Preliminary Data on Essential and Non-Essential Elements Occurrence in Processed Animal Proteins from Insects

Preliminary Data on Essential and Non-Essential Elements Occurrence in Processed Animal Proteins from Insects | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Preliminary Data on Essential and Non-Essential Elements Occurrence in Processed Animal Proteins from Insects Sabina Pederiva, Rosa Avolio, Daniela Marchis, Maria Cesarina Abete, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-1905534/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 8 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Insects represent a valuable and environmentally friendly protein alternative in food and feed. The Farm to Fork strategy encouraged the reintroduction of animal by-products in feed production to optimize recycling and to valorise under-used resources. In order to grant safe and valuable feed products, this study investigated the black soldier fly (BSF) ( Hermetia illucens ) chemical risk. Samples collected in different steps of production (8 samples of substrate for culturing, 7 samples of larvae, 15 samples of protein meal, 18 samples of spent substrate) were analysed for essential elements (chromium, copper, iron, nickel, selenium and zinc) and inorganic contaminants (aluminium, arsenic, cadmium, lead, tin and vanadium) by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS). Essential elements were found in the following order Fe>Zn>Cu>Ni>Se>Cr (mg kg -1 ). Non-essential elements concentrations were found lower than the set limits according to the European Union Regulations. The growing demand for alternative protein sources for feed production could be partially compensated by black soldier fly (BSF) ( Hermetia illucens ) meal, as it appears a good source for high quality proteins and essential elements which play a pivotal role in animal growth. In the foreseeable future the current legislation and the official monitoring plans may be implemented and broaden, to focus and assess limits for upcoming matrices, and to ensure feed and food safety. Insects Processed Animal Proteins Essential Elements Inorganic Contaminants Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS) Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 1. Introduction Climate change, population growth, environmental damage and an increasing demand for alternative protein sources represent a great concern and a worldwide challenge for a conscious development of a new circular system. The European Green Deal, enacted in 2019, set different objectives in multiple areas, including production and consumption, food and agriculture [ 1 ]. In this context, the interest in using insects in food and feed increased, as they represent not only a valuable protein alternative, but their production can result in lower emission of greenhouse gases [ 2 ]. Over the last few years, the European Union legislative framework has been frequently modified to regulate and authorize the use of insects as food and feed following the bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) crisis in 2001 [ 3 ]. In 2015 EFSA studied non-toxigenic and non-pathogenic insect species suitable for feed purpose, and assessed the relationship between production methods, substrate and species of insects, and their biological and chemical hazard [ 4 ]. As a result, in 2017 the European Commission approved the introduction of insects in aquaculture [ 5 ], then in 2021 also in pig and poultry feed [ 6 ]. The relaxation of the feed ban was driven by the Farm to Fork strategy [ 7 ], which encourages a better use of animal by-products proteins, an optimized recycling and valorisation of under-used resources, to compensate the European protein deficit, and to create a more sustainable food system. In order to grant quality control and to avoid cross-contamination during production and transport of processed animal proteins (PAPs) of different origin, validated method for isolation and detection of insect PAPs in feed has been developed [ 8 ]. These matrices show a similar biological hazard compared to other sources of protein of animal origin, even though details on chemical hazard are still scarcely investigated [ 2 ]. Therefore, the aim of this study was to better understand and evaluate the chemical risk related to black soldier fly (BSF) ( Hermetia illucens) farmed in a pre-industrial pilot plant. In this first assessment, the concentration of essential elements (chromium, copper, iron, nickel, selenium, and zinc) and inorganic contaminants (aluminium, arsenic, cadmium, lead, tin and vanadium) were evaluated in all the production steps, from culturing substrate to larvae, protein meal and exhausted substrate. This species was selected thanks to its multiple pluses. In fact, it represents a valuable alternative to common protein sources, due to its great content of crude protein and carbohydrates, depending on the growing substrate [ 9 ]. In this work, waste of vegetables and bakery products from the great distribution were identified as growth material, in the frame of a circular economy model. Even if it can be used to bio-convert waste, BSF does not represent a risk for disease spread, it seems rather to be able to inactivate some bacteria, such as Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica [ 10 ]. Due to its high efficiency conversion of feed, it is considered as sustainable and low emission raw material. Finally, the BSF spent substrate obtained at the end of the production cycle can be used as natural organic fertilizer [ 11 ]. Monitoring of inorganic contaminants concentration plays a key role in bioaccumulation rating in the food chain, where they can manifest their harmful properties [ 12 ]. In fact, multiple dangerous consequences to the organism are well documented including cancer, cognitive development, and kidney, immune and reproductive system failure [ 13 – 15 ]. In the European Union (EU) maximum level of undesirable substances, such as arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb), are regulated in order to ensure animal and human safety [ 16 ]. Moreover, EU legislation monitors the addition of chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn) to feeding stuff, as ingredient to promote correct functionality of metabolism and physiology of the organism [ 17 – 19 ]. Various forms of selenium can be used as additives in animal feed [ 20 , 21 ], and their positive influence in health and animal production have been demonstrated [ 22 ]. Recent studies showed that some elements such as Cu, Fe, Se and Zn can be accumulated in all BSF steps of development [ 23 ]. Nowadays, little information on bioavailability of aluminium (Al), tin (Sn) and vanadium (V) in feed is reported. Aluminum and vanadium are two of the most abundant elements in the Earth’s crust, and they can occur in the environment due to both natural and human activity [ 24 , 25 ]. In 2008 the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) investigated aluminium dietary exposure through food for both humans and animals. Despite the known neurotoxicity in brain tissue due to oxidative stress [ 26 ], some studies reveal that Al concentration in feed raw materials does not pose a risk for animal health [ 27 ]. Concerns on vanadium pollution in the environment are growing, because it represents a potential risk for all the living being [ 28 ]. Tin is widely used in many industries, and currently the EU set inorganic tin concentration exclusively in canned foods [ 29 ]. This element is essential to exert biological functions in animals but, if over dosed, it could be dangerous especially in its organic form [ 30 ]. 2. Material And Methods 2.1. Collection and Selection of Samples Sampling was carried out in a pilot plant of Hermetia illucens , farmed between September 2019 and January 2020. Forty-eight samples were collected and divided as follows: 8 samples of breeding substrate (as food industry products, cocoa peel, wheat bran, wheat flour), 7 samples of larvae, 15 samples of protein meal of larvae, 18 samples of spent breeding substrate, collected at the end of the productive cycle. 2.2. Mineralization Procedure Samples were homogenized, aliquoted (1.5 g) and subjected to microwave digestion (ETHOS 1 Milestone S.r.l, Sorisole, BG, Italy) after addition of 7.5 mL of HNO 3 (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) and 1.5 mL of H 2 O 2 (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany). A programmed temperature curve was applied as follows: 130°C in 8 min (hold 2 min), to 200°C in 8 min (hold 5 min). The solution was then transferred in a 50 mL polymeric tube and diluted at a final weight of 50 g [ 12 ]. 2.3. Instrumental Analysis 2.3.1. ICP-MS Analysis The instrumental analysis was carried out by an Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS, Xseries II, Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) equipped with a collision/reaction cell (CCT ED ) with an energy filter which allows a reduction of spectral interferences. The following ions were detected: aluminium ( 27 Al), vanadium ( 51 V), chromium ( 52 Cr), iron ( 56 Fe), nickel ( 60 Ni), copper ( 63 Cu), zinc ( 66 Zn), selenium ( 78 Se), arsenic ( 75 As), lead ( 208 Pb), cadmium ( 111 Cd), tin ( 118 Sn) and two internal standards germanium ( 72 Ge) and rhodium ( 103 Rh) (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) added at each sample prior the analysis. In order to perform adequately the quantification, a calibration curve at known concentration of the different analytes was processed. 2.4. Quality control In each analytical session blank reagents, standard solutions and certified reference materials (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) were analysed to verify methods’ performances and to define the measurement field. Limits of Quantification (LOQ) was set at 0.010 mg kg − 1 . 2.5. Statistical analysis Information regarding sample type and concentration of each analysed element were stored into a data frame. Shapiro-Wilk test [ 31 ] was selected to assess normality of data, and distribution was described graphically as boxplot. The nonparametric statistical Wilcoxon test was used to compare different groups of matrices as data were not normally distributed [ 32 ]. The difference among matrices was evaluated combining all the elements and the dissimilarity among observations, regarding every single variable, was assessed by multidimensional scaling (MDS) [ 33 ]. All statistical analyses were performed using RStudio (Version 1.4.1106, © 2009–2021 RStudio, PBC). 3. Results And Discussion 3.1. Essential elements occurrence The production of animal feed represents a great economic and environmental cost, due to growing demand for animal-derived products. In fact, the actual protein sources, such as fish and soy meal, contribute significantly to land occupation, deforestation, seas depletion, and water consumption. For these reasons, looking for alternative resources becomes strongly relevant to ensure a correct protein content, high digestibility and a proper intake of essential elements [34]. Essential elements take part in different biological paths as constituents or as cofactors of enzymes, and they are classified as micronutrients because they are needed in little concentrations [35]. Occurrence of the analysed essential elements was found in the following order Fe>Zn>Cu>Ni>Se>Cr (Table 1). Boxplots displayed in Figure 1 (a-f), highlighted a variable asymmetry with the median for each compound and significative differences were found for nickel, and selenium as reported in Table 2. The different pattern of distribution revealed for each element may be due to both environmental natural presence and step of production process. Table 1. Essential and non-essential elements concentrations in analysed matrices (mg kg −1; mean ± standard deviation), statistical significance expressed as p value. Culturing Substrate (n=8) Larvae (n=7) p p Al 246 ± 58.5 0.972 ns 61.2 ± 19.7 0.182 ns As 0.186 ± 0.016 0.919 ns 0.039 ± 0.016 0.399 ns Cd 0.048 ± 0.013 0.303 ns 0.168 ± 0.073 0.00469 ** Cr 1.43 ± 0.471 0.614 ns 0.185 ± 0.098 0.0974 ns Cu 19 ± 10.4 0.084 ns 5.73 ± 1.68 0.917 ns Fe 454 ± 143 0.453 ns 144 ± 84 0.976 ns Ni 2.27 ± 0.081 0.178 ns 0.472 ± 0.226 0.064 ns Pb 0.057 ± 0.005 0.629 ns 0.049 ± 0.010 0.201 ns Se 1.42 ± 0.186 0.069 ns 0.362 ± 0.239 0.604 ns Sn 0.074 ± 0.013 0.140 ns 0.058 ± 0.041 0.126 ns V 0.279 ± 0.057 0.556 ns 0.215 ± 0.038 0.617 ns Zn 83.4 ± 42.4 0.0460 * 51.5 ± 23.5 0.274 ns Protein Meal (n=15) Spent Substrate (n=18) p p Al 200 ± 81.5 0.000711 *** 341 ± 85.7 0.00317 ** As 0.328 ± 0.211 0.583 ns 0.221 ± 0.102 0.198 ns Cd 0.264 ± 0.237 0.0492 * 0.061 ± 0.009 0.000391 *** Cr 2.32 ± 1.10 0.388 ns 1.24 ± 0.456 0.487 ns Cu 27.3 ± 7.24 0.461 ns 26.4 ± 7.84 0.0629 ns Fe 594 ± 167 0.0966 ns 564 ± 183 0.838 ns Ni 3.16 ± 1.29 0.256 ns 4.45 ± 3.06 0.0145 * Pb 0.407 ± 0.277 0.00555 ** 0.109 ± 0.036 0.582 ns Se 3.10 ± 2.29 0.123 ns 2.95 ± 0.25 0.0000520 *** Sn 0.193 ± 0.127 0.000959 *** 0.176 ± 0.082 0.208 ns V 0.617 ± 0.342 0.00817 ** 0.832 ± 0.421 0.0233 * Zn 225 ± 95.5 0.112 ns 159 ± 44.8 0.197 ns Legend * p<0.05 ** p<0.01 *** p<0.001 ns = non significant Table 2. Statistically significant probabilities (in bold) of essential elements concentration according to Wilcoxon test. Nickel Culturing Substrate Larvae Protein Meal Larvae 2.42E-02 - - Protein Meal 6.16E-01 4.90E-05 - Spent Substrate 3.91E-01 1.30E-04 6.16E-01 Selenium Culturing Substrate Larvae Protein Meal Larvae 3.00E-02 - - Protein Meal 5.11E-01 2.70E-02 - Spent Substrate 8.71E-01 3.40E-02 5.65E-01 Predictably, high concentration levels of Fe and Zn were found. In fact, these elements are naturally present in the Earth’s crust and in the environment, and a correct intake can have positive effects in animal organism. The synergic action of different elements as Fe, Zn and Cu plays a relevant role as enzyme cofactors, mediators for the growth hormone and in mitochondrial respiration, improving protein synthesis and energy production [36-38]. Despite low concentration of Ni was found in the analysed matrices, information on the occurrence of this element is of great relevance to set maximum levels following the EU Recommendation No. 1110/2016, because of the lack of information on ingestion route of exposure [39]. Additionally, selenium affected several metabolic functions, preventing the oxidative stress and promoting detoxification of heavy metals and xenobiotics. Therefore, a correct support of this element is encouraged at a maximum content of 0.5 mg kg -1 in complete feeding stuff [21]. Chromium has a dual behaviour, depending on its oxidation state. In fact, on one side the trivalent form is involved in the insulin production, while the hexavalent form, which is widely used in pigment production, is toxic [40, 41]. 3.2. Non-essential trace elements occurrence Non-essential trace elements occurrence, which may result from both natural and anthropic sources, raises great concern as these compounds can accumulate along the food chain. The following decreasing order was found Al>V>Pb>As>Cd>Sn (Table 1). A noticeable asymmetric distribution over the median was displayed for arsenic, cadmium, lead and vanadium in protein meal (Figure 2, a-f), and significative differences among matrices were found for all non-essential elements, except for arsenic (Table 3). The uneven distribution found in protein meal intended as raw material for feed production represents a first step for further in-depth studies. Table 3. Statistically significant probabilities (in bold) of non-essential elements concentration according to Wilcoxon test. Allumium Culturing Substrate Larvae Protein Meal Larvae 1.82E-02 - - Protein Meal 1.78E-01 8.20E-05 - Spent Substrate 8.91E-02 1.00E-04 6.60E-05 Cadmium Culturing Substrate Larvae Protein Meal Larvae 3.60E-02 - - Protein Meal 5.07E-01 5.07E-01 - Spent Substrate 5.07E-01 6.90E-02 1.03E-01 Lead Culturing Substrate Larvae Protein Meal Larvae 1.64E-01 - - Protein Meal 4.95E-03 2.00E-04 - Spent Substrate 2.02E-02 4.64E-03 2.30E-04 Tin Culturing Substrate Larvae Protein Meal Larvae 8.24E-01 - - Protein Meal 2.97E-02 7.40E-03 - Spent Substrate 3.03E-02 2.90E-03 8.24E-01 Vanadium Culturing Substrate Larvae Protein Meal Larvae 1.37E-01 - - Protein Meal 8.67E-03 4.90E-04 - Spent Substrate 3.36E-03 1.50E-04 1.37E-01 Aluminium is highly spread in the environment, and its occurrence can pose a risk for animal and human health through ingestion. The most severe consequence affects brain and the nervous system, and endocrine system failure in fish has been reported [26]. The high level found for this element could be reasonably explained to its occurrence in the environment as a major constitute of the earth’s crust [27]. As regards Pb, As and Cd, all the values are lower than the settled limit required by Council Directive 32/2002 for feed materials [16]. However, tin quantity is not regulated in this kind of matrices, as Commission Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006 refers to maximum limit of inorganic tin in canned food and canned drink [29]. The limit of 50-200 mg kg -1 can be applied only in case of larvae used for human use food. The main route of exposure of vanadium is oral intake through feed and exert its toxicity in bones, kidney and liver because V cation competes with other ions as Ca, Mn, Zn and Fe in the metabolic processes [42]. An implementation of data should be required, in order to regulate these elements in raw materials for feed. In conclusion, the observations with respect to variables in MDS graphic (Figure 3) showed a dissimilarity among groups which highlights that each step of production is greatly influenced by environmental and accumulation conditions. 