Measurement of Social Support among People with Dementia in Indonesia: A Validation of the Personal Resource Questionnaire-2000 Indonesia version (PRQ2000-INA)

Measurement of Social Support among People with Dementia in Indonesia: A Validation of the Personal Resource Questionnaire-2000 Indonesia version (PRQ2000-INA) | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Measurement of Social Support among People with Dementia in Indonesia: A Validation of the Personal Resource Questionnaire-2000 Indonesia version (PRQ2000-INA) Amelia Nur Vidyanti, Rizqa Nafiati, Galenisa Falinda Santika Putri, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3853620/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 11 Nov, 2025 Read the published version in BMC Geriatrics → Version 1 posted 10 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background Social support may affect the clinical outcomes of people with dementia. However, studies investigating the relationship between social support and cognitive functioning in patients with dementia are still lacking due to the limited instruments available for measuring social support. The Personal Resource Questionnaire (PRQ2000) is an instrument used to assess perceived social support in a wide range of populations. We aimed to assess the validity and reliability of the PRQ2000 Indonesia version (PRQ2000-INA) in people with mild to moderate dementia. Methods This was a cross-sectional study. We conducted forward-backwards translation of the questionnaire. A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used for the validity test. The reliability test was determined by using Cronbach's alpha value. The PRQ2000-INA has 15 questions that are divided into 3 factor dimensions of social support. Results The results of the CFA test of 75 respondents showed that all questions in each factor of the PRQ2000-INA were valid and had acceptable construct validity for measuring social support. The Cronbach's alpha values for factor 1, factor 2, and factor 3 were 0.903, 0.918, and 0.940, respectively, indicating that these were reliable instruments. Conclusion The PRQ2000-INA has good validity and reliability for measuring social support in people with mild to moderate dementia. Future studies are needed to investigate the role of social support in cognitive functioning in people with dementia. Dementia social support Personal Resource Questionnaire validity test reliability test PRQ-2000 Indonesia version Introduction Approximately 50 million people worldwide suffer from dementia, with almost 60% living in poor and middle-income countries. Every year, approximately 10 million new cases are reported. The overall number of dementia sufferers is anticipated to reach 82 million by 2030 and 152 million by 2050 ( 1 ). In Western countries, research on dementia has been dominated by mainly biomedical aspects, focusing mostly on pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment. The significance of emotional and social aspects of dementia has received considerably less attention ( 2 ). The harm caused by this multidimensional "disease" has been defined not only in terms of biomedical, cognitive, and social symptoms at the individual level but also in terms of its impact on social health, which leads to a high economic burden ( 3 ). The Social Health Taskforce of the European INTERDEM network has developed the concept of social health in dementia. They reported that social support and environmental factors could influence the social health of people with dementia ( 4 ). Social health is crucial both for people with dementia and for their families, who often provide care at home and face significant problems during caretaking ( 2 ). Moreover, epidemiological studies revealed that people with dementia were more likely to have poor social support, leading to social isolation and loneliness, which may worsen cognitive functioning and affect quality of life ( 5 – 7 ). Social support consists of structural support and functional support (also referred to as perceived support) ( 8 , 9 ). Perceived social support is mostly linked with psychosocial and cognitive function. People with dementia typically have a decreased psychosocial status and impaired cognitive function; thus, they may be vulnerable to anxiety, depression, and apathy ( 10 , 11 ). The framework of perceived social support describes the characteristics of patient health needs in four dimensions: knowledge, esteem, social companionship, and instrumental assistance. These four dimensions can help patients cope better with stress and the physiological effects of the condition. The Personal Resource Questionnaire-2000 (PRQ-2000) is one of the tools used to evaluate a person's perceived social support. The PRQ-2000 is self-administered and takes approximately 15 minutes to complete. It is a multimodal technique for evaluating social support ( 12 ). A prior study was conducted using the PRQ-2000 to assess the wellbeing of elderly people and breast cancer survivors ( 13 ). In Indonesia, no prior studies have mentioned the PRQ-2000 score, particularly among people with dementia. Accordingly, we aimed to assess the validity and reliability of the PRQ-2000 for people with dementia in Indonesia. Methods Study design A cross-cultural design was used to test the validity and reliability of the Personal Resource Questionnaire-2000 Indonesian version (PRQ2000-INA) using the World Health Organization (WHO) transcultural standard. The PRQ2000-INA consists of 15 questions divided into 3 factor dimensions. All the questions consisted of intimacy, social integration, nurturing, value and assistance items ( 14 ). Factor 1 consisted of 3 items related to intimacy (no. 1,4,11), 1 item related to value (no. 13), and 1 item related to social integration (no. 15); factor 2 consisted of 1 parenting item (no. 2), 1 social integration item (no. 3), and 3 value items (no. 6, 9, and 12); and factor three included 3 items related to social integration (no. 5, 7, and 8) and 2 items related to assistance (no. 10 and 14) ( 14 ). All participants were informed about the purpose and methods of this study and signed a written informed consent form prior to the study. Ethical approval for this study was obtained from The Medical and Health Research Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada Yogyakarta, Indonesia, with the approval number KE/FK/0105/EC/2020. Participants The participants in this study were people with mild dementia who visited the Memory Clinic of Dr. Sardjito General Hospital Yogyakarta, Indonesia, between January 2020 and April 2021. The inclusion criteria were as follows: ( 1 ) had mild dementia and ( 2 ) could communicate in Bahasa, Indonesia . The following criteria were used to exclude participants: ( 1 ) had aphasia, ( 2 ) had severe dementia, and ( 3 ) lacked a caregiver in the same household. The diagnosis of dementia was based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders V( 15 ), which categorizes dementia according to the etiological cause, i.e., Alzheimer’s disease, cerebrovascular disease, mixed-type, or other causes such as traumatic brain injury, space-occupying process (SOP), or epilepsy. Dementia was defined by a reduced level of cognitive functioning measured by the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) ( 16 ) with functional dependency that was severe enough to interfere with daily activities ( 15 ). The severity of dementia was determined by using the Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) scale ( 17 ). We excluded patients with severe dementia if the CDR scale was 3. The study samples were obtained through a nonprobability sampling technique, particularly convenience sampling. The sample size was determined by multiplying either 5 or 10 by the total number of questions or indicators ( 18 ). Following this approach, the current study employed a sample size of 75, which was obtained by multiplying 15 indicators of the PRQ2000-INA questionnaire by 5. PRQ2000 Measurement Initially, the PRQ2000 was translated into Bahasa Indonesia by the Language Institute of Universitas Gadjah Mada. Subsequently, the Neurobehavior Team of the Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, conducted an evaluation of the content and conceptual framework of the PRQ2000-INA. The PRQ2000 consists of 15 questions as follows: 1) There is someone I feel close to who makes me feel secure; 2) I belong to a group in which I feel important; 3) People let me know that I do well at my work (job, homemaking); 4) I have enough contact with the person who makes me feel special; 5) I spend time with others who have the same interests that I do; 6) Others let me know that they enjoy working with