Efficacy of novel insecticides against shoot and fruit borers, Earias spp. in okra

Efficacy of novel insecticides against shoot and fruit borers, Earias spp. in okra | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Efficacy of novel insecticides against shoot and fruit borers, Earias spp. in okra Bhupender Singh, Ram Karan Gaur, Anil Jakhar This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4257041/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 22 Oct, 2025 Read the published version in International Journal of Tropical Insect Science → Version 1 posted 5 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Among various insect pests attacking okra, shoot and fruit borers, viz., Earias vittella and E. insulana are highly significant, causing substantial losses to the crop. For effective management of these pests, it is crucial to evaluate insecticides with innovative mode of action. In this context, present study was conducted for two consecutive years to evaluate the efficacy of some novel insecticides viz ., chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC, emamectin benzoate 5% SG and pyridalyl 10% EC against Earias spp in comparison to traditional ones such as λ-cyhalothrin 5% EC, cypermethrin 25% EC and quinalphos 25% EC. All the insecticides were applied to okra crop thrice at recommended doses of 25, 6.75, 50, 15, 37, and 200 g a.i. ha − 1 , respectively, and observations on infestation (shoot and fruit) and yield of okra fruits were recorded. Results revealed that novel insecticides were more effective than old ones. Chlorantraniliprole exhibiting significant reduction in shoot and fruit infestation and maximum increase in yield of marketable okra fruits was most effective against Earias spp. followed by emamectin benzoate and pyridalyl. In contrast, λ-cyhalothrin, cypermethrin and quinalphos were less effective and more or less on a par with each other. Incremental cost benefit ratio was however, highest in treatment involving emamectin benzoate followed by λ-cyhalothrin and chlorantraniliprole while minimum in treatment involving pyridalyl. Thus, chlorantraniliprole and emamectin benzoate can be used alternatively for the efficient management of Earias spp. in okra. Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) M. effectiveness infestation new molecules effective management Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Introduction Vegetables are essential for a balanced diet, providing vital nutrients. India, ranking second in global vegetable production after China, dedicates around 2.8 per cent of its cropped area to vegetable cultivation (Visnupriya and Muthukrishnan 2017 ). Among vegetables, okra ( Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench is immensely popular and extensively grown in India. India leads globally in okra production, contributing approximately 62 per cent to the total output. With an area of 5.09 lakhs hectares, annual production reaches 60.95 lakhs metric tons, with a productivity of 12 metric tons per hectare (Anonymous 2018 ). Okra is highly susceptible to damage by insect pests and approximately 72 species of pests and mites are detrimental to okra crops (Rao and Rajendra 2002). Among these, shoot and fruit borers, such as Earias vittella Fab. and E. insulana Boisd., inflict the most destructive impact, boring into the terminal shoot during initial stage of crop while subsequently damaging the buds, flower and fruits (Sindhu et al. 2023 ). Consequently, they cause damage ranging from 24.6 to 26.0 per cent to shoots (Zala et al. 1999 ) and 40 to 100 percent to fruits of okra crop (Shinde et al. 2007 ). Although various pest control methods are available, farmers primarily rely on chemical interventions (Dhaliwal and Koul 2010 ). However, the indiscriminate use of insecticides leads to severe ecological repercussions, such as pest resistance, destruction of natural enemies, and outbreaks of secondary pests (Lal 2001 ). This has spurred a demand for safer and more selective insecticides. Consequently, agrochemical companies have developed novel synthetic insecticides that are comparatively more selective (Kumar et al. 2022 ). This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of these new molecules to identify a viable option for managing shoot and fruit borers in okra crops. Material and methods The present study was conducted at CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar over two consecutive years (2019 and 2020), during the kharif season. Employing a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with a plot size of 5 × 4 m, the experiment included seven treatments, each replicated thrice. The foliar application of insecticides viz., Chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC, Emamectin benzoate 5% SG, Pyridalyl 10% EC, λ-cyhalothrin 5% EC, Cypermethrin 25% EC and Quinalphos 25% EC in okra crops was done at the rate of 25, 6.75, 50, 15, 37 and 200 g a.i. per ha, respectively. Total three applications were done, first at the Economic Threshold Level (ETL) of shoot infestation, then at 50 per cent fruit initiation, and finally at 15 days interval. The efficacy of these insecticides against target pests was evaluated based on reduced in infestation (shoots and fruits) and increase in yield of marketable okra fruits. Shoot infestation was assessed by counting total and infested shoots of five randomly selected and tagged plants before, 7 and 14 days after each spray. Fruit infestation was recorded by harvesting all harvestable okra fruits 3, 6, 10, and 14 days after the second and third spray from each treatment, excluding the border rows. Per cent shoot and fruit infestation (on number as well as weight basis) were calculated. The yield of marketable okra fruits was recorded at every picking in each treatment. To assess the economics of various treatments, incremental cost benefit ratio (ICBR) was also calculated based on cost of protection and prevailing market rate of okra fruits. The data obtained during the study were tabulated and subjected to the analysis of variance using software OPSTAT (Sheoran 1998). Results and Discussion Shoot infestation During the kharif season of 2019, the pre-spray shoot infestation ranged from 10.73 to 12.63 per cent across treatments with no significant difference (Table 1 ). However, after first spray, all the treated plots exhibited significantly lower infestation when compared to untreated check. Application of chlorantraniliprole resulted in significantly lower infestation (4.13%) compared to traditional insecticides such as λ-cyhalothrin (6.31%), cypermethrin (6.60%) and quinalphos (7.05%), however, on a par with that in emamectin benzoate (4.38%) and pyridalyl (4.83%) treated plots. After second spray, shoot infestation across all the insecticidal treatments was almost on a par , however, in chlorantranilirople treated plots, it was (1.58%) significantly lower than that in treatment involving quinalphos (3.31%). But no significant difference was observed in shoot infestation recorded in all the treatments after third spray. Mean data revealed that shoot infestation in chlorantraniliprole (2.06%) and emamectin benzoate (2.35%) treated plots was on a par but significantly lower than that in plots treated with λ-cyhalothrin, cypermethrin and quinalphos (3.45, 3.54 and 3.3.83%, respectively). Additionally, the infestation in treatment involving pyridalyl (2.61%) was on a par with that in the former treatments as well as in that involving λ-cyhalothrin. Table 1 Effect of insecticides on shoot infestation caused by Earias spp. in okra Treatments Dose (g a.i. ha − 1 ) * Shoot infestation (%) Kharif 2019 Kharif 2020 Pooled Mean BS AFS ASS ATS Mean BS AFS ASS ATS Mean Chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC 25 12.63 (20.81) a 4.13 (11.72) c 1.58 (7.22) c 0.48 (2.29) a 2.06 (8.25) d 11.79 (20.08) a 3.74 (11.15) c 1.49 (7.00) d 0.00 (0.00) a 1.74 (7.58) c 1.90 (7.92) d Emamectin benzoate 5% SG 6.75 11.64 (19.89) a 4.38 (12.08) c 2.170 (8.34) bc 0.51 (2.36) a 2.35 (8.81) d 10.56 (18.73) a 4.01 (11.55) c 1.65 (7.38) cd 0.00 (0.00) a 1.89 (7.89) c 2.12 (8.36) cd Pyridalyl 10% EC 50 10.93 (19.07) a 4.83 (12.69) c 2.48 (8.92) bc 0.52 (2.39) a 2.61 (9.29) cd 11.20 (19.54) a 4.31 (11.99) c 1.85 (7.80) cd 0.56 (2.47) a 2.24 (8.58) c 2.42 (8.95) c λ-cyhalothrin 5% EC 15 11.27 (19.32) a 6.31 (14.53) b 2.98 (9.85) bc 1.04 (3.40) a 3.45 (10.64) bc 10.94 (19.31) a 5.95 (14.10) b 2.90 (9.73) bc 1.00 (4.68) a 3.28 (10.42) b 3.36 (10.54) b Cypermethrin 25% EC 37 11.19 (19.28) a 6.60 (14.85) b 2.97 (9.82) bc 1.06 (4.84) a 3.54 (10.82) b 10.85 (19.08) a 5.87 (14.01) b 2.71 (9.29) bcd 1.14 (3.56) a 3.24 (10.31) b 3.39 (10.61) b Quinalphos 25% EC 200 12.02 (20.23) a 7.04 (15.36) b 3.31 (10.37) b 1.14 (4.50) a 3.83 (11.26) b 11.00 (19.11) a 6.19 (14.36) b 3.38 (10.48) b 1.09 (4.89) a 3.55 (10.86) b 3.69 (11.06) b Untreated check 10.73 (18.90) a 11.66 (19.94) a 7.29 (15.62) a 2.27 (7.09) a 7.08 (15.43) a 11.99 (19.99) a 12.31 (20.51) a 7.12 (15.43) a 2.17 (6.92) a 7.20 (15.56) a 7.14 (15.49) a LSD (NS) (1.57) (2.98) (NS) (1.40) (NS) (1.67) (2.62) (NS) (1.40) (0.89) t-value 2.17 2.17 2.17 2.17 2.17 2.17 2.17 2.17 2.17 2.17 2.17 p-value 0.992 < 0.001 ** 0.001 ** 0.749 < 0.001 ** 0.997 < 0.001 ** < 0.001 ** 0.471 < 0.001 ** < 0.001 ** f-value 0.11 30.27 7.73 0.56 27.77 0.08 34.44 11.45 0.99 35.45 79.22 df 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 * Mean of three replications; Figures in parentheses are angular transformed values; BS = Before Spray; AFS = After First Spray; ASS = After Second Spray; ATS = After Third Spray; LSD = Least Significance Difference; t = critical value of t; df = degree of freedom; p-values shows the level of significance; **p-value is in the range [0, 0.001]; values followed by the same letter did not differ significantly from one another; NS = Non-Significant Almost similar trend was observed during kharif 2020 and pre spray infestation (10.56 to 11.99%) did not differ significantly across the treatments. Likewise, first application of novel insecticides viz ., chlorantraniliprole, emamectin benzoate and pyridalyl resulted in shoot infestation (3.74, 4.01 and 4.31%, respectively) on a par with each other but significantly lower than that in λ-cyhalothrin (5.95%), cypermethrin (5.87%) and quinalphos (6.19%) treated plots. After second spray, shoot infestation recorded in chlorantraniliprole treated plots (1.49%) was significantly lower than that in λ-cyhalothrin (2.90%) and quinalphos (3.38%) treated plots, however, in rest of the treatments, it was on a par . Similarly, no significant difference was observed in shoot infestation across all the insecticidal treatments after third spray. Mean data showed that chlorantraniliprole, emamectin benzoate and pyridalyl resulting in shoot infestation (1.74, 1.89 and 2.24%, respectively) significantly lower than that achieved by λ-cyhalothrin (3.28%), cypermethrin (3.24%) and quinalphos (3.55%), were superior, however on a par with each other. Pooled data of two years study clearly indicates that chlorantraniliprole exhibited the highest efficacy against Earias spp. and resulted in shoot infestation (1.90%) significantly lower than that in other treatments except emamectin benzoate (2.12%), where it was on a par. Following this, pyridalyl registering mean infestation (2.42%) on a par with emamectin benzoate was next effective treatment. Conversely, λ-cyhalothrin, cypermethrin and quinalphos resulting in significantly higher infestation (3.36, 3.39 and 3.69%, respectively) demonstrated inferiority to the novel insecticides. Among new molecules, chlorantraniliprole caused maximum (73.39%) reduction in infestation over control (Fig. 1 ) followed by emamectin benzoate (70.31%) and pyridalyl (66.11%) while treatments involving traditional insecticides could result in only up to 52.94 per cent reduction in shoot infestation. Fruit infestation Fruit infestation (number and weight basis) in okra was recorded after second and third spray only (Table 2 ) as first spray was applied at vegetative stage. The data collected during the kharif season of 2019 following the second spray demonstrated a significant decrease in fruit infestation due to the application of the tested insecticides when compared to the untreated control. Further, application of novel insecticides resulting in significantly lower fruit infestation, were more effective than old chemicals. Specifically, the treatment involving chlorantraniliprole exhibited significantly lower infestation, both in terms of number (4.42%) and weight (3.92%) basis followed by emamectin benzoate (6.20 and 5.13%) and pyridalyl (8.66 and 7.83%). Conversely, among the treatments involving old molecules, fruit infestation in λ-cyhalothrin treated plots was (9.81 and 8.19%) significantly lower than that in treatments involving cypermethrin (10.99 and 9.93%) and quinalphos (11.96 and 10.15%). After third spray also, all the treated plots exhibited significantly lower fruit infestation than the untreated control. Likewise, chlorantraniliprole treated plots registered significantly lower infestation both on number (3.87%) and weight basis (3.91%), followed by emamectin benzoate (5.27 and 5.08%) and pyridalyl (9.42 and 8.90%). Among traditional insecticides, λ-cyhalothrin resulted in fruit infestation (9.52 and 8.61%) on a par with that in pyridalyl treated plots and significantly lower than that in treatments involving cypermethrin (10.84 and 10.22%) and quinalphos (11.08 and 10.05%). The mean infestation data for the kharif season of 2019 indicated that all the tested insecticides significantly decreased fruit infestation when compared to the untreated check. It is evident that chlorantraniliprole resulting in significantly lower infestation on both number (4.15%) and weight (3.92%) basis, exhibited the highest effectiveness than other insecticides. Emamectin benzoate resulting in mean infestation of 5.74 and 5.10 per cent on number and weight basis, respectively, ranked second in effectiveness and trailed by pyridalyl (9.04 and 8.36%). On the other hand, fruit infestation in λ-cyhalothrin treated plots was (9.67 and 8.40%) significantly lower than that in treatments involving cypermethrin (10.92 and 10.07%) and quinalphos (11.52 and 10.10%). Data recorded during kharif 2020, following the second spray also highlighted a significant reduction in fruit infestation by all the tested insecticides when compared to the untreated check. Notably, the novel insecticides outperformed the old ones, with chlorantraniliprole registering significantly lower fruit infestation both in terms of number (3.42%) and weight (3.17%) basis followed by emamectin benzoate (4.94 and 4.36%) and pyridalyl (6.76 and 7.15%). Conversely, infestation in plots treated with λ-cyhalothrin (9.75 and 7.98%), cypermethrin (9.40 and 8.70%), and quinalphos (10.72 and 9.67%) was significantly higher than the former treatments and almost on a par with each other. Almost similar trend persisted after third spray. Considering the mean infestation, it became evident that during kharif 2020 also, novel insecticides demonstrated superiority over the old chemicals. Similarly, chlorantraniliprole exhibited significantly lower infestation both in terms of number (2.76%) and weight (2.62%) basis, followed by emamectin benzoate (4.18 and 3.88%) and pyridalyl (7.12 and 7.27%). Infestation in rest of the treatments was on a par with each other. Pooled data of two years also indicated that the application of novel insecticides resulting in significantly lower infestation proved notably more effective than the older ones. Chlorantraniliprole resulting in significantly lower fruit infestation on both number (3.45%) and weight (3.27%) basis, and causing maximum reduction of 81.48 and 80.13 per cent over the control, respectively (Fig. 2 ), emerged as the most promising insecticide. Following closely was emamectin benzoate, which exhibited fruit infestation of 4.96 and 4.49 per cent on number and weight basis, representing reduction of 73.38 and 72.72 per cent over untreated check, respectively. Subsequently, pyridalyl demonstrated a mean infestation of 8.08 and 7.82 per cent on number and weight basis, resulting in reduction of 56.63 and 52.49 per cent over untreated check, respectively. However, traditional chemicals fell short and caused only up to 50 per cent reduction in fruit infestation. Table 2 Effect of insecticides on fruit infestation caused by Earias spp. in okra Treatments Dose (g a.i. ha − 1 ) * Fruit infestation (%) Kharif 2019 Kharif 2020 Pooled Mean Number basis Weight basis Number basis Weight basis ASS ATS Mean ASS ATS Mean ASS ATS Mean ASS ATS Mean Number basis Weight basis Chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC 25 4.42 (12.13) f 3.87 (11.34) e 4.15 (11.74) f 3.92 (11.40) e 3.91 (11.41) e 3.91 (11.40) e 3.42 (10.65) f 2.09 (8.32) f 2.76 (9.55) e 3.17 (10.24) f 2.07 (8.26) e 2.62 (9.31) e 3.45 (10.71) f 3.27 (10.42) f Emamectin benzoate 5 SG 6.75 6.20 (14.40) e 5.27 (13.27) d 5.74 (13.85) e 5.13 (13.08) d 5.08 (13.00) d 5.10 (13.04) d 4.94 (12.85) e 3.42 (10.64) e 4.18 (11.79) d 4.36 (12.04) e 3.41 (10.63) d 3.88 (11.36) d 4.96 (12.87) e 4.49 (12.23) e Pyridalyl 10 EC 50 8.66 (17.11) d 9.42 (17.87) c 9.04 (17.49) d 7.83 (16.23) c 8.90 (17.36) c 8.36 (16.81) c 6.76 (15.07) d 7.47 (15.85) d 7.12 (15.47) c 7.15 (15.50) d 7.40 (15.78) c 7.27 (15.64) c 8.08 (16.50) d 7.82 (16.23) d λ -cyhalothrin 5 EC 15 9.82 (18.25) c 9.52 (17.97) c 9.67 (18.11) c 8.19 (16.62) c 8.61 (17.05) c 8.40 (16.84) c 9.75 (18.19) bc 8.06 (16.49) cd 8.90 (17.36) b 7.98 (16.40) cd 8.13 (16.56) b 8.05 (16.49) b 9.29 (17.74) c 8.23 (16.67) c Cypermethrin 25 EC 37 10.99 (19.36) b 10.84 (19.22) b 10.92 (19.29) b 9.93 (18.36) b 10.22 (18.64) b 10.07 (18.50) b 9.40 (17.85) c 9.66 (18.11) b 9.53 (17.98) b 8.70 (17.15) bc 8.45 (16.90) b 8.58 (17.03) b 10.22 (18.64) b 9.32 (17.78) b Quinalphos 25 EC 200 11.96 (20.22) b 11.08 (19.44) b 11.52 (19.84) b 10.15 (18.57) b 10.05 (18.48) b 10.10 (18.53) b 10.72 (19.10) b 8.26 (16.70) b 9.49 (17.94) b 9.67 (18.11) b 7.28 (15.65) c 8.48 (16.92) b 10.51 (18.91) b 9.29 (17.74) b Untreated check 19.04 (25.87) a 23.04 (28.68) a 21.04 (27.30) a 17.05 (24.38) a 20.48 (26.91) a 18.77 (25.67) a 20.22 (26.72) a 17.07 (24.40) a 18.65 (25.58) a 12.86 (21.01) a 15.44 (23.13) a 14.15 (22.09) a 19.84 (26.45) a 16.46 (23.93) a LSD 0.88 0.83 0.61 1.17 0.85 0.77 1.01 0.80 0.70 1.08 0.70 0.59 0.41 0.34 t-value 2.17 2.17 2.17 2.17 2.17 2.17 2.17 2.17 2.17 2.17 2.17 2.17 2.17 2.17 p-value < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 f-value 239.33 425.03 628.02 122.22 326.13 336.70 251.09 400.36 519.46 108.07 440.63 474.55 1452.84 1578.74 df 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 * Mean of three replications; Figures in parentheses are angular transformed values; ASS = After Second Spray; ATS = After Third Spray; LSD = Least Significance Difference; t = critical value of t; p-values shows the level of significance; df = degree of freedom; values followed by the same letter did not differ significantly from one another Yield of okra marketable fruits Data collected during kharif season of 2019 indicates that though all insecticidal treatments resulted in significantly higher yield of okra marketable fruits when compared to untreated check, however, it was significantly higher in treatments involving novel insecticides (Table 3 ). Among the novel insecticides, the application of chlorantraniliprole resulted in significantly higher yield (96.70 q ha − 1 ), followed by emamectin benzoate (89.75 q ha − 1 ) and pyridalyl (80.83 q ha − 1 ). In contrast, the fruit yield in plots treated with λ-cyhalothrin, cypermethrin, and quinalphos was 79.02, 77.03, and 77.08 q ha − 1 , respectively and on a par with each other. During kharif season of 2020 also, similar trend was observed. Table 3 Yield of okra marketable fruits and economics of the treatments Treatments Dose (g a.i. ha − 1 ) * Yield (q ha − 1 ) ICBR ** Kharif Pooled Mean 2019 2020 Chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC 25 96.70 a 91.09 a 93.90 a 1:11.52 Emamectin benzoate 5 SG 6.75 89.75 b 84.94 b 87.35 b 1:15.49 Pyridalyl 10 EC 50 80.83 c 73.77 c 77.30 c 1:7.25 λ-cyhalothrin 5 EC 15 79.02 cd 66.44 d 72.73 d 1:12.40 Cypermethrin 25 EC 37 77.03 d 63.58 d 70.31 d 1:11.44 Quinalphos 25 EC 200 77.08 d 64.56 d 70.82 d 1:8.09 Untreated check 62.92 e 52.94 e 57.93 e LSD 3.39 4.56 3.29 t-value 2.17 2.17 2.17 p-value < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 f-value 93.79 79.92 123.47 df 6 6 6 * Mean of three replications; * Incremental Cost Benefit Ratio; LSD = Least Significance Difference; t = critical value of t; p-values shows the level of significance; df = degree of freedom; values followed by the same letter did not differ significantly from one another Pooled data on the yield of okra marketable fruits also demonstrated the superior performance of novel insecticides over traditional ones. Chlorantraniliprole, with a mean yield of 93.90 q ha − 1 , surpassed others, exhibiting a remarkable 62.09 per cent increase over the untreated check (Fig. 3 ). Following closely were emamectin benzoate and pyridalyl, which recorded yield of 87.35 and 77.30 q ha − 1 okra marketable fruits, representing 50.79 and 33.44 per cent increase over the untreated check, respectively. In contrast, the mean yield of okra marketable fruits in plots treated with λ-cyhalothrin, cypermethrin and quinalphos was 72.73, 70.31, and 70.82 q ha − 1 reflecting only 25.55, 21.37 and 22.25 per cent increase over the untreated check, respectively. Economics of treatments Economics of different treatments was also worked out by considering the cost of treatments (insecticide + application) and prevailing market value of okra fruits (Table 3 ). On the basis of protection cost and net return, incremental cost benefit ratio (ICBR) was calculated in each treatment. Application of chlorantraniliprole although resulted in maximum net return, nevertheless, incremental cost-benefit ratio was highest (1:15.49) in treatment involving spray of emamectin benzoate. It was followed by the treatment involving λ-cyhalothrin (1:12.40) and chlorantraniliprole (1:11.52) while treatment involving pyridalyl recorded minimum ICBR (1:7.25). It could be seen that the novel insecticides demonstrated superiority over traditional ones and resulted in a significant reduction in both shoot and fruit infestation, and a notable increase in the yield of okra marketable fruits. Among these, chlorantraniliprole exhibited the highest effectiveness, followed by emamectin benzoate and pyridalyl. Chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC, belonging to the anthranilic diamide group, represents a novel class of chemicals that has emerged as particularly potent insecticides. Its mechanism involves the activation of ryanodine receptors, triggering uncontrolled calcium release in the muscles of targeted insects (Lahm et al. 2009 ). Notably, chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC has been identified as fast-acting (Hannig et al. 2009 ) and highly efficient in controlling a wide range of lepidopteran pests (Lahm et al. 2009 ), such as Spodoptera frugiperda (Hardke et al. 2011 ), Ostrinia nubilalis (Huseth et al. 2015 ), Helicoverpa armigera (Younas et al. 2016 ), Leucinodes orbonalis (Rajavel et al. 2011 ) and Earias spp. (Reddy and Thara, 2019 ). The findings of current study closely align with that of previous workers who identified chlorantraniliprole as the most effective insecticide against Earias spp., leading to a significantly higher yield of marketable okra fruits (Rakshit and Kumar 2017; Ghuge et al. 2020 ; Sindhu 2020 ). Furthermore, this study found that following chlorantraniliprole, emamectin benzoate demonstrated considerable effectiveness, consistent with earlier research indicating its high efficacy against Earias spp. (Nigade et al. 2013 ; Anand et al. 2014 ; Dhaker et al. 2017 ) and its superiority over pyridalyl (Rajuponnu and Reghupathy 2018), λ-cyhalothrin 2.5 EC and quinalphos 25 EC (Venkanna et al. 2015 ). It was also observed that pyridalyl 10 EC ranked third in effectiveness against Earias spp., surpassing traditional insecticides significantly which is confirmed by the earlier findings which showed it significantly more effective than cypermethrin 10 EC and quinalphos 25 EC (Gautam et al. 2006 ; Nair et al. 2008 ). Conclusion The novel insecticides demonstrated superior effectiveness against Earias spp. compared to traditional insecticides. Specifically, chlorantraniliprole proved to be the most efficacious, resulting in the highest reduction in infestation and a significant increase in the yield of marketable okra fruits. Following closely were emamectin benzoate and pyridalyl. Therefore, chlorantraniliprole and emamectin benzoate were the optimal choices for effective management of Earias spp. Declarations Conflict of Interest The Authors declare that there is no conflict of interest. Acknowledgment Authors sincerely thank to the Head of Department of Entomology CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar for providing all necessary facilities to carry out this study. Data availability Data supporting the findings is available upon request from the corresponding author References Anand GKS, Sharma RK, Shankarganesh K (2014) Evaluation of bio-efficacy and compatibility of emamectin benzoate with neem based biopesticide against fruit borers of brinjal and okra. 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Bioorg Med Chem 17:4127–4133 Lal OP (2001) Bio-diversity in relation to insect pest management In: Abstracts of National Conference: Plant Protection New Horizons in a Millennium held at Udaipur during February 23–25, 2001 Nair N, Sekh K, Somchoudhury AK, Dhar PP (2008) Bioefficacy of pyridalyl 10 EC against the bollworms of cotton and its effect on natural enemies in West Bengal condition. J Entomol Res 32(4):313–315 Nigade SU, Patil CS, Chandele AG (2013) Efficacy of some new insecticides against shoot and fruit borer, Earias vittella (Fab.) on okra. J Insect Sci 26(1):110–114 Rajavel DS, Mohanraj A, Bharathi K (2011) Efficacy of chlorantraniliprole (Coragen 20SC) against brinjal shoot and fruit borer, Leucinodes orbonalis . Pest Manag Hort Ecosyst 17:28–31 Rajuponnu K, Regupathy A (2018) Field efficacy of emamectin benzoate 1.9 EC against shoot and fruit borer of okra. Int J Entomol Res 3(2):164–167 Rakshith KA, Kumar A (2017) Field efficacy of selected insecticides and neem products against shoot and fruit borer, Earias vittella (Fab.) on okra, Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench. Int J Curr Microbiol Appl Sci 6(8):122–128 Rao NS, Rajendran R (2002) Joint action potential of neem with other plant extracts against the leaf hopper Amrasca devastan (Distant) on okra. Pest Manag Econom Zool 10:131–136 Reddy GN, Thara K (2019) Field efficacy of selected bio-agent and insecticide against shoot and fruit borer, Earias vittella (Noctuidae:Lepidoptera) on okra. J Entomol Zool Stud 7:380–383 Sheoran OP, Tonk DS, Kaushik LS, Hasija RC, Pannu RS Statistical software package for agricultural research workers. Recent advances in information theory, statisticscomputer applications by, Hooda DS, Hasija RC (1998) Department of Mathematics & Statistics, CCS HAU, Hisar pp.139–143 Shinde BD, Sarkate MB, Memade PW, Sable YR (2007) Bioefficacy of botanical microbial and synthetic insecticides against okra fruit borer. Pestol 31(3):19–22 Sindhu (2020) Biology, management of Earias spp. and estimation of pesticide residue in okra. M.Sc. Thesis, Department of Entomology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, India Sindhu S, Kalkal D, Rolania K, Kumar R, Kumari P (2023) A comparative study of biology and morphometrics of two different species of Earias on okra crop. Int J Trop Insect Sci 43:1723–1732 Venkanna R, Balikai RA, Patil RH (2015) Management of okra fruit borers using insecticide molecules. Ann Plant Prot Sci 23(1):158–160 Visnupriya M, Muthukrishnan N (2017) Acute, persistence toxicity and field evaluation of spinetoram 12 SC against Earias vittella Fabricius on okra. Chem Sci Rev Lett 6(24):2266–2272 Younas AZ, Khan W, Wakil M, Shaaban M, Prager SM (2016) The efficacy of Beauveria bassiana 1%WP, jasmonic acid and chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC on larval populations of Helicoverpa armigera in chickpea crop ecosystems. Pest Manag Sci 73:418–424 Zala SP, Patel JR, Patel NC (1999) Impact of weather on magnitude of Earias vittella (Fab.) infesting okra. Indian J Entomol 61(4):351–355 Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 22 Oct, 2025 Read the published version in International Journal of Tropical Insect Science → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Major revisions 19 May, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 08 May, 2024 Reviewers invited by journal 03 May, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 16 Apr, 2024 First submitted to journal 12 Apr, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4257041","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":298445980,"identity":"0663d3dc-2264-4939-bbc4-fe1658768f5f","order_by":0,"name":"Bhupender Singh","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAz0lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACAwkgkcBwgIGBvQcqxEy0Fp4zpGhhAGmRyCHSYebSPWYPHjDckTe4+fbgZx4GO3kGdt4DeLVYzjljbpDA8Mxww+28ZGkehmTDBma+BPwOu5FjJpHAcJhxw+0cA6AW5gQGZh4DorTYb7h5xvg3D0M98VoSN9zgMQPacpiwFssZaeVAvxxOnnkmx8xyjsFxwzZCWswlkrc9/MFw2Lbv+BnjG28qquX5+c/g1wIEbAyM/+DuBHEJA2LUjIJRMApGwYgGADXfPj7CMzz2AAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8978-0968","institution":"Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Bhupender","middleName":"","lastName":"Singh","suffix":""},{"id":298445981,"identity":"4616f962-3827-48a3-a3db-9172a96d4d3c","order_by":1,"name":"Ram Karan Gaur","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ram","middleName":"Karan","lastName":"Gaur","suffix":""},{"id":298445982,"identity":"1d072d34-e511-4efa-82d0-f1073535d2f4","order_by":2,"name":"Anil Jakhar","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Anil","middleName":"","lastName":"Jakhar","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-04-12 10:13:10","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4257041/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4257041/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42690-025-01647-9","type":"published","date":"2025-10-22T16:16:14+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":56165720,"identity":"c4813bd7-9e4d-4dac-aacc-8e35b286813b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-05-09 10:33:23","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":41290,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePer cent reduction in shoot infestation in treated plots over control\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4257041/v1/3cb232d1fe8de90b83ee6daf.png"},{"id":56165727,"identity":"b077fa33-50ea-4b56-a5f7-52b42a59f1fb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-05-09 10:33:26","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":48011,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePer cent reduction in fruit infestation in treated plots over control\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4257041/v1/3fc092472b357bff94cbf7b9.png"},{"id":56165714,"identity":"a988eceb-5413-4d61-a8d3-7e4c6ca00026","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-05-09 10:33:14","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":35360,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePer cent increase in yield of okra marketable fruits in treated plots over control\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4257041/v1/f4466384adc3a7855c886f7c.png"},{"id":94490443,"identity":"63120e8b-ca7d-462e-a6c1-bf6964f60f9a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 17:10:06","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":893211,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4257041/v1/6f09aede-39cc-42ec-bcca-8157210e284b.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Efficacy of novel insecticides against shoot and fruit borers, Earias spp. in okra","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eVegetables are essential for a balanced diet, providing vital nutrients. India, ranking second in global vegetable production after China, dedicates around 2.8 per cent of its cropped area to vegetable cultivation (Visnupriya and Muthukrishnan \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). Among vegetables, okra (\u003cem\u003eAbelmoschus esculentus\u003c/em\u003e (L.) Moench is immensely popular and extensively grown in India. India leads globally in okra production, contributing approximately 62 per cent to the total output. With an area of 5.09 lakhs hectares, annual production reaches 60.95 lakhs metric tons, with a productivity of 12 metric tons per hectare (Anonymous \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Okra is highly susceptible to damage by insect pests and approximately 72 species of pests and mites are detrimental to okra crops (Rao and Rajendra 2002). Among these, shoot and fruit borers, such as \u003cem\u003eEarias vittella\u003c/em\u003e Fab. and \u003cem\u003eE. insulana\u003c/em\u003e Boisd., inflict the most destructive impact, boring into the terminal shoot during initial stage of crop while subsequently damaging the buds, flower and fruits (Sindhu et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Consequently, they cause damage ranging from 24.6 to 26.0 per cent to shoots (Zala et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1999\u003c/span\u003e) and 40 to 100 percent to fruits of okra crop (Shinde et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlthough various pest control methods are available, farmers primarily rely on chemical interventions (Dhaliwal and Koul \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e). However, the indiscriminate use of insecticides leads to severe ecological repercussions, such as pest resistance, destruction of natural enemies, and outbreaks of secondary pests (Lal \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e). This has spurred a demand for safer and more selective insecticides. Consequently, agrochemical companies have developed novel synthetic insecticides that are comparatively more selective (Kumar et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of these new molecules to identify a viable option for managing shoot and fruit borers in okra crops.