3.3. Available knowledge on Hermetia illucens The analysed elements have a different distribution and behaviour in each matrix, therefore specific limits were established in the European Union to improve control and surveillance. Protein meal analysed in this work is intended for animal feed production: copper and iron concentration detected are within the nutritional requirements, while selenium and zinc were higher than the set value of the regulations, (Table 4a). As concern non-essential elements arsenic, cadmium and lead, concentrations were found lower than the set limits (Table 4b). Currently, no restrictions are available for chromium, nickel, vanadium, aluminium and tin. Available knowledge showed that breeding substrate for larvae strongly affects the bioaccumulation degree (Table 4a-b). In this work, Cr, Cu, Fe, Al and Se in food industry products used as substrate and Fe and Al in larvae were found higher than literature data (Table 4 a, b). Instead, larvae fed with plant or broiler-based substrate showed higher content of Cr, Cu and Se [23, 43]. Low concentration of Ni and Zn were found both in substrate and in larvae [43], and concentrations of As, Cd and Pb were found comparable to literature data [23, 43-46]. Since larvae could be farmed on different substrates, it has been demonstrated that in specific conditions or growth stages, H. illucens could bioaccumulate Cr, Cu, Fe, Se, Sn, Zn, Cd and Pb while no accumulation happens for Al and As [23, 43]. The similarity of cadmium to calcium makes it easily bioavailable in larvae, where it can cumulate in the exoskeleton, as it happens for chromium [44]. Non-essential elements could be found in different concentrations in feed according to its origin, for example seaweed is a source of As which is well known as marine contaminant [46]. Luckily, their presence appears not to influence BSF development even at high concentrations [45]. Table 4. Actual knowledge of essential and non-essential elements concentration (mg kg -1 ) in substrate and larvae. Table 4a, Essential elements EU Legislation Element Maximum content Diener et al., 2015 Proc et al ., 2020 Bessa et al., 2021 Lievens et al., 2021 (c) This study (g) Chicken pellets substrate Larvae Plant-based substrate (e) Larvae Broiler-based Larvae Plant-based substrate (f) Larvae Substrate Larvae Substrate Larvae Protein meal mg kg -1 mg kg -1 mg kg -1 mg kg -1 mg kg -1 mg kg -1 mg kg -1 mg kg -1 mg kg -1 mg kg -1 mg kg -1 mg kg -1 mg kg -1 mg kg -1 No regulation provided Cr - - - - - 0.65 0.52 0.37-2.99 0.33-0.47 15.2-300 3.4 1.43 0.185 2.32 Commission implementing Regulation (EU) 2018/1039 (a)* Cu 15-250 - - 5.7 12 - - - - - - 19 5.73 27.3 Commission implementing Regulation (EU) 2017/2330 (a)* Fe 250-750 - - 58.02 129.03 244 252.7 146-258 197.3-210.6 - - 454 144 594 Recommendation No. 1110/2016 Ni - - - - - - - - - 15.2 4.2 2.27 0.472 3.16 Commission implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/49 (a) Se 0.50 - - 0.53 1.51 - - - - - - 1.42 0.362 3.10 Commission implementing Regulation (EU) 2016/1095 (a)* Zn 120-200 145.3 165.8 58.4 146.9 112 220.6 90-108 139.7-166.8 50-2044 373.25-866 83.4 51.5 225 Table 4b, Non-essential elements EU Legislation Element Maximum content EFSA, 2015 (c) Diener et al., 2015 Biancarosa et al., 2017 Proc et al ., 2020 Bessa et al,. 2021 Lievens et al., 2021 (c) This study (g) Chicken pellets substrate Larvae Plant-based substrate Larvae Seaweed biomass substrate (d) Larvae Plant-based substrate (e) Larvae Broiler-based Larvae Plant-based substrate (f) Larvae Substrate Larvae Substrate Larvae Protein meal mg kg -1 mg kg -1 mg kg -1 mg kg -1 mg kg -1 mg kg -1 mg kg -1 mg kg -1 mg kg -1 mg kg -1 mg kg -1 mg kg -1 mg kg -1 mg kg -1 mg kg -1 mg kg -1 mg kg -1 mg kg -1 mg kg -1 No regulation provided Al - - - - - - - - 27.38 4.73 65.24 52 59.97-60.75 28.16- 32.16 - - 246 61.2 200 Directive 2002/32/EC (b) As 2 0.142 - - 0.08 0.08 3.4-36 1.3-23 0.32 0.24 0.05 0.12 0-0.05 0.03-0.06 0.08-36 0.08-23 0.186 0.039 0.328 Cd 2 0.12 0.2 0.2 0.09 0.41 0.12-0.34 0.55-2.3 0.17 0.66 0.02 0.17 0.01-0.02 0.12-0.17 0.09-80 0.41-502.16 0.048 0.168 0.264 Pb 10 <0.001 1.1 n.d. 0.07 0.06 0.09-0.25 0.08-0.33 1.11 0.15 0.14 0.18 0.08-0.12 0.14-0.26 0.07-142.9 0.06-35.6 0.057 0.049 0.407 No regulation provided Sn - - - - - - - - - - 0.14 0.03 0.01-0.24 0.002 - - 0.074 0.058 0.193 No regulation provided V - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0.279 0.215 0.617 Legend (b) feed materials (c) variety of substrates; different geographical locations (d) content of seaweed biomass in the range 10-100% (e) rapeseed, oilseed plants, cereal sharps, cereals and vegetable oils (f) Brewers grain and cereal grain (g) food industry products, cocoa peel, wheat bran, wheat flour 4. Conclusions Black soldier fly (BSF) ( Hermetia illucens) meal represents a valuable protein alternative for feed production, and a good source for essential elements which play an important role in animal growth. This study showed that this matrix appears not to accumulate inorganic contaminant which could be a hazard in the food-chain. European regulations and official monitoring plans play a key role in the evaluation of chemical risks and assessment of environmental contaminants , in order to ensure safety in each step of production. In the foreseeable future the current legislation and the official monitoring plans may be implemented and broaden, to focalize and assess limits for upcoming matrices such as insects. In conclusions, insect farming for feed and food production could both at least partially compensate the growing demand for protein sources, and positively contribute to the reduction of the environmental footprint in circular economy context. Declarations CRediT authorship contribution statement All authors contributed to the study. Material preparation, data collection was performed by Sabina Pederiva. Resources were provided by Daniela Marchis. Methodology optimization, chemical analysis and data analysis were performed by Sabina Pederiva and Stefania Squadrone. Statistical analysis was performed by Sabina Pederiva. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Sabina Pederiva. Activity planning and execution were in charge of Daniela Marchis and Stefania Squadrone All authors discussed the results and contributed to the final manuscript. Review, editing of the final manuscript was performed by Stefania Squadrone and Daniela Marchis. Supervision was performed by Daniela Marchis and Maria Cesarina Abete. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Acknowledgments The Authors would like to thank Veronica Pederiva for her precious tips in data analysis. 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Gould WW and Rogers WH, (1991). Summary of tests of normality. Stata Technical Bulletin 3: 20–23. Reprinted in Stata Technical Bulletin Reprints, vol. 1, pp. 106–110. College Station, TX: Stata Press. Hollander M and Wolfe DA, (1999). Nonparametric Statistical Methods. New York: John Wiley & Sons. Pages 27–33 (one-sample), 68–75 (two-sample). Second edition. de Leeuw J and Mair P, (2009). Multidimensional Scaling Using Majorization: SMACOF in R. Journal of Statistical Software. 31 (3). doi: 10.18637/jss.v031.i03 . ISSN 1548–7660. Sánchez-Muros MJ, Barroso FG, de Haro C, (2016). Brief Summary of Insect Usage as an Industrial Animal Feed/Feed Ingredient. Insects as Sustainable Food Ingredients, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-802856-8.00010-7 . Pajarillo EAB, Lee E, Kang D, (2021). Trace metals and animal health: Interplay of the gut microbiota with iron, manganese, zinc, and copper. Animal Nutrition, 7, 3, 750–761. EFSA Journal, (2014). Scientific Opinion on the potential reduction of the currently authorised maximum zinc content in complete feed, 12(5):3668. EFSA Journal (2016). Revision of the currently authorised maximum copper content in complete feed EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) 14(8):4563. EFSA Journal, (2018). Safety and efficacy of iron compounds (E1) as feed additives for all animal species: ferrous carbonate; ferric chloride, hexahydrate; ferrous fumarate; ferrous sulphate, heptahydrate; ferrous sulphate, monohydrate; ferrous chelate of amino acids, hydrate; ferrous chelate of glycine, hydrate, based on a dossier submitted by FEFANA, 14(2):4396. EFSA Journal, (2015). Scientific Opinion on the risks to animal and public health and the environment related to the presence of nickel in feed, 13(4):4074. Kargar S, Habibi Z, Karimi-Dehkordi S, (2019). Grain source and chromium supplementation: effects on feed intake, meal and rumination patterns, and growth performance in Holstein dairy calves. Animal, 13:6, pp 1173–1179. Yang D, Yang Q, Fu N, Li S, Han B, Liu Y, Tang Y, Guo X, Lv Z, Zhang Z, (2021). Hexavalent chromium induced heart dysfunction via Sesn2-mediated impairment of mitochondrial function and energy supply. Chemosphere, 264, Part 2, 128547. Žikov Baloš M, Ljubojević D, Jakšić S, (2017). The role and importance of vanadium, chromium and nickel in poultry diet. World's Poultry Science Journal, doi: 10.1017/S0043933916000842 . Bessa LW, Pieterse E, Marais J, Dhanani K, Hoffman LC, (2021). Food Safety of Consuming Black Soldier Fly ( Hermetia illucens ) Larvae: Microbial, Heavy Metal and Cross-Reactive Allergen Risks. Foods 10, 1934. Lievens S, Poma G, De Smet J, Van Campenhout L, Covaci A, Van Der Borght M, (2021). Chemical safety of black soldier fly larvae ( Hermetia illucens ), knowledge gaps and recommendations for future research: a critical review. Journal of Insects as Food and Feed. Diener S, Zurbrügg C, Tockner K, (2015). Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in the black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens and effects on its life cycle. Journal of Insects as Food and Feed, 1(4): 261–270, Wageningen Academic Publisher. Biancarosa I, Liland NS, Biemans D, Araujo P, Bruckner CG, Waagbø R, Torstensen BE, Lock EJ, Amlund H, (2017). Uptake of heavy metals and arsenic in black soldier fly ( Hermetia illucens ) larvae grown on seaweed-enriched media. J Sci Food Agric. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Major revision 19 Sep, 2022 Reviews received at journal 01 Sep, 2022 Reviewers agreed at journal 29 Aug, 2022 Reviewers agreed at journal 24 Aug, 2022 Reviewers invited by journal 29 Jul, 2022 Editor assigned by journal 29 Jul, 2022 Submission checks completed at journal 29 Jul, 2022 First submitted to journal 28 Jul, 2022 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-1905534","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":124862325,"identity":"3a9d9100-a7d7-4e15-8947-d7062fbdc84a","order_by":0,"name":"Sabina Pederiva","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sabina","middleName":"","lastName":"Pederiva","suffix":""},{"id":124862326,"identity":"636e6ba1-ecab-4801-900e-a47c9c44c908","order_by":1,"name":"Rosa Avolio","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA1UlEQVRIie3PsQrCMBCA4SsH6VLMegXxGQpCdfBhrgi6ODg6SFGEZnPWt6kEnPoAHSu+QF3EQcRYJ5emo0N+MiSQj1wAXK5/rofgVdxsvU03IhAwMoQM2XYzwixz/UMsz4yUutSw1gPh43lVPdNUAqqqjfSLYkhw1kOBYlZyoCncWAYjWphZxCzJMIhLppyi3Erm1we8vmTJUdqFcExeNmkIMGMHEhTxONlPPn+ZEuc6PO687aGV+Opa1ncaSKlPt8czldJXVd1GmvjnhNb7LpfL5bL1BvdAPqalXPeRAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Rosa","middleName":"","lastName":"Avolio","suffix":""},{"id":124862327,"identity":"aa910a34-e5b3-40f6-97b6-0f32a6c2455b","order_by":2,"name":"Daniela Marchis","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Daniela","middleName":"","lastName":"Marchis","suffix":""},{"id":124862329,"identity":"abba735c-6dd3-4f01-b3a3-540d9c833a70","order_by":3,"name":"Maria Cesarina Abete","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Maria","middleName":"Cesarina","lastName":"Abete","suffix":""},{"id":124862331,"identity":"d7acb14e-a42a-4bc2-bffa-de59d7137239","order_by":4,"name":"Stefania Squadrone","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Stefania","middleName":"","lastName":"Squadrone","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2022-07-28 13:14:22","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-1905534/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1905534/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":24681964,"identity":"689aaf48-e19a-40ac-a1ac-9df2ca40f068","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-08-02 17:33:22","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":59518,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(a-f).\u003c/strong\u003e Essential elements distribution over the different matrices considered.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1905534/v1/30464b2bfcea6e4bef8dc9d3.png"},{"id":24681570,"identity":"388e087d-7795-4a2f-8d64-69f3a46f2214","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-08-02 17:23:22","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":82209,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(a-f).\u003c/strong\u003e Non-essential elements distribution over the different matrices considered.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1905534/v1/e00b2c0ffde88888d5992e25.png"},{"id":24681698,"identity":"cb8f9f4d-2102-4ec3-84e0-08c3d83f98d4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-08-02 17:28:22","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":28841,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMultidimensional scaling (MDS) between observations with respect to variables. All the elements were jointly considered to check the difference among the matrices. \u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1905534/v1/918f4a7e3113e35f63280789.png"},{"id":24681965,"identity":"6ae37e28-2d75-4c44-8d78-8d86bf0faea0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-08-02 17:33:25","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":543621,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1905534/v1/2d7b3f1a-ba78-457c-a16d-2ae5b2a7193f.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Preliminary Data on Essential and Non-Essential Elements Occurrence in Processed Animal Proteins from Insects","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eClimate change, population growth, environmental damage and an increasing demand for alternative protein sources represent a great concern and a worldwide challenge for a conscious development of a new circular system. The European Green Deal, enacted in 2019, set different objectives in multiple areas, including production and consumption, food and agriculture [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. In this context, the interest in using insects in food and feed increased, as they represent not only a valuable protein alternative, but their production can result in lower emission of greenhouse gases [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOver the last few years, the European Union legislative framework has been frequently modified to regulate and authorize the use of insects as food and feed following the bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) crisis in 2001 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn 2015 EFSA studied non-toxigenic and non-pathogenic insect species suitable for feed purpose, and assessed the relationship between production methods, substrate and species of insects, and their biological and chemical hazard [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. As a result, in 2017 the European Commission approved the introduction of insects in aquaculture [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e], then in 2021 also in pig and poultry feed [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. The relaxation of the feed ban was driven by the Farm to Fork strategy [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e], which encourages a better use of animal by-products proteins, an optimized recycling and valorisation of under-used resources, to compensate the European protein deficit, and to create a more sustainable food system.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn order to grant quality control and to avoid cross-contamination during production and transport of processed animal proteins (PAPs) of different origin, validated method for isolation and detection of insect PAPs in feed has been developed [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. These matrices show a similar biological hazard compared to other sources of protein of animal origin, even though details on chemical hazard are still scarcely investigated [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTherefore, the aim of this study was to better understand and evaluate the chemical risk related to black soldier fly (BSF) (\u003cem\u003eHermetia illucens)\u003c/em\u003e farmed in a pre-industrial pilot plant. In this first assessment, the concentration of essential elements (chromium, copper, iron, nickel, selenium, and zinc) and inorganic contaminants (aluminium, arsenic, cadmium, lead, tin and vanadium) were evaluated in all the production steps, from culturing substrate to larvae, protein meal and exhausted substrate.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis species was selected thanks to its multiple pluses. In fact, it represents a valuable alternative to common protein sources, due to its great content of crude protein and carbohydrates, depending on the growing substrate [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. In this work, waste of vegetables and bakery products from the great distribution were identified as growth material, in the frame of a circular economy model. Even if it can be used to bio-convert waste, BSF does not represent a risk for disease spread, it seems rather to be able to inactivate some bacteria, such as \u003cem\u003eEscherichia coli\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eSalmonella enterica\u003c/em\u003e [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. Due to its high efficiency conversion of feed, it is considered as sustainable and low emission raw material. Finally, the BSF spent substrate obtained at the end of the production cycle can be used as natural organic fertilizer [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMonitoring of inorganic contaminants concentration plays a key role in bioaccumulation rating in the food chain, where they can manifest their harmful properties [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]. In fact, multiple dangerous consequences to the organism are well documented including cancer, cognitive development, and kidney, immune and reproductive system failure [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR14\" citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]. In the European Union (EU) maximum level of undesirable substances, such as arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb), are regulated in order to ensure animal and human safety [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMoreover, EU legislation monitors the addition of chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn) to feeding stuff, as ingredient to promote correct functionality of metabolism and physiology of the organism [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR18\" citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]. Various forms of selenium can be used as additives in animal feed [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e], and their positive influence in health and animal production have been demonstrated [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]. Recent studies showed that some elements such as Cu, Fe, Se and Zn can be accumulated in all BSF steps of development [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNowadays, little information on bioavailability of aluminium (Al), tin (Sn) and vanadium (V) in feed is reported. Aluminum and vanadium are two of the most abundant elements in the Earth\u0026rsquo;s crust, and they can occur in the environment due to both natural and human activity [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e]. In 2008 the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) investigated aluminium dietary exposure through food for both humans and animals. Despite the known neurotoxicity in brain tissue due to oxidative stress [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e], some studies reveal that Al concentration in feed raw materials does not pose a risk for animal health [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e]. Concerns on vanadium pollution in the environment are growing, because it represents a potential risk for all the living being [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e]. Tin is widely used in many industries, and currently the EU set inorganic tin concentration exclusively in canned foods [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e]. This element is essential to exert biological functions in animals but, if over dosed, it could be dangerous especially in its organic form [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Material And Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1. Collection and Selection of Samples\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eSampling was carried out in a pilot plant of \u003cem\u003eHermetia illucens\u003c/em\u003e, farmed between September 2019 and January 2020. Forty-eight samples were collected and divided as follows: 8 samples of breeding substrate (as food industry products, cocoa peel, wheat bran, wheat flour), 7 samples of larvae, 15 samples of protein meal of larvae, 18 samples of spent breeding substrate, collected at the end of the productive cycle.