Oso landslide of 2014 and the Mud Creek slide of 2017 in the United States [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e] both of which demonstrated the overwhelming force of these incidents, resulting in widespread damage and loss of lives. Australia witnessed more than 180 landslides along the Great Ocean Road in 2016, and the Tasman highway in the Tasmania region is susceptible to landslips due to its steep and rocky topography [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. The Hubei province of China [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e] witnessed a landslide disrupting a highway construction site, illuminating the challenges posed by geologically unstable regions. Equally affecting was the scenario in Canada, where the severance of Highway 170 in Quebec due to a landslide illustrated the broad-reaching repercussions of these events on critical transportation routes [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e], Brazil experienced a deadly mudslide incident along the BR-376 federal road [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]. Together, these occurrences serve as a warning to the world that landslides transcend national and geographic borders and demand global awareness, mitigation, and proactive response strategies to manage their broad impacts. These occurrences emphasize the need for comprehensive monitoring and preventive measures.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn India, many road widening projects have already been undertaken and will also be undertaken in the future in hilly tracts, which may undermine the designed parameters, making them vulnerable to landslide hazards. Deviation from the natural angle of rock slopes for laying roads or rail may significantly affect slope stability by reducing the bearing capacity, realigning residual stresses, disrupting natural drainage and accelerating erosion. Further, as reported by Pande and Uniyal [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e], even though no immediate failure is expected, continuous internal and external stresses may weaken the rock mass, posing long-term future risks. Detailed geotechnical studies and slope stability analyses are essential to assess and mitigate these effects and ensure slope safety. If this instability is not quickly corrected, the slopes may fail instantly over time.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe stability of the overall rock mass is considerably decreased by joints acting as discontinuities. The most frequent modes of failure in jointed rock slopes are toppling, planar failure, and wedge failure [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]. The stability of rock cuts can be analyzed by various tried and tested rock mass classification approaches. The classification of rock mass is a very important tool for characterizing rock mass, particularly for assessing slope risk. The landslide susceptibility assessment in the present study has been done by using Landslide Susceptibility Score [LSS] developed by CBRI, Roorkee [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e] and Landslide Hazard Evaluation Factor [LHEF] as per Bureau of Indian Standards [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]. The Slope Mass Rating [SMR] system, considered the most comprehensive and commonly used method for evaluating rock slopes, has been employed alongside the Rock Mass Rating [RMR] system and kinematic analysis for assessment [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]. The observations were made on the most vulnerable slope at three locations, along a road stretch of 370 m at the top of the hill pass. Along the slope, several geological and geotechnical traits were observed and measured to determine the slope's vulnerability to failure. Additionally, some preventative measures for the security of the road system, the current and upcoming traffic load, and the vulnerable people residing at the base of the slope have been recommended. The observations and analysis of this study may be applied in any part of world having similar geological and geotechnical conditions.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"STUDY AREA","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe research and work area is about a 370 m section of road part of NH-919, also known as Palwal-Rewari Marg, with a cutting width of 7 m, in Sohna, a town in the district of Gurugram, Haryana \u003cb\u003e[\u003c/b\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e]\u003c/b\u003e. The coordinates of the study area are located between the latitudes of 28\u0026deg;14'38\" and 28\u0026deg;14'20\" N and the longitudes of 77\u0026deg;03'54\" and 77\u0026deg;03'05\" E [Figure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e]\u003c/b\u003e [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]. The rock hills have a sizeable number of houses on their slopes. The slope runs approximately parallel to the north-south direction. The under-construction overhead double track \u0026rdquo;Western Dedicated Freight Corridor\" crosses the extension of the same hill at its southern edge, two kms away across the strike of the hills. The track goes as overpass on the hill slope for 3 kms and entering an underground 14 m span tunnel for a stretch of 1.5 km. The observations and measurements were made at three distinct points along the slope: two at the extreme ends of the slope and one in the middle, about 100 meters apart at the maximum elevation, 60 meters above ground \u003cb\u003e[\u003c/b\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e].\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eGEOLOGICAL SETTING AND GEOMORPHOLOGY\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe hill is a scarp with a steep slope towards the east, i.e. Sohna side and a gentler Tauru side towards the west. The study area surrounding the hill had been under mining operations for building materials especially aggregates, resulting in a lot of scars and nearly vertical slopes at several places including along road bends at location 3, resulting in rugged and dissected topography \u003cb\u003e[\u003c/b\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e]\u003c/b\u003e [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e]. The Honourable Supreme Court of India later prohibited mining in 2015 to preserve the hill, which acts as a natural barrier to the aeolian sediments coming from Rajasthan in the west and protects Punjab, Haryana and Western UP from desertification. These hills are the northern extension of Aravalli Range just before entering Delhi state. Stratigraphically, the exposed rocks are part of the Alwar Group of the Delhi Supergroup of rocks. These are primarily made up of different types of Quartzite with minor Schists. The quartzite has a grey colour and is fairly banded and streaked with reddish red undertones. The rocks are sheared at many places which have developed strong schistocity zones. Low magnitude earthquakes frequently occur in the vicinity of Sohna, as it is close to the Great Boundary Fault and the Rewari Fault, both of which have known seismicity. In the past two years or so, there have been at least four earthquakes with magnitudes ranging from 2.1 to 4.7. Despite being a part of a semi-arid environment, over the past three years the area has periodically seen exceptionally high rain, which has led to \"Urban Flooding\" in the area and may cause rock toppling in an event of a storm.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe rock shows an interlocking texture with coarse-grained nature \u003cb\u003e[\u003c/b\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003ea-b\u003cb\u003e].\u003c/b\u003e The rock is dominated by quartz minerals [\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;95%]. The grain boundaries can be seen easily due to the presence of Sericite along grain boundaries which suggests that rocks are weathered to grade II i.e. slightly weathered. The Quartzite is grey in colour, somewhat streaked and banded with brownish red tints. The rocks are sheared at many places.