High-Efficiency Dual-Polarized Broadband Reflecting Metasurface Using Continuous Polarization Conversion Technique and Element with Multi Degree of Freedom

High-Efficiency Dual-Polarized Broadband Reflecting Metasurface Using Continuous Polarization Conversion Technique and Element with Multi Degree of Freedom | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article High-Efficiency Dual-Polarized Broadband Reflecting Metasurface Using Continuous Polarization Conversion Technique and Element with Multi Degree of Freedom Majid Karimipour, Iman Aryanian This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-1334587/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 8 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract In this study, two effective approaches are combined which are implemented at the element design level and system design level to simultaneously improve the frequency bandwidth and aperture efficiency of a dual-polarized single-layer reflecting metasurface. At the element design level, a broadband behavior is realized by using the polarization conversion technique (PCT) which is a novel technique to enhance the bandwidth of the element. To this end, an anisotropic metasurface with I-shaped metal patch is proposed for rotating the polarization of the wave emitted from a point source by 90 • and making a continuous phase shift in a full range of 360 • within 8-18 GHz.Therefore, a completely equiphase aperture is achieved leading to enhancing the metasurface performance such as directivity and aperture efficiency and reducing the sidelobe level compared to reflecting metasurface developed by 1-bit phase quantization technique. At the system design level, the three-frequency phase synthesis (TFPS) method, which is based on determining the best constant reference phase for the aperture, is used and the corresponding constant reference phases are optimized to minimize the phase error in the whole band. The combination of TFPS and PCT enhances the effectiveness of the TFPS method considerably. An 841 element reflecting metasurface with aperture dimensions of 290 cm × 290 cm is designed, simulated, and fabricated in Ku-band to verify the concept. The measurement results show that the 1-dB gain bandwidth before and after combining PCT and TFPS techniques are 17.47% (14.1 GHz to 16.8 GHz) and 30.3% (14 GHz to 19 GHz), respectively. In addition, the maximum aperture efficiency of the proposed metasurface is 63.62% which occurs at 14.5 GHz. Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Major revision 01 Mar, 2022 Reviews received at journal 21 Feb, 2022 Reviewers agreed at journal 10 Feb, 2022 Reviewers invited by journal 09 Feb, 2022 Editor assigned by journal 09 Feb, 2022 Editor invited by journal 09 Feb, 2022 Submission checks completed at journal 09 Feb, 2022 First submitted to journal 07 Feb, 2022 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-1334587","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":82595419,"identity":"1e1f92ff-133a-404d-8df0-ce6a125dbcf4","order_by":0,"name":"Majid Karimipour","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA9klEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFACNiA2YOABsz8AsQRUnIcoLYwzwFqYidECBcw8SFpwAt0GtsTPFQXbZMzZe8w+29Tck5eckX+A4UcNg4x5A3YtZgfYDkueMbjNY9lzxnh2zrFiw9kSyQyMPccYeGQO4NLC3iDZANRicCPHmDmHLYFxHlALA28DA48Edh0gLc0/4Vos/iXYg7Qw/sWrhe0YwhbGtoREkMOY8dpymC3NsgHsl2PFjL19Cckzex4bHJY5JoFby/E245sNf27bm7M3b2b48S3BdsbxxIcP39TY2OPSAo8EA2TBA4hEgAcYEFYyCkbBKBgFIxUAAPsITk3smP5RAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Arak University of Technology","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Majid","middleName":"","lastName":"Karimipour","suffix":""},{"id":82595420,"identity":"1de38188-cfb1-4c9e-ac6e-e5a20d6cd5a9","order_by":1,"name":"Iman Aryanian","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Iran Telecommunication Research Center (ITRC)","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Iman","middleName":"","lastName":"Aryanian","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2022-02-07 10:29:20","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-1334587/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1334587/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":18110623,"identity":"9e47fd32-04a3-4742-bb04-af14630fec98","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-02-10 21:09:16","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":3112523,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"MajidKarimipourImanAryanian.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1334587/v1_covered.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"High-Efficiency Dual-Polarized Broadband Reflecting Metasurface Using Continuous Polarization Conversion Technique and Element with Multi Degree of Freedom","fulltext":[{"header":"Full Text","content":"This preprint is available for \u003ca href='/article/rs-1334587/latest.pdf' target='_blank'\u003edownload as a PDF\u003c/a\u003e."}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-1334587/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1334587/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"In this study, two effective approaches are combined which are implemented at the element design level and system design level to simultaneously improve the frequency bandwidth and aperture efficiency of a dual-polarized single-layer reflecting metasurface. At the element design level, a broadband behavior is realized by using the polarization conversion technique (PCT) which is a novel technique to enhance the bandwidth of the element. To this end, an anisotropic metasurface with I-shaped metal patch is proposed for rotating the polarization of the wave emitted from a point source by 90 • and making a continuous phase shift in a full range of 360 • within 8-18 GHz.Therefore, a completely equiphase aperture is achieved leading to enhancing the metasurface performance such as directivity and aperture efficiency and reducing the sidelobe level compared to reflecting metasurface developed by 1-bit phase quantization technique. At the system design level, the three-frequency phase synthesis (TFPS) method, which is based on determining the best constant reference phase for the aperture, is used and the corresponding constant reference phases are optimized to minimize the phase error in the whole band. The combination of TFPS and PCT enhances the effectiveness of the TFPS method considerably. An 841 element reflecting metasurface with aperture dimensions of 290 cm × 290 cm is designed, simulated, and fabricated in Ku-band to verify the concept. The measurement results show that the 1-dB gain bandwidth before and after combining PCT and TFPS techniques are 17.47% (14.1 GHz to 16.8 GHz) and 30.3% (14 GHz to 19 GHz), respectively. 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