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2. Mineralization Procedure\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eSamples were homogenized, aliquoted (1.5 g) and subjected to microwave digestion (ETHOS 1 Milestone S.r.l, Sorisole, BG, Italy) after addition of 7.5 mL of HNO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) and 1.5 mL of H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany). A programmed temperature curve was applied as follows: 130\u0026deg;C in 8 min (hold 2 min), to 200\u0026deg;C in 8 min (hold 5 min). The solution was then transferred in a 50 mL polymeric tube and diluted at a final weight of 50 g [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.3. Instrumental Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.3.1. ICP-MS Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe instrumental analysis was carried out by an Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS, Xseries II, Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) equipped with a collision/reaction cell (CCT\u003csup\u003eED\u003c/sup\u003e) with an energy filter which allows a reduction of spectral interferences. The following ions were detected: aluminium (\u003csup\u003e27\u003c/sup\u003eAl), vanadium (\u003csup\u003e51\u003c/sup\u003eV), chromium (\u003csup\u003e52\u003c/sup\u003eCr), iron (\u003csup\u003e56\u003c/sup\u003eFe), nickel (\u003csup\u003e60\u003c/sup\u003eNi), copper (\u003csup\u003e63\u003c/sup\u003eCu), zinc (\u003csup\u003e66\u003c/sup\u003eZn), selenium (\u003csup\u003e78\u003c/sup\u003eSe), arsenic (\u003csup\u003e75\u003c/sup\u003eAs), lead (\u003csup\u003e208\u003c/sup\u003ePb), cadmium (\u003csup\u003e111\u003c/sup\u003eCd), tin (\u003csup\u003e118\u003c/sup\u003eSn) and two internal standards germanium (\u003csup\u003e72\u003c/sup\u003eGe) and rhodium (\u003csup\u003e103\u003c/sup\u003eRh) (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) added at each sample prior the analysis. In order to perform adequately the quantification, a calibration curve at known concentration of the different analytes was processed.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.4. Quality control\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn each analytical session blank reagents, standard solutions and certified reference materials (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) were analysed to verify methods\u0026rsquo; performances and to define the measurement field. Limits of Quantification (LOQ) was set at 0.010 mg kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.5. Statistical analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eInformation regarding sample type and concentration of each analysed element were stored into a data frame. Shapiro-Wilk test [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e] was selected to assess normality of data, and distribution was described graphically as boxplot. The nonparametric statistical Wilcoxon test was used to compare different groups of matrices as data were not normally distributed [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e]. The difference among matrices was evaluated combining all the elements and the dissimilarity among observations, regarding every single variable, was assessed by multidimensional scaling (MDS) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e]. All statistical analyses were performed using RStudio (Version 1.4.1106, \u0026copy; 2009\u0026ndash;2021 RStudio, PBC).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results And Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e3.1. Essential elements occurrence\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe production of animal feed represents a great economic and environmental cost, due to growing demand for animal-derived products. In fact, the actual protein sources, such as fish and soy meal, contribute significantly to land occupation, deforestation, seas depletion, and water consumption. For these reasons, looking for alternative resources becomes strongly relevant to ensure a correct protein content, high digestibility and a proper intake of essential elements [34].\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEssential elements take part in different biological paths as constituents or as cofactors of enzymes, and they are classified as micronutrients because they are needed in little concentrations [35]. Occurrence of the analysed essential elements was found in the following order Fe\u0026gt;Zn\u0026gt;Cu\u0026gt;Ni\u0026gt;Se\u0026gt;Cr (Table 1). Boxplots displayed in Figure 1 (a-f), highlighted a variable asymmetry with the median for each compound and significative differences were found for nickel, and selenium as reported in Table 2. The different pattern of distribution revealed for each element may be due to both environmental natural presence and step of production process.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1.\u003c/strong\u003e Essential and non-essential elements concentrations in analysed matrices (mg kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;1;\u003c/sup\u003e mean \u0026plusmn; standard deviation), statistical significance expressed as \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e value.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7.3735%;\" width=\"9.183673469387756%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\" style=\"width: 28.4679%;\" width=\"43.87755102040816%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCulturing Substrate\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e(n=8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" style=\"width: 33.3802%;\" width=\"44.89795918367347%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLarvae\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e(n=7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7.3735%;\" width=\"9.473684210526315%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 18.9321%;\" width=\"21.05263157894737%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.3592%;\" width=\"14.736842105263158%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 4.8825%;\" width=\"6.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 14.6474%;\" width=\"21.05263157894737%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.7971%;\" width=\"1.0526315789473684%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.0532%;\" width=\"16.842105263157894%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 4.8825%;\" width=\"6.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7.3735%;\" width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAl\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7.3735%;\" width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e246\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1.6939%;\" width=\"2.150537634408602%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.8646%;\" width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.3592%;\" width=\"15.053763440860216%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.972\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 4.8825%;\" width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ens\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.4768%;\" width=\"8.602150537634408%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1.6939%;\" width=\"2.150537634408602%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.4768%;\" width=\"8.602150537634408%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.7971%;\" width=\"1.075268817204301%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.0532%;\" width=\"17.204301075268816%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.182\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 4.8825%;\" width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ens\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7.3735%;\" width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAs\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7.3735%;\" width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.186\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1.6939%;\" width=\"2.150537634408602%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.8646%;\" width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.016\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.3592%;\" width=\"15.053763440860216%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.919\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 4.8825%;\" width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ens\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.4768%;\" width=\"8.602150537634408%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.039\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1.6939%;\" width=\"2.150537634408602%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.4768%;\" width=\"8.602150537634408%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.016\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.7971%;\" width=\"1.075268817204301%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.0532%;\" width=\"17.204301075268816%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.399\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 4.8825%;\" width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ens\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7.3735%;\" width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCd\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7.3735%;\" width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.048\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1.6939%;\" width=\"2.150537634408602%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.8646%;\" width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.013\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.3592%;\" width=\"15.053763440860216%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.303\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 4.8825%;\" width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ens\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.4768%;\" width=\"8.602150537634408%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.168\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1.6939%;\" width=\"2.150537634408602%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.4768%;\" width=\"8.602150537634408%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.073\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.7971%;\" width=\"1.075268817204301%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.0532%;\" width=\"17.204301075268816%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00469\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 4.8825%;\" width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7.3735%;\" width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCr\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7.3735%;\" width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1.6939%;\" width=\"2.150537634408602%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.8646%;\" width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.471\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.3592%;\" width=\"15.053763440860216%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.614\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 4.8825%;\" width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ens\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.4768%;\" width=\"8.602150537634408%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.185\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1.6939%;\" width=\"2.150537634408602%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.4768%;\" width=\"8.602150537634408%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.098\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.7971%;\" width=\"1.075268817204301%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.0532%;\" width=\"17.204301075268816%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0974\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 4.8825%;\" width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ens\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7.3735%;\" width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCu\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7.3735%;\" width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1.6939%;\" width=\"2.150537634408602%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.8646%;\" width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.3592%;\" width=\"15.053763440860216%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.084\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 4.8825%;\" width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ens\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.4768%;\" width=\"8.602150537634408%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1.6939%;\" width=\"2.150537634408602%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.4768%;\" width=\"8.602150537634408%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.7971%;\" width=\"1.075268817204301%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.0532%;\" width=\"17.204301075268816%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.917\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 4.8825%;\" width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ens\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7.3735%;\" width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFe\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7.3735%;\" width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e454\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1.6939%;\" width=\"2.150537634408602%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.8646%;\" width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e143\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.3592%;\" width=\"15.053763440860216%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.453\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 4.8825%;\" width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ens\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.4768%;\" width=\"8.602150537634408%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e144\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1.6939%;\" width=\"2.150537634408602%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.4768%;\" width=\"8.602150537634408%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.7971%;\" width=\"1.075268817204301%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.0532%;\" width=\"17.204301075268816%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.976\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 4.8825%;\" width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ens\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7.3735%;\" width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNi\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7.3735%;\" width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1.6939%;\" width=\"2.150537634408602%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.8646%;\" width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.081\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.3592%;\" width=\"15.053763440860216%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.178\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 4.8825%;\" width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ens\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.4768%;\" width=\"8.602150537634408%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.472\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1.6939%;\" width=\"2.150537634408602%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.4768%;\" width=\"8.602150537634408%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.226\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.7971%;\" width=\"1.075268817204301%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.0532%;\" width=\"17.204301075268816%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.064\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 4.8825%;\" width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ens\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7.3735%;\" width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePb\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7.3735%;\" width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.057\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1.6939%;\" width=\"2.150537634408602%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.8646%;\" width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.005\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.3592%;\" width=\"15.053763440860216%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.629\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 