Design and Synthesis of New ZnO/Xanthan Nanocomposites Based on Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) Application in Carbonate/Sandstone Composite (CSC) Reservoirs

Design and Synthesis of New ZnO/Xanthan Nanocomposites Based on Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) Application in Carbonate/Sandstone Composite (CSC) Reservoirs | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Design and Synthesis of New ZnO/Xanthan Nanocomposites Based on Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) Application in Carbonate/Sandstone Composite (CSC) Reservoirs Sina Faraji, Ghasem Zargar, Abbas Khaksar Manshad, Abbas Ayatizadeh Tanha This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7410900/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract In this study, a new nanocomposite called ZnO /Xanthan NCs was synthesized to improve the mechanism of wettability change and IFT reduction in smart water injection. The characterization of the synthesized NCs was investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Also, a novel nanocomposite at various concentrations of 100, 200, 400, 700, 1000, and 1500 (ppm) was used as dispersion media. The prepared nano fluid was tested via various experimental methods, such as stability, IFT, PH, and wettability alteration, to find the optimum concentration for carbonate and sandstone rock. Zeta and conductivity values indicate that the optimum value of NCs concentration is 200 ppm. This concentration of solution can reduce the amount of interfacial tension from 35 m N/m to 23 mN/m (about 34/2% IFT reduction) and change the contact angle for sandstone from 142° to 87° and change the contact angle for carbonate from 154° to 61°, respectively. X-ray diffraction was used to show the purity and crystal structure of these particles. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) characterization test provides the surface morphology of the synthesized nanocomposite and the particle size of NCs at approximately 43 to 59 nm. The value of zeta potential at 200 ppm indicates the highest stability among other concentrations. The solution with a concentration of 200 ppm improved oil recovery from 43.11–57.55% in sandstone and 33–46%. Nanocomposite Wettability alteration Enhanced Oil Recovery Sandstone Reservoir Carbonate Reservoir Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7410900","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":508582529,"identity":"78c4cdc0-9bcc-4dce-b00a-0cbd2afe3558","order_by":0,"name":"Sina Faraji","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Ahvaz Institute of Technology, Petroleum University of Technology (PUT)","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sina","middleName":"","lastName":"Faraji","suffix":""},{"id":508582530,"identity":"0872bdbf-d0c6-4144-85d1-2242a6a9fc68","order_by":1,"name":"Ghasem Zargar","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Ahvaz Institute of Technology, Petroleum University of Technology (PUT)","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ghasem","middleName":"","lastName":"Zargar","suffix":""},{"id":508582531,"identity":"800c98a3-167d-4538-a17f-972f28912649","order_by":2,"name":"Abbas Khaksar Manshad","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Abadan Institute of Technology, Petroleum University of Technology (PUT)","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Abbas","middleName":"Khaksar","lastName":"Manshad","suffix":""},{"id":508582535,"identity":"5096b5bb-24a0-4703-8aba-5157f47bef06","order_by":3,"name":"Abbas Ayatizadeh Tanha","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA9ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACCR4Yi7HxwQcGhgQStLAxNhvOIFELA5s0DzFa+Gf3Hvz4g8EusX9+c7OxbZtdHj97A+OHjzl4LLlzLhloeHLijGOMjY9z25KLJXsOMEvO3IbHmhs5BtIMDMyJDccYm41z25gTN9xIYGPmxaNF/kaO8c8fDPWJ848xtklbttUT1mJwI8cMGAKHEzeAtDC2HSasxfDOuTRrHoPjxhuPJTYb9pw7njiz52AzXr/I3e49fPNHRbXsvMPHHz74UVad2M/efPDDR3zehziPwbEBRDOygckGQurBwB5C/SFK8SgYBaNgFIwwAACbrFZDAWR4JQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Ahvaz Institute of Technology, Petroleum University of Technology (PUT)","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Abbas","middleName":"Ayatizadeh","lastName":"Tanha","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-08-19 17:38:12","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7410900/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7410900/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":108494101,"identity":"568360d3-60af-4175-82f0-aeadaaf0d248","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-05-05 10:02:35","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1289387,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7410900/v1_covered_4b0842cb-4a5a-4572-b018-5cfec00275e7.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Design and Synthesis of New ZnO/Xanthan Nanocomposites Based on Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) Application in Carbonate/Sandstone Composite (CSC) Reservoirs","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Nanocomposite, Wettability alteration, Enhanced Oil Recovery, Sandstone Reservoir, Carbonate Reservoir","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7410900/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7410900/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eIn this study, a new nanocomposite called ZnO /Xanthan NCs was synthesized to improve the mechanism of wettability change and IFT reduction in smart water injection. The characterization of the synthesized NCs was investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Also, a novel nanocomposite at various concentrations of 100, 200, 400, 700, 1000, and 1500 (ppm) was used as dispersion media. The prepared nano fluid was tested via various experimental methods, such as stability, IFT, PH, and wettability alteration, to find the optimum concentration for carbonate and sandstone rock. Zeta and conductivity values indicate that the optimum value of NCs concentration is 200 ppm. This concentration of solution can reduce the amount of interfacial tension from 35 m N/m to 23 mN/m (about 34/2% IFT reduction) and change the contact angle for sandstone from 142\u0026deg; to 87\u0026deg; and change the contact angle for carbonate from 154\u0026deg; to 61\u0026deg;, respectively. X-ray diffraction was used to show the purity and crystal structure of these particles. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) characterization test provides the surface morphology of the synthesized nanocomposite and the particle size of NCs at approximately 43 to 59 nm. The value of zeta potential at 200 ppm indicates the highest stability among other concentrations. The solution with a concentration of 200 ppm improved oil recovery from 43.11\u0026ndash;57.55% in sandstone and 33\u0026ndash;46%.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Design and Synthesis of New ZnO/Xanthan Nanocomposites Based on Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) Application in Carbonate/Sandstone Composite (CSC) Reservoirs","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-09-03 11:28:54","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7410900/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"db78fa37-dcab-4405-8896-0b0d2e04cc7c","owner":[],"postedDate":"September 3rd, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[{"type":"decision","content":"Withdrawn","date":"2026-05-05T00:47:51+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-05-05T00:54:37+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-09-03 11:28:54","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7410900","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7410900","identity":"rs-7410900","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}