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Material and methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe present study was conducted at CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar over two consecutive years (2019 and 2020), during the \u003cem\u003ekharif\u003c/em\u003e season. Employing a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with a plot size of 5 \u0026times; 4 m, the experiment included seven treatments, each replicated thrice. The foliar application of insecticides viz., Chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC, Emamectin benzoate 5% SG, Pyridalyl 10% EC, λ-cyhalothrin 5% EC, Cypermethrin 25% EC and Quinalphos 25% EC in okra crops was done at the rate of 25, 6.75, 50, 15, 37 and 200 g a.i. per ha, respectively. Total three applications were done, first at the Economic Threshold Level (ETL) of shoot infestation, then at 50 per cent fruit initiation, and finally at 15 days interval.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe efficacy of these insecticides against target pests was evaluated based on reduced in infestation (shoots and fruits) and increase in yield of marketable okra fruits. Shoot infestation was assessed by counting total and infested shoots of five randomly selected and tagged plants before, 7 and 14 days after each spray. Fruit infestation was recorded by harvesting all harvestable okra fruits 3, 6, 10, and 14 days after the second and third spray from each treatment, excluding the border rows. Per cent shoot and fruit infestation (on number as well as weight basis) were calculated. The yield of marketable okra fruits was recorded at every picking in each treatment. To assess the economics of various treatments, incremental cost benefit ratio (ICBR) was also calculated based on cost of protection and prevailing market rate of okra fruits. The data obtained during the study were tabulated and subjected to the analysis of variance using software OPSTAT (Sheoran 1998).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results and Discussion","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eShoot infestation\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDuring the \u003cem\u003ekharif\u003c/em\u003e season of 2019, the pre-spray shoot infestation ranged from 10.73 to 12.63 per cent across treatments with no significant difference (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). However, after first spray, all the treated plots exhibited significantly lower infestation when compared to untreated check. Application of chlorantraniliprole resulted in significantly lower infestation (4.13%) compared to traditional insecticides such as \u0026lambda;-cyhalothrin (6.31%), cypermethrin (6.60%) and quinalphos (7.05%), however, \u003cem\u003eon a par\u003c/em\u003e with that in emamectin benzoate (4.38%) and pyridalyl (4.83%) treated plots. After second spray, shoot infestation across all the insecticidal treatments was almost \u003cem\u003eon a par\u003c/em\u003e, however, in chlorantranilirople treated plots, it was (1.58%) significantly lower than that in treatment involving quinalphos (3.31%). But no significant difference was observed in shoot infestation recorded in all the treatments after third spray. Mean data revealed that shoot infestation in chlorantraniliprole (2.06%) and emamectin benzoate (2.35%) treated plots was \u003cem\u003eon a par\u003c/em\u003e but significantly lower than that in plots treated with \u0026lambda;-cyhalothrin, cypermethrin and quinalphos (3.45, 3.54 and 3.3.83%, respectively). Additionally, the infestation in treatment involving pyridalyl (2.61%) was \u003cem\u003eon a par\u003c/em\u003e with that in the former treatments as well as in that involving \u0026lambda;-cyhalothrin.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEffect of insecticides on shoot infestation caused by \u003cem\u003eEarias\u003c/em\u003e spp. in okra\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/caption\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth rowspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTreatments\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth rowspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDose\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(g a.i. ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth colspan=\"15\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003eShoot infestation (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth colspan=\"1\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"6\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eKharif\u003c/em\u003e 2019\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"6\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eKharif\u003c/em\u003e 2020\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePooled Mean\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBS\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAFS\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eASS\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eATS\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBS\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAFS\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eASS\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eATS\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eChlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.63\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(20.81)\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.13\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(11.72)\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.58\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(7.22)\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.48\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(2.29)\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.06\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(8.25)\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11.79\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(20.08)\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.74\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(11.15)\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.49\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(7.00)\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(0.00)\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.74\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(7.58)\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.90\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(7.92)\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEmamectin benzoate 5% SG\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.75\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11.64\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(19.89)\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.38\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(12.08)\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.170\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(8.34)\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.51\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(2.36)\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.35\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(8.81)\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10.56\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(18.73)\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.01\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(11.55)\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.65\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(7.38)\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(0.00)\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.89\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(7.89)\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.12\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(8.36)\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePyridalyl 10% EC\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10.93\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(19.07)\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.83\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(12.69)\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.48\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(8.92)\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.52\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(2.39)\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.61\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(9.29)\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11.20\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(19.54)\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.31\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(11.99)\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.85\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(7.80)\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.56\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(2.47)\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.24\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(8.58)\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.42\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(8.95)\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lambda;-cyhalothrin 5% EC\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11.27\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(19.32)\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.31\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(14.53)\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.98\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(9.85)\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.04\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(3.40)\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.45\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(10.64)\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10.94\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(19.31)\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.95\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(14.10)\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.90\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(9.73)\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(4.68)\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.28\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(10.42)\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.36\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(10.54)\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCypermethrin 25% EC\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11.19\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(19.28)\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.60\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(14.85)\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.97\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(9.82)\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.06\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(4.84)\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.54\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(10.82)\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10.85\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(19.08)\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.87\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(14.01)\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.71\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(9.29)\u003csup\u003ebcd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.14\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(3.56)\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.24\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(10.31)\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.39\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(10.61)\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eQuinalphos 