The Role of Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Evaluation of Congenital Brain Malformations: An Observational Study from a Tertiary Care Hospital

The Role of Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Evaluation of Congenital Brain Malformations: An Observational Study from a Tertiary Care Hospital | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article The Role of Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Evaluation of Congenital Brain Malformations: An Observational Study from a Tertiary Care Hospital Omer Mohammed, Nadeem Ahmed, Vijayakumari Mudunuri, Aashi Tanvi This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7109120/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Objective: To evaluate the diagnostic utility of CT and MRI in detecting and characterizing congenital brain malformations (CBMs), to facilitate classification and parental counselling. Materials and Methods: In this prospective observational study, 82 pediatric patients (<18 years) with suspected congenital brain anomalies underwent CT, MRI, or both. Imaging findings were categorized by etiology and compared across modalities. Results: CBMs were identified in 61 patients. MRI alone detected anomalies in 37 of 50 cases (74%), while CT alone revealed anomalies in 8 of 12 (66%). Combined imaging identified abnormalities in 16 of 20 cases (80%). Cortical malformations (45.9%) were the most common, followed by phakomatoses and posterior fossa anomalies. A strong association with consanguinity (40.9%) and familial history (16.2%) was observed. Conclusion: MRI remains the imaging modality of choice for CBMs due to its superior soft tissue contrast and multiplanar capabilities, while CT provides complementary value in skeletal and cranial vault assessment. Accurate imaging is critical for prognosis, therapy, and genetic counselling. Congenital brain malformations Pediatric neuroimaging Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Computed tomography (CT) Cortical malformations Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Introduction Congenital central nervous system (CNS) anomalies represent a significant proportion of pediatric neurological disorders, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. The prevalence of congenital CNS anomalies in India is 7.58 per 1000 births and 2.89 per 1000 live births ( 1 ).These conditions arise from a complex interplay of genetic, environmental, and nutritional factors, including folate and iodine deficiencies. Most of the congenital brain anomalies can be reliably diagnosed by neuroimaging (computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging) of brain. Radiologist and the treating physician should be aware of various specific imaging appearances and unique signs of these anomalies to avoid delay in diagnosis and thereby further treatment ( 2 ). Neuroimaging plays a pivotal role in the diagnosis of CBMs. Computed tomography (CT) is beneficial for assessing bony abnormalities, while magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) offers unparalleled soft tissue resolution and multiplanar capability. This study evaluates the complementary roles of these modalities in a tertiary care setting. Materials and Methods Study Design and Duration: Prospective observational study conducted over 24 months. Inclusion Criteria: - Pediatric patients (18 years - History of trauma or infection - MRI contraindications Imaging Protocols: - CT: Performed using HITACHI SCENARIA, SIEMENS SOMATOM, CANON AQUILION machines. - MRI: Conducted on 1.5T GE and Philips Achieva systems with standard pediatric sequences. - Sedation protocols followed AAP guidelines, primarily using propofol or dexmedetomidine. Patient Evaluation: Informed consent was obtained. A standardized proforma recorded clinical presentation, imaging findings, and family history. Results Demographics : Among 82 patients, 45 were male (54.8%) and 37 female (45.2%). The majority of cases with positive findings were observed in the 0–12 months age group, comprising 25 patients (41.0%). This was followed by the 1–5 years group with 15 cases (24.6%), the 5–10 years group with 11 cases (18.0%) and the 10–18 years age group accounted for 10 case(16.4%). Imaging Yield: - MRI alone: 37/50 abnormal (74%) - CT alone: 8/12 abnormal (66%) - CT + MRI: 16/20 abnormal (80%) Etiological Breakdown of 61 Positive Cases: - Cortical Malformations (n=28): Includes heterotopia, schizencephaly, lissencephaly, hemimegalencephaly, FCD, microcephaly with simplified gyral pattern, and agenesis of corpus callosum. - Phakomatoses (n=6): All cases were tuberous sclerosis. - White Matter Disorders (n=5): Metachromatic leukodystrophy (n=3), Van der Knaap disease (n=1), adrenoleukodystrophy (n=1). - Posterior Fossa Malformations: Arnold Chiari types 1 and 2 (n=7), dorsal dermal sinus, lumbar myelomeningocele. - Others: Dyke-Davidoff-Masson syndrome (n=3), caudal regression syndrome (n=2), vascular AVM (n=1), frontonasal encephalocele (n=1). Genetic Background: - Parental consanguinity: 40.9% - Positive family history: 16.2% CLINICAL FEATURES: The most common presentation was new onset seizures observed in 19 patients (23.2%). This was followed by drug-resistant seizures in 12 patients (14.6%) and developmental delays in 10 patients (12.2%). Developmental delay with new onset seizures was seen in 6 patients (7.3%), while developmental delay with drug-resistant seizures was noted in 5 patients (6.1%). Febrile seizures were reported in 4 cases (4.9%). Lumbosacral swelling occurred in 8 patients (9.8%), syndromic features and sacral dimple in 3 patients each (3.7%). Drug-resistant seizures with regression of motor milestones were present in 3 cases (3.7%). Asymptomatic presentation was noted in 2 patients (2.4%). The following features were observed in 1 patient each (1.2%): regression of motor milestones , suboccipital headache with neck pain , severe headache with focal neurological deficit , swelling over the root of the nose , increasing head size , urinary and fecal incontinence , and swelling in the parietal region of the scalp . This distribution highlights that seizures (new onset or drug-resistant) and developmental delays were the predominant clinical features at presentation. Discussion Advances in genetics and molecular biology have led to a better understanding of central nervous system (CNS) development . It is estimated that in children with cerebral palsy, the incidence of congenital brain abnormalities as an etiological factor is approximately 88/1,000 in the Western world (3). On the other hand, the epidemiology of congenital brain abnormalities in non-Western nations is little understood. Congenital CNS anomalies are the most common congenital anomalies reported in India (1).The prevalence of congenital CNS anomalies in India is 7.58 per 1000 births and 2.89 per 1000 live births (1). Congenital brain malformations (CBMs) are a major cause of developmental delay, seizures, and neurological morbidity in children. Understanding their clinical presentation and underlying etiological patterns is crucial for early diagnosis and intervention. This review compares findings from our study with following key studies: Al-Gazali et al. (1999, UAE) , Mohammed IN et al. (2018, Sudan) , and Omidiji et al. (2017, Nigeria) , focusing on clinical features at presentation, consanguinity rates, and family history of similar conditions. In our cohort of 82 patients, the most common clinical presentation was new-onset seizures (23.2%) , followed by drug-resistant seizures (14.6%) , developmental delays (12.2%) , and developmental delay with seizures (13.4%) . Other notable findings included lumbosacral swelling (9.8%) , febrile seizures (4.9%) , and syndromic features (3.7%) . Mohammed IN et al. (Sudan) (4) found that 70.5% of children presented with global developmental delay and 64.8% had seizures , with additional features like gross motor impairment (61%) , visual impairment (30.5%) , and speech delay (28.6%) . These findings show a higher prevalence of multisystem involvement compared to this cohort, potentially reflecting their greater sample size compared to our study. Omidiji et al. (Nigeria) (5) found that 36.8% of children presented with delayed developmental milestones, 31.6% with macrocephaly, 31.6% with seizures, and additional features like headaches (21%) and vomiting (21%) . These clinical features align with our findings of seizures and developmental issues being predominant. Across studies, seizures and developmental delays consistently