Leveraging Non-linearities near Exceptional Points in Coupled Opto-Electronic Oscillators for RF Sensing

Leveraging Non-linearities near Exceptional Points in Coupled Opto-Electronic Oscillators for RF Sensing | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Leveraging Non-linearities near Exceptional Points in Coupled Opto-Electronic Oscillators for RF Sensing Brenden Glover, Gautam Vemuri, Joseph Suelzer This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8767466/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract We present experimental and theoretical investigations of two time-delay coupled optoelectronic oscillators with emphasis on a variety of distinct operating regimes that are not present in solitary oscillators. Through analytic methods, we characterize oscillation threshold, fold bifurcations, and exceptional points that mark the boundaries of various operating regimes. Furthermore, we identify critical points that denote the intersections of threshold and the exceptional point lines. The critical points indicate an abrupt frequency splitting and a singularity in sensitivity to external perturbations. The fold bifurcations characterize a high-power second attractor state. Hysteresis as a function of the round-trip gains is reported. To probe radio frequency sensing applications, we inject a radio frequency signal and observe a transition from the off state to the second attractor, with a 72-dB power ratio between the output and the injected signal. Results open a field of study in non-Hermitian, nonlinear time delay systems and provide a potential platform for optically integrated computing. opto-electronic oscillator time-delay nonlinear feedback Mach-Zender Modulator stability bifurcation threshold RF sensing Full Text Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8767466","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":584512764,"identity":"e35d5e91-63c7-40bd-afb0-af6b48c4338d","order_by":0,"name":"Brenden Glover","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA8klEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACdgiVACIkGBhsZNgIamFG1ZLGQ7KWwzwEdcg7Mx+T+LiHIc+8vffgjY87zvPwSSQfYPhRsQ2nFsPDbGmSM54xFMucOZdsOfPMbR42ibQExp4zt3FraeYxNuY5wJA4QyLHTJq3DaiF54wBM2MbAS1/QFrk35hJ/207B9Ry/gNeLfLMPIaPGcC28JhJM7Yd4GFj72HAq8WAmS3xYc8BhmIJnhxjy962ZKCWNoOD+Pwi39584MCPAwx5EuxnDG/8bLOTk29mfvjgRwUeWw6Aqf+oogdwqgfZ0oBPdhSMglEwCkYBCAAA3eJNtLpjOX4AAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4433-315X","institution":"KBR Inc.","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Brenden","middleName":"","lastName":"Glover","suffix":""},{"id":584512766,"identity":"4c66a693-7086-497a-8da2-8e6ed83b6846","order_by":1,"name":"Gautam Vemuri","email":"","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4793-3970","institution":"Indiana University of Indianapolis","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Gautam","middleName":"","lastName":"Vemuri","suffix":""},{"id":584512767,"identity":"a2ef7b66-d46e-4d31-aba6-0fa2b894ed27","order_by":2,"name":"Joseph Suelzer","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Air Force Research Laboratory","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Joseph","middleName":"","lastName":"Suelzer","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-02-02 16:44:06","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":{"humanSubjects":false,"vertebrateSubjects":false,"conflictsOfInterestStatement":false,"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false,"humanSubjectConsent":false,"humanSubjectClinicalTrial":false,"humanSubjectCaseReport":false,"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false},"doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8767466/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8767466/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":101880754,"identity":"06cd729a-69dc-4654-8c13-de8ccabfde7d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-04 15:06:02","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1755280,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"LeveragingNonlinearitiesnearExceptionalPointsinCoupledOptoElectronicOscillatorsforRFSensing9.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8767466/v1_covered_7f41b5c3-f067-443c-8a88-b33aa69ec1e1.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare no competing interests.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eLeveraging Non-linearities near Exceptional Points in Coupled Opto-Electronic Oscillators for RF Sensing\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"United States Air Force Research Laboratory","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"opto-electronic oscillator, time-delay, nonlinear, feedback, Mach-Zender Modulator, stability, bifurcation, threshold, RF sensing","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8767466/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8767466/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eWe present experimental and theoretical investigations of two time-delay coupled optoelectronic oscillators with emphasis on a variety of distinct operating regimes that are not present in solitary oscillators. 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