25% EC\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e200\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.02\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(20.23)\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7.04\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(15.36)\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.31\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(10.37)\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.14\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(4.50)\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.83\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(11.26)\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(19.11)\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.19\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(14.36)\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.38\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(10.48)\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.09\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(4.89)\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.55\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(10.86)\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.69\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(11.06)\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUntreated check\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10.73\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(18.90)\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11.66\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(19.94)\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7.29\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(15.62)\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.27\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(7.09)\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7.08\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(15.43)\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11.99\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(19.99)\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.31\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(20.51)\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7.12\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(15.43)\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.17\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(6.92)\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7.20\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(15.56)\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7.14\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(15.49)\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLSD\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(NS)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(1.57)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(2.98)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(NS)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(1.40)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(NS)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(1.67)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(2.62)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(NS)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(1.40)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(0.89)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003et-value\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.17\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.17\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.17\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.17\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.17\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.17\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.17\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.17\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.17\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.17\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.17\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ep-value\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.992\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.001\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.749\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.997\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.471\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ef-value\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e30.27\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7.73\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.56\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e27.77\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e34.44\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11.45\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.99\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e35.45\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e79.22\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003edf\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003ctfoot\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"18\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003eMean of three replications; Figures in parentheses are angular transformed values; BS\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Before Spray; AFS\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;After First Spray; ASS\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;After Second Spray; ATS\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;After Third Spray; LSD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Least Significance Difference; t\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;critical value of t; df\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;degree of freedom; p-values shows the level of significance; **p-value is in the range [0, 0.001]; values followed by the same letter did not differ significantly from one another; NS\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Non-Significant\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tfoot\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAlmost similar trend was observed during \u003cem\u003ekharif\u003c/em\u003e 2020 and pre spray infestation (10.56 to 11.99%) did not differ significantly across the treatments. Likewise, first application of novel insecticides \u003cem\u003eviz\u003c/em\u003e., chlorantraniliprole, emamectin benzoate and pyridalyl resulted in shoot infestation (3.74, 4.01 and 4.31%, respectively) \u003cem\u003eon a par\u003c/em\u003e with each other but significantly lower than that in \u0026lambda;-cyhalothrin (5.95%), cypermethrin (5.87%) and quinalphos (6.19%) treated plots. After second spray, shoot infestation recorded in chlorantraniliprole treated plots (1.49%) was significantly lower than that in \u0026lambda;-cyhalothrin (2.90%) and quinalphos (3.38%) treated plots, however, in rest of the treatments, it was \u003cem\u003eon a par\u003c/em\u003e. Similarly, no significant difference was observed in shoot infestation across all the insecticidal treatments after third spray. Mean data showed that chlorantraniliprole, emamectin benzoate and pyridalyl resulting in shoot infestation (1.74, 1.89 and 2.24%, respectively) significantly lower than that achieved by \u0026lambda;-cyhalothrin (3.28%), cypermethrin (3.24%) and quinalphos (3.55%), were superior, however \u003cem\u003eon a par\u003c/em\u003e with each other.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePooled data of two years study clearly indicates that chlorantraniliprole exhibited the highest efficacy against \u003cem\u003eEarias\u003c/em\u003e spp. and resulted in shoot infestation (1.90%) significantly lower than that in other treatments except emamectin benzoate (2.12%), where it was \u003cem\u003eon a par.\u003c/em\u003e Following this, pyridalyl registering mean infestation (2.42%) \u003cem\u003eon a par\u003c/em\u003e with emamectin benzoate was next effective treatment. Conversely, \u0026lambda;-cyhalothrin, cypermethrin and quinalphos resulting in significantly higher infestation (3.36, 3.39 and 3.69%, respectively) demonstrated inferiority to the novel insecticides. Among new molecules, chlorantraniliprole caused maximum (73.39%) reduction in infestation over control (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e) followed by emamectin benzoate (70.31%) and pyridalyl (66.11%) while treatments involving traditional insecticides could result in only up to 52.94 per cent reduction in shoot infestation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eFruit infestation\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFruit infestation (number and weight basis) in okra was recorded after second and third spray only (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e) as first spray was applied at vegetative stage. The data collected during the \u003cem\u003ekharif\u003c/em\u003e season of 2019 following the second spray demonstrated a significant decrease in fruit infestation due to the application of the tested insecticides when compared to the untreated control. Further, application of novel insecticides resulting in significantly lower fruit infestation, were more effective than old chemicals. Specifically, the treatment involving chlorantraniliprole exhibited significantly lower infestation, both in terms of number (4.42%) and weight (3.92%) basis followed by emamectin benzoate (6.20 and 5.13%) and pyridalyl (8.66 and 7.83%). Conversely, among the treatments involving old molecules, fruit infestation in \u0026lambda;-cyhalothrin treated plots was (9.81 and 8.19%) significantly lower than that in treatments involving cypermethrin (10.99 and 9.93%) and quinalphos (11.96 and 10.15%). After third spray also, all the treated plots exhibited significantly lower fruit infestation than the untreated control. Likewise, chlorantraniliprole treated plots registered significantly lower infestation both on number (3.87%) and weight basis (3.91%), followed by emamectin benzoate (5.27 and 5.08%) and pyridalyl (9.42 and 8.90%). Among traditional insecticides, \u0026lambda;-cyhalothrin resulted in fruit infestation (9.52 and 8.61%) \u003cem\u003eon a par\u003c/em\u003e with that in pyridalyl treated plots and significantly lower than that in treatments involving cypermethrin (10.84 and 10.22%) and quinalphos (11.08 and 10.05%). The mean infestation data for the \u003cem\u003ekharif\u003c/em\u003e season of 2019 indicated that all the tested insecticides significantly decreased fruit infestation when compared to the untreated check. It is evident that chlorantraniliprole resulting in significantly lower infestation on both number (4.15%) and weight (3.92%) basis, exhibited the highest effectiveness than other insecticides. Emamectin benzoate resulting in mean infestation of 5.74 and 5.10 per cent on number and weight basis, respectively, ranked second in effectiveness and trailed by pyridalyl (9.04 and 8.36%). On the other hand, fruit infestation in \u0026lambda;-cyhalothrin treated plots was (9.67 and 8.40%) significantly lower than that in treatments involving cypermethrin (10.92 and 10.07%) and quinalphos (11.52 and 10.10%).