emerge as dominant features of CBMs, though the Sudanese study reported a higher percentage of these symptoms than your cohort, possibly due to their greater sample size. In our study, consanguinity was reported in 40.9% of cases. Mohammed IN et al. (4) found a higher consanguinity rate of 67.2% , aligning with cultural norms in Sudan. Al-Ghazali et al. CITATION AlG99 \l 1033 (6) conducted their study in the UAE, a region known for a high rate of consanguineous marriages , and identified a strong link between consanguinity and CNS anomalies , particularly autosomal recessive conditions. The consanguinity level in babies with CNS abnormalities was 62% compared to a consanguinity level of 54% in their general population. Our study’s consanguinity rate (40.9%) falls below the Sudanese (67.2%) and UAE (62%) figures. It reflects regional variation in marriage practices and genetic predisposition. Nonetheless, it is comparable to those studies and helps in supporting the well-established link between consanguineous marriage and congenital neurological anomalies. Our study reported a positive family history in 16.3% of cases. Mohammed IN et al. CITATION Moh18 \l 1033 (4) reported a nearly identical 15.2% with a sibling affected by CBMs , reinforcing familial clustering. Both our study and the Sudanese cohort show comparable rates of positive family history , emphasising the genetic burden and hereditary pattern in CBMs in consanguineous populations. The majority of cases with positive findings were observed in the 0–12 months age group, comprising 25 patients (41.0%). This was followed by the 1–5 years group with 15 cases (24.6%), the 5–10 years group with 11 cases (18.0%) and the 10–18 years age group accounted for 10 case(16.4%).This study showed that the first few months of life were a common time for symptoms to appear. Given the nature of these disorders and the fact that they first manifest in embryonic life, this is not surprising. According to current medical guidelines, children who present with epilepsy during their first two years of life, for instance, should have neuroimaging done as part of their evaluation. Genetic testing and 4-D prenatal imaging can be used to monitor for such defects early in future pregnancies. If a significant anomaly is found during pregnancy, mothers may be offered very early termination. Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (when feasible) has revolutionised the management of these families, provided a genetic cause has been established. Congenital brain abnormalities typically have serious, sometimes catastrophic, effects that result in either early mortality or long-term morbidities. In order to provide an accurate prognosis, genetic counselling, and relevant treatments, meticulous patient assessment and appropriate family counselling are critical. Limitations - Absence of confirmatory MRI in CT-negative cases - Limited metabolic/genetic work-up - Use of 1.5T MRI, which may reduce sensitivity for subtle anomalies Conclusion This study reinforces the significant clinical burden of congenital brain malformations (CBMs), highlighting seizures and developmental delays as the most common presenting features. The predominance of symptoms in the first year of life emphasizes the importance of early neurodevelopmental screening and timely neuroimaging, especially in children presenting with epilepsy or global developmental delays. The notable association with consanguinity and positive family history further emphasizes the genetic basis of many CBMs, aligning with global data from regions with high rates of intra-familial marriages. MRI remains the gold standard for diagnosing congenital brain anomalies due to its safety and superior tissue contrast. CT retains a vital role in evaluating associated skeletal defects and can serve as an initial screening tool. A combined imaging approach enhances diagnostic accuracy, aiding in prognosis and informed family counselling. A combination of clinical vigilance, radiological accuracy, and genetic insight is essential to improve outcomes, guide therapy, and offer meaningful support to families navigating the complex challenges of congenital brain malformations. Declarations Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the Institutional Ethics Committee of OSMANIA MEDICAL COLLEGE , Hyderabad, Telangana, India. Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. Author Contribution All authors have contributed significantly to the conception, methodology, data acquisition, analysis, and interpretation of the study. Dr. Omer Mohammed prepared the original draft, and all authors participated in the review and final editing of the manuscript. All authors have read and approved the final version and agree with its submission to your esteemed journal. References Bhide P, Kar A. A national estimate of the birth prevalence of congenital anomalies in India: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Pediatr 2018;18:175. Singh TG, Sharma SPS, Devi MD. Congenital brain anomalies: neuroimaging findings. J Dr NTR Univ Health Sci 2014;3:77-85. Retterer K, Juusola J, Cho MT, Vitazka P, Millan F, Gibellini F, et al. Clinical application of whole-exome sequencing across clinical indications. Genet Med 2016;18:696-704 Mohammed IN, Suliman SA, Elseed MA, Hamed AA, Babiker MO, Taha SO. Congenital brain malformations in Sudanese children: an outpatient-based study. Sudan J Paediatr 2018;. Omidiji T, Afolabi OA, Ogunseyinde AO, Obajimi MO, Oyinloye AO, Fadare OO. Magnetic resonance imaging pattern of congenital brain anomalies in the neurosurgery department of a teaching hospital in Nigeria: an initial experience.WestAfr J Radiol 2017;25:45-51. Al-Gazali L, Sztriha L, Dawodu A, Bakir M, Varady E, Majeed V, et al. Pattern of central nervous system anomalies in a population with a high rate of consanguineous marriages. Clin Genet 1999;55:95-102.18:48-56. Osborn AG. Osborn’s Brain: Imaging, Pathology, and Anatomy. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2018. van der Knaap MS, Valk J. Classification of congenital abnormalities of the CNS. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1988;9:315-367. Barkovich AJ. Pediatric Neuroimaging. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2005. Leventer RJ, Phelan EM, Coleman LT, Kean MJ, Jackson GD, Harvey AS. Clinical and imaging features of cortical malformations in childhood. Neurology 1999;53:715-722. Nunes VD, Sawyer L, Neilson J, Sarri G, Cross J. Diagnosis and management of the epilepsies in adults and children: summary of updated NICE guidance. BMJ 2012;344:e281. Crino PB. The enlarging spectrumof focal cortical dysplasias. Brain 2015;138:1446-1448. Tables TABLE 1: AGE WISE DISTRIBUTION OF CASES AGE AT PRESENTATION NUMBER (%) 0-6 MONTHS 22 6 MONTHS- 1 YEAR 12 1-5 YEARS 20 5-10 YEARS 16 10-18 YEARS 12 TABLE 2 :GENDER DISTRIBUTION OF STUDY POPULATION GENDER NO. OF PATIENTS PERCENTAGE MALE 45 54.8 FEMALE 37 45.2 TABLE 3: GENDER DISTRIBUTION OF STUDY POPULATION WITH POSITIVE FINDINGS GENDER NO. OF PATIENTS PERCENTAGE MALE 32 52.4 FEMALE 29 47.5 TABLE 4: CLINICAL FEATURES AT PRESENTATION SYMPTOMS NUMBER (%) NEW ONSET SEIZURES 19 DEVELPMENTAL DELAY WITH NEW ONSET SEIZURES 6 DRUG RESISTANT SEIZURES 12 DEVELOPMENTAL DELAY WITH DRUG RESISTANT SEIZURES 5 FEBRILE SEIZURES 4 DRUG RESISTANT SEIZURES WITH REGRESSION OF MOTOR MILESTONES 3 REGRESSION OF MOTOR MILESTONES 1 DEVELPOMENTAL DELAYS 10 SUBOCCIPITAL HEADACHE WITH NECK PAIN 1 SEVERE HEADACHE WITH FOCAL NEUROLOGICAL DEFICIT 1 SYNDROMIC FEATURES 3 LUMBOSACRAL SWELLING 8 SACRAL DIMPLE 3 SWELLING OVER ROOT OF NOSE 1 INCRERASING HEAD SIZE UNDER EVALUATION 1 URINARY AND FECAL INCONTINENCE 1 SWELLING IN PARIETAL REGION OF THE SCALP 1 ASYMPTOMATIC 2 TABLE 5: COMPARISON OF DIAGNOSTIC EFFECTIVENESS BETWEEN CT AND MRI IN THE 16 PATIENTS WHO UNDERWENT CT AND MRI AND HAD SHOWN ETIOLOGY NUMBER POSITIVE ON CT POSITIVE ON MRI CORPUS CALLOSAL AGENESIS 3 2 3 TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS 2 1 2 SCHIZENCEPHALY 2 2 2 HETEROTOPIA 4 1 3 LISSENCEPHALY 2 2 2 MICROCEPHALY WITH SIMPLIFIED GYRAL PATTERN 1 1 1 PARIETAL ATRETIC CEPHALOCELE 1 1 1 TABLE 6 : SHOWING POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE FINDINGS IN THE DIFFERENT IMAGING MODALITIES USED. IMAGING MODALITY NO.OF PATIENTS POSITIVE FINDINGS NEGATIVE FINDINGS CT 12 8 4 MRI 50 37 13 CT AND MRI 20 16 4 TOTAL 82 61 21 TABLE 7 : ETIOLOGICAL ENTITIES DIAGNOSED WITH CT AND MRI ETIOLOGY NUMBER ON CT ON MRI ON CT AND MRI 1.CORTICAL MALFORMATION DISORDERS. A.HETEROTOPIA B.SCHIZENCEPHALY C.LISSENCEPHALY -PACHYGYRIA SPECTRUM D.HEMIMEGALENCEPHALY WITH HETEROTOPIA F.FOCAL CORTICAL DYSPLASIA G.MICROCEPHALY WITH SIMPLIFIED GYRAL PATTERN. H. CORPUS CALLOSAL AGENESIS 28 5 4 5 4 4 3 3 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 1 4 2 2 1 3 2.VASCULAR A.AVM 1 1 3.PHAKOMATOSES A. TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS 6 1 3 2 4 WHITE MATTER DISORDERS. A. METACHROMATIC LEUKODYSTROPHY B. VAN DER KNAAP DISEASE C. ADRENOLEUKODYSTROPHY 3 1 1 3 1 1 5.ATRETIC PARIETAL ENCEPHALOCELE WITH CORPUS CALLOSAL AGENESIS 1 1 5.ARNOLD CHIARI MALFORMATION- TYPE 1 3 3 6.ARNOLD CHIARI MALFORMATION – TYPE 2 4 1 2 1 7.GROUP 1 CAUDAL REGRESSION SYNDROME. 