Roof Dust Accumulation Characteristics and the Influencing Factors in Typical Urban Areas of Beijing

Roof Dust Accumulation Characteristics and the Influencing Factors in Typical Urban Areas of Beijing | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Roof Dust Accumulation Characteristics and the Influencing Factors in Typical Urban Areas of Beijing Chen Su, Wenji Zhao, Jie Dong, Xing Yan, Yixue Zhong, Zhiqiang Yang This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7231294/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 11 Dec, 2025 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted 10 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Understanding the characteristics of roof dust and its environmental drivers is crucial for assessing urban particulate matter dynamics. In this study, 159 roof and ground dust samples were collected from multiple locations within a university campus in central Beijing between December 2020 and November 2021, serving as a representative urban environment to investigate the vertical and temporal dynamics of dust accumulation. Dust mass, PM₁₀, and PM₂.₅ concentrations were analyzed and correlated with meteorological parameters. The results revealed clear seasonal patterns, with dust mass peaking in February and March, and lowest in summer and autumn. PM₁₀ concentrations showed a strong linear correlation with total dust mass (r = 0.773), indicating that coarse particles may be closely associated with rooftop dust accumulation. Dust accumulation was significantly enhanced by winds from the southeast (SE) and south-southwest (SSW) sectors, while winds from the north-northwest (NNW) had a suppressive effect. A wind-speed threshold effect was observed: rooftop dust loads began to increase above 2.5 m/s, with the strongest accumulation associated with wind speeds exceeding 5 m/s. Additionally, precipitation frequency and relative humidity were inversely related to dust accumulation (r = -0.755 and -0.773), indicating effective natural removal processes. Roof dust accumulation generally decreased with increasing building height, although unexpectedly high dust loads were observed on mid-rise buildings, likely due to higher building density and restricted local air circulation. These findings demonstrate that roof dust accumulation is strongly modulated by seasonal meteorology, wind regimes, and urban morphology. The vertical distribution patterns identified here provide a basis for integrating roof sampling into urban air quality monitoring and for refining models of particulate dispersion in dense cityscapes. Earth and environmental sciences/Climate sciences Earth and environmental sciences/Environmental sciences roof dust PM10 PM2.5 meteorology Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files file.xlsx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 11 Dec, 2025 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 14 Oct, 2025 Reviews received at journal 09 Oct, 2025 Reviews received at journal 20 Sep, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 20 Sep, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 19 Sep, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 19 Sep, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 16 Sep, 2025 Editor invited by journal 11 Sep, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 04 Sep, 2025 First submitted to journal 04 Sep, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7231294","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":522148678,"identity":"496b644d-f1af-43ad-ac26-4ce474941366","order_by":0,"name":"Chen Su","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Capital Normal University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Chen","middleName":"","lastName":"Su","suffix":""},{"id":522148679,"identity":"1b59f5a7-24bd-4670-afde-015a8699ffa4","order_by":1,"name":"Wenji Zhao","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA30lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACCRDBI8HDz8z/8EFCRQ3xWmQk23mYDR6cOUasFgYGG4PzPGySD1uYCeuQn91j+LhAxoKH4TDvsYrEBjYG/vbuBLxaGOecMTaeAfQLYzNf2o3EHTIMEmfObsCrhVkid5s0D1ALMzOD2Y3EM2wMBhK5+LWwSeRu/w3SwgbUUpDYxkxYCw/QFmaQFh5mHjMGorRISOR/BjtMgpktWSLhzDEegn6Rn5GW+Jm3p87e/vzhgx9/VNTI8bf34tcCBow9SC4lrBwMfhCpbhSMglEwCkYmAACZljwlJMmv2QAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Capital Normal University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Wenji","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhao","suffix":""},{"id":522148680,"identity":"62655e84-ee2a-4043-9b67-1c05dc3d1a93","order_by":2,"name":"Jie Dong","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Capital Normal University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jie","middleName":"","lastName":"Dong","suffix":""},{"id":522148683,"identity":"c155465e-58d7-490d-917d-d139ac7588c1","order_by":3,"name":"Xing Yan","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Beijing Normal University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Xing","middleName":"","lastName":"Yan","suffix":""},{"id":522148684,"identity":"42c633a6-291b-4a74-9b7b-40ab597c7659","order_by":4,"name":"Yixue Zhong","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Capital Normal University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yixue","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhong","suffix":""},{"id":522148685,"identity":"abace487-0b9e-44cf-9ea1-60c1a29994e5","order_by":5,"name":"Zhiqiang Yang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Capital Normal University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Zhiqiang","middleName":"","lastName":"Yang","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-07-28 08:08:23","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7231294/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7231294/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-27439-2","type":"published","date":"2025-12-11T15:59:12+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":92617042,"identity":"916e20f6-1c65-4590-bddf-a387a1b03ea7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-01 17:42:17","extension":"docx","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1118283,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"RoofDustAccumulationCharacteristicsandtheInfluencing2.