me (job, committees, projects); 7) There are people who are available if I need help over an extended period of time; 8) Among my group of friends, we do favors for each other; 9) I have the opportunity to encourage others to develop their interests and skills; 10) I have relatives or friends that will help me even if I cannot pay them back; 11) When I am upset, there is someone I can be with who lets me be myself; 12) I know that others appreciate me as a person; 13) There is someone who loves and cares about me; 14) I have people to share social events and fun activities with; 15) I have a sense of being needed by another person. Responses to those 15 questions above were assessed on a 7-point Likert scale, with 1 indicating ‘strongly disagree’ and 7 indicating ‘strongly agree’. A higher score corresponds to the subject's perception of a high amount of social support. Weinert ( 12 ) achieved a Cronbach's alpha of 0.91 while assessing the reliability and validity of the PRQ2000 through factor analysis. The PRQ2000 was translated into Chinese in Taiwan and used to assess the social assistance received by hospice patients. The Chinese version of the PRQ2000 has a Cronbach's alpha of 0.84 ( 13 ). PRQ2000 Translation The translation process to Bahasa Indonesia was customized to adhere to international standards ( 19 , 20 ). The subsequent stages are advised to be incorporated into the study ( 21 ): • Forward translation Two translators were involved in the translation of the PRQ2000 questionnaire for this study. The initial translator was a healthcare specialist who was familiar with the terminologies utilized in the PRQ2000 questionnaire. He had a deep understanding of both the culture and native language of the instrument (English) as well as the target language (Indonesian/Bahasa Indonesia). This initial translation process was carried out by translators who possessed a healthcare background, who resided in English-speaking countries, and who possessed survey-writing expertise, although their native language was Bahasa Indonesia. The second translation was performed by a translator who had lived in English-speaking nations but did not possess a healthcare background. • Expert panel This protocol was used to evaluate the outcomes of forward translation. • Backwards translation This procedure included retranslating the PRQ2000 questionnaire from Bahasa Indonesia back into the instrument's native language (English). Backwards translation was performed by two translators, one from the observed instrument region and one from an independent translator (Sworn). • Expert committee Expert panels discuss the findings of forwards and backwards translation. Two translators, two pharmacists, and one clinician were required to produce the final translated version of the instrument, which was semantically, idiomatically, and conceptually considered correct. • The final version of validity and reliability The final version of the PRQ2000 questionnaire was evaluated for validity and reliability. The construct validity test was used in this study. Internal consistency testing with Cronbach’s alpha was used to confirm the reliability of the scale. Validity Test of the PRQ2000-INA Validity testing was also conducted to evaluate the validity of the questionnaire. A questionnaire is considered valid if its questions can reveal the aspects it intends to assess ( 18 ). The construct validity was explored by using a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to examine whether the questionnaire measures social support in dementia patients in a similar manner to the original English version. All analyses were performed by using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 26 for Windows (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Reliability test of the PRQ2000-INA A reliability test is a technique used to assess a questionnaire's consistency to indicate a variable or concept. A questionnaire is reliable if the respondent's response is consistent or constant over time ( 22 ). We used the internal consistency method with Cronbach’s alpha in this study. Cronbach's alpha coefficient (α) was calculated to assess the reliability of the internal consistency. The guidelines for interpreting an internal consistency reliability coefficient are outlined as follows: excellent (α ≥ 0.90), strong (α = 0.80–0.90), satisfactory (α = 0.70–0.79), and less suitable (α < 0.70) ( 23 ). Cronbach's alpha coefficient was measured by using SPSS version 26 for Windows (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Results Baseline characteristics of patients We recruited 75 patients with mild dementia—47 males and 28 females. The percentage of people aged > 65 was 58%, and that of people aged < 65 was 42%. There were 38 patients with vascular dementia (52%), 12 patients with Alzheimer's disease (16%), 9 patients with mixed-type dementia (12%), and 15 patients with other types of dementia (20%) with secondary dementia associated with a particular condition, namely, space-occupying process (SOP)-related dementia, post-traumatic brain injury (TBI)-related dementia, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related dementia, and epilepsy-related dementia. Table 1 shows the baseline characteristics of the patients included in this study. Table 1 Demographic characteristics of the participants Characteristics n % Gender Male 47 62 Female 28 38 Age > 65 years old 44 58 < 65 years old 31 42 Dementia type : Alzheimer's Dementia 12 16 Vascular Dementia 39 52 Mixed Type Dementia 9 12 Other Dementia 20 SOP-related dementia 11 14.7 Post TBI-related dementia 2 2.7 HIV-related dementia 1 1.3 Epilepsy-related dementia 1 1.3 SOP, space-occupying process; TBI, traumatic brain injury; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus Validity test The PRQ2000-INA has 15 questions that are divided into three dimensions according to three factors. All the questions consisted of intimacy, social integration, nurturing, value, and assistance items. Factor 1 included three items related to intimacy (no. 1, 4, and 11), one item related to value (no. 13), and one item related to social integration (no. 15). Factor 2 included one parenting item (no. 2), one item of social integration (no. 3), and three items of value (no. 6, 9, and 12). Factor 3 included three items on social integration (nos. 5, 7, and 8) and two items on assistance (nos. 10 and 14) ( 22 ). Table 2 The validity test of Factor 1 Item KMO Bartlett’s Test of Sphericity Anti-image Correlation Communalities Component Notes Initial Extraction 1 2 Q1 0,802 0,000 0,894 1 0,789 0,862 -0, 217 Valid Q4 0,792 1 0,851 0,849 0,361 Valid Q11 0,773 1 0,912 0,765 0,572 Valid Q13 0,771 1 0,900 0,896 -0,312 Valid Q15 0,788 1 0,868 0,876 -0,317 Valid Table 2 shows that the Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin measure of sampling adequacy (KMO) value of Factor 1 indicates that the data are feasible for factor analysis. The Bartlett's test of sphericity results obtained a significance level of 0.5, which indicates that each item can be further predicted. Furthermore, the communalities and component matrix results for each item yield > 0.5, which means that there is a correlation between each item in questions 1, 4, 11, 13, and 15 and the factors formed. A greater communality value indicates a stronger relationship with these factors, which shows that each item in constructing each variable is valid. Thus, all the existing items can be analysed further because they meet the criterion of validity. Tabel 3. The validity test of Factor 2 Item KMO Bartlett’s Test of Sphericity Anti-image Correlation Communalities Component Notes Initial Extraction 1 2 Q2 0,793 0,000 0,756 1 0,892 0,848 0,416 Valid Q3 0,801 1 0,872 0,902 -0,242 Valid Q6 0,777 1 0,859 0,840 0,392 Valid Q9 0,816 1 0,801 0,884 -0,139 Valid Q12 0,812 1 0,918 0,875 -0,389 Valid The results of the validity test for Factor 2 were the same as those for Factor 1 (Table 3). All the parameters indicated that each item in questions 2, 3, 6, 9, and 12 was valid for constructing each variable. The results also showed good validity for each item in Factor 3 (questions 5, 7, 8, 10, and 14), as shown in Table 4 below. Tabel 4. The validity test of Factor 3 Item KMO Bartlett’s Test of Sphericity Anti-image Correlation Communalities Component Notes Initial Extraction 1 2 Q5 0,903 0,000 0,897 1 0,861 0,909 0,185 Valid Q7 0,900 1 0,865 0,924 -0,107 Valid Q8 0,900 1 0,883 0,914 -0,219 Valid Q10 0,902 1 0,878 0,906 -0,241 Valid Q14 0,917 1 0,936 0,883 0,396 Valid All the results indicated that all the questions in the PRQ2000 were valid for measuring perceived social support in people with mild dementia. Table 5 shows the reliability test results for the PRQ2000-INA dataset. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient (α) for each factor had a value > 0.90. This indicated that the PRQ2000-INA questionnaire was reliable. Table 5 Reliability test of the PRQ2000-INA dataset Item Cronbach’s Alpha Notes Factor 1 0,903 Reliable Factor 2 0,918 Reliable Factor 3 0,940 Reliable The PRQ2000-INA questionnaire was valid and reliable. In addition, we found that the mean score on the PRQ2000-INA was quite high. Male patients and those with vascular dementia had higher PRQ2000-INA scores, indicating that they had more social support than did their counterparts (Table 6 ). Table 6 The total score on the PRQ2000-INA was based on sex, age, and dementia type. Variabel Mean PRQ2000-INA p value Age = 65 78.5 Male 83.31 0.015* Female 76.35 Alzheimer’s Dementia 75.83 0.002** Vascular Dementia 83.23 Mixed dementia 65 Other type of dementia 80.72 *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01 Discussion In this study, we found that the PRQ2000-INA was valid and reliable for measuring social support in people with dementia. To our knowledge, this is the first study to measure the validity and reliability of this questionnaire as a tool for measuring social support in people with dementia. Moreover, this is the first study measuring social support regarding dementia in Indonesia. The PRQ2000 has previously been translated into six languages: Japanese, Chinese, Dutch, Spanish, Korean, and Thai. Prior studies of the use of the PRQ2000 in the elderly population had a Cronbach's α = 0.92 ( 24 ), while that for breast cancer survivors was 0.90 ( 25 ). Reliability and validity tests have been conducted on the PRQ2000, with alpha coefficients ranging from 0.87 to 0.93 ( 26 ). The PRQ2000 has been used in several populations, including the female population in village settings, the elderly population, and some populations with health conditions. The specific health conditions known in the population are diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease, and cancer ( 26 ). Social support is critical in patients with dementia because it contributes to caregivers’ psychological wellbeing by moderating their sorrow related to managing their behavioral and psychological dementia symptoms and helping them physically limit their health ( 27 ). A previous study ( 28 ) revealed a link between the PRQ2000 and factors such as health promotion behavior, improved health, spiritual development, health responsibility, diet, physical activity, stress management, and self-care behaviors among those who had adequate social support. Furthermore, an inverse association was discovered between the PRQ2000 scores and stress, sadness, pain, and disability scores ( 28 ). These findings demonstrate the significance of utilizing the PRQ2000 to assess social support for people with dementia. The present study also demonstrated that the level of social support in patients with dementia was quite high, particularly in men and those with vascular dementia. These findings complement those of prior studies reporting that men exchange more support with coresiding family members than women and receive more appraisal support from all sources than women do ( 29 ). This finding indicates that the link between social support and dementia appears to vary according to sex. Moreover, there is scarce evidence regarding social support in people with vascular dementia. A prior study in Indonesia revealed the potential role of caregiving among poststroke patients, which can help maintain patients’ health conditions ( 30 ). Given that stroke may lead to vascular dementia and debilitating conditions, it is unsurprising that patients with vascular dementia could have high social support from family members. Our study is not without limitations. First, this study included people with dementia with varying educational backgrounds, which may lead to different levels of comprehension related to social support. Second, our sample was relatively small and came from one region in Indonesia. Therefore, the results may not be appropriate if applied to a wider population. However, further research with a more extensive sample population of patients with dementia and a more varied background is needed. Conclusions In conclusion, the PRQ2000-INA has good validity and reliability and is an acceptable tool for measuring social support in people with dementia in Indonesia. Further studies with larger sample sizes are warranted to examine the concurrent validity of the PRQ2000-INA score as a predictor of social support, particularly in people with dementia. Abbreviations PRQ2000 Personal Resource Questionnaire-2000 PRQ2000-INA Personal Resource Questionnaire-2000 Indonesia version CFA Confirmatory Factor Analysis MoCA Montreal Cognitive Assessment CDR Clinical Dementia Rating SOP space-occupying process TBI traumatic brain injury HIV human immunodeficiency virus KMO the Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin MSA measurement system analysis Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate The study was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by The Medical and Health Research Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada Yogyakarta, Indonesia, with the approval number KE/FK/0105/EC/2020. Informed consent was obtained from all participants and/or their caregivers. Consent for publication Not applicable Availability of data and materials The dataset presented in this study are available at https://zenodo.org/records/10473443. Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests. Funding This study was partly supported by the 2022 Community Grant from the Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada Indonesia. The funding body was not involved in the study design or data analysis. Authors’ Contributions Conceptualization, A.N.V., G.F.S.P. and R.N.; methodology, A.N.V., G.F.S.P., R.N., C.E.; software, G.F.S.P., R.N.; validation, A.N.V., C.E. and A.P.; formal analysis, A.N.V., G.F.S.P. and R.N.; investigation, A.N.V., G.F.S.P. and R.N.; resources, A.N.V. and A.P.; data curation, G.F.S.P. and R.N.; visualization, A.N.V.; supervision, A.N.V. and A.P.; project administration, G.F.S.P. and R.N.; writing—original draft preparation, A.N.V.; writing—review and editing, A.N.V., G.F.S.P., R.N., and C.E. All the authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. 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Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 11 Nov, 2025 Read the published version in BMC Geriatrics → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 09 Sep, 2024 Reviews received at journal 09 Jun, 2024 Reviews received at journal 06 Jun, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 05 Jun, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 05 Jun, 2024 Reviewers invited by journal 05 Jun, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 06 Feb, 2024 Editor invited by journal 06 Feb, 2024 Submission checks completed at journal 06 Feb, 2024 First submitted to journal 11 Jan, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-3853620","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":266700601,"identity":"5c789636-36cb-4618-b5b0-d2c609ff25ee","order_by":0,"name":"Amelia Nur Vidyanti","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA8klEQVRIiWNgGAWjYHACxgMJMOYHGCOBDb8euBbGGURrgTGYeeBieLTwTzt84MCDGoY8g9sH2KRt22qjGdgPP2B4UIZbi8TttIQDCccYig3OJbBJ57Ydz23gSTNgSDiHx1W3cwwOAF2euOEMA7Nxbtux3AaGHAaGxDbcOuRv5384kPAPqsUSpIX/DX4tBrdzGA4AFYC0MD5mbKvJbZAgYIvh7TSDA4l9EokzzzA2Puw5dyC3TeIZ0Kl4/CJ3O/nhwx/fbBL7zjAfOPCjrC63nx8kgifEoEACiBkbgMRhcIwcIKgBCdSRongUjIJRMApGCAAAyLpV2Zn0j+MAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Universitas Gadjah Mada","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Amelia","middleName":"Nur","lastName":"Vidyanti","suffix":""},{"id":266700602,"identity":"d6dfe849-c0fb-48cb-9a77-4b47f8939f70","order_by":1,"name":"Rizqa Nafiati","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Universitas Gadjah Mada","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Rizqa","middleName":"","lastName":"Nafiati","suffix":""},{"id":266700603,"identity":"92f3fc0f-467c-419b-a8ce-f32cbd411e4c","order_by":2,"name":"Galenisa Falinda Santika Putri","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Universitas Gadjah Mada","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Galenisa","middleName":"Falinda Santika","lastName":"Putri","suffix":""},{"id":266700604,"identity":"e01c2c8f-3b18-4ac0-80e3-6151b74bcc7c","order_by":3,"name":"Astuti Prodjohardjono","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Universitas Gadjah Mada","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Astuti","middleName":"","lastName":"Prodjohardjono","suffix":""},{"id":266700605,"identity":"6e31c68e-2a22-4216-885f-4a5c490a04a0","order_by":4,"name":"Christantie Effendy","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Universitas Gadjah Mada","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Christantie","middleName":"","lastName":"Effendy","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-01-11 13:44:31","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3853620/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3853620/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-025-06473-9","type":"published","date":"2025-11-11T15:58:32+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":96105132,"identity":"1665335c-98a1-4ed7-a11b-2082a0a06e30","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-17 16:09:06","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":909196,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3853620/v1/c4e65ebc-3a99-4c81-80e2-566584c6262f.