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"METHODOLOGY USED","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe methodology adopted in this study has been illustrated as a flowchart in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e. Comprehensive field investigations were carried out to analyze the rock cut slopes, for collection of rock samples and to measure the various properties of the discontinuities present.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Landslide Susceptibility Score [LSS] is the simple and quick method to determine the landslide hazard susceptibility. It is based on different factors like Hydrology, Slope, Overburden Thickness, Slope and Discontinuity relation, Joint and Fracture, Weathering, Rock Mass, Lithology and Vegetation Type, each given a specific rank, higher rank to most important causative factors and lesser rank to factors with less importance. All of these factors are sub-divided into different categories and each category has been assigned a weightage \u003cb\u003e[\u003c/b\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e].\u003c/b\u003e The LSS is then calculated as:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eLSS = \u0026sum; [Rank \u0026times; Weight]\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIf the calculated value exceeds 300, then the slope is said to be Highly Susceptible to landslide hazard. If it lies between 300 and 200 then the slope is moderately susceptible to landslide hazard. If it is below 200, then the slope is having low susceptibility to landslide hazard.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLandslide Susceptibility Scores [LSS]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS. No.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFactors\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRank\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCategory\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeight\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHydrology\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFlowing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWet\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDry\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSlope\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFlat\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 - \u0026lt; 15\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u0026ndash;30 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u0026ndash;45 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;45 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eOverburden\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eThickness\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;2m\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u0026ndash;3m\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;3m\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSlope and\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDiscontinuity\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRelation\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDip Slope\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOblique Slope\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOpposite Slope\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFlat Slope\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eJoint and\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFractures\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModerate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWeathering\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModerate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRock Mass\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSoil and Boulder\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThinly Bedded\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThick Bedded\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMassive\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLithology\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSchist / Shale\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSandstone/ Limestone\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGneiss / Quartzite\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBasalt\u003csup\u003e* /\u003c/sup\u003e Rhyolite\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGranite\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e / Granulite\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eVegetation\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eType\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBarren\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSparse\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModerate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAgriculture\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThick\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e \u003cb\u003eTo make this study comprehensive and realistic; Alam\u003c/b\u003e [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e], \u003cb\u003eincluded a few common rocks marked with a '*'.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this study, LHEF has been employed as per Bureau of Indian Standards [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]., for resolving landslide hazard along NH-919. The LHEF analyses the vulnerability of a rocky slope by incorporating six factors A to F and adding their corresponding rating values \u003cb\u003e[\u003c/b\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e].\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLandslide Hazard Evaluation Factors [LHEF] and Rating Values\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCausative Factors\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaximum LHEF Ratings\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eA \u0026ndash;\u003c/b\u003e Lithology\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eB -\u003c/b\u003e Structure\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eC -\u003c/b\u003e Slope Morphometry\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eD -\u003c/b\u003e Relative Relief\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eE -\u003c/b\u003e Land Use and Land Cover\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eF -\u003c/b\u003e Hydro-Geological Conditions\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe smallest unit of study shall be the slope facet, showing consistent slope direction and inclination, delimited by ridges, spurs, gully, valley and river.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe ratings for each causative factor are assigned for their respective cases as per Bureau of Indian Standards [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]. The LHEF helps in estimating the value of Total Estimated Hazard Degree which describes probability of instability of joints facet-wise [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e] \u003cb\u003e[\u003c/b\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e].\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal Estimated Hazard Degree [TEHD]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZONE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTEHD VALUE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDESCRIPTION OF ZONE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;3.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eVLH\u003c/b\u003e Very Low Hazard Zone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eII\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5\u0026ndash;5.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLH\u003c/b\u003e Low Hazard Zone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIII\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1\u0026ndash;6.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMH\u003c/b\u003e Moderate Hazard Zone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIV\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1\u0026ndash;7.