Effect of Variable Parameters on Droplet Icing Process in Delayed Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Flow

Effect of Variable Parameters on Droplet Icing Process in Delayed Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Flow | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Effect of Variable Parameters on Droplet Icing Process in Delayed Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Flow Yongsheng Yu, Yirui Lu, Hekun Jia, Fei Dong This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4421951/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 9 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Modifying the characteristics of the flow channel is essential to retard or prevent icing and improve the low-temperature operational performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). This paper presents a two-dimensional transient mathematical model that investigates the influences of surface temperature, wettability, and volume size on the droplet icing process. The findings suggest that raising the surface temperature of the flow channel results in a longer droplet freezing time. Raising the surface temperature from 248.15 K to 268.15 K can delay droplet freezing time by up to 62%. Increasing the surface contact angle from 78° to 150° can delay droplet freezing time by 45%. An increase in droplet volume can also prolong the time required for droplet freezing. Increasing the droplet volume size from 1 µL to 4 µL can delay the droplet freezing time by 35%. Moreover, the optimal parameters for maximizing the duration of droplet freezing are identified using response surface methodology. The corresponding conditions are found to be a surface temperature of 267.96 K, a surface contact angle of 134.08°, and a droplet volume of 3.29 µL. This work offers valuable guidance for enhancing the low-temperature performance of PEMFCs through flow channel design optimization. Proton exchange membrane fuel cell Droplet Icing process Freezing time Response surface methodology Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 27 May, 2024 Reviews received at journal 23 May, 2024 Reviews received at journal 23 May, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 23 May, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 19 May, 2024 Reviewers invited by journal 17 May, 2024 Submission checks completed at journal 16 May, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 16 May, 2024 First submitted to journal 14 May, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4421951","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":306494847,"identity":"f880258a-c0ec-4529-88c5-1acbf9f2e3e0","order_by":0,"name":"Yongsheng Yu","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABEElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBCDBCBmfABiMTYDCR4itTAbHCBVC5vEARgXnxaDGzmGjwt+1eXxS7dfq/5QcceuuR3owrdtDPLmuLUYG8/sO1wsOedM2Y0DZ54lNzYzMBvObWMw3NmAU4uZNG/PgcQNN3LSbhxsO5wM9AubNG8bQ4LBAbxa6hL3A7UUQLWw/yaohecHc+IGifRjDEAtdiBbmPFpkTzzrNiYt+Fw4owbOcwSZ84cTmBsZmyWnHNOwnADDi18x5M3Pub5U5fYPyP94YeKisP2hv2HD354U2Yjj8sWhQMcBgyMbSAmjwGITNzYwNgApCWwqwcC+Qb2BwwMf0BMEIOBwV4ep9pRMApGwSgYqQAAl25l65FBBu0AAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Tongji University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yongsheng","middleName":"","lastName":"Yu","suffix":""},{"id":306494848,"identity":"16d62adb-dfbb-4224-8ec8-86464eb8bb13","order_by":1,"name":"Yirui Lu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Tongji University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yirui","middleName":"","lastName":"Lu","suffix":""},{"id":306494849,"identity":"1c0923fd-bcd1-40b1-a8b2-083281cb5c7d","order_by":2,"name":"Hekun Jia","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Jiangsu University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hekun","middleName":"","lastName":"Jia","suffix":""},{"id":306494850,"identity":"44d7c69a-958d-4468-a348-c516409c0fd4","order_by":3,"name":"Fei Dong","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Jiangsu University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Fei","middleName":"","lastName":"Dong","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-05-15 02:06:05","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4421951/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4421951/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":57196001,"identity":"502a9bfc-4eb8-40d7-a155-90ef8b88456f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-05-27 08:44:01","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1191724,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4421951/v1_covered_c147cef4-b806-4656-b836-325775312fd4.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Effect of Variable Parameters on Droplet Icing Process in Delayed Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Flow","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"ionics","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":" Learn more about [Ionics](https://www.springer.com/journal/11581) ","snPcode":"11581","submissionUrl":"https://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/ionics","title":"Ionics","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Proton exchange membrane fuel cell, Droplet, Icing process, Freezing time, Response surface methodology","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4421951/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4421951/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eModifying the characteristics of the flow channel is essential to retard or prevent icing and improve the low-temperature operational performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). This paper presents a two-dimensional transient mathematical model that investigates the influences of surface temperature, wettability, and volume size on the droplet icing process. The findings suggest that raising the surface temperature of the flow channel results in a longer droplet freezing time. Raising the surface temperature from 248.15 K to 268.15 K can delay droplet freezing time by up to 62%. Increasing the surface contact angle from 78\u0026deg; to 150\u0026deg; can delay droplet freezing time by 45%. An increase in droplet volume can also prolong the time required for droplet freezing. Increasing the droplet volume size from 1 \u0026micro;L to 4 \u0026micro;L can delay the droplet freezing time by 35%. Moreover, the optimal parameters for maximizing the duration of droplet freezing are identified using response surface methodology. The corresponding conditions are found to be a surface temperature of 267.96 K, a surface contact angle of 134.08\u0026deg;, and a droplet volume of 3.29 \u0026micro;L. This work offers valuable guidance for enhancing the low-temperature performance of PEMFCs through flow channel design optimization.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Effect of Variable Parameters on Droplet Icing Process in Delayed Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Flow","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-05-27 08:35:52","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4421951/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2024-05-27T12:23:19+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-05-24T02:22:15+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-05-24T02:18:23+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"206056476399321241715096938833011533922","date":"2024-05-23T05:14:40+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"261824262027199940903628992153654400734","date":"2024-05-19T11:38:24+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2024-05-17T15:24:34+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2024-05-16T11:46:20+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-05-16T11:46:20+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Ionics","date":"2024-05-15T02:04:20+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"ionics","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":" Learn more about [Ionics](https://www.springer.com/journal/11581) ","snPcode":"11581","submissionUrl":"https://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/ionics","title":"Ionics","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"61614244-2afe-41e8-a551-9eb0265e3b70","owner":[],"postedDate":"May 27th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-06-22T16:04:32+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-05-27 08:35:52","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4421951","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4421951","identity":"rs-4421951","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}