2 2 8. DYKE DAVIDOFF MASSON SYNDROME 3 3 9.DORSAL DERMAL SINUS WITH TONSILLAR ECTOPIA 3 3 10 LUMBAR MYELOMENINGOCELE WITH TONSILLAR ECTOPIA 4 4 10.FRONTONASAL ENCEPHALOCELE 1 1 TOTAL 61 8 37 16 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7109120","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":484891326,"identity":"d5bc8b6a-6f13-43bd-ad73-dfc33c347e9e","order_by":0,"name":"Omer Mohammed","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA1ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDCCA1Can70ZxJSQIV6LZM+xBJAWHuK1GNzIMQDRhLXwHW9+wPAxxybf4MyZz69u1FjwMLAfProBnxbJM8cMGGduS7Ocebx3m3XOMaDDeNLSbuDTAnQPAzPvtsMGfGfObjPOYQNqkeAxI0bLfwOGGznPjHP+Ea/lgIHAjRzmx7ltRGgB+eXgzG3JBsBANmPO7ZPgYSPkF2CIPXzwcZudATAqH3/O+VYnx89++BheLSBwAEqzSYBJQsqRAfMHUlSPglEwCkbByAEAI69Lby78GewAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Osmania Medical College","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Omer","middleName":"","lastName":"Mohammed","suffix":""},{"id":484891327,"identity":"31079831-d9db-4ae2-913b-4c3b0241106f","order_by":1,"name":"Nadeem Ahmed","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Osmania Medical College","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Nadeem","middleName":"","lastName":"Ahmed","suffix":""},{"id":484891328,"identity":"394746fd-1334-417f-a284-7076bebc6e55","order_by":2,"name":"Vijayakumari Mudunuri","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Osmania Medical College","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Vijayakumari","middleName":"","lastName":"Mudunuri","suffix":""},{"id":484891329,"identity":"b3162098-8a43-4b0e-bdac-0e4e8aa9f4d7","order_by":3,"name":"Aashi Tanvi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Ayan Institute Of Medical Sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Aashi","middleName":"","lastName":"Tanvi","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-07-12 15:53:13","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7109120/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7109120/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":87032559,"identity":"a463f939-3d8d-42d2-9eeb-ed7270fd0d2b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-18 13:00:37","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":248940,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eCorpus Callosal Agenesis\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFig 1A and 1B: Axial CT and T2-weighted images showing parallel lateral ventricles ('racing car' sign). Fig 1C: Coronal CT appearing as Viking helmet or moose head appearance.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7109120/v1/50ca5801daf843c2ae9c9828.png"},{"id":87032551,"identity":"d24ff7bf-c3fe-4032-aa89-05ae57463bbb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-18 13:00:37","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":240030,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFrontonasal Encephalocele:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFig 2A and Fig 2B: Axial and sagittal T2W images revealed a bony defect involving the frontal bone and herniation of bilateral Basi-frontal lobes and CSF through it.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7109120/v1/aeaf204a7e4774271b88d606.png"},{"id":87032564,"identity":"0a04c2f0-c2c7-4748-82fa-5b81d7d46b04","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-18 13:00:38","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":198812,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eOpen Lip Schizencephaly:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAxial T1W ,T2W ,FLAIR and coronal T1W ,T2W images shows unilateral CSF filled cleft extending from subarachnoid space along left parieto-temporal convexity up to atria of left lateral ventricle. The cleft is lined with dysmorphic and thickened Gray matter.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7109120/v1/ae33341dc4928fe9d92b8260.png"},{"id":87032587,"identity":"591614d7-af63-4049-9a3e-5c83cb1d1cf4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-18 13:00:39","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":317591,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTuberous Sclerosis:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFig 4A and 4B:Axial plain CT of brain demonstrates ill-defined hypoattenuating areas noted in bilateral parietal suggestive of cortical tubers.Tiny calcific foci noted in subependymal region of bilateral lateral ventricle likely calcified subependymal nodules.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFig 4C and 4D:Multiple intra-axial T2 hyperintense supratentorial lesions localized in cortico-subcortical junction showing no restriction ADC/ DWI likely cortical tubers.Multiple tiny T2 isointense nodular subependymal lesions distributed in the lateral ventricles likely subependymal nodules.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7109120/v1/30063f1ccde54f6a4221d1b4.png"},{"id":87032552,"identity":"4c61166d-a681-41bd-b655-ad6e66dfc249","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-18 13:00:37","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":239381,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eVander Knaap Disease\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFig 5A and 5B:Axial T2/FLAIR images show diffuse T2/FLAIR hyperintensity in bilateral cerebral parenchymal white matter involving subcortical, deep fibres.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFig 5C and 5D : Multiple relatively well defined T1/FLAIR hypointense, T2 hyperintense cystic areas noted in bilateral high frontal, bilateral anterior temporal lobes .\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7109120/v1/7d9bc36c5981fa906cf62e34.png"},{"id":87032568,"identity":"8ba80719-2db3-4733-85fb-0a282848c09d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-18 13:00:38","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":143421,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eChiari I Malformation:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFig 6A.Sagittal T2W images of the brain showed pointed, peg-like tonsils with oblique folia, which are displaced inferiorly (7 mm foramen magnum), causing crowding of the foramen magnum and effacement of the retro-tonsillar CSF space. Fig 6B. Visualised sections of the cervical spine show dilatation of the central canal of the spinal cord, suggestive of syringomyelia.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7109120/v1/f90c149027e49e6e8fb9f21b.png"},{"id":87032573,"identity":"d1779776-62c7-4772-a41b-428d44ce7383","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-18 13:00:38","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":363017,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eAdrenoleukodystrophy\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFig 7A,7B,7CshowsAxial T1, T2, FLAIR, DWI/ADC images show bilateral symmetrical T2/FLAIR hyperintensities in deep white matter and periventricular region of parieto-occipital lobes and splenium.Fig ,7D,7E shows mild peripheral restriction on DWI /ADC.Fig 7F Post contrast : bilateral symmetrical T2/FLAIR hyperintensities shows \u0026nbsp;peripheral enhancement.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7109120/v1/b65d50ba49de0e4d48e4ce06.png"},{"id":87038687,"identity":"a79fb423-552a-40c8-b0ae-f637e992c4c3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-18 13:32:43","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":4085955,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7109120/v1/0be83419-6de1-43f4-8fd3-1af8303e9478.