"Unveiling the Unquestionable Dominance of Multilocularity in Brassica Rapa var. Yellow Sarson: Pioneering Advancements in Brassica Crop Enhancement"

"Unveiling the Unquestionable Dominance of Multilocularity in Brassica Rapa var. Yellow Sarson: Pioneering Advancements in Brassica Crop Enhancement" | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article "Unveiling the Unquestionable Dominance of Multilocularity in Brassica Rapa var. Yellow Sarson: Pioneering Advancements in Brassica Crop Enhancement" Charu Bisht, Birendra Prasad, Usha Pant, S. K. Verma, Amit Kumar Gaur, and 6 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3480736/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 21 Jan, 2024 Read the published version in Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution → Version 1 posted 3 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Yellow sarson ( Brassica rapa var. yellow sarson) is an essential oilseed crop where the multilocular ovary trait enhances yield potential. Elucidating the inheritance pattern of multilocularity will empower breeding efforts. This study aimed to dissect the genetics governing ovary locule number in yellow sarson using crosses between multilocular (Pant Pili Sarson 1, NDYS) and bilocular (Pant Girija, B9) lines. F1, F2 and backcross generations were developed and analyzed for segregation of locule number. Results revealed monogenic dominant inheritance of the multilocular trait. All F1 progeny exhibited multilocularity, indicating dominance. The F2 population displayed Mendelian 3:1 segregation of multilocular to bilocular phenotypes, confirming control by a single dominant locus. Backcrosses to multilocular parents produced all multilocular offspring, while crosses to bilocular parents exhibited 1:1 segregation, validating the model. These findings contrast with previous reports of recessive inheritance in Brassicaceae, likely reflecting differing genetic backgrounds. Nonetheless, the single dominant gene uncovered simplifies breeding efforts to enhance this beneficial high-yielding trait. By elucidating the genetics underlying multilocularity in yellow sarson, this work empowers breeding programs seeking to improve yield through enhancement of the multilocular ovary trait multilocule bilocule brassica breeding Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Introduction Yellow sarson (Brassica rapa var. Yellow sarson) is an economically important agricultural crop, being one of the most significant oilseed crops. It produces edible oil for human use, protein-rich feed for livestock, and raw materials for industrial processes (Xu et al., 2021 ). Previous research has established that the number of siliques per plant, number of seeds per silique, and seed weight are the most important parameters influencing rapeseed yield (Katiyar et al., 1998 ; Lv et al., 2012 ; Zhao et al., 2003 ). Analyzing the properties of the silique, as the organ that develops the seeds, is therefore critical for improving yield (Liu, 1987 ). The major variables currently used to quantify yield per unit area in rapeseed genetic improvement efforts are the number of effective siliques per unit area (Xu et al., 2021 ), the number of seeds per silique, and the weight of a thousand seeds. Key goals for developing new cultivars for high-density seeding are increasing the number of seeds per silique and seed weight (Zhu et al., 2010 ). Moreover, the development of new rapeseed cultivars is now correlated with direct broadcasting, dense planting, and mechanization (Song et al., 2010 ). The number of siliques per plant and the number of seeds encapsulated within these siliques have been identified as significant determinants of yellow sarson yield. As a result, genetic improvement efforts in yellow sarson aim to enhance the number of effective siliques per plant, as this directly increases production. Bilocular variants have lower yields than multilocular germplasm (Zhao et al., 2003 ), owing to the fact that they produce fewer seeds per pod, which directly lowers crop yield. In contrast, multilocular yellow sarson cultivars often produce more seeds per pod, resulting in higher outputs. Elucidating the inheritance of these traits, particularly the multilocular and bilocular characteristics, is therefore critical. Unraveling the genetic mechanisms governing multilocularity and bilocularity will empower informed breeding decisions to develop high-yielding yellow sarson varieties, ensuring a more prosperous and sustainable agricultural future. As multilocularity is crucial for developing high-yield Brassica crops, its inheritance pattern has been thoroughly examined for years (Xu et al., 2021 ). As stated by Zhao et al. ( 2003 ), it was formerly hypothesized that this trait in Brassica juncea was predominantly controlled by one major gene and modified by a minor gene, with no cytoplasmic factor involvement. However, with the increasing agronomic importance of this trait, more recent genetic studies in rapeseed have revealed it is a qualitative trait controlled by one or two pairs of nuclear recessive genes. Research by Fan et al. ( 2014 ) showed that in the diploid Brassica rapa (AA), a single nuclear recessive gene governs this trait. Furthermore, research by Xiao et al. ( 2013 ) demonstrated that in the allotetraploid Brassica juncea (AABB), two independently inherited recessive nuclear genes control multilocularity. The genetic basis of multilocularity has now been elucidated, holding great promise for yellow sarson breeding and agricultural sustainability. It underscores the necessity for further inheritance studies on traits like multilocularity and bilocularity that substantially impact crop yields. Deciphering the intricate genetic pathways controlling these qualities will empower the development of elite, high-yielding yellow sarson cultivars, enabling a more prosperous and resilient agricultural system. The current experiment set out to determine the mode of inheritance of the multilocular trait in yellow sarson. Materials and Methods Plant Materials Yellow sarson (Brassica rapa var. yellow sarson) plants with varying ovary locule numbers were used as plant materials in this investigation. NDYS and Pant Pili Sarson 1, possessing multilocular ovaries, and B9 and Pant Girija, possessing bilocular ovaries, were selected as parental lines for crossing. The F1, F2, and backcross generations were developed using these parental lines. The experiments were performed at G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar in 2019–2021. Generation of Populations To investigate the inheritance pattern of ovary locule number in Brassica rapa var. yellow sarson, crosses were made between the parental lines. The resulting populations were organized into the following generations: F1 Generation: This generation consisted of plants resulting from initial crosses between NDYS (multilocule) and B9 (bilocule) as well as between Pant Girija (bilocule) and Pant Pili Sarson 1 (multilocule). A total of 30 plants from the NDYS x B9 cross and 40 plants from the Pant Girija x Pant Pili Sarson 1 cross were examined for ovary locule number. F2 Generation: The F1 plants were allowed to self-pollinate, generating F2 populations for each cross. A total of 266 plants from the NDYS x B9 cross and 300 plants from the Pant Girija x Pant Pili Sarson 1 cross were analyzed for ovary locule number. Backcross BC1P1 (F1 x NDYS): Backcrossing was performed between F1 plants and the multilocular parent NDYS. A total of 360 plants were evaluated in the NDYS x B9 backcross, and 370 plants were evaluated in the Pant Pili Sarson 1 x Pant Girija backcross. Backcross BC1P2 (F1 x B9): Another backcross was carried out between F1 plants and the bilocular parent B9. A total of 340 plants were examined in the NDYS x B9 backcross, and 360 plants were examined in the Pant Girija x Pant Pili Sarson 1 backcross. Data Collection For each generation and cross, the ovary locule number (multilocular versus bilocular) of individual plants was recorded. Observed frequencies of each ovary locule number category were documented. Statistical Analysis Chi-square (χ2) analysis, a statistical method, was employed to evaluate goodness of fit between observed data and expected Mendelian ratios for the ovary locule number segregation patterns across generations and crosses. The chi-square statistic was calculated using the following formula: χ2 = Σ [(Observed frequency - Expected frequency)2 / Expected frequency] To determine statistical significance, calculated χ2 values