4.8825%;\" width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ens\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.4768%;\" width=\"8.602150537634408%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.049\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1.6939%;\" width=\"2.150537634408602%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.4768%;\" width=\"8.602150537634408%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.010\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.7971%;\" width=\"1.075268817204301%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.0532%;\" width=\"17.204301075268816%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.201\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 4.8825%;\" width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ens\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7.3735%;\" width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSe\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7.3735%;\" width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1.6939%;\" width=\"2.150537634408602%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.8646%;\" width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.186\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.3592%;\" width=\"15.053763440860216%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.069\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 4.8825%;\" width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ens\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.4768%;\" width=\"8.602150537634408%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.362\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1.6939%;\" width=\"2.150537634408602%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.4768%;\" width=\"8.602150537634408%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.239\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.7971%;\" width=\"1.075268817204301%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.0532%;\" width=\"17.204301075268816%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.604\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 4.8825%;\" width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ens\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7.3735%;\" width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSn\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7.3735%;\" width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.074\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1.6939%;\" width=\"2.150537634408602%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.8646%;\" width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.013\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.3592%;\" width=\"15.053763440860216%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.140\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 4.8825%;\" width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ens\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.4768%;\" width=\"8.602150537634408%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.058\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1.6939%;\" width=\"2.150537634408602%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.4768%;\" width=\"8.602150537634408%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.041\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.7971%;\" width=\"1.075268817204301%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.0532%;\" width=\"17.204301075268816%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.126\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 4.8825%;\" width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ens\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7.3735%;\" width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eV\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7.3735%;\" width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.279\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1.6939%;\" width=\"2.150537634408602%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.8646%;\" width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.057\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.3592%;\" width=\"15.053763440860216%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.556\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 4.8825%;\" width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ens\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.4768%;\" width=\"8.602150537634408%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.215\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1.6939%;\" width=\"2.150537634408602%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.4768%;\" width=\"8.602150537634408%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.038\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.7971%;\" width=\"1.075268817204301%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.0532%;\" width=\"17.204301075268816%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.617\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 4.8825%;\" width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ens\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7.3735%;\" width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eZn\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7.3735%;\" width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e83.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1.6939%;\" width=\"2.150537634408602%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.8646%;\" width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.3592%;\" width=\"15.053763440860216%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0460\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 4.8825%;\" width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.4768%;\" width=\"8.602150537634408%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1.6939%;\" width=\"2.150537634408602%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.4768%;\" width=\"8.602150537634408%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.7971%;\" width=\"1.075268817204301%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.0532%;\" width=\"17.204301075268816%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.274\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 4.8825%;\" width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ens\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7.3735%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7.3735%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1.6939%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"2.150537634408602%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.8646%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.3592%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"15.053763440860216%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 4.8825%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.4768%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"8.602150537634408%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1.6939%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"2.150537634408602%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.4768%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"8.602150537634408%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.7971%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"1.075268817204301%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.0532%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"17.204301075268816%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 4.8825%;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7.3735%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.183673469387756%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\" style=\"width: 36.1702%;\" width=\"43.87755102040816%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eProtein Meal\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e(n=15)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" style=\"width: 33.3802%;\" width=\"44.89795918367347%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSpent Substrate\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e(n=18)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7.3735%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.473684210526315%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 18.9321%;\" width=\"21.05263157894737%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.3592%;\" width=\"14.736842105263158%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 4.8825%;\" width=\"6.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 14.6474%;\" width=\"21.05263157894737%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.7971%;\" width=\"1.0526315789473684%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.0532%;\" width=\"16.842105263157894%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 4.8825%;\" width=\"6.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7.3735%;\" width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Al\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7.3735%;\" width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e200\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1.6939%;\" width=\"2.150537634408602%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.8646%;\" width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.3592%;\" width=\"15.053763440860216%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000711\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 4.8825%;\" width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.4768%;\" width=\"8.602150537634408%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e341\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1.6939%;\" width=\"2.150537634408602%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.4768%;\" width=\"8.602150537634408%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e85.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.7971%;\" width=\"1.075268817204301%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.0532%;\" width=\"17.204301075268816%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00317\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 4.8825%;\" width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7.3735%;\" width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAs\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7.3735%;\" width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.328\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1.6939%;\" width=\"2.150537634408602%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.8646%;\" width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.211\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.3592%;\" width=\"15.053763440860216%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.583\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 4.8825%;\" width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ens\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.4768%;\" width=\"8.602150537634408%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.221\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1.6939%;\" width=\"2.150537634408602%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.4768%;\" width=\"8.602150537634408%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.102\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.7971%;\" width=\"1.075268817204301%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.0532%;\" width=\"17.204301075268816%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.198\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 4.8825%;\" width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ens\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7.3735%;\" width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCd\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7.3735%;\" width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.264\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1.6939%;\" width=\"2.150537634408602%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.8646%;\" width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.237\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.3592%;\" width=\"15.053763440860216%\"\u003e\n 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width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCr\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7.3735%;\" width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1.6939%;\" width=\"2.150537634408602%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.8646%;\" width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.3592%;\" width=\"15.053763440860216%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.388\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 4.8825%;\" width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ens\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.4768%;\" width=\"8.602150537634408%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1.6939%;\" width=\"2.150537634408602%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e\n 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width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.3592%;\" width=\"15.053763440860216%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.461\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 4.8825%;\" width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ens\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.4768%;\" width=\"8.602150537634408%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1.6939%;\" width=\"2.150537634408602%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.4768%;\" width=\"8.602150537634408%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.7971%;\" width=\"1.075268817204301%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.0532%;\" width=\"17.204301075268816%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0629\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 4.8825%;\" width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ens\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7.3735%;\" width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFe\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7.3735%;\" width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e594\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1.6939%;\" width=\"2.150537634408602%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.8646%;\" width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e167\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.3592%;\" width=\"15.053763440860216%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0966\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 4.8825%;\" width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ens\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.4768%;\" width=\"8.602150537634408%\"\u003e\n 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1.6939%;\" width=\"2.150537634408602%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.8646%;\" width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.3592%;\" width=\"15.053763440860216%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.256\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 4.8825%;\" width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ens\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.4768%;\" width=\"8.602150537634408%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1.6939%;\" width=\"2.150537634408602%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.4768%;\" width=\"8.602150537634408%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.7971%;\" width=\"1.075268817204301%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.0532%;\" width=\"17.204301075268816%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0145\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 4.8825%;\" width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7.3735%;\" width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePb\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7.3735%;\" width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.407\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1.6939%;\" width=\"2.150537634408602%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.8646%;\" width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.277\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.3592%;\" width=\"15.053763440860216%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00555\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 4.8825%;\" width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n 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7.3735%;\" width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1.6939%;\" width=\"2.150537634408602%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.8646%;\" width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.3592%;\" width=\"15.053763440860216%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.123\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 4.8825%;\" width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ens\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.4768%;\" width=\"8.602150537634408%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1.6939%;\" width=\"2.150537634408602%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.4768%;\" width=\"8.602150537634408%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.7971%;\" width=\"1.075268817204301%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.0532%;\" width=\"17.204301075268816%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0000520\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 4.8825%;\" width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7.3735%;\" width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSn\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7.3735%;\" width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.193\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1.6939%;\" width=\"2.150537634408602%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.8646%;\" width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.127\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.3592%;\" width=\"15.053763440860216%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000959\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 