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7231294/v1/75f3907bdcd21351d9af5382.docx"},{"id":92617034,"identity":"a72addef-b403-44c5-a119-2690f1e2cdc9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-01 17:42:17","extension":"json","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":7661,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"d32c3e21b3ce41e8bb9503b369de25ee.json","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7231294/v1/82b5baf8a9051ed88fab095c.json"},{"id":92618559,"identity":"a6026521-bccb-4f79-bbee-28402df134ce","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-01 18:14:17","extension":"xlsx","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":99553,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"file.xlsx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7231294/v1/14db0ef518cfc2ddbbf746c2.xlsx"},{"id":92617031,"identity":"1bac0466-5241-4964-9857-4b036dcd37cf","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-01 17:42:17","extension":"xlsx","order_by":3,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":68947,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"file.xlsx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7231294/v1/4bd9b99160e2ab02d0c5a623.xlsx"},{"id":92617037,"identity":"4f2c7867-5ad1-42e0-8e31-81cb87204ec0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-01 17:42:17","extension":"xml","order_by":4,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":95606,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"d32c3e21b3ce41e8bb9503b369de25ee1enriched.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7231294/v1/77cb77f0354e7973f1e77dc5.xml"},{"id":92617426,"identity":"240a605c-404c-42a2-9838-e142b6eacc44","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-01 17:50:17","extension":"jpeg","order_by":5,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":130089,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7231294/v1/cbc872d3584f3398081386a6.jpeg"},{"id":92618002,"identity":"7c9f0a25-c2c8-4949-a594-b50417e4c6f9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-01 17:58:17","extension":"jpeg","order_by":6,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":88414,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7231294/v1/277ee5d461d6ee81e2252204.jpeg"},{"id":92618001,"identity":"d39e883e-e480-425e-857e-42e201d19309","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-01 17:58:17","extension":"jpeg","order_by":7,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":73780,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7231294/v1/971bc8f00410f3793bd39ae6.jpeg"},{"id":92617036,"identity":"93ccce0a-9f38-4bcd-b3a9-205a76d13a92","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-01 17:42:17","extension":"jpeg","order_by":8,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":118721,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage4.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7231294/v1/83377ea6c99c70181eecf971.jpeg"},{"id":92618149,"identity":"a492fe84-9fe5-49b7-8380-57fe91c7113d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-01 18:06:17","extension":"jpeg","order_by":9,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":369665,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage5.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7231294/v1/956bbfec3adf7aefed37effe.jpeg"},{"id":92617427,"identity":"790bfb7d-84f0-4633-8c9d-a6ef46d5b74b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-01 17:50:17","extension":"jpeg","order_by":10,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":44025,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage6.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7231294/v1/0f55fec987bfbbdf2b777f23.jpeg"},{"id":92617051,"identity":"01ae560e-81ee-4e18-9525-f524b84e7de4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-01 17:42:17","extension":"jpeg","order_by":11,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":142565,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage7.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7231294/v1/889f5588e37dce0985da8726.jpeg"},{"id":92618560,"identity":"5a73fd27-0a7f-4983-ba97-4792d16e6cf0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-01 18:14:17","extension":"jpeg","order_by":12,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":97009,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage8.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7231294/v1/781a43e34583ec8286fa814c.jpeg"},{"id":92618005,"identity":"5646e3bb-de13-4681-8360-6215a656e196","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-01 17:58:17","extension":"png","order_by":13,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":149057,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7231294/v1/6de359ce89b3d66de8c405a7.png"},{"id":92617047,"identity":"e1111ab1-ecbf-43ba-8398-5f5cf0148529","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-01 17:42:17","extension":"png","order_by":14,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":38040,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7231294/v1/46a0364ec64d3b7ff85c353f.png"},{"id":92617431,"identity":"d70119be-a67b-4462-8907-f5c31b1f16b5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-01 17:50:17","extension":"png","order_by":15,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":37789,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7231294/v1/6a675785ea2107d522c52226.png"},{"id":92618150,"identity":"d91a5829-f0c5-4fc8-87bf-14990206003d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-01 18:06:17","extension":"png","order_by":16,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":23082,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7231294/v1/62734ee766c5ccb647e2592e.png"},{"id":92617043,"identity":"3d195846-903d-4570-985a-cd9b2046819a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-01 17:42:17","extension":"png","order_by":17,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":91345,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7231294/v1/3e1d717cd12dd43ccc6e6648.png"},{"id":92617052,"identity":"6b59366b-e962-488c-a2eb-62fad3f0d1a5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-01 17:42:17","extension":"png","order_by":18,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":10511,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7231294/v1/e4810819c333d085ced50da6.png"},{"id":92617434,"identity":"c13c6440-0332-4147-8994-732725ae4ddb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-01 17:50:17","extension":"png","order_by":19,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":37161,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7231294/v1/3a7c6eb77e927f3cd18f9a54.png"},{"id":92617053,"identity":"f5a05ef7-9a22-4f5c-9db9-99192ac0f985","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-01 17:42:17","extension":"png","order_by":20,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":55372,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7231294/v1/ff353ede25864edb042fb8ec.png"},{"id":92617437,"identity":"8f33195e-0a27-469d-8f9e-4ce584544659","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-01 17:50:17","extension":"xml","order_by":21,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":95248,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"d32c3e21b3ce41e8bb9503b369de25ee1structuring.