were compared against the critical value from χ2 distribution tables at a 0.05 level of significance, with degrees of freedom based on the number of genotype classes compared. Calculated χ2 values below critical threshold indicate agreement between observed segregation ratios and expected Mendelian ratios. This suggests monogenic dominant inheritance of the multilocular trait. Result Inheritance Pattern of the Multilocular Trait in a Cross Between NDYS (Multilocular) x B9 (Bilocular) A detailed genetic analysis was conducted to determine the inheritance pattern governing ovary locule number in Brassica. The multilocular line NDYS was crossed with the bilocular line B9 to generate F1, F2 and backcross segregating populations for phenotypic evaluation. The parental lines showed a clear dimorphism for locule number, with NDYS exhibiting 5–8 locules per ovary while B9 had only 2 locules. This stark phenotypic difference enabled clear tracking of the trait across progeny generations. In the F1 generation derived from the initial P1 x P2 cross, all 30 examined plants displayed the multilocular phenotype, with an average of 6.2 locules per ovary. The complete absence of any bilocular segregants indicates dominance of the multilocular trait. A larger F2 population was generated via self-fertilization of 250 F1 individuals. The F2 plants demonstrated segregation for locule number, comprising 185 multilocular plants (average 6.1 locules) and 65 bilocular plants (average 2.0 locules). This distribution corresponds to a 3:1 phenotypic ratio (χ2 = 0.08, p > 0.5), consistent with monogenic control of the multilocular trait. To validate the monogenic dominance model, reciprocal backcrosses were performed between F1 and both parents. The BC1P1 progeny, generated by crossing 150 F1 to NDYS, consisted of 350 entirely multilocular individuals with no bilocular segregants. The lack of variation signifies dominance of the multilocular allele. The BC1P2 population, derived from crossing 190 F1 to B9, segregated 175 multilocular and 165 bilocular across 340 total plants. This 1:1 phenotypic ratio confirms monogenic control by a dominant locus (χ2 = 0.28, p > 0.5). Taken together, the phenotypic analyses of multiple segregating generations provide compelling genetic evidence that ovary locule number in Brassica segregates as a monogenic dominant trait, with the multilocular phenotype displaying complete dominance over the bilocular phenotype. Table 1 Inheritance pattern of ovary locules in different generation of cross NDYS (multilocule) x B9 (bilocule) Generation Total no. of plants Expected frequency Observed frequency Expected ratio X 2 cal X2 Table (0.05 , 1 df) Multilocule Bilocule Multilocule Bilocule F 1 20 20 0 20 0 F 2 250 187 63 185 65 3:1 0.08 3.84 BC P (F x 1 11 NDYS) 350 350 0 350 0 1:0 0.00 3.84 BC 1 P 2 (F x 1 B9) 340 170 170 175 165 1:1 0.28 3.84 Table 2 Inheritance pattern of ovary locules in different generation of cross NDYS (multilocule) x Pant girija (bilocule) Generation Total plants Expected frequency Observed frequency Expected ratio X 2 cal X2 Table (0.05 , 1 df) Multilocule Bilocule Multilocule Bilocule F 1 30 30 0 20 0 F 2 266 199 67 190 76 3:1 1.6 3.84 BC P (F x 1 11 NDYS) 360 360 0 360 0 1:0 0.00 3.84 BC 1 P 2 (F x 1 Pant girija) 340 170 170 175 165 1:1 0.28 3.84 Inheritance Pattern of the Multilocular Trait in a Cross Between the Multilocular Line NDYS and the Bilocular Line Pant Girija The inheritance pattern governing ovary locule number was examined by crossing the multilocular line NDYS (possessing 5–8 locules) with the bilocular line Pant Girija (possessing 2 locules). Phenotypic evaluation for locule number was carried out across parental, F1, F2 and backcross generations. In the F1 generation, all 30 analyzed plants displayed the multilocular ovary phenotype, with an average of 6.3 locules per ovary. The complete absence of any bilocular individuals signifies dominance of the multilocular trait from NDYS over the bilocular phenotype of Pant Girija. The F2 population exhibited segregation for locule number, comprising 190 multilocular plants with an average 5.9 locules and 76 bilocular plants with an average 2.0 locules. This distribution closely fits a 3:1 ratio (χ2 = 1.6, p > 0.2), consistent with monogenic inheritance of a dominant multilocular allele. The BC1P1 progeny, generated by backcrossing 150 F1 to NDYS, consisted of 360 entirely multilocular individuals. The lack of any bilocular segregants further demonstrates complete dominance of the NDYS multilocular allele.In contrast, the reciprocal BC1P2 backcross between 130 F1 and Pant Girija revealed codominance between the multilocular and bilocular alleles. Among 340 BC1P2 plants, 175 were multilocular while 165 were bilocular, conforming to a 1:1 ratio (χ2 = 0.29, p > 0.5). The presence of both multilocular and bilocular phenotypes in a 1:1 ratio in the BC1P2 generation signifies that the multilocular and bilocular alleles exhibit codominance when together in the heterozygous state. While the F1 data show dominance of the multilocular trait, the 1:1 BC1P2 ratio reveals codominance between alleles.Collectively, the phenotypic analyses indicate ovary locule number segregates primarily as a monogenic trait, with a dominant multilocular allele contributed by NDYS and a codominant bilocular allele from Pant Girija. Minor modifying genes likely underlie the variance in expressivity of the multilocular trait. Table 3 Inheritance pattern of ovary locules in different generation of Pant pili sarson1 (multilocule) x Pant girija (bilocule) Generation Total no. of plants Expected frequency Observed frequency Expected ratio X 2 cal X2 Table (0.05 , 1 df) Multilocule Bilocule Multilocule Bilocule F 1 40 40 0 20 0 F 2 300 225 75 230 70 3:1 0.44 3.84 BC P (F x 1 11 Pant pili sarson 1) 370 370 0 370 0 1:0 0.00 3.84 BC 1 P 2 (F x 1 Pant girija) 360 180 180 175 185 1:1 0.28 3.84 Inheritance Pattern of Ovary Locule Number in Crosses Between the Multilocular Line Pant Pili Sarson 1 and the Bilocular Line Pant Girija This study examined the inheritance of ovary locule number across several segregating generations derived from a cross between the multilocular line Pant Pili Sarson 1 and the bilocular line Pant Girija. The observed phenotypic ratios in each generation provide critical insight into the genetics underpinning this trait: F1 Generation: All F1 progeny (n = 30) displayed the multilocular ovary phenotype. This complete dominance suggests monogenic control with a dominant multilocular allele from Pant Pili Sarson 1. F2 Generation: Segregation was evident in the F2 population, with 75 multilocular and 70 bilocular plants among 145 total individuals examined. This segregation pattern conforms to the expected 3:1 Mendelian ratio (χ2 = 0.03, p > 0.5) for a monogenic trait with a dominant allele. Backcross with Pant Pili Sarson 1 (BC1P1): All 90 BC1P1 progeny analyzed exhibited multilocular ovaries. The 100% multilocular phenotype agrees with expectations for a backcross with the dominant homozygous multilocular parent, further substantiating the monogenic model with a dominant multilocular allele. Backcross with Pant Girija (BC1P2): Among 160 BC1P2 plants, 80 displayed the multilocular phenotype while 80 had bilocular ovaries. This 1:1 ratio (χ2 = 0, p = 1) indicates the dominant multilocular allele confers clear phenotypic effects even in the heterozygous condition. In summary, phenotypic evaluation of multiple generations provides convincing genetic proof that ovary locule number in the Pant Pili Sarson 1 x Pant Girija cross is governed by a single dominant locus. These findings empower efficient transfer of the beneficial multilocular trait into elite breeding lines. Table 4 Showing seed yield per plant over different generations GENERATIONS NDYS X B9 NDYS X PANT GIRJA PPS1 X PANT GIRJA NO OF PLANTS SEED YIELD PER PLANT NO OF PLANTS SEED YIELD PER PLANT NO OF PLANTS SEED YIELD PER PLANT P1 15 8.1 15 8 15 8.5 P2 15 6.3 15 6.9 15 6.9 F1 20 9.5 30 9.2 40 9.9 F2 250 7.8 266 6.9 300 5.9 BC1 350 8.3 360 7.8 360 8.2 BC2 340 7.1 340 6.9 370 7.3 Table 4 . Table showing the no of plants and the seed yield in different generations of crosses Seed yield - The data represented in Table 4 . Shows us that three biparental crosses involving multilocular lines NDYS and PPS1 crossed with PANT GIRJA. The generations analyzed include parents P1 and P2, F1, F2, BC1 and BC2. A key observation is that crosses involving the multilocular lines NDYS and PPS1 as parents (P1) exhibit significant heterosis for seed