4.8825%;\" width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.4768%;\" width=\"8.602150537634408%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.176\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1.6939%;\" width=\"2.150537634408602%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.4768%;\" width=\"8.602150537634408%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.082\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.7971%;\" width=\"1.075268817204301%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.0532%;\" width=\"17.204301075268816%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.208\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 4.8825%;\" width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ens\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7.3735%;\" width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eV\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7.3735%;\" width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.617\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1.6939%;\" width=\"2.150537634408602%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.8646%;\" width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.342\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.3592%;\" width=\"15.053763440860216%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00817\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 4.8825%;\" width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.4768%;\" width=\"8.602150537634408%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.832\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1.6939%;\" width=\"2.150537634408602%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.4768%;\" width=\"8.602150537634408%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.421\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.7971%;\" width=\"1.075268817204301%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.0532%;\" width=\"17.204301075268816%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0233\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 4.8825%;\" width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7.3735%;\" width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eZn\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7.3735%;\" width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e225\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1.6939%;\" width=\"2.150537634408602%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.8646%;\" width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.3592%;\" width=\"15.053763440860216%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.112\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 4.8825%;\" width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ens\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.4768%;\" width=\"8.602150537634408%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e159\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1.6939%;\" width=\"2.150537634408602%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.4768%;\" width=\"8.602150537634408%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.7971%;\" width=\"1.075268817204301%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.0532%;\" width=\"17.204301075268816%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.197\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 4.8825%;\" width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ens\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7.3735%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLegend\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7.3735%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1.6939%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"2.150537634408602%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.8646%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.3592%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"15.053763440860216%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 4.8825%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.4768%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.602150537634408%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1.6939%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"2.150537634408602%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.4768%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.602150537634408%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.7971%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"1.075268817204301%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.0532%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"17.204301075268816%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 4.8825%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 14.7471%;\" width=\"19.35483870967742%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e* \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; p\u0026lt;0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1.6939%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"2.150537634408602%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.8646%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.3592%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"15.053763440860216%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 4.8825%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.4768%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.602150537634408%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1.6939%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"2.150537634408602%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.4768%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.602150537634408%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.7971%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"1.075268817204301%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.0532%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"17.204301075268816%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 4.8825%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 14.7471%;\" width=\"19.35483870967742%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e** \u0026nbsp; p\u0026lt;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1.6939%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"2.150537634408602%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.8646%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.3592%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"15.053763440860216%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 4.8825%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.4768%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.602150537634408%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1.6939%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"2.150537634408602%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.4768%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.602150537634408%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.7971%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"1.075268817204301%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.0532%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"17.204301075268816%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 4.8825%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 14.7471%;\" width=\"19.35483870967742%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e*** p\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1.6939%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"2.150537634408602%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.8646%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.3592%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"15.053763440860216%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 4.8825%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.4768%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.602150537634408%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1.6939%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"2.150537634408602%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.4768%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.602150537634408%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.7971%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"1.075268817204301%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.0532%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"17.204301075268816%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 4.8825%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 14.7471%;\" width=\"19.35483870967742%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ens = non significant\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1.6939%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"2.150537634408602%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.8646%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.3592%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"15.053763440860216%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 4.8825%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.4768%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.602150537634408%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1.6939%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"2.150537634408602%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.4768%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.602150537634408%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.7971%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"1.075268817204301%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.0532%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"17.204301075268816%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 4.8825%;\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2.\u003c/strong\u003e Statistically significant probabilities (in bold) of essential elements concentration according to Wilcoxon test.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" width=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"23.958333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eNickel\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"28.125%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCulturing Substrate\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"23.958333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLarvae\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"23.958333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProtein Meal\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"23.958333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLarvae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"28.125%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.42E-02\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"23.958333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"23.958333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"23.958333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProtein Meal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"28.125%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.16E-01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"23.958333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4.90E-05\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"23.958333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"23.958333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSpent Substrate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"28.125%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.91E-01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"23.958333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.30E-04\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"23.958333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.16E-01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"23.958333333333332%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"28.125%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"23.958333333333332%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"23.958333333333332%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"23.958333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eSelenium\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"28.125%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCulturing Substrate\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"23.958333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLarvae\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"23.958333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProtein Meal\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"23.958333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLarvae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"28.125%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.00E-02\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"23.958333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"23.958333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"23.958333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProtein Meal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"28.125%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.11E-01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"23.958333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.70E-02\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"23.958333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"23.958333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSpent Substrate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"28.125%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.71E-01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"23.958333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.40E-02\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"23.958333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.65E-01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePredictably, high concentration levels of Fe and Zn were found. In fact, these elements are naturally present in the Earth\u0026rsquo;s crust and in the environment, and a correct intake can have positive effects in animal organism. The synergic action of different elements as Fe, Zn and Cu plays a relevant role as enzyme cofactors, mediators for the growth hormone and in mitochondrial respiration, improving protein synthesis and energy production [36-38].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDespite low concentration of Ni was found in the analysed matrices, information on the occurrence of this element is of great relevance to set maximum levels following the EU Recommendation No. 1110/2016, because of the lack of information on ingestion route of exposure [39]. Additionally, selenium affected several metabolic functions, preventing the oxidative stress and promoting detoxification of heavy metals and xenobiotics. Therefore, a correct support of this element is encouraged at a maximum content of 0.5 mg kg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e in complete feeding stuff [21]. Chromium has a dual behaviour, depending on its oxidation state. In fact, on one side the trivalent form is involved in the insulin production, while the hexavalent form, which is widely used in pigment production, is toxic [40, 41].\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e3.2. Non-essential trace elements occurrence\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNon-essential trace elements occurrence, which may result from both natural and anthropic sources, raises great concern as these compounds can accumulate along the food chain. The following decreasing order was found Al\u0026gt;V\u0026gt;Pb\u0026gt;As\u0026gt;Cd\u0026gt;Sn (Table 1). A noticeable asymmetric distribution over the median was displayed for arsenic, cadmium, lead and vanadium in protein meal (Figure 2, a-f), and significative differences among matrices were found for all non-essential elements, except for arsenic (Table 3). The uneven distribution found in protein meal intended as raw material for feed production represents a first step for further in-depth studies.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3.\u003c/strong\u003e Statistically significant probabilities (in bold) of non-essential elements concentration according to Wilcoxon test.