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"The Role of Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Evaluation of Congenital Brain Malformations: An Observational Study from a Tertiary Care Hospital","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eCongenital central nervous system (CNS) anomalies represent a significant proportion of pediatric neurological disorders, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. The prevalence of congenital CNS anomalies in India is 7.58 per 1000 births and 2.89 per 1000 live births (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).These conditions arise from a complex interplay of genetic, environmental, and nutritional factors, including folate and iodine deficiencies.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMost of the congenital brain anomalies can be reliably diagnosed by neuroimaging (computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging) of brain. Radiologist and the treating physician should be aware of various specific imaging appearances and unique signs of these anomalies to avoid delay in diagnosis and thereby further treatment (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eNeuroimaging plays a pivotal role in the diagnosis of CBMs. Computed tomography (CT) is beneficial for assessing bony abnormalities, while magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) offers unparalleled soft tissue resolution and multiplanar capability. This study evaluates the complementary roles of these modalities in a tertiary care setting.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eStudy Design and Duration:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Prospective observational study conducted over 24 months.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInclusion Criteria:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;- Pediatric patients (\u0026lt;18 years) with clinical or antenatal suspicion of congenital brain anomalies.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExclusion Criteria:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;- Patients \u0026gt;18 years\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;- History of trauma or infection\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;- MRI contraindications\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eImaging Protocols:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;- CT: Performed using HITACHI SCENARIA, SIEMENS SOMATOM, \u0026nbsp;CANON AQUILION machines.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;- MRI: Conducted on 1.5T GE and Philips Achieva systems with standard pediatric sequences.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;- Sedation protocols followed AAP guidelines, primarily using propofol or dexmedetomidine.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePatient Evaluation:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Informed consent was obtained. A standardized proforma recorded clinical presentation, imaging findings, and family history.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDemographics\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;Among 82 patients, 45 were male (54.8%) and 37 female (45.2%). The majority of cases with positive findings \u0026nbsp;were observed in the 0\u0026ndash;12 months age group, comprising 25 patients (41.0%). This was followed by the 1\u0026ndash;5 years group with 15 cases (24.6%), the 5\u0026ndash;10 years group with 11 cases (18.0%) and the 10\u0026ndash;18 years age group accounted for 10 case(16.4%).\u003cbr\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eImaging Yield:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;- MRI alone: 37/50 abnormal (74%)\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;- CT alone: 8/12 abnormal (66%)\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;- CT + MRI: 16/20 abnormal (80%)\u003cbr\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;Etiological Breakdown of 61 Positive Cases:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;- Cortical Malformations (n=28): Includes heterotopia, schizencephaly, lissencephaly, hemimegalencephaly, FCD, microcephaly with simplified gyral pattern, and agenesis of corpus callosum.\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;- Phakomatoses (n=6): All cases were tuberous sclerosis.\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;- White Matter Disorders (n=5): Metachromatic leukodystrophy (n=3), Van der Knaap disease (n=1), adrenoleukodystrophy (n=1).\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;- Posterior Fossa Malformations: Arnold Chiari types 1 and 2 (n=7), dorsal dermal sinus, lumbar myelomeningocele.\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;- Others: Dyke-Davidoff-Masson syndrome (n=3), caudal regression syndrome (n=2), vascular AVM (n=1), frontonasal encephalocele (n=1).\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGenetic Background:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;- Parental consanguinity: 40.9%\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;- Positive family history: 16.2%\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCLINICAL FEATURES:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe most common presentation was \u003cstrong\u003enew onset seizures\u003c/strong\u003e observed in 19 patients (23.2%). This was followed by \u003cstrong\u003edrug-resistant seizures\u003c/strong\u003e in 12 patients (14.6%) and \u003cstrong\u003edevelopmental delays\u003c/strong\u003e in 10 patients (12.2%). \u003cstrong\u003eDevelopmental delay with new onset seizures\u003c/strong\u003e was seen in 6 patients (7.3%), while \u003cstrong\u003edevelopmental delay with drug-resistant seizures\u003c/strong\u003e was noted in 5 patients (6.1%). \u003cstrong\u003eFebrile seizures\u003c/strong\u003e were reported in 4 cases (4.9%).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLumbosacral swelling\u003c/strong\u003e occurred in 8 patients (9.8%), \u003cstrong\u003esyndromic features\u003c/strong\u003e and \u003cstrong\u003esacral dimple\u003c/strong\u003e in 3 patients each (3.7%). \u003cstrong\u003eDrug-resistant seizures with regression of motor milestones\u003c/strong\u003e were present in 3 cases (3.7%). \u003cstrong\u003eAsymptomatic\u003c/strong\u003e presentation was noted in 2 patients (2.4%).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe following features were observed in 1 patient each (1.2%): \u003cstrong\u003eregression of motor milestones\u003c/strong\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003esuboccipital headache with neck pain\u003c/strong\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003esevere headache with focal neurological deficit\u003c/strong\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003eswelling over the root of the nose\u003c/strong\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003eincreasing head size\u003c/strong\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003eurinary and fecal incontinence\u003c/strong\u003e, and \u003cstrong\u003eswelling in the parietal region of the scalp\u003c/strong\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis distribution highlights that \u003cstrong\u003eseizures (new onset or drug-resistant)\u003c/strong\u003e and \u003cstrong\u003edevelopmental delays\u003c/strong\u003e were the predominant clinical features at presentation.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eAdvances in genetics and molecular biology have led to a better understanding \u0026nbsp;of central nervous system (CNS) development .\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt is estimated that in children with cerebral palsy, the incidence of congenital brain abnormalities as an etiological factor is approximately 88/1,000 in the Western world\u0026nbsp;(3). On the other hand, the epidemiology of congenital brain abnormalities in non-Western nations is little understood. Congenital CNS anomalies are the most common congenital anomalies reported in India\u0026nbsp;(1).The prevalence of congenital CNS\u0026nbsp;anomalies in India is 7.58 per 1000 births and 2.89 per 1000 live births\u0026nbsp;(1).