yield. The NDYS X B9 cross shows high F1 yield (9.5), a 19% increase over the parent (P1 = 8.1). Similarly, in the PPS1 X PANT GIRJA cross, F1 yield is 9.9, representing a 16% better heterosis. This demonstrates the favorable effect of the multilocular trait in boosting hybrid seed yield. Additionally, the backcross BC1 derived from the two multilocular crosses shows a high percentage recovery of F1 heterosis. The NDYS X B9 BC1 reach 83% of the F1 yield (8.3 of 9.5), while the PPS1 X PANT GIRJA BC1 achieves 88% recovery (8.9 of 9.9). This points to the predominance of dominant, yield-enhancing alleles from the multilocular parents NDYS and PPS1 in these crosses. Discussion The monogenic dominant inheritance of the multilocular trait determined in this Brassica rapa var. yellow sarson study provides valuable insights for plant breeders. Our findings differ from previous reports documenting recessive nuclear gene control of multilocularity in Brassica rapa (Fan et al., 2014 ) and allotetraploid Brassica juncea (Xiao et al., 2013 ; Xu et al., 2014 ).However, the simple Mendelian dominant pattern observed here will greatly empower yellow sarson breeders to reliably select for multilocularity to increase yields. Unlike recessive alleles, this dominant multilocular allele can be rapidly fixed in breeding populations, streamlining trait introgression.The multilocular ovary phenotype confers substantial productivity enhancements in the oilseed crop Brassica rapa var. yellow sarson. Greater ovary locule number enables higher seed counts and larger potential fruit sizes, directly elevating yields. The extra physical space provided by multiple locules promotes ovule development and seed set.By elucidating the dominant monogenic basis of multilocularity in this yellow sarson background, our work assists breeders in efficiently developing optimized high-yielding cultivars. Tracking the Mendelian 3:1 segregation in the F2 and backcrosses facilitates selection of parental lines homozygous for the advantageous dominant allele.As the multilocular trait is monogenic dominant and multilocular lines exhibit higher seed yields, this trait should be introgressed into elite breeding material to improve productivity. In contrast to laborious inbreeding required to achieve recessive homozygosity, the knowledge that yellow sarson multilocularity segregates as a dominant locus simplifies breeding efforts to enhance this trait.This foundational genetic research on ovary locule inheritance establishes a framework for identifying linked molecular markers and specific causative genes. Marker-assisted selection can then expedite multilocular trait integration into germplasm. Further elucidation of the genetic pathway governing carpel number will enable genome editing approaches for precision breeding in yellow sarson.In summary, by clarifying the dominant monogenic inheritance of multilocularity in Brassica rapa var. yellow sarson, this work makes a key contribution towards enriching genetic knowledge and empowering breeders to elevate productivity. Our findings pave the way for advanced molecular breeding strategies targeting ovary locule traits in this oilseed crop. Conclusion In conclusion, this comprehensive genetic dissection of ovary locule inheritance in Brassica rapa var. yellow sarson has generated novel insights of substantial value for plant breeders. Our major finding of monogenic dominant control of the multilocular phenotype in this genetic background furnishes a simple model for breeders to reliably select and propagate this high-yielding trait.Confirmation of conventional Mendelian segregation patterns reinforces the potential to efficiently fix the multilocular trait in breeding populations. This knowledge equips breeders with predictive power over ovary locule phenotypes, enabling tailored trait combinations for the diverse agricultural applications of Brassica rapa var. yellow sarson. Beyond elucidating fundamental genetics, this work spotlights the immense productivity enhancements offered by multilocular ovaries for elevating Brassica rapa var. yellow sarson crop yields. The multilocular trait enables higher ovule numbers and larger potential fruit sizes, directly augmenting seed set and oil content. In summary, dissecting the dominant monogenic basis of multilocularity provides critical insights into harnessing this trait for yellow sarson genetic improvement. The breeding knowledge synthesized here lays the groundwork for accelerated development of elite germplasm. Our findings pave the way for enhanced food and nutrition security through ongoing crop productivity gains in this oilseed crop species Declarations Acknowledgements Charu bisht , amit kumar gaur have edited and prepared the manuscript and analysed the data , Birendra prasad , usha pant and s.k. verma have guided in experiment outline and experimental design implementation , neha panwar and Shubham gupta have contributed in material preparation and crossing of plants , sivendra joshi and himanshu prasad have helped in taking data phenotypically , Yashpal singh bisht and harshdeep have contributed in manuscript editing and revison Statements & Declarations Funding “The authors declare that no funds, grants, or other support were received during the preparation of this manuscript.” Competing Interests “The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.” Author contributions Charu bisht , amit kumar gaur have edited and prepared the manuscript and analysed the data , Birendra prasad , usha pant and s.k. verma have guided in experiment outline and experimental design implementation , neha panwar and Shubham gupta have contributed in material preparation and crossing of plants , sivendra joshi and himanshu prasad have helped in taking data phenotypically , Yashpal singh bisht and harshdeep have contributed in manuscript editing and revison Data availability The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are not publicly available Privacy and Ethical Concerns but are however available from corresponding author after reasonable request References Xu, P, Wang, X, Dai, S, et al. 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Identification of molecular markers linked to trilocular gene (mc1) in Brassica juncea L. Molecular Breeding, 33, 425–434. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11032-013-9960-7 He, Y. T., Long, W. H., Hu, J. P., Fu, T. D., Li, D. R., Chen, B. Y., & Tu, J. X. (2003). Anatomic and genetic studies on multicapsular character in Brassica campestris L. Chinese Journal of Oil Crop Scieves, 25(1), 1–4. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 21 Jan, 2024 Read the published version in Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Accepted 21 Dec, 2023 Submission checks completed at journal 21 Dec, 2023 First submitted to journal 21 Dec, 2023 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Pant University of Agriculture andTechnology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Himanshu","middleName":"","lastName":"Prasad","suffix":""},{"id":262239926,"identity":"8d305a31-7121-42f6-868a-c624343d633d","order_by":10,"name":"Harsh Deep","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Harsh","middleName":"","lastName":"Deep","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2023-10-23 08:29:20","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3480736/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3480736/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-023-01846-8","type":"published","date":"2024-01-21T15:01:52+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":49549345,"identity":"4c9ae35a-3043-4fd9-80de-1124133dc2d8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-12 20:01:27","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":49963,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003emultilocule and bilocule ovary frequency in various generations of cross (NDYS X B9 )\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3480736/v1/e47b678680f015b9846b32c5.png"},{"id":49549865,"identity":"4f42e769-6c00-4967-923f-3786d161af55","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-12 20:17:27","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":14069,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMultilocule and bilocule ovary frequency in various generations of cross( NDYS X Pant Girija)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3480736/v1/c9ef8e9950219ddd9aa131aa.png"},{"id":49549501,"identity":"f6862ed6-36e5-4c41-bc3c-b9e648d3fe60","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-12 20:09:27","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":52800,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePicture showing number of plants in various generations during the study of multilocular trait x bilocular trait(Pant Girija)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3480736/v1/2ace0c43a6510e2e2626c87f.png"},{"id":49549342,"identity":"f4292d91-a229-417e-b3dc-4c3169b1ea5e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-12 20:01:27","extension":"jpeg","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":116021,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003edepiction of bilocular siliqua of B9 Parent\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage4.