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData recorded during \u003cem\u003ekharif\u003c/em\u003e 2020, following the second spray also highlighted a significant reduction in fruit infestation by all the tested insecticides when compared to the untreated check. Notably, the novel insecticides outperformed the old ones, with chlorantraniliprole registering significantly lower fruit infestation both in terms of number (3.42%) and weight (3.17%) basis followed by emamectin benzoate (4.94 and 4.36%) and pyridalyl (6.76 and 7.15%). Conversely, infestation in plots treated with \u0026lambda;-cyhalothrin (9.75 and 7.98%), cypermethrin (9.40 and 8.70%), and quinalphos (10.72 and 9.67%) was significantly higher than the former treatments and almost \u003cem\u003eon a par\u003c/em\u003e with each other. Almost similar trend persisted after third spray. Considering the mean infestation, it became evident that during \u003cem\u003ekharif\u003c/em\u003e 2020 also, novel insecticides demonstrated superiority over the old chemicals. Similarly, chlorantraniliprole exhibited significantly lower infestation both in terms of number (2.76%) and weight (2.62%) basis, followed by emamectin benzoate (4.18 and 3.88%) and pyridalyl (7.12 and 7.27%). Infestation in rest of the treatments was \u003cem\u003eon a par\u003c/em\u003e with each other.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePooled data of two years also indicated that the application of novel insecticides resulting in significantly lower infestation proved notably more effective than the older ones. Chlorantraniliprole resulting in significantly lower fruit infestation on both number (3.45%) and weight (3.27%) basis, and causing maximum reduction of 81.48 and 80.13 per cent over the control, respectively (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e), emerged as the most promising insecticide. Following closely was emamectin benzoate, which exhibited fruit infestation of 4.96 and 4.49 per cent on number and weight basis, representing reduction of 73.38 and 72.72 per cent over untreated check, respectively. Subsequently, pyridalyl demonstrated a mean infestation of 8.08 and 7.82 per cent on number and weight basis, resulting in reduction of 56.63 and 52.49 per cent over untreated check, respectively. However, traditional chemicals fell short and caused only up to 50 per cent reduction in fruit infestation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEffect of insecticides on fruit infestation caused by \u003cem\u003eEarias\u003c/em\u003e spp. in okra\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/caption\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth rowspan=\"4\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTreatments\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth rowspan=\"4\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDose\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(g a.i. ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth colspan=\"17\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003eFruit infestation (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"7\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eKharif\u003c/em\u003e 2019\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"7\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eKharif\u003c/em\u003e 2020\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePooled Mean\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNumber basis\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWeight basis\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNumber basis\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWeight basis\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eASS\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eATS\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eASS\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eATS\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eASS\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eATS\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eASS\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eATS\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNumber basis\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWeight basis\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eChlorantraniliprole\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e18.5 SC\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.42 (12.13)\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.87 (11.34)\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.15 (11.74)\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.92 (11.40)\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.91 (11.41)\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.91 (11.40)\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.42 (10.65)\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.09 (8.32)\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.76 (9.55)\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.17 (10.24)\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.07 (8.26)\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.62 (9.31)\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.45\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(10.71)\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.27\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(10.42)\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEmamectin benzoate\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5 SG\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.75\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.20 (14.40)\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.27 (13.27)\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.74 (13.85)\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.13 (13.08)\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.08 (13.00)\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.10 (13.04)\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.94 (12.85)\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.42 (10.64)\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.18 (11.79)\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.36 (12.04)\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.41 (10.63)\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.88 (11.36)\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.96\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(12.87)\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.49\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(12.23)\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePyridalyl 10 EC\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.66 (17.11)\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.42 (17.87)\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.04 (17.49)\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7.83 (16.23)\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.90 (17.36)\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.36 (16.81)\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.76 (15.07)\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7.47 (15.85)\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7.12 (15.47)\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7.15 (15.50)\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7.40 (15.78)\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7.27 (15.64)\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.08\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(16.50)\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7.82\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(16.23)\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lambda; -cyhalothrin\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5 EC\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.82 (18.25)\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.52 (17.97)\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.67 (18.11)\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.19 (16.62)\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.61 (17.05)\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.40 (16.84)\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.75 (18.19)\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.06 (16.49)\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.90 (17.36)\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7.98 (16.40)\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.13 (16.56)\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.05 (16.49)\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.29\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(17.74)\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.23\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(16.67)\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCypermethrin\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e25 EC\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10.99 (19.36)\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10.84 (19.22)\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10.92 (19.29)\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.93 (18.36)\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10.22 (18.64)\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10.07 (18.50)\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.40 (17.85)\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.66 (18.11)\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.53 (17.98)\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.70 (17.15)\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.45 (16.90)\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.58 (17.03)\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10.22\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(18.64)\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.32\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(17.78)\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eQuinalphos 25 EC\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e200\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11.96 (20.22)\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11.08 (19.44)\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11.52 (19.84)\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10.15 (18.57)\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10.05 (18.48)\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10.10 (18.53)\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10.72 (19.10)\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.26 (16.70)\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.49 (17.94)\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.67 (18.11)\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7.28 (15.65)\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.48 (16.92)\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10.51\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(18.91)\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.29\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(17.74)\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUntreated check\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e19.04 (25.87)\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e23.04 (28.68)\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e21.04 (27.30)\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e17.05 (24.38)\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e20.48 (26.91)\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e18.77 (25.67)\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e20.22 (26.72)\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e17.07 (24.40)\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e18.65 (25.58)\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.86 (21.01)\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e15.44 (23.13)\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e14.15 (22.09)\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e19.84\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(26.45)\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e16.46\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(23.93)\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLSD\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.88\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.83\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.61\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.17\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.85\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.77\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.01\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.80\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.70\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.08\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.70\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.59\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.41\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.34\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003et-value\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.17\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.17\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.17\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.17\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.17\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.17\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.17\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.17\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.17\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.17\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.17\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.17\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.17\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.17\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ep-value\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ef-value\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e239.33\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e425.03\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e628.02\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e122.22\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e326.13\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e336.70\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e251.09\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e400.36\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e519.46\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e108.07\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e440.63\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e474.55\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1452.84\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1578.74\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003edf\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003ctfoot\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"19\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003eMean of three replications; Figures in parentheses are angular transformed values; ASS\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;After Second Spray; ATS\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;After Third Spray; LSD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Least Significance Difference;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"19\"\u003et\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;critical value of t; p-values shows the level of significance; df\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;degree of freedom; values followed by the same letter did not differ significantly from one another\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tfoot\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eYield of okra marketable fruits\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData collected during \u003cem\u003ekharif\u003c/em\u003e season of 2019 indicates that though all insecticidal treatments resulted in significantly higher yield of okra marketable fruits when compared to untreated check, however, it was significantly higher in treatments involving novel insecticides (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). Among the novel insecticides, the application of chlorantraniliprole resulted in significantly higher yield (96.70 q ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e), followed by emamectin benzoate (89.75 q ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) and pyridalyl (80.83 q ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e). In contrast, the fruit yield in plots treated with \u0026lambda;-cyhalothrin, cypermethrin, and quinalphos was 79.02, 77.03, and 77.08 q ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, respectively and \u003cem\u003eon a par\u003c/em\u003e with each other. During \u003cem\u003ekharif\u003c/em\u003e season of 2020 also, similar trend was observed.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYield of okra marketable fruits and economics of the treatments\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/caption\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth rowspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTreatments\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth rowspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDose\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(g a.i.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth colspan=\"5\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003eYield (q ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth rowspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eICBR\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eKharif\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePooled Mean\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2019\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2020\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eChlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e96.70\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e91.09 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e93.90 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1:11.52\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEmamectin benzoate 5 SG\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.75\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e89.75\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e84.94 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e87.35 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1:15.49\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePyridalyl 10 EC\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e80.83\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e73.77 \u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e77.30 \u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1:7.25\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lambda;-cyhalothrin 5 EC\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e79.02\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e66.44 \u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e72.73 \u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1:12.40\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCypermethrin 25 EC\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e77.03\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e63.58 \u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e70.31 \u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1:11.44\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eQuinalphos 25 EC\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e200\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e77.08\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e64.56 \u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e70.82 \u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1:8.09\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUntreated check\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e62.92\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e52.94 \u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e57.93 \u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLSD\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.39\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.56\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.29\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003et-value\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.17\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.17\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.17\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ep-value\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ef-value\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e93.79\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e79.92\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e123.47\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003edf\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctfoot\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"9\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003eMean of three replications; \u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003eIncremental Cost Benefit Ratio; LSD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Least Significance Difference; t\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;critical value of t; p-values shows the level of significance; df\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;degree of freedom; values followed by the same letter did not differ significantly from one another\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tfoot\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePooled data on the yield of okra marketable fruits also demonstrated the superior performance of novel insecticides over traditional ones. Chlorantraniliprole, with a mean yield of 93.90 q ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, surpassed others, exhibiting a remarkable 62.09 per cent increase over the untreated check (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). Following closely were emamectin benzoate and pyridalyl, which recorded yield of 87.35 and 77.30 q ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e okra marketable fruits, representing 50.79 and 33.44 per cent increase over the untreated check, respectively. In contrast, the mean yield of okra marketable fruits in plots treated with \u0026lambda;-cyhalothrin, cypermethrin and quinalphos was 72.73, 70.31, and 70.82 q ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e reflecting only 25.55, 21.37 and 22.25 per cent increase over the untreated check, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eEconomics of treatments\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEconomics of different treatments was also worked out by considering the cost of treatments (insecticide\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;application) and prevailing market value of okra fruits (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). On the basis of protection cost and net return, incremental cost benefit ratio (ICBR) was calculated in each treatment. Application of chlorantraniliprole although resulted in maximum net return, nevertheless, incremental cost-benefit ratio was highest (1:15.49) in treatment involving spray of emamectin benzoate. It was followed by the treatment involving \u0026lambda;-cyhalothrin (1:12.40) and chlorantraniliprole (1:11.52) while treatment involving pyridalyl recorded minimum ICBR (1:7.25).