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCongenital brain malformations (CBMs) are a major cause of developmental delay, seizures, and neurological morbidity in children. Understanding their clinical presentation and underlying etiological patterns is crucial for early diagnosis and intervention. This review compares findings from our study with following key studies: \u003cstrong\u003eAl-Gazali et al. (1999, UAE)\u003c/strong\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003eMohammed IN et al. (2018, Sudan)\u003c/strong\u003e, and \u003cstrong\u003eOmidiji et al. (2017, Nigeria)\u003c/strong\u003e, focusing on clinical features at presentation, consanguinity rates, and family history of similar conditions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn our cohort of 82 patients, the most common clinical presentation was \u003cstrong\u003enew-onset seizures (23.2%)\u003c/strong\u003e, followed by \u003cstrong\u003edrug-resistant seizures (14.6%)\u003c/strong\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003edevelopmental delays (12.2%)\u003c/strong\u003e, and \u003cstrong\u003edevelopmental delay with seizures (13.4%)\u003c/strong\u003e. Other notable findings included \u003cstrong\u003elumbosacral swelling (9.8%)\u003c/strong\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003efebrile seizures (4.9%)\u003c/strong\u003e, and \u003cstrong\u003esyndromic features (3.7%)\u003c/strong\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMohammed IN et al. (Sudan)\u003c/strong\u003e (4) found that \u003cstrong\u003e70.5%\u003c/strong\u003e of children presented with \u003cstrong\u003eglobal developmental delay\u003c/strong\u003e and \u003cstrong\u003e64.8%\u003c/strong\u003e had \u003cstrong\u003eseizures\u003c/strong\u003e, with additional features like \u003cstrong\u003egross motor impairment (61%)\u003c/strong\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003evisual impairment (30.5%)\u003c/strong\u003e, and \u003cstrong\u003espeech delay (28.6%)\u003c/strong\u003e. These findings show a higher prevalence of multisystem involvement compared to this cohort, potentially reflecting their greater sample size compared to our study.\u003cstrong\u003eOmidiji et al. (Nigeria)\u003c/strong\u003e (5) found that \u003cstrong\u003e36.8%\u003c/strong\u003e of children presented with \u003cstrong\u003edelayed developmental milestones, 31.6% with macrocephaly, 31.6%\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003ewith \u003cstrong\u003eseizures,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eand additional features like\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;headaches (21%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eand \u003cstrong\u003evomiting (21%)\u003c/strong\u003e. These clinical features align with our findings of seizures and developmental issues being predominant.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAcross studies, \u003cstrong\u003eseizures and developmental delays\u003c/strong\u003e consistently emerge as dominant features of CBMs, though the Sudanese study\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003ereported a higher percentage of these symptoms than your cohort, possibly due to their greater sample size.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn our study, \u003cstrong\u003econsanguinity was reported in 40.9%\u003c/strong\u003e of cases.\u003cstrong\u003eMohammed IN et al.\u003c/strong\u003e (4) found a \u003cstrong\u003ehigher consanguinity rate of 67.2%\u003c/strong\u003e, aligning with cultural norms in Sudan.\u003cstrong\u003eAl-Ghazali et al.\u003c!--[if supportFields]\u003e\u003cspan style='mso-element:field-begin'\u003e\u003c/span\u003e CITATION AlG99 \\l 1033 \u003cspan style='mso-element:field-separator'\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c![endif]--\u003e (6)\u003c!--[if supportFields]\u003e\u003cspan style='mso-element:field-end'\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c![endif]--\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e conducted their study in the UAE, a region known for a \u003cstrong\u003ehigh rate of consanguineous marriages\u003c/strong\u003e, and identified a \u003cstrong\u003estrong link between consanguinity and CNS anomalies\u003c/strong\u003e, particularly autosomal recessive conditions. The consanguinity level in babies with CNS abnormalities was 62% compared to a consanguinity level of 54% in their\u0026nbsp;general population. Our study\u0026rsquo;s consanguinity rate (40.9%) falls below the Sudanese (67.2%) and UAE (62%) figures. It reflects regional variation in marriage practices and genetic predisposition. Nonetheless, it is comparable to those studies and helps in supporting the well-established link between consanguineous marriage and congenital neurological anomalies.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOur study reported a \u003cstrong\u003epositive family history in 16.3%\u003c/strong\u003e of cases. \u003cstrong\u003eMohammed IN et al.\u003c!--[if supportFields]\u003e\u003cspan style='mso-element:field-begin'\u003e\u003c/span\u003e CITATION Moh18 \\l 1033 \u003cspan style='mso-element:field-separator'\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c![endif]--\u003e (4)\u003c!--[if supportFields]\u003e\u003cspan style='mso-element:field-end'\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c![endif]--\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e reported a nearly identical \u003cstrong\u003e15.2% with a sibling affected by CBMs\u003c/strong\u003e, reinforcing familial clustering. Both our study and the Sudanese cohort show comparable rates of \u003cstrong\u003epositive family history\u003c/strong\u003e, emphasising the genetic burden and hereditary pattern in CBMs in consanguineous populations.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe majority of cases with positive findings \u0026nbsp;were observed in the 0\u0026ndash;12 months age group, comprising 25 patients (41.0%). This was followed by the 1\u0026ndash;5 years group with 15 cases (24.6%), the 5\u0026ndash;10 years group with 11 cases (18.0%) and the 10\u0026ndash;18 years age group accounted for 10 case(16.4%).This study showed that the first few months of life were a common time for symptoms to appear. Given the nature of these disorders and the fact that they first manifest in embryonic life, this is not surprising. According to current medical guidelines, children who present with epilepsy during their first two years of life, for instance, should have neuroimaging done as part of their evaluation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGenetic testing and 4-D prenatal imaging can be used to monitor for such defects early in future pregnancies. If a significant anomaly is found during pregnancy, mothers may be offered very early termination. Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (when feasible) has revolutionised the management of these families, provided a genetic cause has been established.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCongenital brain abnormalities typically have serious, sometimes catastrophic, effects that result in either early mortality or long-term morbidities. In order to provide an accurate prognosis, genetic counselling, and relevant treatments, meticulous patient assessment and appropriate family counselling are critical.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLimitations\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e- Absence of confirmatory MRI in CT-negative cases\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;- Limited metabolic/genetic work-up\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;- Use of 1.5T MRI, which may reduce sensitivity for subtle anomalies\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study reinforces the significant clinical burden of congenital brain malformations (CBMs), highlighting seizures and developmental delays as the most common presenting features. The predominance of symptoms in the first year of life emphasizes the importance of early neurodevelopmental screening and timely neuroimaging, especially in children presenting with epilepsy or global developmental delays. The notable association with consanguinity and positive family history further emphasizes the genetic basis of many CBMs, aligning with global data from regions with high rates of intra-familial marriages.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMRI remains the gold standard for diagnosing congenital brain anomalies due to its safety and superior tissue contrast. CT retains a vital role in evaluating associated skeletal defects and can serve as an initial screening tool. A combined imaging approach enhances diagnostic accuracy, aiding in prognosis and informed family counselling.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA combination of clinical vigilance, radiological accuracy, and genetic insight is essential to improve outcomes, guide therapy, and offer meaningful support to families navigating the complex challenges of congenital brain malformations.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eEthical approval for this study was obtained from the Institutional Ethics Committee of OSMANIA MEDICAL COLLEGE , Hyderabad, Telangana, India. Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAll authors have contributed significantly to the conception, methodology, data acquisition, analysis, and interpretation of the study. Dr. Omer Mohammed prepared the original draft, and all authors participated in the review and final editing of the manuscript. All authors have read and approved the final version and agree with its submission to your esteemed journal.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBhide P, Kar A. A national estimate of the birth prevalence of congenital anomalies in India: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Pediatr 2018;18:175.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSingh TG, Sharma SPS, Devi MD. Congenital brain anomalies: neuroimaging findings. J Dr NTR Univ Health Sci 2014;3:77-85.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eRetterer K, Juusola J, Cho MT, Vitazka P, Millan F, Gibellini F, et al. Clinical application of whole-exome sequencing across clinical indications. Genet Med 2016;18:696-704\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMohammed IN, Suliman SA, Elseed MA, Hamed AA, Babiker MO, Taha SO. Congenital brain malformations in Sudanese children: an outpatient-based study. Sudan J Paediatr 2018;.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eOmidiji T, Afolabi OA, Ogunseyinde AO, Obajimi MO, Oyinloye AO, Fadare OO. Magnetic resonance imaging pattern of congenital brain anomalies in the neurosurgery department of a teaching hospital in Nigeria: an initial experience.WestAfr J Radiol 2017;25:45-51.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAl-Gazali L, Sztriha L, Dawodu A, Bakir M, Varady E, Majeed V, et al. Pattern of central nervous system anomalies in a population with a high rate of consanguineous marriages. Clin Genet 1999;55:95-102.18:48-56.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eOsborn AG. Osborn\u0026rsquo;s Brain: Imaging, Pathology, and Anatomy. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2018.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003evan der Knaap MS, Valk J. Classification of congenital abnormalities of the CNS. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1988;9:315-367.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBarkovich AJ. Pediatric Neuroimaging. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams \u0026amp; Wilkins; 2005.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eLeventer RJ, Phelan EM, Coleman LT, Kean MJ, Jackson GD, Harvey AS. Clinical and imaging features of cortical malformations in childhood. Neurology 1999;53:715-722.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eNunes VD, Sawyer L, Neilson J, Sarri G, Cross J. Diagnosis and management of the epilepsies in adults and children: summary of updated NICE guidance. BMJ 2012;344:e281.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eCrino PB. The enlarging spectrumof focal cortical dysplasias. Brain 2015;138:1446-1448.\u003cstrong\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTABLE 1: AGE WISE DISTRIBUTION OF CASES\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"578\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56.0554%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u003cstrong\u003eAGE AT PRESENTATION\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43.9446%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNUMBER (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56.0554%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0-6 MONTHS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43.9446%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e22\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56.0554%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e6 MONTHS- 1 YEAR\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43.9446%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e12\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56.0554%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1-5 YEARS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43.9446%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e20\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56.0554%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5-10 YEARS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43.9446%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e16\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56.0554%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e10-18 YEARS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43.9446%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e12\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTABLE 2 :GENDER DISTRIBUTION OF STUDY POPULATION\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"585\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.3333%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGENDER\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.3333%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNO. OF PATIENTS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.3333%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePERCENTAGE\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.3333%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMALE\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.3333%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e45\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.3333%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e54.8\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.3333%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFEMALE\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.3333%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e37\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.3333%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e45.2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTABLE 3: GENDER DISTRIBUTION OF STUDY POPULATION WITH POSITIVE FINDINGS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"603\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.3333%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGENDER\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.3333%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNO. OF PATIENTS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.3333%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePERCENTAGE\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.3333%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMALE\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.3333%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e32\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.3333%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e52.4\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.3333%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFEMALE\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.3333%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e29\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.3333%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e47.5\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTABLE 4: CLINICAL FEATURES AT PRESENTATION\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"614\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56.8404%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSYMPTOMS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43.1596%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNUMBER (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56.8404%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNEW ONSET SEIZURES\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43.1596%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e19\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56.8404%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDEVELPMENTAL DELAY WITH NEW ONSET SEIZURES\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43.1596%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e6\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56.8404%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDRUG RESISTANT SEIZURES\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43.1596%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e12\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56.8404%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDEVELOPMENTAL DELAY WITH DRUG RESISTANT