Discrimination of Vibration through Perceptual Attributes: A Just Noticeable Difference (JND) Analysis

Discrimination of Vibration through Perceptual Attributes: A Just Noticeable Difference (JND) Analysis | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Discrimination of Vibration through Perceptual Attributes: A Just Noticeable Difference (JND) Analysis Berkay Kullukcu, Jonas Krautwurm, Sebastian Merchel, Robert Rosenkranz, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7509171/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 17 Feb, 2026 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted 13 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This study investigates the just noticeable difference (JND) thresholds for six perceptual attributes of vibrotactile stimuli: weak, up-and-down, tingling, repetitive, even, and fading. The research presents human sensitivities to changes in these attributes by systematically varying parameters such as intensity, frequency, modulation, and decay rate that provide insights for the design of perceptually aligned haptic systems. A series of experiments with the application of various stimuli delivered through a multimodal vibration platform and an electrodynamic shaker, while participants performed perceptual discrimination tasks. The results show varying JND for frequency (JNDF) and level (JNDL) values for each attribute: tingling is sensitive to frequency(JNDF ≤ 20 Hz), repetitive is sensitive to low modulation frequencies (JNDF ≤ 0.4 Hz), and fading shows decay-rate thresholds(JND ≤ 0.5). For other properties, such as weak, the JNDL remains consistent across amplitudes, whereas frequency-specific thresholds are observed for even (JNDF ≤ 2 Hz) and up-and-down (JNDF ≤ 5 Hz) attributes. These findings present the relationship between physical parameters and perceptual acuity, highlighting the importance of tailoring vibrotactile feedback to human sensory limits. Physical sciences/Engineering Biological sciences/Neuroscience Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 17 Feb, 2026 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 14 Nov, 2025 Reviews received at journal 22 Oct, 2025 Reviews received at journal 19 Oct, 2025 Reviews received at journal 17 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 26 Sep, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 25 Sep, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 24 Sep, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 24 Sep, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 24 Sep, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 23 Sep, 2025 Editor invited by journal 08 Sep, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 06 Sep, 2025 First submitted to journal 06 Sep, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7509171","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":524658771,"identity":"4328d493-caf5-427f-be8a-6563d5f4ac7b","order_by":0,"name":"Berkay 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