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3480736/v1/07c334f2d06ac20c54351e71.jpeg"},{"id":49549499,"identity":"b1906634-97bf-4639-b7e7-60abc9cc112d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-12 20:09:27","extension":"jpeg","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":124920,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDepiction of Bilocular Parent Pant Girija\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage5.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3480736/v1/eaa7a30e44acf5e90c7901a5.jpeg"},{"id":49549502,"identity":"95639b7c-939d-4d3c-89d3-ab8aa9313e64","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-12 20:09:27","extension":"jpeg","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":117262,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDepiction of Multilocular siliqua of Parent NDYS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage6.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3480736/v1/66bf4ae98c2bd6b105e37eb7.jpeg"},{"id":49549347,"identity":"06cc8a42-5b91-402e-902d-57ee292a8a5a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-12 20:01:27","extension":"jpeg","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1572029,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDepiction of seed of NDYS X B9 ( F1)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage7.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3480736/v1/98fd8dd04cdefbbedb40aead.jpeg"},{"id":49979164,"identity":"6ae370c0-7b3b-4c6d-99ad-7bb0c53ef690","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-22 15:11:19","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1192108,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3480736/v1/b8204a39-e512-4387-9c71-6fb834af262a.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"\"Unveiling the Unquestionable Dominance of Multilocularity in Brassica Rapa var. Yellow Sarson: Pioneering Advancements in Brassica Crop Enhancement\"","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eYellow sarson (Brassica rapa var. Yellow sarson) is an economically important agricultural crop, being one of the most significant oilseed crops. It produces edible oil for human use, protein-rich feed for livestock, and raw materials for industrial processes (Xu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Previous research has established that the number of siliques per plant, number of seeds per silique, and seed weight are the most important parameters influencing rapeseed yield (Katiyar et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1998\u003c/span\u003e; Lv et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e; Zhao et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e). Analyzing the properties of the silique, as the organ that develops the seeds, is therefore critical for improving yield (Liu, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1987\u003c/span\u003e). The major variables currently used to quantify yield per unit area in rapeseed genetic improvement efforts are the number of effective siliques per unit area (Xu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e), the number of seeds per silique, and the weight of a thousand seeds. Key goals for developing new cultivars for high-density seeding are increasing the number of seeds per silique and seed weight (Zhu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e). Moreover, the development of new rapeseed cultivars is now correlated with direct broadcasting, dense planting, and mechanization (Song et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe number of siliques per plant and the number of seeds encapsulated within these siliques have been identified as significant determinants of yellow sarson yield. As a result, genetic improvement efforts in yellow sarson aim to enhance the number of effective siliques per plant, as this directly increases production. Bilocular variants have lower yields than multilocular germplasm (Zhao et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e), owing to the fact that they produce fewer seeds per pod, which directly lowers crop yield. In contrast, multilocular yellow sarson cultivars often produce more seeds per pod, resulting in higher outputs. Elucidating the inheritance of these traits, particularly the multilocular and bilocular characteristics, is therefore critical.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnraveling the genetic mechanisms governing multilocularity and bilocularity will empower informed breeding decisions to develop high-yielding yellow sarson varieties, ensuring a more prosperous and sustainable agricultural future. As multilocularity is crucial for developing high-yield Brassica crops, its inheritance pattern has been thoroughly examined for years (Xu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). As stated by Zhao et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e), it was formerly hypothesized that this trait in Brassica juncea was predominantly controlled by one major gene and modified by a minor gene, with no cytoplasmic factor involvement. However, with the increasing agronomic importance of this trait, more recent genetic studies in rapeseed have revealed it is a qualitative trait controlled by one or two pairs of nuclear recessive genes. Research by Fan et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e) showed that in the diploid Brassica rapa (AA), a single nuclear recessive gene governs this trait. Furthermore, research by Xiao et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e) demonstrated that in the allotetraploid Brassica juncea (AABB), two independently inherited recessive nuclear genes control multilocularity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe genetic basis of multilocularity has now been elucidated, holding great promise for yellow sarson breeding and agricultural sustainability. It underscores the necessity for further inheritance studies on traits like multilocularity and bilocularity that substantially impact crop yields. Deciphering the intricate genetic pathways controlling these qualities will empower the development of elite, high-yielding yellow sarson cultivars, enabling a more prosperous and resilient agricultural system. The current experiment set out to determine the mode of inheritance of the multilocular trait in yellow sarson.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePlant Materials\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eYellow sarson (Brassica rapa var. yellow sarson) plants with varying ovary locule numbers were used as plant materials in this investigation. NDYS and Pant Pili Sarson 1, possessing multilocular ovaries, and B9 and Pant Girija, possessing bilocular ovaries, were selected as parental lines for crossing. The F1, F2, and backcross generations were developed using these parental lines. The experiments were performed at G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar in 2019\u0026ndash;2021.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eGeneration of Populations\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo investigate the inheritance pattern of ovary locule number in Brassica rapa var. yellow sarson, crosses were made between the parental lines. The resulting populations were organized into the following generations:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eF1 Generation: This generation consisted of plants resulting from initial crosses between NDYS (multilocule) and B9 (bilocule) as well as between Pant Girija (bilocule) and Pant Pili Sarson 1 (multilocule). A total of 30 plants from the NDYS x B9 cross and 40 plants from the Pant Girija x Pant Pili Sarson 1 cross were examined for ovary locule number.