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Measurement of Social Support among People with Dementia in Indonesia: A Validation of the Personal Resource Questionnaire-2000 Indonesia version (PRQ2000-INA)","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eApproximately 50\u0026nbsp;million people worldwide suffer from dementia, with almost 60% living in poor and middle-income countries. Every year, approximately 10\u0026nbsp;million new cases are reported. The overall number of dementia sufferers is anticipated to reach 82\u0026nbsp;million by 2030 and 152\u0026nbsp;million by 2050 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). In Western countries, research on dementia has been dominated by mainly biomedical aspects, focusing mostly on pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment. The significance of emotional and social aspects of dementia has received considerably less attention (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). The harm caused by this multidimensional \"disease\" has been defined not only in terms of biomedical, cognitive, and social symptoms at the individual level but also in terms of its impact on social health, which leads to a high economic burden (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Social Health Taskforce of the European INTERDEM network has developed the concept of social health in dementia. They reported that social support and environmental factors could influence the social health of people with dementia (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). Social health is crucial both for people with dementia and for their families, who often provide care at home and face significant problems during caretaking (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). Moreover, epidemiological studies revealed that people with dementia were more likely to have poor social support, leading to social isolation and loneliness, which may worsen cognitive functioning and affect quality of life (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR6\" citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial support consists of structural support and functional support (also referred to as perceived support) (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e). Perceived social support is mostly linked with psychosocial and cognitive function. People with dementia typically have a decreased psychosocial status and impaired cognitive function; thus, they may be vulnerable to anxiety, depression, and apathy (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e). The framework of perceived social support describes the characteristics of patient health needs in four dimensions: knowledge, esteem, social companionship, and instrumental assistance. These four dimensions can help patients cope better with stress and the physiological effects of the condition.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Personal Resource Questionnaire-2000 (PRQ-2000) is one of the tools used to evaluate a person's perceived social support. The PRQ-2000 is self-administered and takes approximately 15 minutes to complete. It is a multimodal technique for evaluating social support (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e). A prior study was conducted using the PRQ-2000 to assess the wellbeing of elderly people and breast cancer survivors (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e). In Indonesia, no prior studies have mentioned the PRQ-2000 score, particularly among people with dementia. Accordingly, we aimed to assess the validity and reliability of the PRQ-2000 for people with dementia in Indonesia.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStudy design\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA cross-cultural design was used to test the validity and reliability of the Personal Resource Questionnaire-2000 Indonesian version (PRQ2000-INA) using the World Health Organization (WHO) transcultural standard. The PRQ2000-INA consists of 15 questions divided into 3 factor dimensions. All the questions consisted of intimacy, social integration, nurturing, value and assistance items (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e). Factor 1 consisted of 3 items related to intimacy (no. 1,4,11), 1 item related to value (no. 13), and 1 item related to social integration (no. 15); factor 2 consisted of 1 parenting item (no. 2), 1 social integration item (no. 3), and 3 value items (no. 6, 9, and 12); and factor three included 3 items related to social integration (no. 5, 7, and 8) and 2 items related to assistance (no. 10 and 14) (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e All participants were informed about the purpose and methods of this study and signed a written informed consent form prior to the study. Ethical approval for this study was obtained from The Medical and Health Research Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada Yogyakarta, Indonesia, with the approval number KE/FK/0105/EC/2020.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eParticipants\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe participants in this study were people with mild dementia who visited the Memory Clinic of Dr. Sardjito General Hospital Yogyakarta, Indonesia, between January 2020 and April 2021. The inclusion criteria were as follows: (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e) had mild dementia and (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e) could communicate in \u003cem\u003eBahasa, Indonesia\u003c/em\u003e. The following criteria were used to exclude participants: (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e) had aphasia, (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e) had severe dementia, and (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e) lacked a caregiver in the same household.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe diagnosis of dementia was based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders V(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e), which categorizes dementia according to the etiological cause, i.e., Alzheimer\u0026rsquo;s disease, cerebrovascular disease, mixed-type, or other causes such as traumatic brain injury, space-occupying process (SOP), or epilepsy. Dementia was defined by a reduced level of cognitive functioning measured by the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e) with functional dependency that was severe enough to interfere with daily activities (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e). The severity of dementia was determined by using the Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) scale (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e). We excluded patients with severe dementia if the CDR scale was 3.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study samples were obtained through a nonprobability sampling technique, particularly convenience sampling. The sample size was determined by multiplying either 5 or 10 by the total number of questions or indicators (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e). Following this approach, the current study employed a sample size of 75, which was obtained by multiplying 15 indicators of the PRQ2000-INA questionnaire by 5.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePRQ2000 Measurement\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eInitially, the PRQ2000 was translated into \u003cem\u003eBahasa Indonesia\u003c/em\u003e by the Language Institute of Universitas Gadjah Mada. Subsequently, the Neurobehavior Team of the Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, conducted an evaluation of the content and conceptual framework of the PRQ2000-INA.