SEIZURES\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43.1596%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56.8404%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFEBRILE SEIZURES\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43.1596%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56.8404%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDRUG RESISTANT SEIZURES WITH REGRESSION OF MOTOR MILESTONES\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43.1596%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56.8404%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eREGRESSION OF MOTOR MILESTONES\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43.1596%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56.8404%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDEVELPOMENTAL DELAYS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43.1596%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e10\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56.8404%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSUBOCCIPITAL HEADACHE WITH NECK PAIN\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43.1596%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56.8404%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSEVERE HEADACHE WITH FOCAL NEUROLOGICAL DEFICIT\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43.1596%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56.8404%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSYNDROMIC FEATURES\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43.1596%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56.8404%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLUMBOSACRAL SWELLING\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43.1596%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e8\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56.8404%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSACRAL DIMPLE\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43.1596%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56.8404%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSWELLING OVER ROOT OF NOSE\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43.1596%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56.8404%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eINCRERASING HEAD SIZE UNDER EVALUATION\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43.1596%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56.8404%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eURINARY AND FECAL INCONTINENCE\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43.1596%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56.8404%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSWELLING IN PARIETAL REGION OF THE SCALP\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43.1596%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56.8404%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eASYMPTOMATIC\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43.1596%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTABLE 5: COMPARISON OF DIAGNOSTIC EFFECTIVENESS BETWEEN CT AND MRI IN THE 16 PATIENTS WHO UNDERWENT CT AND MRI AND HAD SHOWN\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"688\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.7209%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eETIOLOGY\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.7326%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNUMBER\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24.2733%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;POSITIVE ON CT\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24.2733%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePOSITIVE ON MRI\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.7209%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCORPUS CALLOSAL AGENESIS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.7326%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24.2733%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24.2733%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.7209%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTUBEROUS SCLEROSIS\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.7326%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24.2733%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24.2733%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.7209%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSCHIZENCEPHALY\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.7326%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24.2733%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24.2733%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.7209%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHETEROTOPIA\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.7326%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24.2733%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24.2733%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.7209%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLISSENCEPHALY\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.7326%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24.2733%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24.2733%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.7209%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMICROCEPHALY WITH SIMPLIFIED GYRAL PATTERN\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.7326%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24.2733%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24.2733%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33.7209%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePARIETAL ATRETIC CEPHALOCELE\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.7326%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24.2733%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24.2733%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTABLE 6 : SHOWING POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE FINDINGS IN THE DIFFERENT IMAGING MODALITIES USED.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"675\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIMAGING MODALITY\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNO.OF PATIENTS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePOSITIVE FINDINGS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNEGATIVE FINDINGS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCT\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e12\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e8\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMRI\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e50\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e37\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e13\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCT AND MRI\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e20\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e16\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTOTAL\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e82\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e61\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e21\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTABLE 7 : ETIOLOGICAL ENTITIES DIAGNOSED WITH CT AND MRI\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"668\" class=\"fr-table-selection-hover\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43.0285%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eETIOLOGY\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.042%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNUMBER\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.3433%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eON CT\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.6432%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eON MRI\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.943%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eON CT AND MRI\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43.0285%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.CORTICAL MALFORMATION DISORDERS.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eA.HETEROTOPIA\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eB.SCHIZENCEPHALY\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eC.LISSENCEPHALY -PACHYGYRIA SPECTRUM\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eD.HEMIMEGALENCEPHALY WITH HETEROTOPIA\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eF.FOCAL CORTICAL DYSPLASIA\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eG.MICROCEPHALY WITH SIMPLIFIED GYRAL PATTERN.