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHH\u003c/b\u003e High Hazard Zone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eV\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;7.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eVHZ\u003c/b\u003e Very High hazard Zone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eDIGITAL ELEVATION MODEL\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eBefore undertaking any highway project, a landslide inventory of the area having landslide triggering factors such as slope, aspect, curvature, contour, DEM [Digital Elevation Model] etc. should be done [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e]. The DEM file combined with the USGS DEM dataset was used for generation of thematic maps such as slope map, aspect map, curvature map, contour map and DEM [Digital Elevation Model] using using Inverse Distance Weighted [IDW] method of interpolation a Geographic Information System [GIS] tool for an enhanced understanding about the topography of the study area \u003cb\u003e[\u003c/b\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig10\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003ea-e\u003cb\u003e].\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSMR given by Romana [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e] and IS 13365 Part III [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e] for rocky slopes along with Geomechanics classification of rock masses or RMR given by Bieniawski [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e] and IS 13365 Part I [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e], has been used to discern the safety of the slope from rock failure. The RMR parameters are given in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRock Mass Rating Parameters\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe RMR Parameters\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRatings\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.\u003c/b\u003e Uniaxial Compressive Strength of Intact Rock Material\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2.\u003c/b\u003e Rock Quality Designation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u0026ndash;20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.\u003c/b\u003e Discontinuity [Joint / Layer] Spacing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u0026ndash;20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4.\u003c/b\u003e Discontinuity Conditions\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u0026ndash;30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5.\u003c/b\u003e Ground Water\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u0026ndash;15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6.\u003c/b\u003e Discontinuity Orientation\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVF- Very Favorable\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eF \u0026ndash; Favorable\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eF \u0026ndash; Fair\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUF \u0026ndash; Un Favorable\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVUF - Very Un Favorable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 \u0026ndash; [-60]\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e-6\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e-25\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e-50\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e-60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe value of SMR is calculated as the summation of RMR basic and product of three adjustment factors, F1, F2 and F3. There is a further addition of fourth adjustment factor F4. The SMR is given as \u0026ndash;\u003cdiv id=\"Equa\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equa\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\varvec{S}\\varvec{M}\\varvec{R}={\\varvec{R}\\varvec{M}\\varvec{R}}_{\\varvec{B}}+\\left({\\varvec{F}}_{1}\\varvec{*} {\\varvec{F}}_{2}\\varvec{*} {\\varvec{F}}_{3}\\right)+{\\varvec{F}}_{4}$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ewhere, RMR\u003csub\u003eB\u003c/sub\u003e is RMR Basic given by Bieniawski [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e], Factor F\u003csub\u003e1,\u003c/sub\u003e is an adjustment factor for parallelism between strike of most critical joints and orientation of slope face, F\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e is an adjustment factor for the dip of the joint. It has same rating values for Planar [P] and Wedge [W] failure while a different rating for Toppling [T] failure, F\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e is an adjustment factor for relationship between the inclination of slope face and the dip of joint \u003cb\u003e[\u003c/b\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e]\u003c/b\u003e, F\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e is an adjustment factor for method of excavation. \u003cb\u003e[\u003c/b\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e]\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRating Values for different cases for SMR calculation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCase of Slope Failure\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVery Favorable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFavorable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFair\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnfavorable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVery Unfavourable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eW\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e│α\u003csub\u003ej\u003c/sub\u003e - α\u003csub\u003es\u003c/sub\u003e│\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e│α\u003csub\u003ej\u003c/sub\u003e \u0026ndash; α\u003csub\u003es\u003c/sub\u003e \u0026ndash; 180\u003csup\u003e\u0026ordm;\u003c/sup\u003e│\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e│α\u003csub\u003ei\u003c/sub\u003e \u0026ndash; α\u003csub\u003es\u003c/sub\u003e│\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;30\u003csup\u003e\u0026ordm;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003csup\u003e\u0026ordm;\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;20\u003csup\u003e\u0026ordm;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003csup\u003e\u0026ordm;\u003c/sup\u003e- 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026ordm;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003csup\u003e\u0026ordm;\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;5\u003csup\u003e\u0026ordm;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;5\u003csup\u003e\u0026ordm;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP/W/T\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eF\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.15\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.40\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.70\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.85\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eW\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e│ β\u003csub\u003ej\u003c/sub\u003e │\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e│ βi │\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;20\u003csup\u003e\u0026ordm;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003csup\u003e\u0026ordm;\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026ndash; 20\u003csup\u003e\u0026ordm;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u003csup\u003e\u0026ordm;\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;30\u003csup\u003e\u0026ordm;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45\u003csup\u003e\u0026ordm;\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;35\u003csup\u003e\u0026ordm;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;45\u003csup\u003e\u0026ordm;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP/W\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eF\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.15\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.40\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.70\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.85\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eF\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eW\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e│β\u003csub\u003ej\u003c/sub\u003e \u0026ndash; β\u003csub\u003es\u003c/sub\u003e│\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e│β\u003csub\u003ei\u003c/sub\u003e \u0026ndash; β\u003csub\u003es\u003c/sub\u003e│\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;10\u003csup\u003e\u0026ordm;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003csup\u003e\u0026ordm;\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0\u003csup\u003e\u0026ordm;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003csup\u003e\u0026ordm;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003csup\u003e\u0026ordm;\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026ndash; [-10\u003csup\u003e\u0026ordm;\u003c/sup\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt; \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;10\u003csup\u003e\u0026ordm;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e│β\u003csub\u003ej\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;β\u003csub\u003es\u003c/sub\u003e│\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;110\u003csup\u003e\u0026ordm;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e110\u003csup\u003e\u0026ordm;\u003c/sup\u003e- 120\u003csup\u003e\u0026ordm;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;120\u003csup\u003e\u0026ordm;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e----\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e----\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP/W/T\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eF\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;6\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;25\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;50\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;60\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eValues of Adjustment Factor for Method of Excavation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMethod of Excavation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eF\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e Values\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMethod of Excavation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eF\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e Values\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNatural Slope\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u0026thinsp;15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePre Splitting\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u0026thinsp;10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSmooth Blasting\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u0026thinsp;8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNormal Blasting\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMechanized Excavation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePoor blasting\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs per the SMR values, Romana defined five slope stability classes shown in table which can be used for landslide zonation, cut slope design and in deciding slope for open cast mines \u003cb\u003e[\u003c/b\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e]\u003c/b\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStability Classes after Final SMR calculations\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStability Class\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eV\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIII\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eII\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSMR Values\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u0026ndash;20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u0026ndash;40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u0026ndash;60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61\u0026ndash;80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81\u0026ndash;100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRock Mass Description\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVery Bad\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBad\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNormal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVery Good\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStability\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCompletely Stable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnstable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePartially stable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCompletely stable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFailures\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBig planar or soil like complex failure\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlanar or big wedges\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlanar along joints and wedge failure\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSome block to toppling failure\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo Failure\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSupport\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRe-excavation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eImportant corrective measures\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSystematic supports\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOccasional Supports\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo support\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFailure Probability\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eKINEMATIC ANALYSIS\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe \u0026lsquo;\u0026lsquo;Kinematic\u0026rsquo;\u0026rsquo; refers to the motion of rock blocks without considering the forces which cause them to move [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e]. Kinematic analysis employing stereographic projections of slopes and was carried out to workout nature of failure as per IS 11315 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e]. The potential mode of failure has been identified using Stereo Net plots for kinematic analysis, which is a reliable technique to predict the most probable failure types [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e]. The stereonet plot also helps in identifying the sliding direction and the stability conditions of the rock blocks for the preliminary designs [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e]. The data for dip and dip direction was recorded for different joint sets at each location \u003cb\u003e[\u003c/b\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e]\u003c/b\u003e. The value of angle of internal friction has been adopted as 30\u0026ordm;.