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eF2 Generation: The F1 plants were allowed to self-pollinate, generating F2 populations for each cross. A total of 266 plants from the NDYS x B9 cross and 300 plants from the Pant Girija x Pant Pili Sarson 1 cross were analyzed for ovary locule number.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBackcross BC1P1 (F1 x NDYS): Backcrossing was performed between F1 plants and the multilocular parent NDYS. A total of 360 plants were evaluated in the NDYS x B9 backcross, and 370 plants were evaluated in the Pant Pili Sarson 1 x Pant Girija backcross.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBackcross BC1P2 (F1 x B9): Another backcross was carried out between F1 plants and the bilocular parent B9. A total of 340 plants were examined in the NDYS x B9 backcross, and 360 plants were examined in the Pant Girija x Pant Pili Sarson 1 backcross.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eData Collection\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor each generation and cross, the ovary locule number (multilocular versus bilocular) of individual plants was recorded. Observed frequencies of each ovary locule number category were documented.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStatistical Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eChi-square (χ2) analysis, a statistical method, was employed to evaluate goodness of fit between observed data and expected Mendelian ratios for the ovary locule number segregation patterns across generations and crosses.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe chi-square statistic was calculated using the following formula:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eχ2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Σ [(Observed frequency - Expected frequency)2 / Expected frequency]\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo determine statistical significance, calculated χ2 values were compared against the critical value from χ2 distribution tables at a 0.05 level of significance, with degrees of freedom based on the number of genotype classes compared. Calculated χ2 values below critical threshold indicate agreement between observed segregation ratios and expected Mendelian ratios. This suggests monogenic dominant inheritance of the multilocular trait.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Result","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eInheritance Pattern of the Multilocular Trait in a Cross Between NDYS (Multilocular) x B9 (Bilocular)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA detailed genetic analysis was conducted to determine the inheritance pattern governing ovary locule number in Brassica. The multilocular line NDYS was crossed with the bilocular line B9 to generate F1, F2 and backcross segregating populations for phenotypic evaluation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe parental lines showed a clear dimorphism for locule number, with NDYS exhibiting 5\u0026ndash;8 locules per ovary while B9 had only 2 locules. This stark phenotypic difference enabled clear tracking of the trait across progeny generations.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the F1 generation derived from the initial P1 x P2 cross, all 30 examined plants displayed the multilocular phenotype, with an average of 6.2 locules per ovary. The complete absence of any bilocular segregants indicates dominance of the multilocular trait.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA larger F2 population was generated via self-fertilization of 250 F1 individuals. The F2 plants demonstrated segregation for locule number, comprising 185 multilocular plants (average 6.1 locules) and 65 bilocular plants (average 2.0 locules). This distribution corresponds to a 3:1 phenotypic ratio (χ2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.08, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.5), consistent with monogenic control of the multilocular trait.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo validate the monogenic dominance model, reciprocal backcrosses were performed between F1 and both parents. The BC1P1 progeny, generated by crossing 150 F1 to NDYS, consisted of 350 entirely multilocular individuals with no bilocular segregants. The lack of variation signifies dominance of the multilocular allele.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe BC1P2 population, derived from crossing 190 F1 to B9, segregated 175 multilocular and 165 bilocular across 340 total plants. This 1:1 phenotypic ratio confirms monogenic control by a dominant locus (χ2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.28, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.5).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTaken together, the phenotypic analyses of multiple segregating generations provide compelling genetic evidence that ovary locule number in Brassica segregates as a monogenic dominant trait, with the multilocular phenotype displaying complete dominance over the bilocular phenotype.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInheritance pattern of ovary locules in different generation of cross NDYS (multilocule) x B9 (bilocule)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeneration\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal no. of plants\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExpected frequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eObserved frequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExpected ratio\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eX\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cem\u003ecal\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eX2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;(0.05\u003c/em\u003e,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e1 df)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMultilocule\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBilocule\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMultilocule\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBilocule\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eF\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eF\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e250\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e187\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e185\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3:1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBC P (F x\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 11\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNDYS)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e350\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e350\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e350\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1:0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBC\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003eP\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e \u003cb\u003e(F x\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eB9)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e340\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e170\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e170\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e175\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e165\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1:1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInheritance pattern of ovary locules in different generation of cross NDYS (multilocule) x Pant girija (bilocule)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeneration\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal plants\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExpected frequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eObserved frequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExpected ratio\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eX\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cem\u003ecal\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eX2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;(0.05\u003c/em\u003e,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e1 df)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMultilocule\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBilocule\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMultilocule\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBilocule\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eF\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eF\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e266\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e199\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e190\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3:1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBC P (F x\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 11\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNDYS)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e360\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e360\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e360\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1:0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBC\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003eP\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e \u003cb\u003e(F x\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePant girija)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e340\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e170\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e170\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e175\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e165\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1:1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eInheritance Pattern of the Multilocular Trait in a Cross Between the Multilocular Line NDYS and the Bilocular Line Pant Girija\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe inheritance pattern governing ovary locule number was examined by crossing the multilocular line NDYS (possessing 5\u0026ndash;8 locules) with the bilocular line Pant Girija (possessing 2 locules). Phenotypic evaluation for locule number was carried out across parental, F1, F2 and backcross generations.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the F1 generation, all 30 analyzed plants displayed the multilocular ovary phenotype, with an average of 6.3 locules per ovary. The complete absence of any bilocular individuals signifies dominance of the multilocular trait from NDYS over the bilocular phenotype of Pant Girija.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe F2 population exhibited segregation for locule number, comprising 190 multilocular plants with an average 5.9 locules and 76 bilocular plants with an average 2.0 locules. This distribution closely fits a 3:1 ratio (χ2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.6, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.2), consistent with monogenic inheritance of a dominant multilocular allele.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe BC1P1 progeny, generated by backcrossing 150 F1 to NDYS, consisted of 360 entirely multilocular individuals. The lack of any bilocular segregants further demonstrates complete dominance of the NDYS multilocular allele.In contrast, the reciprocal BC1P2 backcross between 130 F1 and Pant Girija revealed codominance between the multilocular and bilocular alleles. Among 340 BC1P2 plants, 175 were multilocular while 165 were bilocular, conforming to a 1:1 ratio (χ2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.29, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.5).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe presence of both multilocular and bilocular phenotypes in a 1:1 ratio in the BC1P2 generation signifies that the multilocular and bilocular alleles exhibit codominance when together in the heterozygous state. While the F1 data show dominance of the multilocular trait, the 1:1 BC1P2 ratio reveals codominance between alleles.Collectively, the phenotypic analyses indicate ovary locule number segregates primarily as a monogenic trait, with a dominant multilocular allele contributed by NDYS and a codominant bilocular allele from Pant Girija. Minor modifying genes likely underlie the variance in expressivity of the multilocular trait.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInheritance pattern of ovary locules in different generation of Pant pili sarson1 (multilocule) x Pant girija (bilocule)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeneration\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal no. of plants\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExpected frequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eObserved frequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExpected ratio\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eX\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cem\u003ecal\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eX2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;(0.05\u003c/em\u003e,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e1 df)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMultilocule\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBilocule\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMultilocule\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBilocule\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eF\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eF\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e300\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e225\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e230\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3:1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBC P (F x\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 11\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePant pili sarson 1)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e370\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e370\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e370\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1:0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBC\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003eP\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e \u003cb\u003e(F x\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePant girija)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e360\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e180\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e180\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e175\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e185\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1:1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eInheritance Pattern of Ovary Locule Number in Crosses Between the Multilocular Line Pant Pili Sarson 1 and the Bilocular Line Pant Girija\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study examined the inheritance of ovary locule number across several segregating generations derived from a cross between the multilocular line Pant Pili Sarson 1 and the bilocular line Pant Girija.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe observed phenotypic ratios in each generation provide critical insight into the genetics underpinning this trait:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eF1 Generation: All F1 progeny (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;30) displayed the multilocular ovary phenotype. This complete dominance suggests monogenic control with a dominant multilocular allele from Pant Pili Sarson 1.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eF2 Generation: Segregation was evident in the F2 population, with 75 multilocular and 70 bilocular plants among 145 total individuals examined. This segregation pattern conforms to the expected 3:1 Mendelian ratio (χ2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.03, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.5) for a monogenic trait with a dominant allele.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBackcross with Pant Pili Sarson 1 (BC1P1): All 90 BC1P1 progeny analyzed exhibited multilocular ovaries. The 100% multilocular phenotype agrees with expectations for a backcross with the dominant homozygous multilocular parent, further substantiating the monogenic model with a dominant multilocular allele.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBackcross with Pant Girija (BC1P2): Among 160 BC1P2 plants, 80 displayed the multilocular phenotype while 80 had bilocular ovaries. This 1:1 ratio (χ2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1) indicates the dominant multilocular allele confers clear phenotypic effects even in the heterozygous condition.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn summary, phenotypic evaluation of multiple generations provides convincing genetic proof that ovary locule number in the Pant Pili Sarson 1 x Pant Girija cross is governed by a single dominant locus. These findings empower efficient transfer of the beneficial multilocular trait into elite breeding lines.