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe PRQ2000 consists of 15 questions as follows: 1) There is someone I feel close to who makes me feel secure; 2) I belong to a group in which I feel important; 3) People let me know that I do well at my work (job, homemaking); 4) I have enough contact with the person who makes me feel special; 5) I spend time with others who have the same interests that I do; 6) Others let me know that they enjoy working with me (job, committees, projects); 7) There are people who are available if I need help over an extended period of time; 8) Among my group of friends, we do favors for each other; 9) I have the opportunity to encourage others to develop their interests and skills; 10) I have relatives or friends that will help me even if I cannot pay them back; 11) When I am upset, there is someone I can be with who lets me be myself; 12) I know that others appreciate me as a person; 13) There is someone who loves and cares about me; 14) I have people to share social events and fun activities with; 15) I have a sense of being needed by another person.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eResponses to those 15 questions above were assessed on a 7-point Likert scale, with 1 indicating \u0026lsquo;strongly disagree\u0026rsquo; and 7 indicating \u0026lsquo;strongly agree\u0026rsquo;. A higher score corresponds to the subject's perception of a high amount of social support. Weinert (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e) achieved a Cronbach's alpha of 0.91 while assessing the reliability and validity of the PRQ2000 through factor analysis. The PRQ2000 was translated into Chinese in Taiwan and used to assess the social assistance received by hospice patients. The Chinese version of the PRQ2000 has a Cronbach's alpha of 0.84 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePRQ2000 Translation\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe translation process to Bahasa Indonesia was customized to adhere to international standards (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e). The subsequent stages are advised to be incorporated into the study (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e):\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e\u0026bull; Forward translation\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTwo translators were involved in the translation of the PRQ2000 questionnaire for this study. The initial translator was a healthcare specialist who was familiar with the terminologies utilized in the PRQ2000 questionnaire. He had a deep understanding of both the culture and native language of the instrument (English) as well as the target language (Indonesian/Bahasa Indonesia). This initial translation process was carried out by translators who possessed a healthcare background, who resided in English-speaking countries, and who possessed survey-writing expertise, although their native language was Bahasa Indonesia. The second translation was performed by a translator who had lived in English-speaking nations but did not possess a healthcare background.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e\u0026bull; Expert panel\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis protocol was used to evaluate the outcomes of forward translation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e\u0026bull; Backwards translation\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis procedure included retranslating the PRQ2000 questionnaire from \u003cem\u003eBahasa Indonesia\u003c/em\u003e back into the instrument's native language (English). Backwards translation was performed by two translators, one from the observed instrument region and one from an independent translator (Sworn).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e\u0026bull; Expert committee\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eExpert panels discuss the findings of forwards and backwards translation. Two translators, two pharmacists, and one clinician were required to produce the final translated version of the instrument, which was semantically, idiomatically, and conceptually considered correct.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e\u0026bull; The final version of validity and reliability\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe final version of the PRQ2000 questionnaire was evaluated for validity and reliability. The construct validity test was used in this study. Internal consistency testing with Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s alpha was used to confirm the reliability of the scale.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eValidity Test of the PRQ2000-INA\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eValidity testing was also conducted to evaluate the validity of the questionnaire. A questionnaire is considered valid if its questions can reveal the aspects it intends to assess (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e). The construct validity was explored by using a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to examine whether the questionnaire measures social support in dementia patients in a similar manner to the original English version. All analyses were performed by using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 26 for Windows (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eReliability test of the PRQ2000-INA\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA reliability test is a technique used to assess a questionnaire's consistency to indicate a variable or concept. A questionnaire is reliable if the respondent's response is consistent or constant over time (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e). We used the internal consistency method with Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s alpha in this study.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCronbach's alpha coefficient (α) was calculated to assess the reliability of the internal consistency. The guidelines for interpreting an internal consistency reliability coefficient are outlined as follows: excellent (α\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;0.90), strong (α\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.80\u0026ndash;0.90), satisfactory (α\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.70\u0026ndash;0.79), and less suitable (α\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.70) (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e). Cronbach's alpha coefficient was measured by using SPSS version 26 for Windows (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eBaseline characteristics of patients\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe recruited 75 patients with mild dementia\u0026mdash;47 males and 28 females. The percentage of people aged\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;65 was 58%, and that of people aged\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;65 was 42%. There were 38 patients with vascular dementia (52%), 12 patients with Alzheimer's disease (16%), 9 patients with mixed-type dementia (12%), and 15 patients with other types of dementia (20%) with secondary dementia associated with a particular condition, namely, space-occupying process (SOP)-related dementia, post-traumatic brain injury (TBI)-related dementia, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related dementia, and epilepsy-related dementia. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e shows the baseline characteristics of the patients included in this study.