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eH. CORPUS CALLOSAL AGENESIS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.042%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;28\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 5\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 4\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 5\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 4\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 4\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.3433%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.6432%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.943%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;4\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43.0285%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.VASCULAR\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eA.AVM\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.042%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.3433%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.6432%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.943%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43.0285%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.PHAKOMATOSES\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eA. TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.042%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;6\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.3433%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.6432%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.943%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43.0285%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4 WHITE MATTER DISORDERS.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eA. METACHROMATIC LEUKODYSTROPHY\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eB. VAN DER KNAAP DISEASE\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eC. ADRENOLEUKODYSTROPHY\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.042%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.3433%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.6432%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.943%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43.0285%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5.ATRETIC PARIETAL ENCEPHALOCELE WITH CORPUS CALLOSAL AGENESIS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.042%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.3433%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.6432%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.943%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43.0285%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5.ARNOLD CHIARI MALFORMATION- TYPE 1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.042%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.3433%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.6432%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.943%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43.0285%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e6.ARNOLD CHIARI MALFORMATION \u0026ndash; TYPE 2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.042%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;4\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.3433%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.6432%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.943%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43.0285%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e7.GROUP 1 CAUDAL REGRESSION SYNDROME.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.042%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.3433%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.6432%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.943%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43.0285%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e8. DYKE DAVIDOFF MASSON SYNDROME\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.042%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.3433%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.6432%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.943%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43.0285%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e9.DORSAL DERMAL SINUS WITH TONSILLAR ECTOPIA\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.042%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.3433%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.6432%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.943%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43.0285%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e10 LUMBAR MYELOMENINGOCELE WITH TONSILLAR ECTOPIA\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.042%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 4\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.3433%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.6432%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;4\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.943%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43.0285%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e10.FRONTONASAL ENCEPHALOCELE\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.042%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.3433%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.6432%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.943%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 43.0285%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTOTAL\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.042%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 61\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.3433%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;8\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.6432%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 37\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.943%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;16\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Congenital brain malformations, Pediatric neuroimaging, Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), Computed tomography (CT), Cortical malformations","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7109120/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7109120/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eObjective: To evaluate the diagnostic utility of CT and MRI in detecting and characterizing congenital brain malformations (CBMs), to facilitate classification and parental counselling.\u003cbr\u003e\nMaterials and Methods: In this prospective observational study, 82 pediatric patients (\u0026lt;18 years) with suspected congenital brain anomalies underwent CT, MRI, or both. Imaging findings were categorized by etiology and compared across modalities.\u003cbr\u003e\nResults: CBMs were identified in 61 patients. MRI alone detected anomalies in 37 of 50 cases (74%), while CT alone revealed anomalies in 8 of 12 (66%). Combined imaging identified abnormalities in 16 of 20 cases (80%). Cortical malformations (45.9%) were the most common, followed by phakomatoses and posterior fossa anomalies. A strong association with consanguinity (40.9%) and familial history (16.2%) was observed.\u003cbr\u003e\nConclusion: MRI remains the imaging modality of choice for CBMs due to its superior soft tissue contrast and multiplanar capabilities, while CT provides complementary value in skeletal and cranial vault assessment. Accurate imaging is critical for prognosis, therapy, and genetic counselling.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"The Role of Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Evaluation of Congenital Brain Malformations: An Observational Study from a Tertiary Care Hospital","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-07-18 13:00:32","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7109120/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"f9134647-e4dc-467e-9075-3f109a2f6800","owner":[],"postedDate":"July 18th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-07-18T13:00:34+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-07-18 13:00:32","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7109120","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7109120","identity":"rs-7109120","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}