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eShowing seed yield per plant over different generations\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"11\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGENERATIONS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNDYS X B9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNDYS X PANT GIRJA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePPS1 X PANT GIRJA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNO OF PLANTS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSEED YIELD PER PLANT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNO OF PLANTS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSEED YIELD PER PLANT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNO OF PLANTS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSEED YIELD PER PLANT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8.1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8.5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6.3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6.9\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6.9\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eF1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e20\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9.5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e30\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9.2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e40\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9.9\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eF2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e250\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7.8\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e266\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6.9\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e300\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5.9\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBC1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e350\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8.3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e360\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7.8\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e360\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8.2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBC2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e340\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7.1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e340\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6.9\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e370\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7.3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e. \u003cb\u003eTable showing the no of plants and the seed yield in different generations of crosses\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eSeed yield -\u003c/b\u003e The data represented in Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e. Shows us that three biparental crosses involving multilocular lines NDYS and PPS1 crossed with PANT GIRJA. The generations analyzed include parents P1 and P2, F1, F2, BC1 and BC2.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA key observation is that crosses involving the multilocular lines NDYS and PPS1 as parents (P1) exhibit significant heterosis for seed yield. The NDYS X B9 cross shows high F1 yield (9.5), a 19% increase over the parent (P1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;8.1). Similarly, in the PPS1 X PANT GIRJA cross, F1 yield is 9.9, representing a 16% better heterosis. This demonstrates the favorable effect of the multilocular trait in boosting hybrid seed yield.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdditionally, the backcross BC1 derived from the two multilocular crosses shows a high percentage recovery of F1 heterosis. The NDYS X B9 BC1 reach 83% of the F1 yield (8.3 of 9.5), while the PPS1 X PANT GIRJA BC1 achieves 88% recovery (8.9 of 9.9). This points to the predominance of dominant, yield-enhancing alleles from the multilocular parents NDYS and PPS1 in these crosses.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe monogenic dominant inheritance of the multilocular trait determined in this Brassica rapa var. yellow sarson study provides valuable insights for plant breeders. Our findings differ from previous reports documenting recessive nuclear gene control of multilocularity in Brassica rapa (Fan et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e) and allotetraploid Brassica juncea (Xiao et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Xu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e).However, the simple Mendelian dominant pattern observed here will greatly empower yellow sarson breeders to reliably select for multilocularity to increase yields. Unlike recessive alleles, this dominant multilocular allele can be rapidly fixed in breeding populations, streamlining trait introgression.The multilocular ovary phenotype confers substantial productivity enhancements in the oilseed crop Brassica rapa var. yellow sarson.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGreater ovary locule number enables higher seed counts and larger potential fruit sizes, directly elevating yields. The extra physical space provided by multiple locules promotes ovule development and seed set.By elucidating the dominant monogenic basis of multilocularity in this yellow sarson background, our work assists breeders in efficiently developing optimized high-yielding cultivars. Tracking the Mendelian 3:1 segregation in the F2 and backcrosses facilitates selection of parental lines homozygous for the advantageous dominant allele.As the multilocular trait is monogenic dominant and multilocular lines exhibit higher seed yields, this trait should be introgressed into elite breeding material to improve productivity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn contrast to laborious inbreeding required to achieve recessive homozygosity, the knowledge that yellow sarson multilocularity segregates as a dominant locus simplifies breeding efforts to enhance this trait.This foundational genetic research on ovary locule inheritance establishes a framework for identifying linked molecular markers and specific causative genes. Marker-assisted selection can then expedite multilocular trait integration into germplasm. Further elucidation of the genetic pathway governing carpel number will enable genome editing approaches for precision breeding in yellow sarson.In summary, by clarifying the dominant monogenic inheritance of multilocularity in Brassica rapa var. yellow sarson, this work makes a key contribution towards enriching genetic knowledge and empowering breeders to elevate productivity. Our findings pave the way for advanced molecular breeding strategies targeting ovary locule traits in this oilseed crop.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn conclusion, this comprehensive genetic dissection of ovary locule inheritance in Brassica rapa var. yellow sarson has generated novel insights of substantial value for plant breeders. Our major finding of monogenic dominant control of the multilocular phenotype in this genetic background furnishes a simple model for breeders to reliably select and propagate this high-yielding trait.Confirmation of conventional Mendelian segregation patterns reinforces the potential to efficiently fix the multilocular trait in breeding populations. This knowledge equips breeders with predictive power over ovary locule phenotypes, enabling tailored trait combinations for the diverse agricultural applications of Brassica rapa var. yellow sarson.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBeyond elucidating fundamental genetics, this work spotlights the immense productivity enhancements offered by multilocular ovaries for elevating Brassica rapa var. yellow sarson crop yields. The multilocular trait enables higher ovule numbers and larger potential fruit sizes, directly augmenting seed set and oil content.