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab8\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 8\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrientation of different Joint sets for Kinematic Analysis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLocation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrientation of Slope\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrientation of Joints\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJ1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJ2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJ3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJ4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e074\u003csup\u003e\u0026ordm;\u003c/sup\u003e/265\u003csup\u003e\u0026ordm;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e080\u003csup\u003e\u0026ordm;\u003c/sup\u003e/185\u003csup\u003e\u0026ordm;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e090\u003csup\u003e\u0026ordm;\u003c/sup\u003e/125\u003csup\u003e\u0026ordm;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e070\u003csup\u003e\u0026ordm;\u003c/sup\u003e/085\u003csup\u003e\u0026ordm;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e070\u003csup\u003e\u0026ordm;\u003c/sup\u003e/265\u003csup\u003e\u0026ordm;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e075\u003csup\u003e\u0026ordm;\u003c/sup\u003e/095\u003csup\u003e\u0026ordm;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e065\u003csup\u003e\u0026ordm;\u003c/sup\u003e/345\u003csup\u003e\u0026ordm;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e022\u003csup\u003e\u0026ordm;\u003c/sup\u003e/275\u003csup\u003e\u0026ordm;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e039\u003csup\u003e\u0026ordm;\u003c/sup\u003e/184\u003csup\u003e\u0026ordm;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e070\u003csup\u003e\u0026ordm;\u003c/sup\u003e/260\u003csup\u003e\u0026ordm;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e070\u003csup\u003e\u0026ordm;\u003c/sup\u003e/090\u003csup\u003e\u0026ordm;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e090\u003csup\u003e\u0026ordm;\u003c/sup\u003e/000\u003csup\u003e\u0026ordm;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e080\u003csup\u003e\u0026ordm;\u003c/sup\u003e/000\u003csup\u003e\u0026ordm;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAt the First location [L1], Slope is dipping 74\u003csup\u003e\u0026ordm;\u003c/sup\u003e due 265\u003csup\u003e\u0026ordm;\u003c/sup\u003e; angle of internal friction [φ] is 30\u003csup\u003e\u0026ordm;\u003c/sup\u003e; joint planes J1, J2 and J3 are 080\u003csup\u003e\u0026ordm;\u003c/sup\u003e due 185\u003csup\u003e\u0026ordm;\u003c/sup\u003e,090\u003csup\u003e\u0026ordm;\u003c/sup\u003e due 125\u003csup\u003e\u0026ordm;\u003c/sup\u003e and 070\u003csup\u003e\u0026ordm;\u003c/sup\u003e due 085\u003csup\u003e\u0026ordm;\u003c/sup\u003e respectively .The J1, J2 and J3 shows the Direct Toppling failure with potential failure direction being eastward.\u003cb\u003e[\u003c/b\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig11\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e \u003cb\u003e[a]]\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAt the Second location [L2], Slope is dipping 70\u003csup\u003e\u0026ordm;\u003c/sup\u003e due 265\u003csup\u003e\u0026ordm;\u003c/sup\u003e; angle of internal friction [φ] is 30\u003csup\u003e\u0026ordm;\u003c/sup\u003e; joint planes J1, J2, J3 and J4 are 075\u003csup\u003e\u0026ordm;\u003c/sup\u003e due 095\u003csup\u003e\u0026ordm;\u003c/sup\u003e,065\u003csup\u003e\u0026ordm;\u003c/sup\u003e due 345\u003csup\u003e\u0026ordm;\u003c/sup\u003e, 022\u003csup\u003e\u0026ordm;\u003c/sup\u003e due 275\u003csup\u003e\u0026ordm;\u003c/sup\u003e and 039\u003csup\u003e\u0026ordm;\u003c/sup\u003e due 184\u003csup\u003e\u0026ordm;\u003c/sup\u003e respectively .The J1, J2,J3 and J4 shows the Direct Toppling failure with potential failure direction being eastward.\u003cb\u003e[\u003c/b\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig11\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e \u003cb\u003e[b]]\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAt the Third location [L3], Slope is dipping 70\u003csup\u003e\u0026ordm;\u003c/sup\u003e due 260\u003csup\u003e\u0026ordm;\u003c/sup\u003e; angle of internal friction [φ] is 30\u003csup\u003e\u0026ordm;\u003c/sup\u003e; joint planes J1, J2 and J3 are 070\u003csup\u003e\u0026ordm;\u003c/sup\u003e due 090\u003csup\u003e\u0026ordm;\u003c/sup\u003e,090\u003csup\u003e\u0026ordm;\u003c/sup\u003e due 000\u003csup\u003e\u0026ordm;\u003c/sup\u003eand 080\u003csup\u003e\u0026ordm;\u003c/sup\u003e due 000\u003csup\u003e\u0026ordm;\u003c/sup\u003e respectively .The J1, J2 and J3 shows the Direct Toppling failure with potential failure direction being eastward.\u003cb\u003e[\u003c/b\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig11\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e \u003cb\u003e[c]]\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"RESULTS","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe three different rock slopes identified were subjected to observations and analysis for their vulnerabilities and to discern potential mode of failure.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe field observations were carefully done at three accessible locations at the slope, the site conditions and the calculations of ratings is incorporated in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e for values of LSS.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab9\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 9\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSite Conditions and calculations of different locations for LSS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFactors with Rank Weightage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSite Condition with Ratings for Location 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSite Condition for with Ratings Location 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSite Condition for with Ratings Location 3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHydrology\u003c/b\u003e [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDry [9 x 1]\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDry [9 x 1]\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDry [9 x 1]\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSlope\u003c/b\u003e [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({45}^{^\\circ }\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e [8 x 9]\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({45}^{^\\circ }\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e[8 x 9]\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({45}^{^\\circ }\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e[8 x 9]\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eOverburden Thickness\u003c/b\u003e [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;1m [7 x 1]\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;1m [7 x 1]\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;1m [7 x 1]\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSlope \u0026amp; Discontinuity relation\u003c/b\u003e [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDip Slope [6 x 9]\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDip Slope [6 x 9]\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDip Slope [6 x 9]\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eJoint \u0026amp; Fractures\u003c/b\u003e [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLow [5 x 2]\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModerate [5 x 4]\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh [5 x 9]\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWeathering\u003c/b\u003e [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModerate [4 x 5]\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModerate [4 x 5]\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh [4 x 6]\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRock Mass\u003c/b\u003e [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMassive [3 x 1]\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThick Bedded [3 x 3]\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThick Bedded [3 x 3]\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLithology\u003c/b\u003e [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuartzite [2 x 5]\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuartzite [2 x 5]\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuartzite [2 x 5]\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eVegetation Type\u003c/b\u003e [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSparse [1 x 7]\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSparse [1 x 7]\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModerate [1 x 5]\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLSS value = \u0026sum; [Rank \u0026times;Weight]\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\sum\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e= 192\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\sum\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e= 208\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\sum\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e= 235\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor Location 1, the LSS has shown low susceptibility while for Locations 2 \u0026amp; 3 the LSS has shown moderate susceptibility with a slightly higher value at location 3 along NH-919. Location three which showing slightly more susceptibility is at the turn of the hairpin bend with a steep slope on left side.