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" width=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"23.958333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eAllumium\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"28.125%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCulturing Substrate\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"23.958333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLarvae\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"23.958333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProtein Meal\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"23.958333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLarvae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"28.125%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.82E-02\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"23.958333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"23.958333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"23.958333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProtein Meal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"28.125%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.78E-01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"23.958333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e8.20E-05\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"23.958333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"23.958333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSpent Substrate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"28.125%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.91E-02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"23.958333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.00E-04\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"23.958333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e6.60E-05\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"23.958333333333332%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"28.125%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"23.958333333333332%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"23.958333333333332%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"23.958333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eCadmium\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"28.125%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCulturing Substrate\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"23.958333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLarvae\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"23.958333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProtein Meal\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"23.958333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLarvae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"28.125%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.60E-02\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"23.958333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"23.958333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"23.958333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProtein Meal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"28.125%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.07E-01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"23.958333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.07E-01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"23.958333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"23.958333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSpent Substrate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"28.125%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.07E-01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"23.958333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.90E-02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"23.958333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.03E-01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"23.958333333333332%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"28.125%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"23.958333333333332%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"23.958333333333332%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"23.958333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eLead\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"28.125%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCulturing Substrate\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"23.958333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLarvae\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"23.958333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProtein Meal\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"23.958333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLarvae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"28.125%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.64E-01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"23.958333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"23.958333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"23.958333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProtein Meal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"28.125%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4.95E-03\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"23.958333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.00E-04\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"23.958333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"23.958333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSpent Substrate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"28.125%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.02E-02\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"23.958333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4.64E-03\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"23.958333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.30E-04\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"23.958333333333332%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"28.125%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"23.958333333333332%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"23.958333333333332%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"23.958333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eTin\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"28.125%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCulturing Substrate\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"23.958333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLarvae\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"23.958333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProtein Meal\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"23.958333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLarvae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"28.125%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.24E-01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"23.958333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"23.958333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"23.958333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProtein Meal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"28.125%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.97E-02\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"23.958333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e7.40E-03\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"23.958333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"23.958333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSpent Substrate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"28.125%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.03E-02\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"23.958333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.90E-03\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"23.958333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.24E-01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"23.958333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"28.125%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"23.958333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"23.958333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"23.958333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eVanadium\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"28.125%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCulturing Substrate\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"23.958333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLarvae\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"23.958333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProtein Meal\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"23.958333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLarvae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"28.125%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.37E-01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"23.958333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"23.958333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"23.958333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProtein Meal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"28.125%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e8.67E-03\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"23.958333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4.90E-04\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"23.958333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"23.958333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSpent Substrate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"28.125%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.36E-03\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"23.958333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.50E-04\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"23.958333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.37E-01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAluminium is highly spread in the environment, and its occurrence can pose a risk for animal and human health through ingestion. The most severe consequence affects brain and the nervous system, and endocrine system failure in fish has been reported [26]. The high level found for this element could be reasonably explained to its occurrence in the environment as a major constitute of the earth\u0026rsquo;s crust [27].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs regards Pb, As and Cd, all the values are lower than the settled limit required by Council Directive 32/2002 for feed materials [16]. However, tin quantity is not regulated in this kind of matrices, as Commission Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006 refers to maximum limit of inorganic tin in canned food and canned drink [29]. The limit of 50-200 mg kg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e can be applied only in case of larvae used for human use food. The main route of exposure of vanadium is oral intake through feed and exert its toxicity in bones, kidney and liver because V cation competes with other ions as Ca, Mn, Zn and Fe in the metabolic processes [42]. An implementation of data should be required, in order to regulate these elements in raw materials for feed.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn conclusion, the observations with respect to variables in MDS graphic (Figure 3) showed a dissimilarity among groups which highlights that each step of production is greatly influenced by environmental and accumulation conditions.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e3.3. Available knowledge on Hermetia illucens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe analysed elements have a different distribution and behaviour in each matrix, therefore specific limits were established in the European Union to improve control and surveillance. Protein meal analysed in this work is intended for animal feed production: copper and iron concentration detected are within the nutritional requirements, while selenium and zinc were higher than the set value of the regulations, (Table 4a). As concern non-essential elements arsenic, cadmium and lead, concentrations were found lower than the set limits (Table 4b). Currently, no restrictions are available for chromium, nickel, vanadium, aluminium and tin. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAvailable knowledge showed that breeding substrate for larvae strongly affects the bioaccumulation degree (Table 4a-b). In this work, Cr, Cu, Fe, Al and Se in food industry products used as substrate and Fe and Al in larvae were found higher than literature data (Table 4 a, b). Instead, larvae fed with plant or broiler-based substrate showed higher content of Cr, Cu and Se [23, 43]. Low concentration of Ni and Zn were found both in substrate and in larvae [43], and concentrations of As, Cd and Pb were found comparable to literature data [23, 43-46].\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSince larvae could be farmed on different substrates, it has been demonstrated that in specific conditions or growth stages, \u003cem\u003eH. illucens\u003c/em\u003e could bioaccumulate Cr, Cu, Fe, Se, Sn, Zn, Cd and Pb while no accumulation happens for Al and As [23, 43]. The similarity of cadmium to calcium makes it easily bioavailable in larvae, where it can cumulate in the exoskeleton, as it happens for chromium [44]. Non-essential elements could be found in different concentrations in feed according to its origin, for example seaweed is a source of As which is well known as marine contaminant [46]. Luckily, their presence appears not to influence BSF development even at high concentrations [45].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 4.\u003c/strong\u003e Actual knowledge of essential and non-essential elements concentration (mg kg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e) in substrate and larvae.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"15\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"94.94949494949495%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 4a, Essential elements\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.05050505050505%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" width=\"18.556701030927837%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEU Legislation\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" width=\"5.154639175257732%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eElement\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" width=\"6.185567010309279%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMaximum content\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"10.309278350515465%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDiener \u003cem\u003eet al.,\u003c/em\u003e 2015\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"10.309278350515465%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProc \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2020\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" width=\"21.649484536082475%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBessa \u003cem\u003eet al.,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e2021\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"11.34020618556701%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLievens \u003cem\u003eet al.,\u003c/em\u003e 2021\u003csup\u003e(c)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" width=\"16.49484536082474%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eThis study\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e(g)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.6923076923076925%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChicken pellets substrate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.6923076923076925%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLarvae\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.6923076923076925%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePlant-based substrate\u003csup\u003e(e)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.6923076923076925%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLarvae\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.6923076923076925%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBroiler-based\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.6923076923076925%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLarvae\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.6923076923076925%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePlant-based substrate\u003csup\u003e(f)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.6923076923076925%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLarvae\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.6923076923076925%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSubstrate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.6923076923076925%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLarvae\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.6923076923076925%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSubstrate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.6923076923076925%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLarvae\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.6923076923076925%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProtein meal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.148936170212767%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.319148936170213%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.382978723404255%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emg kg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.319148936170213%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emg kg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.319148936170213%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emg kg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.319148936170213%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emg kg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.319148936170213%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emg kg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.319148936170213%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emg kg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.319148936170213%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emg kg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.319148936170213%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emg kg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.319148936170213%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emg kg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.319148936170213%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emg kg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.319148936170213%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emg kg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.319148936170213%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emg kg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.319148936170213%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emg kg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.319148936170213%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emg kg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.148936170212767%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo regulation provided\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.319148936170213%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCr\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.382978723404255%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.319148936170213%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.319148936170213%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.319148936170213%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.319148936170213%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.319148936170213%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.319148936170213%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.319148936170213%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.37-2.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.319148936170213%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.33-0.