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7231294/v1/81fb2374acfb348c41cee03e.xml"},{"id":92617055,"identity":"3ab2530e-58bc-4815-8ffb-a454ef6457ef","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-01 17:42:17","extension":"html","order_by":22,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":102345,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7231294/v1/b0ee7518c19fc17c1db8bcf3.html"},{"id":98245169,"identity":"21f0be8b-7cb0-44df-8cdb-2ff26c952fa9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-15 16:17:01","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1096934,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"RoofDustAccumulationCharacteristicsandtheInfluencing2.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7231294/v1_covered_294f9466-6493-4721-9447-75492a4b059e.pdf"},{"id":92617424,"identity":"dac82048-d055-42ca-9e65-c0b0d3823fed","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-01 17:50:17","extension":"xlsx","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":68947,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"file.xlsx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7231294/v1/12e34d07fbbf7fe2edfd8c77.xlsx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Roof Dust Accumulation Characteristics and the Influencing Factors in Typical Urban Areas of Beijing","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"roof dust, PM10, PM2.5, meteorology","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7231294/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7231294/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eUnderstanding the characteristics of roof dust and its environmental drivers is crucial for assessing urban particulate matter dynamics. In this study, 159 roof and ground dust samples were collected from multiple locations within a university campus in central Beijing between December 2020 and November 2021, serving as a representative urban environment to investigate the vertical and temporal dynamics of dust accumulation. Dust mass, PM₁₀, and PM₂.₅ concentrations were analyzed and correlated with meteorological parameters. The results revealed clear seasonal patterns, with dust mass peaking in February and March, and lowest in summer and autumn. PM₁₀ concentrations showed a strong linear correlation with total dust mass (r = 0.773), indicating that coarse particles may be closely associated with rooftop dust accumulation. Dust accumulation was significantly enhanced by winds from the southeast (SE) and south-southwest (SSW) sectors, while winds from the north-northwest (NNW) had a suppressive effect. A wind-speed threshold effect was observed: rooftop dust loads began to increase above 2.5 m/s, with the strongest accumulation associated with wind speeds exceeding 5 m/s. Additionally, precipitation frequency and relative humidity were inversely related to dust accumulation (r = -0.755 and -0.773), indicating effective natural removal processes.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRoof dust accumulation generally decreased with increasing building height, although unexpectedly high dust loads were observed on mid-rise buildings, likely due to higher building density and restricted local air circulation. These findings demonstrate that roof dust accumulation is strongly modulated by seasonal meteorology, wind regimes, and urban morphology. The vertical distribution patterns identified here provide a basis for integrating roof sampling into urban air quality monitoring and for refining models of particulate dispersion in dense cityscapes.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Roof Dust Accumulation Characteristics and the Influencing Factors in Typical Urban Areas of Beijing","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-10-01 17:42:12","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7231294/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-10-14T08:07:28+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-10-09T17:04:47+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-09-21T00:53:03+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"286626734247033439966323026174632613517","date":"2025-09-21T00:51:10+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"39509293265610516963774196847970194895","date":"2025-09-19T15:47:44+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-09-19T09:38:45+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-09-16T11:07:54+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-09-12T02:56:02+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-09-04T09:39:37+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Scientific Reports","date":"2025-09-04T09:36:25+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"c360adeb-5a1d-49ce-8177-5bc02d990bbc","owner":[],"postedDate":"October 1st, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[{"id":55495143,"name":"Earth and environmental sciences/Climate sciences"},{"id":55495144,"name":"Earth and environmental sciences/Environmental sciences"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-12-15T16:12:42+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-7231294","link":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-27439-2","journal":{"identity":"scientific-reports","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Scientific Reports"},"publishedOn":"2025-12-11 15:59:12","publishedOnDateReadable":"December 11th, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-10-01 17:42:12","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1038/s41598-025-27439-2","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-27439-2","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7231294","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7231294","identity":"rs-7231294","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}