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results for Landslide Hazard Evaluation Factor are shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab10\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab10\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 10\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eObservations and Calculations for LHEF of different locations\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA \u0026ndash; Lithology / Location\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRock : Quartzite [Type 1]\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeathering Correction\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMod. Weathered at Loc. 1 \u0026amp; 2 \u003cb\u003e[C2]\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSlightly discolored at Loc. 3 \u003cb\u003e[C3]\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSoil [Not Present]\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFinal A Values\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e[Lithology x Weathering State]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.60\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.60\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.40\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Taba\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB \u0026ndash; Structure [Strike of Joint \u0026ndash; Strike of Slope [α\u003csub\u003ej\u003c/sub\u003e \u0026ndash; α\u003csub\u003es\u003c/sub\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis Study Ratings\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLocation 1180\u0026deg; \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;176\u0026deg;= \u0026lt; 5\u0026deg;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLocation 2180\u0026deg; \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;176\u0026deg;= \u0026lt; 5\u0026deg;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLocation 3180\u0026deg; \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;165\u0026deg; = 15\u0026deg;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.50\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.50\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.30\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eB \u0026ndash; Structure [Dip of joint \u0026ndash; Dip of Slope [β\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003ej\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e \u003cb\u003e\u0026ndash; β\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003es\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e]\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.50\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.50\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.70\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLocation 180\u0026deg;- 74\u0026deg; = 6\u0026deg;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLocation 275\u0026deg;- 70\u0026deg; = 5\u0026deg;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLocation 370\u0026deg;- 70\u0026deg; = 0\u0026deg;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eB \u0026ndash; Structure [Dip of Joint β\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003ej\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e]\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.50\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.50\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.50\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLocation 185\u0026deg; \u003cb\u003e\u0026gt; 45\u0026deg;\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLocation 290\u0026deg; \u003cb\u003e\u0026gt; 45\u0026deg;\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLocation 385\u0026deg; \u003cb\u003e\u0026gt; 45\u0026deg;\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal of B:-\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLocation 1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.5, Location 2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.5, Location 3\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.5\u003c/b\u003e,\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eC \u0026ndash; Slope Morphology\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2.0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2.0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2.0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLocation 1Escarpment / Cliff\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLocation 2Escarpment / Cliff\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLocation 3Escarpment / Cliff\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eD - Relief\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.30\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.30\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.30\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLocation 1Low\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;100m\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLocation 2Low\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;100m\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLocation 3Low\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;100m\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eE - Land Use Land Cover\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLocation 1Sparsely Vegetated\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLocation 2Sparsely Vegetated\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLocation 3Moderately Vegetated\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eF - Hydrological Conditions\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLocation 1Dry\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLocation 2Dry\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLocation 3Dry\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"BoldUnderline\" class=\"BoldUnderline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eRESULT\u003c/span\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFinal A\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;B\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;C\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;D\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;E\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;F for Road Slope Striking N \u0026ndash; S and facing East\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"BoldUnderline\" class=\"BoldUnderline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eTotal Estimated Hazard Degree\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFINAL A\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;B\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;C\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;D\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;E\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;F =\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLocation 1 = 0.6\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;1.5\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;2.0\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;0.30\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;1.5\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;0 = 5.90 Moderate Hazard\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLocation 2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.6\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;1.5\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;2.0\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;0.30\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;1.5\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;0\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5.90 Moderate Hazard\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLocation 3 = 0.4\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;1.5\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;2.0\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;0.30\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;1.2\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;0 = 5.40 Moderate Hazard\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs per the Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab10\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e for total estimated hazard degree all the three slopes come in the Zone 3 having range from 5.1 to 6.0 for moderate.