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt could be seen that the novel insecticides demonstrated superiority over traditional ones and resulted in a significant reduction in both shoot and fruit infestation, and a notable increase in the yield of okra marketable fruits. Among these, chlorantraniliprole exhibited the highest effectiveness, followed by emamectin benzoate and pyridalyl. Chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC, belonging to the anthranilic diamide group, represents a novel class of chemicals that has emerged as particularly potent insecticides. Its mechanism involves the activation of ryanodine receptors, triggering uncontrolled calcium release in the muscles of targeted insects (Lahm et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e). Notably, chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC has been identified as fast-acting (Hannig et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e) and highly efficient in controlling a wide range of lepidopteran pests (Lahm et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e), such as \u003cem\u003eSpodoptera frugiperda\u003c/em\u003e (Hardke et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e), \u003cem\u003eOstrinia nubilalis\u003c/em\u003e (Huseth et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e), \u003cem\u003eHelicoverpa armigera\u003c/em\u003e (Younas et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e), \u003cem\u003eLeucinodes orbonalis\u003c/em\u003e (Rajavel et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e) and \u003cem\u003eEarias\u003c/em\u003e spp. (Reddy and Thara, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). The findings of current study closely align with that of previous workers who identified chlorantraniliprole as the most effective insecticide against \u003cem\u003eEarias\u003c/em\u003e spp., leading to a significantly higher yield of marketable okra fruits (Rakshit and Kumar 2017; Ghuge et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Sindhu \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Furthermore, this study found that following chlorantraniliprole, emamectin benzoate demonstrated considerable effectiveness, consistent with earlier research indicating its high efficacy against \u003cem\u003eEarias\u003c/em\u003e spp. (Nigade et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Anand et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Dhaker et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e) and its superiority over pyridalyl (Rajuponnu and Reghupathy 2018), \u0026lambda;-cyhalothrin 2.5 EC and quinalphos 25 EC (Venkanna et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). It was also observed that pyridalyl 10 EC ranked third in effectiveness against \u003cem\u003eEarias\u003c/em\u003e spp., surpassing traditional insecticides significantly which is confirmed by the earlier findings which showed it significantly more effective than cypermethrin 10 EC and quinalphos 25 EC (Gautam et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e; Nair et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe novel insecticides demonstrated superior effectiveness against \u003cem\u003eEarias\u003c/em\u003e spp. compared to traditional insecticides. Specifically, chlorantraniliprole proved to be the most efficacious, resulting in the highest reduction in infestation and a significant increase in the yield of marketable okra fruits. Following closely were emamectin benzoate and pyridalyl. Therefore, chlorantraniliprole and emamectin benzoate were the optimal choices for effective management of \u003cem\u003eEarias\u003c/em\u003e spp.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003ch2\u003eConflict of Interest\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgment\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAuthors sincerely thank to the Head of Department of Entomology CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar for providing all necessary facilities to carry out this study.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData availability\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eData supporting the findings is available upon request from the corresponding author\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAnand GKS, Sharma RK, Shankarganesh K (2014) Evaluation of bio-efficacy and compatibility of emamectin benzoate with neem based biopesticide against fruit borers of brinjal and okra. 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Int J Trop Insect Sci 43:1723\u0026ndash;1732\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eVenkanna R, Balikai RA, Patil RH (2015) Management of okra fruit borers using insecticide molecules. Ann Plant Prot Sci 23(1):158\u0026ndash;160\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eVisnupriya M, Muthukrishnan N (2017) Acute, persistence toxicity and field evaluation of spinetoram 12 SC against \u003cem\u003eEarias vittella\u003c/em\u003e Fabricius on okra. Chem Sci Rev Lett 6(24):2266\u0026ndash;2272\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eYounas AZ, Khan W, Wakil M, Shaaban M, Prager SM (2016) The efficacy of \u003cem\u003eBeauveria bassiana\u003c/em\u003e 1%WP, jasmonic acid and chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC on larval populations of \u003cem\u003eHelicoverpa armigera\u003c/em\u003e in chickpea crop ecosystems. Pest Manag Sci 73:418\u0026ndash;424\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eZala SP, Patel JR, Patel NC (1999) Impact of weather on magnitude of \u003cem\u003eEarias vittella\u003c/em\u003e (Fab.) infesting okra. Indian J Entomol 61(4):351\u0026ndash;355\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":true,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"international-journal-of-tropical-insect-science","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"jtis","sideBox":"Learn more about [International Journal of Tropical Insect Science](http://link.springer.com/journal/42690)","snPcode":"42690","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/jtis/default2.aspx","title":"International Journal of Tropical Insect Science","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) M., effectiveness, infestation, new molecules, effective management","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4257041/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4257041/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eAmong various insect pests attacking okra, shoot and fruit borers, \u003cem\u003eviz., Earias vittella\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eE. insulana\u003c/em\u003e are highly significant, causing substantial losses to the crop. For effective management of these pests, it is crucial to evaluate insecticides with innovative mode of action. In this context, present study was conducted for two consecutive years to evaluate the efficacy of some novel insecticides \u003cem\u003eviz\u003c/em\u003e., chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC, emamectin benzoate 5% SG and pyridalyl 10% EC against \u003cem\u003eEarias\u003c/em\u003e spp in comparison to traditional ones such as λ-cyhalothrin 5% EC, cypermethrin 25% EC and quinalphos 25% EC. All the insecticides were applied to okra crop thrice at recommended doses of 25, 6.75, 50, 15, 37, and 200 g a.i. ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, respectively, and observations on infestation (shoot and fruit) and yield of okra fruits were recorded. Results revealed that novel insecticides were more effective than old ones. Chlorantraniliprole exhibiting significant reduction in shoot and fruit infestation and maximum increase in yield of marketable okra fruits was most effective against \u003cem\u003eEarias\u003c/em\u003e spp. followed by emamectin benzoate and pyridalyl. In contrast, λ-cyhalothrin, cypermethrin and quinalphos were less effective and more or less \u003cem\u003eon a par\u003c/em\u003e with each other. Incremental cost benefit ratio was however, highest in treatment involving emamectin benzoate followed by λ-cyhalothrin and chlorantraniliprole while minimum in treatment involving pyridalyl. Thus, chlorantraniliprole and emamectin benzoate can be used alternatively for the efficient management of \u003cem\u003eEarias\u003c/em\u003e spp. in okra.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Efficacy of novel insecticides against shoot and fruit borers, Earias spp. in okra","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-05-09 10:32:35","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4257041/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Major revisions","date":"2025-05-19T15:48:22+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2024-05-08T13:17:13+00:00","index":0,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2024-05-03T14:47:15+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-04-17T03:59:19+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"International Journal of Tropical Insect Science","date":"2024-04-12T06:13:01+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"international-journal-of-tropical-insect-science","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"jtis","sideBox":"Learn more about [International Journal of Tropical Insect Science](http://link.springer.com/journal/42690)","snPcode":"42690","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/jtis/default2.aspx","title":"International Journal of Tropical Insect Science","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"56b93f5b-f0b2-4626-a2e6-31f9de617afa","owner":[],"postedDate":"May 9th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-10-27T16:33:10+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-4257041","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42690-025-01647-9","journal":{"identity":"international-journal-of-tropical-insect-science","isVorOnly":false,"title":"International Journal of Tropical Insect Science"},"publishedOn":"2025-10-22 16:16:14","publishedOnDateReadable":"October 22nd, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2024-05-09 10:32:35","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s42690-025-01647-9","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42690-025-01647-9","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4257041","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4257041","identity":"rs-4257041","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}