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDemographic characteristics of the participants\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCharacteristics\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Taba\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"1\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGender\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAge\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt; 65 years old\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt; 65 years old\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDementia type\u003c/em\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Tabb\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"1\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlzheimer's Dementia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVascular Dementia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMixed Type Dementia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther Dementia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSOP-related dementia\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePost TBI-related dementia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHIV-related dementia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEpilepsy-related dementia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSOP, space-occupying process; TBI, traumatic brain injury; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eValidity test\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eThe\u003c/b\u003e PRQ2000-INA has 15 questions that are divided into three dimensions according to three factors. All the questions consisted of intimacy, social integration, nurturing, value, and assistance items. Factor 1 included three items related to intimacy (no. 1, 4, and 11), one item related to value (no. 13), and one item related to social integration (no. 15). Factor 2 included one parenting item (no. 2), one item of social integration (no. 3), and three items of value (no. 6, 9, and 12). Factor 3 included three items on social integration (nos. 5, 7, and 8) and two items on assistance (nos. 10 and 14) (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \n\u003ctable id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe validity test of Factor 1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eItem\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKMO\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBartlett\u0026rsquo;s Test of Sphericity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnti-image Correlation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCommunalities\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eComponent\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNotes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInitial\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExtraction\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eQ1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,802\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,894\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,789\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,862\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0, 217\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eValid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eQ4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,792\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,851\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,849\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,361\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eValid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eQ11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,773\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,912\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,765\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,572\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eValid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eQ13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,771\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,900\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,896\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,312\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eValid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eQ15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,788\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,868\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,876\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,317\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eValid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 2 shows that the Kaiser\u0026ndash;Meyer\u0026ndash;Olkin measure of sampling adequacy (KMO) value of Factor 1 indicates that the data are feasible for factor analysis. The Bartlett\u0026apos;s test of sphericity results obtained a significance level of \u0026lt;0.05, indicating that a sufficient correlation existed between items. The results of the anti-image matrices also show that the measurement system analysis (MSA) value for each item is \u0026gt; 0.5, which indicates that each item can be further predicted. Furthermore, the communalities and component matrix results for each item yield \u0026gt; 0.5, which means that there is a correlation between each item in questions 1, 4, 11, 13, and 15 and the factors formed. A greater communality value indicates a stronger relationship with these factors, which shows that each item in constructing each variable is valid. Thus, all the existing items can be analysed further because they meet the criterion of validity.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"colspec\"\u003eTabel 3. The validity test of Factor 2\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tabc\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eItem\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKMO\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBartlett\u0026rsquo;s Test of Sphericity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnti-image Correlation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCommunalities\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eComponent\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNotes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInitial\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExtraction\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eQ2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,793\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,756\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,892\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,848\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,416\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eValid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eQ3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,801\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,872\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,902\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,242\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eValid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eQ6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,777\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,859\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,840\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,392\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eValid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eQ9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,816\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,801\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,884\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,139\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eValid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eQ12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,812\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,918\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,875\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,389\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eValid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results of the validity test for Factor 2 were the same as those for Factor 1 (Table\u0026nbsp;3). All the parameters indicated that each item in questions 2, 3, 6, 9, and 12 was valid for constructing each variable. The results also showed good validity for each item in Factor 3 (questions 5, 7, 8, 10, and 14), as shown in Table\u0026nbsp;4 below.