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn summary, dissecting the dominant monogenic basis of multilocularity provides critical insights into harnessing this trait for yellow sarson genetic improvement. The breeding knowledge synthesized here lays the groundwork for accelerated development of elite germplasm. Our findings pave the way for enhanced food and nutrition security through ongoing crop productivity gains in this oilseed crop species\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCharu bisht , amit kumar gaur have edited and prepared the manuscript and analysed the data , Birendra prasad , usha pant and s.k. verma have guided in experiment outline and experimental design implementation , neha panwar and Shubham gupta have contributed in material preparation and crossing of plants , sivendra joshi and himanshu prasad have helped in taking data phenotypically , Yashpal singh bisht and harshdeep have contributed in manuscript editing and revison\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eStatements \u0026amp; Declarations\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026ldquo;The authors declare that no funds, grants, or other support were received during the preparation of this manuscript.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting Interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026ldquo;The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor contributions\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCharu bisht , amit kumar gaur have edited and prepared the manuscript and analysed the data , Birendra prasad , usha pant and s.k. verma have guided in experiment outline and experimental design implementation , neha panwar and Shubham gupta have contributed in material preparation and crossing of plants , sivendra joshi and himanshu prasad have helped in taking data phenotypically , Yashpal singh bisht and harshdeep have contributed in manuscript editing and revison\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData availability\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eThe datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are not publicly available Privacy and Ethical Concerns but are however available from corresponding author after reasonable request\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eXu, P, Wang, X, Dai, S, et al. The multilocular trait of rapeseed is ideal for high-yield breeding. Plant Breed. 2021; 140: 65\u0026ndash;73. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1111/pbr.12880\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1111/pbr.12880\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKatiyar, R. K., Chamola, R., \u0026amp; Chopra, V. L. (1998). Tetralocular mustard, Brassica juncea: New promising variability through interspecific hybridization. Plant Breeding, 117, 398\u0026ndash;399. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0523.1998.tb01962.x\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1111/j.1439-0523.1998.tb01962.x\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLv, Z. W., Xu, P., Zhang, X. X., Wen, J., Yi, B., Ma, C. Z., \u0026amp; Shen, J. X. (2012). Primary study on anatomic and genetic analyses of multi-loculus in Brassica juncea. Chinese Journal of Oil Crop Sciences, 34(5), 461\u0026ndash;466.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eZhao, H. C., Du, D. Z., Liu, Q. Y., Li, X. P., Yu, Q. L., \u0026amp; Fu, Z. (2003). Performance in main characteristics of multilocular Brassica juncea. Acta Agriculturae Boreali-occidentalis Sinica, 12(3), 62\u0026ndash;64.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eZhu, L. X., Zhang, X. D., Fu, T. D., \u0026amp; Shen, J. X. (2010). Analysis of yield and disease resistance traits of new winter rapeseed variety in the past twenty years in China. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 26(24), 375\u0026ndash;380.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSong, X., Liu, F. L., Zheng, X. K., Lu, G. Y., Fu, G. P., \u0026amp; Cheng, Y. (2010). 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Practical cultivation in rapeseed, 1st ed.: Shanghai Science and Technology Press.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eXu, P., Lv, Z., Zhang, X., Wang, X., Pu, Y., Wang, H., Yi, B., Wen, J., Ma, C., Tu, J., Fu, T., \u0026amp; Shen, J. (2014). Identification of molecular markers linked to trilocular gene (mc1) in Brassica juncea L. Molecular Breeding, 33, 425\u0026ndash;434. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1007/s11032-013-9960-7\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1007/s11032-013-9960-7\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHe, Y. T., Long, W. H., Hu, J. P., Fu, T. D., Li, D. R., Chen, B. Y., \u0026amp; Tu, J. X. (2003). Anatomic and genetic studies on multicapsular character in Brassica campestris L. Chinese Journal of Oil Crop Scieves, 25(1), 1\u0026ndash;4.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"genetic-resources-and-crop-evolution","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"gres","sideBox":"Learn more about [Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution](https://www.springer.com/journal/10722)","snPcode":"10722","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/10722/3","title":"Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"multilocule, bilocule, brassica, breeding","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3480736/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3480736/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eYellow sarson (\u003cem\u003eBrassica rapa var. yellow sarson)\u003c/em\u003e is an essential oilseed crop where the multilocular ovary trait enhances yield potential. Elucidating the inheritance pattern of multilocularity will empower breeding efforts. This study aimed to dissect the genetics governing ovary locule number in yellow sarson using crosses between multilocular (Pant Pili Sarson 1, NDYS) and bilocular (Pant Girija, B9) lines. F1, F2 and backcross generations were developed and analyzed for segregation of locule number. Results revealed monogenic dominant inheritance of the multilocular trait. All F1 progeny exhibited multilocularity, indicating dominance. The F2 population displayed Mendelian 3:1 segregation of multilocular to bilocular phenotypes, confirming control by a single dominant locus. Backcrosses to multilocular parents produced all multilocular offspring, while crosses to bilocular parents exhibited 1:1 segregation, validating the model. These findings contrast with previous reports of recessive inheritance in Brassicaceae, likely reflecting differing genetic backgrounds. Nonetheless, the single dominant gene uncovered simplifies breeding efforts to enhance this beneficial high-yielding trait. By elucidating the genetics underlying multilocularity in yellow sarson, this work empowers breeding programs seeking to improve yield through enhancement of the multilocular ovary trait\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"\"Unveiling the Unquestionable Dominance of Multilocularity in Brassica Rapa var. Yellow Sarson: Pioneering Advancements in Brassica Crop Enhancement\"","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-01-12 20:01:22","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3480736/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Accepted","date":"2023-12-22T02:09:17+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2023-12-21T14:26:54+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution","date":"2023-12-21T09:19:54+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"genetic-resources-and-crop-evolution","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"gres","sideBox":"Learn more about [Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution](https://www.springer.com/journal/10722)","snPcode":"10722","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/10722/3","title":"Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"08c40529-4e80-4406-ba39-5156ac30b7b3","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 12th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-01-22T15:10:20+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-3480736","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-023-01846-8","journal":{"identity":"genetic-resources-and-crop-evolution","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution"},"publishedOn":"2024-01-21 15:01:52","publishedOnDateReadable":"January 21st, 2024"},"versionCreatedAt":"2024-01-12 20:01:22","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s10722-023-01846-8","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-023-01846-8","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-3480736","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-3480736","identity":"rs-3480736","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}