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.319148936170213%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.2-300\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.319148936170213%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.319148936170213%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.319148936170213%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.185\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.319148936170213%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.148936170212767%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCommission implementing Regulation (EU) 2018/1039 \u003csup\u003e(a)*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.319148936170213%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCu\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.382978723404255%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15-250\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.319148936170213%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.319148936170213%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.319148936170213%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.319148936170213%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.319148936170213%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.319148936170213%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.319148936170213%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.319148936170213%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.319148936170213%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.319148936170213%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.319148936170213%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.319148936170213%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.319148936170213%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.148936170212767%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCommission implementing Regulation (EU) 2017/2330 \u003csup\u003e(a)*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.319148936170213%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFe\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.382978723404255%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e250-750\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.319148936170213%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.319148936170213%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.319148936170213%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.319148936170213%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e129.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.319148936170213%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e244\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.319148936170213%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e252.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.319148936170213%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e146-258\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.319148936170213%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e197.3-210.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.319148936170213%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.319148936170213%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.319148936170213%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e454\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.319148936170213%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e144\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.319148936170213%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e594\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.148936170212767%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRecommendation No. 1110/2016\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.319148936170213%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNi\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.382978723404255%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.319148936170213%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.319148936170213%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.319148936170213%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.319148936170213%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.319148936170213%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.319148936170213%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.319148936170213%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.319148936170213%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.319148936170213%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.319148936170213%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.319148936170213%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.319148936170213%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.472\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.319148936170213%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.148936170212767%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCommission implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/49 \u003csup\u003e(a)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.319148936170213%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSe\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.382978723404255%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.319148936170213%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.319148936170213%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.319148936170213%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.319148936170213%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.319148936170213%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.319148936170213%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.319148936170213%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.319148936170213%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.319148936170213%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.319148936170213%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.319148936170213%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.319148936170213%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.362\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.319148936170213%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.148936170212767%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCommission implementing Regulation (EU) 2016/1095 \u003csup\u003e(a)*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.319148936170213%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZn\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.382978723404255%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e120-200\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.319148936170213%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e145.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.319148936170213%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e165.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.319148936170213%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.319148936170213%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e146.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.319148936170213%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e112\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.319148936170213%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e220.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.319148936170213%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90-108\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.319148936170213%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e139.7-166.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.319148936170213%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50-2044\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.319148936170213%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e373.25-866\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.319148936170213%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e83.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.319148936170213%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.319148936170213%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e225\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"20\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"95.95959595959596%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 4b, Non-essential elements\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.040404040404041%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" width=\"6.315789473684211%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEU Legislation\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" width=\"4.2105263157894735%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eElement\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" width=\"5.2631578947368425%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMaximum content\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" width=\"4.2105263157894735%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEFSA, 2015\u003csup\u003e(c)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"9.473684210526315%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDiener \u003cem\u003eet al.,\u003c/em\u003e 2015\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" width=\"18.94736842105263%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBiancarosa \u003cem\u003eet al.,\u003c/em\u003e 2017\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"9.473684210526315%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProc \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2020\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" width=\"18.94736842105263%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBessa \u003cem\u003eet al,.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e2021\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"9.473684210526315%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLievens \u003cem\u003eet al.,\u003c/em\u003e 2021\u003csup\u003e(c)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" width=\"13.68421052631579%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eThis study\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e(g)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.882352941176471%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChicken pellets substrate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.882352941176471%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLarvae\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.882352941176471%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePlant-based substrate \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.882352941176471%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLarvae\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.882352941176471%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSeaweed biomass substrate \u003csup\u003e(d)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.882352941176471%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLarvae\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.882352941176471%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePlant-based substrate \u003csup\u003e(e)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.882352941176471%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLarvae\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.882352941176471%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBroiler-based\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.882352941176471%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLarvae\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.882352941176471%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePlant-based substrate \u003csup\u003e(f)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.882352941176471%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLarvae\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.882352941176471%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSubstrate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.882352941176471%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLarvae\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.882352941176471%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSubstrate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.882352941176471%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLarvae\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.882352941176471%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProtein meal\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.896551724137931%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"5.747126436781609%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emg kg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emg kg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emg kg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emg kg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emg kg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emg kg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emg kg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emg kg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emg kg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emg kg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emg kg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emg kg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emg kg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emg kg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emg kg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emg kg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emg kg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emg kg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emg kg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.896551724137931%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo regulation provided\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.747126436781609%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.97-60.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.16- 32.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e246\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e200\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" width=\"6.896551724137931%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDirective 2002/32/EC (b)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAs\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.747126436781609%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.142\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.4-36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.3-23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0-0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03-0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.08-36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.08-23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.186\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.039\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.328\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.938271604938271%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCd\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.172839506172839%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.938271604938271%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.938271604938271%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.938271604938271%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.938271604938271%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.938271604938271%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.938271604938271%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.12-0.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.938271604938271%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.55-2.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.938271604938271%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.938271604938271%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.938271604938271%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.938271604938271%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.938271604938271%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01-0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.938271604938271%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.12-0.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.938271604938271%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.09-80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.938271604938271%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.41-502.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.938271604938271%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.048\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.938271604938271%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.168\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.938271604938271%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.264\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.938271604938271%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePb\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.172839506172839%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.938271604938271%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.938271604938271%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.938271604938271%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en.d.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.938271604938271%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.938271604938271%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.938271604938271%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.09-0.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.938271604938271%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.08-0.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.938271604938271%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.938271604938271%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.938271604938271%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.938271604938271%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.938271604938271%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.08-0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.938271604938271%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.14-0.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.938271604938271%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.07-142.