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTabel 4. The validity test of Factor 3\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Tabd\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItem\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKMO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBartlett\u0026rsquo;s Test of Sphericity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnti-image Correlation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCommunalities\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComponent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNotes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInitial\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExtraction\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQ5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,903\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,897\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,861\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,909\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,185\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eValid\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQ7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,900\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,865\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,924\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0,107\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eValid\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQ8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,900\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,883\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,914\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0,219\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eValid\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQ10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,902\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,878\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,906\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0,241\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eValid\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQ14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,917\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,936\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,883\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,396\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eValid\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll the results indicated that all the questions in the PRQ2000 were valid for measuring perceived social support in people with mild dementia.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e shows the reliability test results for the PRQ2000-INA dataset. The Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s alpha coefficient (α) for each factor had a value\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.90. This indicated that the PRQ2000-INA questionnaire was reliable.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReliability test of the PRQ2000-INA dataset\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItem\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCronbach\u0026rsquo;s Alpha\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNotes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFactor 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,903\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReliable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFactor 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,918\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReliable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFactor 3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,940\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReliable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe PRQ2000-INA questionnaire was valid and reliable. In addition, we found that the mean score on the PRQ2000-INA was quite high. Male patients and those with vascular dementia had higher PRQ2000-INA scores, indicating that they had more social support than did their counterparts (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe total score on the PRQ2000-INA was based on sex, age, and dementia type.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariabel\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean PRQ2000-INA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.094\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.015*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlzheimer\u0026rsquo;s Dementia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.002**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVascular Dementia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMixed dementia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther type of dementia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"3\"\u003e*p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05; **p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn this study, we found that the PRQ2000-INA was valid and reliable for measuring social support in people with dementia. To our knowledge, this is the first study to measure the validity and reliability of this questionnaire as a tool for measuring social support in people with dementia. Moreover, this is the first study measuring social support regarding dementia in Indonesia.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe PRQ2000 has previously been translated into six languages: Japanese, Chinese, Dutch, Spanish, Korean, and Thai. Prior studies of the use of the PRQ2000 in the elderly population had a Cronbach's α\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.92 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e), while that for breast cancer survivors was 0.90 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReliability and validity tests have been conducted on the PRQ2000, with alpha coefficients ranging from 0.87 to 0.93 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e). The PRQ2000 has been used in several populations, including the female population in village settings, the elderly population, and some populations with health conditions. The specific health conditions known in the population are diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease, and cancer (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial support is critical in patients with dementia because it contributes to caregivers\u0026rsquo; psychological wellbeing by moderating their sorrow related to managing their behavioral and psychological dementia symptoms and helping them physically limit their health (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA previous study (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e) revealed a link between the PRQ2000 and factors such as health promotion behavior, improved health, spiritual development, health responsibility, diet, physical activity, stress management, and self-care behaviors among those who had adequate social support. Furthermore, an inverse association was discovered between the PRQ2000 scores and stress, sadness, pain, and disability scores (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e). These findings demonstrate the significance of utilizing the PRQ2000 to assess social support for people with dementia.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe present study also demonstrated that the level of social support in patients with dementia was quite high, particularly in men and those with vascular dementia. These findings complement those of prior studies reporting that men exchange more support with coresiding family members than women and receive more appraisal support from all sources than women do (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e). This finding indicates that the link between social support and dementia appears to vary according to sex. Moreover, there is scarce evidence regarding social support in people with vascular dementia. A prior study in Indonesia revealed the potential role of caregiving among poststroke patients, which can help maintain patients\u0026rsquo; health conditions (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e). Given that stroke may lead to vascular dementia and debilitating conditions, it is unsurprising that patients with vascular dementia could have high social support from family members.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOur study is not without limitations. First, this study included people with dementia with varying educational backgrounds, which may lead to different levels of comprehension related to social support. Second, our sample was relatively small and came from one region in Indonesia. Therefore, the results may not be appropriate if applied to a wider population. However, further research with a more extensive sample population of patients with dementia and a more varied background is needed.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn conclusion, the PRQ2000-INA has good validity and reliability and is an acceptable tool for measuring social support in people with dementia in Indonesia. Further studies with larger sample sizes are warranted to examine the concurrent validity of the PRQ2000-INA score as a predictor of social support, particularly in people with dementia.