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe RMR ratings have been calculated as per the parameters given in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. The Unconfined Compressive Strength was measured in the laboratory. Rock Quality Designation has been calculated using the empirical formula RQD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;110\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2.5*Jv, [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e] where Jv is joints per m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e. For SMR, only five parameters of RMR are to be used. The sixth parameter about discontinuity orientation is taken care of by the functions F1, F2 and F3 in SMR and differs for Planar, Wedge and Toppling types of failures.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the area under consideration, the types of failure have been worked out by doing kinematic analysis from rock strike, dip and slope orientation and inclination data. Kinematic analysis of the discontinuities has shown a potential direct toppling failure at each location with the probable direction being eastward, i.e., towards the NH-919.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab11\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 11\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCalculations for RMR Ratings of different locations to be incorporated in SMR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLocation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStrength of Rock Material, UCS [MPa]\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eValue/Rating\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRock Quality Designation\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eValue/Rating\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiscontinuity [Joint / Layer] Spacing\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eValue/Rating\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiscontinuity Conditions\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRating\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGround Water\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eValue/Rating\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRMR\u003csub\u003eB\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eValue\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRock Class\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e135/13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e97.5/19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2-0.6m /15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDry/15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e140/13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95.0/19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6-0.2m /10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDry/15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e120/13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92.5/18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2-0.06m /8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDry/15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe resulting values of RMR\u003csub\u003eB\u003c/sub\u003e has been calculated \u003cb\u003e[\u003c/b\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab11\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e]\u003c/b\u003e as per the parameters given in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e. The values of adjustment factors have been calculated as per Tables\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e \u0026amp; \u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e. The final values of SMR for Toppling failure have been incorporated in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab12\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab12\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 12\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCalculation for SMR values\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLOCATION\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRMR\u003csub\u003eB\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eF\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003csub\u003eValue/Rating\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eF\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003csub\u003eValue/Rating\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eF\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003csub\u003eValue/Rating\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eF\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003csub\u003eValue/Rating\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFINAL SMR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnfavourable/0.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85\u003csup\u003e\u0026ordm;\u003c/sup\u003e/1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;120\u003csup\u003e\u0026ordm;\u003c/sup\u003e /-25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMechanised Excavation / 0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnfavourable/0.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90\u003csup\u003e\u0026ordm;\u003c/sup\u003e/1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;120\u003csup\u003e\u0026ordm;\u003c/sup\u003e /-25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMechanised Excavation/ 0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnfavourable/0.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85\u003csup\u003e\u0026ordm;\u003c/sup\u003e /1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;120\u003csup\u003e\u0026ordm;\u003c/sup\u003e /-25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMechanised Excavation/ 0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor toppling failures at all three locations, the SMR has been determined. The stability class number is IV, which has a normal rock mass description, applies to all three locations. These slopes of the three locations have a failure risk of 0.4 and are only partially stable. \u003cb\u003e[\u003c/b\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab13\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e].