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.938271604938271%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.06-35.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.938271604938271%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.057\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.938271604938271%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.049\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.938271604938271%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.407\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.896551724137931%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo regulation provided\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSn\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.747126436781609%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01-0.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.074\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.058\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.193\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.896551724137931%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo regulation provided\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eV\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.747126436781609%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.279\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.215\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.617\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.896551724137931%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.747126436781609%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.896551724137931%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLegend\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.747126436781609%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.597701149425287%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\" width=\"38.46153846153846%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(b) feed materials\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.395604395604396%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.395604395604396%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.395604395604396%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.395604395604396%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.395604395604396%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.395604395604396%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.395604395604396%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.395604395604396%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.395604395604396%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.395604395604396%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.395604395604396%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.395604395604396%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.395604395604396%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.395604395604396%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\" width=\"38.46153846153846%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(c) variety of substrates; different geographical locations\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.395604395604396%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.395604395604396%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.395604395604396%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.395604395604396%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.395604395604396%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.395604395604396%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.395604395604396%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.395604395604396%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.395604395604396%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.395604395604396%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.395604395604396%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.395604395604396%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.395604395604396%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.395604395604396%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\" width=\"38.46153846153846%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(d) content of seaweed biomass in the range 10-100%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.395604395604396%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.395604395604396%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.395604395604396%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.395604395604396%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.395604395604396%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.395604395604396%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.395604395604396%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.395604395604396%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.395604395604396%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.395604395604396%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.395604395604396%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.395604395604396%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.395604395604396%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.395604395604396%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\" width=\"38.46153846153846%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(e) rapeseed, oilseed plants, cereal sharps, cereals and vegetable oils\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.395604395604396%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.395604395604396%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.395604395604396%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.395604395604396%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.395604395604396%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.395604395604396%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.395604395604396%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.395604395604396%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.395604395604396%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.395604395604396%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.395604395604396%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.395604395604396%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.395604395604396%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.395604395604396%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\" width=\"38.46153846153846%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(f) Brewers grain and cereal grain\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.395604395604396%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.395604395604396%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.395604395604396%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.395604395604396%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.395604395604396%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.395604395604396%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.395604395604396%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.395604395604396%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.395604395604396%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.395604395604396%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.395604395604396%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.395604395604396%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.395604395604396%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.395604395604396%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\" width=\"38.46153846153846%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(g) food industry products, cocoa peel, wheat bran, wheat flour\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.395604395604396%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.395604395604396%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.395604395604396%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.395604395604396%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.395604395604396%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.395604395604396%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.395604395604396%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.395604395604396%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.395604395604396%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.395604395604396%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.395604395604396%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.395604395604396%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.395604395604396%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"4.395604395604396%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n"},{"header":"4. Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eBlack soldier fly (BSF) (\u003cem\u003eHermetia illucens)\u003c/em\u003e meal represents a valuable protein alternative for feed production, and a good source for essential elements which play an important role in animal growth. This study showed that this matrix appears not to accumulate inorganic contaminant which could be a hazard in the food-chain. European regulations and official monitoring plans play a key role in the evaluation of chemical risks and assessment of environmental contaminants\u003cs\u003e,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/s\u003ein order to ensure safety in each step of production. In the foreseeable future the current legislation and the official monitoring plans may be implemented and broaden, to focalize and assess limits for upcoming matrices such as insects. In conclusions, insect farming for feed and food production could both at least partially compensate the growing demand for protein sources, and positively contribute to the reduction of the environmental footprint in circular economy context.\u003c/p\u003e\n"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCRediT authorship contribution statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll authors contributed to the study. Material preparation, data collection was performed by Sabina Pederiva. Resources were provided by Daniela Marchis. Methodology optimization, chemical analysis and data analysis were performed by Sabina Pederiva and Stefania Squadrone. Statistical analysis was performed by Sabina Pederiva. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Sabina Pederiva. Activity planning and execution were in charge of Daniela Marchis and Stefania Squadrone All authors discussed the results and contributed to the final manuscript. Review, editing of the final manuscript was performed by Stefania Squadrone and Daniela Marchis. Supervision was performed by Daniela Marchis and Maria Cesarina Abete. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Authors would like to thank Veronica Pederiva for her precious tips in data analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFundings\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis research was funded by the Piedmont Region (CLEVER \u0026ndash; Piedmont Region Innovation Pole Energy and Clean Technologies).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDeclaration of interest statement\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo potential competing interest was reported by the authors.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCommunication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the European Council, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, The European Green Deal Brussels, 11.12.2019, COM (2019) 640 final.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eEFSA Journal\u0026lt;bi\u0026gt;, (\u0026lt;/bi\u0026gt;2015\u0026lt;bi\u0026gt;).\u0026lt;/bi\u0026gt; \u003cem\u003eScientific Opinion on a risk profile related to production and consumption of insects as food and feed\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt;bi\u0026gt;,\u0026lt;/bi\u0026gt; \u003cstrong\u003e13\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026lt;bi\u0026gt;(\u0026lt;/bi\u0026gt;\u003cem\u003e10\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt;bi\u0026gt;):\u0026lt;/bi\u0026gt;4257\u0026lt;bi\u0026gt;,\u0026lt;/bi\u0026gt; 60 \u0026lt;bi\u0026gt;pp.\u0026lt;/bi\u0026gt;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cem\u003eEU Council Regulation 999/2001/EC of 22 May 2001 laying down rules for the prevention\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003econtrol and eradication of certain transmissible spongiform encephalopathies\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt;bi\u0026gt;.\u0026lt;/bi\u0026gt; Off. 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World\u0026apos;s Poultry Science Journal, doi:\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1017/S0043933916000842\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBessa LW, Pieterse E, Marais J, Dhanani K, Hoffman LC, (2021). Food Safety of Consuming Black Soldier Fly (\u003cem\u003eHermetia illucens\u003c/em\u003e) Larvae: Microbial, Heavy Metal and Cross-Reactive Allergen Risks. Foods 10, 1934.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLievens S, Poma G, De Smet J, Van Campenhout L, Covaci A, Van Der Borght M, (2021). Chemical safety of black soldier fly larvae (\u003cem\u003eHermetia illucens\u003c/em\u003e), knowledge gaps and recommendations for future research: a critical review. Journal of Insects as Food and Feed.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDiener S, Zurbr\u0026uuml;gg C, Tockner K, (2015). Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in the black soldier fly, \u003cem\u003eHermetia illucens\u003c/em\u003e and effects on its life cycle. Journal of Insects as Food and Feed, 1(4): 261\u0026ndash;270, Wageningen Academic Publisher.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBiancarosa I, Liland NS, Biemans D, Araujo P, Bruckner CG, Waagb\u0026oslash; R, Torstensen BE, Lock EJ, Amlund H, (2017). Uptake of heavy metals and arsenic in black soldier fly (\u003cem\u003eHermetia illucens\u003c/em\u003e) larvae grown on seaweed-enriched media. J Sci Food Agric.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"biological-trace-element-research","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"bter","sideBox":"Learn more about [Biological Trace Element Research](https://www.springer.com/journal/12011)","snPcode":"12011","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/12011/3","title":"Biological Trace Element Research","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Insects, Processed Animal Proteins, Essential Elements, Inorganic Contaminants, Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS)","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-1905534/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1905534/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eInsects represent a valuable and environmentally friendly protein alternative in food and feed. The Farm to Fork strategy encouraged the reintroduction of animal by-products in feed production to optimize recycling and to valorise under-used resources. In order to grant safe and valuable feed products, this study investigated the black soldier fly (BSF) (\u003cem\u003eHermetia illucens\u003c/em\u003e) chemical risk.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSamples collected in different steps of production (8 samples of substrate for culturing, 7 samples of larvae, 15 samples of protein meal, 18 samples of spent substrate) were analysed for essential elements (chromium, copper, iron, nickel, selenium and zinc) and inorganic contaminants (aluminium, arsenic, cadmium, lead, tin and vanadium) by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS). \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eEssential elements were found in the following order Fe\u0026gt;Zn\u0026gt;Cu\u0026gt;Ni\u0026gt;Se\u0026gt;Cr (mg kg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e). Non-essential elements concentrations were found lower than the set limits according to the European Union Regulations. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe growing demand for alternative protein sources for feed production could be partially compensated by black soldier fly (BSF) (\u003cem\u003eHermetia illucens\u003c/em\u003e) meal, as it appears a good source for high quality proteins and essential elements which play a pivotal role in animal growth. In the foreseeable future the current legislation and the official monitoring plans may be implemented and broaden, to focus and assess limits for upcoming matrices, and to ensure feed and food safety. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Preliminary Data on Essential and Non-Essential Elements Occurrence in Processed Animal Proteins from Insects","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2022-08-02 17:23:20","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-1905534/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Major revision","date":"2022-09-19T12:22:01+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2022-09-01T11:07:14+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"6517eea2-9ceb-4278-897e-5bd58e0e3302","date":"2022-08-30T03:09:50+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"ddecfabb-8167-4d50-b4e5-ca1280a15b87","date":"2022-08-24T09:45:58+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2022-07-29T13:47:33+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2022-07-29T13:20:41+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2022-07-29T06:55:36+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Biological Trace Element Research","date":"2022-07-28T13:06:25+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"biological-trace-element-research","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"bter","sideBox":"Learn more about [Biological Trace Element Research](https://www.springer.com/journal/12011)","snPcode":"12011","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/12011/3","title":"Biological Trace Element Research","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"efa2b056-7e24-4edd-939c-6354390f5894","owner":[],"postedDate":"August 2nd, 2022","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2022-10-25T01:14:10+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2022-08-02 17:23:20","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-1905534","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-1905534","identity":"rs-1905534","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"FbvkV6FR0MCFSLy54lSbu","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}