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cp\u003ePRQ2000 \u0026nbsp;Personal Resource Questionnaire-2000\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePRQ2000-INA \u0026nbsp;Personal Resource Questionnaire-2000 Indonesia version\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCFA \u0026nbsp;Confirmatory Factor Analysis\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMoCA \u0026nbsp;Montreal Cognitive Assessment\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCDR \u0026nbsp;Clinical Dementia Rating\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSOP \u0026nbsp;space-occupying process\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTBI \u0026nbsp;traumatic brain injury\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHIV \u0026nbsp;human immunodeficiency virus\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKMO \u0026nbsp;the Kaiser\u0026ndash;Meyer\u0026ndash;Olkin\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMSA \u0026nbsp;measurement system analysis\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by The Medical and Health Research Ethics Committee of\u0026nbsp;the\u0026nbsp;Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada Yogyakarta, Indonesia,\u0026nbsp;with\u0026nbsp;the\u0026nbsp;approval number KE/FK/0105/EC/2020. Informed consent was obtained from all participants and/or their caregivers.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe dataset presented in this study are available at https://zenodo.org/records/10473443.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was partly supported by the 2022 Community Grant from\u0026nbsp;the\u0026nbsp;Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada Indonesia. The funding body\u0026nbsp;was\u0026nbsp;not involved in\u0026nbsp;the\u0026nbsp;study design or data analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026rsquo; Contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConceptualization, A.N.V., G.F.S.P. and R.N.; methodology, A.N.V., G.F.S.P., R.N., C.E.; software, G.F.S.P., R.N.; validation, A.N.V., C.E. and A.P.; formal analysis, A.N.V., G.F.S.P. and R.N.; investigation, A.N.V., G.F.S.P. and R.N.; resources, A.N.V. and A.P.; data curation, G.F.S.P. and R.N.; visualization, A.N.V.; supervision, A.N.V. and A.P.; project administration, G.F.S.P. and R.N.; writing\u0026mdash;original draft preparation, A.N.V.; writing\u0026mdash;review and editing, A.N.V., G.F.S.P., R.N., and C.E. All the authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis research is part of the \u0026quot;Social Health and Its Relationship with Cognitive Function among People with Dementia in Dr. Sardjito Hospital Yogyakarta, Indonesia\u0026quot;. The authors would like to thank the patients and their families who agreed to participate in this study. \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGuerchet M, Prince M, Prina M. Numbers of people with dementia worldwide: An update to the estimates in the World Alzheimer Report 2015. 2020.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ede Vugt M, Dr\u0026ouml;es R-M. Social health in dementia. Towards a positive dementia discourse. Taylor \u0026amp; Francis; 2017. p. 1-3.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eVernooij-Dassen M, Jeon Y-H. Social health and dementia: the power of human capabilities. 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Measurement of nursing outcomes. 2003;3:161-72.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePark J, Tolea MI, Arcay V, Lopes Y, Galvin JE. Self-efficacy and social support for psychological well-being of family caregivers of care recipients with dementia with Lewy bodies, Parkinson\u0026rsquo;s disease dementia, or Alzheimer\u0026rsquo;s disease. Soc Work Ment Health. 2019;17(3):253-78.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTawalbeh LI, Ahmad MM. Personal resource questionnaire: a systematic review. J Nurs Res. 2013;21(3):170-7.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMurata C, Saito T, Saito M, Kondo K. The Association between Social Support and Incident Dementia: A 10-Year Follow-Up Study in Japan. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(2).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMuhrodji P, Wicaksono HDA, Satiti S, Trisnantoro L, Setyopranoto I, Vidyanti AN. Roles and Problems of Stroke Caregivers: A Qualitative Study in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. F1000Res. 2021;10:380.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-geriatrics","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"bgtc","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Geriatrics](http://bmcgeriatr.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/bgtc/default.aspx","title":"BMC Geriatrics","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Dementia, social support, Personal Resource Questionnaire, validity test, reliability test, PRQ-2000 Indonesia version","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3853620/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3853620/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial support may affect the clinical outcomes of people with dementia. However, studies investigating the relationship between social support and cognitive functioning in patients with dementia are still lacking due to the limited instruments available for measuring social support. The Personal Resource Questionnaire (PRQ2000) is an instrument used to assess perceived social support in a wide range of populations. We aimed to assess the validity and reliability of the PRQ2000 Indonesia version (PRQ2000-INA) in people with mild to moderate dementia.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis was a cross-sectional study. We conducted forward-backwards translation of the questionnaire. A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used for the validity test. The reliability test was determined by using Cronbach's alpha value. The PRQ2000-INA has 15 questions that are divided into 3 factor dimensions of social support.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results of the CFA test of 75 respondents showed that all questions in each factor of the PRQ2000-INA were valid and had acceptable construct validity for measuring social support. The Cronbach's alpha values for factor 1, factor 2, and factor 3 were 0.903, 0.918, and 0.940, respectively, indicating that these were reliable instruments.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusion\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe PRQ2000-INA has good validity and reliability for measuring social support in people with mild to moderate dementia. Future studies are needed to investigate the role of social support in cognitive functioning in people with dementia.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Measurement of Social Support among People with Dementia in Indonesia: A Validation of the Personal Resource Questionnaire-2000 Indonesia version (PRQ2000-INA)","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-01-23 11:24:13","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3853620/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2024-09-09T13:58:12+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-06-10T02:10:33+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-06-07T01:47:01+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"251787463910234503444167904098358950842","date":"2024-06-06T02:22:24+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"2870897159186168035890077615041791541","date":"2024-06-05T19:14:36+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2024-06-05T17:25:39+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-02-06T06:53:56+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2024-02-06T06:29:57+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2024-02-06T05:37:33+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Geriatrics","date":"2024-01-11T13:30:03+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-geriatrics","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"bgtc","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Geriatrics](http://bmcgeriatr.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/bgtc/default.aspx","title":"BMC Geriatrics","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"76d639bd-12c4-47c1-8af8-93ed3278ad5d","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 23rd, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-11-17T16:03:42+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-3853620","link":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-025-06473-9","journal":{"identity":"bmc-geriatrics","isVorOnly":false,"title":"BMC Geriatrics"},"publishedOn":"2025-11-11 15:58:32","publishedOnDateReadable":"November 11th, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2024-01-23 11:24:13","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1186/s12877-025-06473-9","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-025-06473-9","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-3853620","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-3853620","identity":"rs-3853620","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}