\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab13\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 13\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFinal Results\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLocation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRMR\u003csub\u003eB\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRock Class\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSMR\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClass\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eObserved failure\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStability\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFailure Probability\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.75 [IIIa]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDirect Toppling\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePartially Stable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52.75 [IIIa]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDirect Toppling\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePartially Stable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.75[IIIb]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDirect Toppling\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePartially Stable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurthermore, a fundamental shift from dry conditions to monsoon conditions, characterized by intensified water flow, has implications for calculations of RMR, particularly in assessing groundwater flow conditions. The previously considered RMR rating for groundwater flow becomes zero. This modification impacts the SMR value, causing it to decrease, thereby increasing the failure risk to 0.6. As a consequence, the stability of slopes at all three study locations is compromised, demanding prompt protective measures.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"CONCLUSIONS","content":"\u003cp\u003eRoad safety is a shared responsibility, and together, we can make our highways safer for all. This study was crucial for road safety as it addressed a pressing concern of slope instability along the NH-919 overpass. The rock cut was studied at three vulnerable locations on a continued slope along the highway for the future safety of the road and of the dense population at the foot of the hill. Due to being located in Seismic Zone III and recent seismic excitations in the past few years it is essential to reanalyze the road cut slope stability. The study finds that the rocks are severely dissected along joints that are of open nature. This gives a well perceived impression of slope vulnerability to toppling as well as planar sliding. On the basis of DEM studies east facing slopes are more precarious rather than west facing. The location three seems to require attention being at a turn. The results given by empirical methods of LSS and LHEF identify the slope as \u003cb\u003eLow Susceptible\u003c/b\u003e [for Location 1] and \u003cb\u003eModerately Susceptible\u003c/b\u003e [for Locations 2 \u0026amp; 3] having a \u003cb\u003eModerate Hazard\u003c/b\u003e respectively.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe studied slope as per SMR falls in between 46.75 and 53.75, suggestive of partially stable. Location 3 being low in SMR value is more vulnerable. Here, the potential for toppling failure has increased mainly due to loose blocks and open joints. The failure probability of 0.4, suggests that the chances of failure cannot be out rightly ignored but rather need some safety measures. Furthermore, considering the changing rain pattern and high rainfall in the current monsoon season, the probability of failure is increased to 0.6.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs of now, no precautionary slope stability measures have been provided to safeguard the vulnerable population. Moreover, increasing vibrations of heavy vehicles and continuous seismicity of North-Western India are two important factors to destabilize these slopes. Hence, for safety some basic measures need to be undertaken immediately. In such a case the strengthening of slope along the road is highly warranted. Installation of Double twisted wire mesh system can be done to stabilize loose blocks which might fall with time and cause damage to NH-919 and the populace residing on the slope. The construction of retaining wall can be constructed specially at location 3, being present at a steep bend as per Bureau of Indian Standards [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs per SMR suggestions some basic mitigation measures can be put in place in advance, such as Fence Net and Spot Bolting for longer stability of road and the safety of users and residents.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eACKNOWLEDGEMENT\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAuthors are thankful to the Department of Civil Engineering, AMU for providing the test facilities. The authors also acknowledge the Interdisciplinary Department of Remote Sensing and GIS Applications, AMU for allowing accessing to the GIS facilities.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFUNDING\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot Applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDATA AVAILABILITY\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData supporting reported results can be provided on request to the corresponding author.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCONFLICT OF INTEREST\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBA wrote the manuscript and processed the data. MRS reviewed and corrected the manuscript. MMA supervised and reviewed the manuscript. 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Tunn Undergr Sp Technol 20:362\u0026ndash;377. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2005.01.005\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.tust.2005.01.005\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBIS. 1998b. \u0026ldquo;Retaining Wall for Hill Area \u0026ndash; Guidelines.\u0026rdquo; Bureau of Indian Standards [BIS] IS 14458:1998 [Part-I].\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"National Highway, Slope Stability, Rock Cut, Landslide Susceptibility Score [LSS], Landslide Hazard Evaluation Factor [LHEF], Slope Mass Rating [SMR], Kinematic Analysis, Digital Elevation Model (DEM)","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4000775/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4000775/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eIn the recent past, slope failures along highways have resulted in the destruction of infrastructure and loss of lives and properties throughout the world. Many issues of landslips, debris flow, and rockfalls in inhabited areas along road networks in hilly states of India, the USA, Australia, China, Canada, Brazil, etc., are testimony to this. In the present study, the slope stability of an overpass of National Highway NH-919 in the NCR region, India, has been analyzed. Field observations and petrographic analysis identified Quartzite with localized Schist presence. This study aims to identify the vulnerability of an existing road to landslide hazards and for conditional monitoring of roads for their stability in a present-day scenario of increasing vibrations of heavy vehicles and continuous seismicity in North-Western India, which are two important factors destabilizing the slopes along roads. During field assessment, a few major discontinuities were observed while collecting data at three probable failure locations. The hazard potential has been worked out by incorporating Landslide Susceptibility Score [LSS] and Landslide Hazard Evaluation Factor [LHEF], and the Slope Mass Rating [SMR] system has been used to identify the stability class. The DEM file, combined with the USGS DEM dataset, was used to generate thematic maps. Given the changing rainfall patterns and the heavy precipitation during the monsoon season, the chances of failure increase even more. The study also recommends applying simple mitigating measures to improve road stability and guarantee the long-term safety of residents and users.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Assessing Landslide Susceptibility through Rock Cut Analysis: A Case Study of National Highway NH-919, India","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-03-19 15:51:35","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4000775/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"daaca5d9-b787-4a99-a484-12b45ae9ca23","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 19th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-05-20T06:21:22+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-03-19 15:51:35","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4000775","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4000775","identity":"rs-4000775","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}