The effect of Chromolaena odorata on endometriosis implants in mice model of endometriosis

Rusnaidi, Rajuddin, Reno Keumalazia Kamarlis, Dasrul Dasrul
In: Bali Medical Journal · 2023 · vol. 12(2) , pp. 1397–1401 · doi:10.15562/bmj.v12i2.4096 · W4396727913
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⚙ AI-generated summary by claude@2026-06, 2026-06-08 ⓘ

Chromolaena odorata leaf extract significantly reduced endometriosis implant size in mice, with the highest dose completely eliminating implants.

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⚙ AI-generated deep summary by claude@2026-06, 2026-06-08 · read from full text ⓘ

This experimental study used 30 mice given cyclosporine A, with endometrial tissue injected into the peritoneal cavity and ethinyl estradiol to induce an endometriosis model, then randomized mice to placebo or Chromolaena odorata leaf extract (400, 800, or 1200 mg/kgBW) for 14 days; mice were dissected to assess macroscopic endometriosis implant area on hyperemic peritoneal wall after modeling. The mean implant areas were markedly lower with Chromolaena odorata—400 mg/kgBW (15.60 mm²), 800 mg/kgBW (14.23 mm²), and 1200 mg/kgBW (0.00 mm²)—compared with the pretest group (104.72 mm²) and placebo (153.89 mm²) with a significant difference (p<0.001), showing a tendency toward dose-dependent reduction at higher dose. The paper’s limitation is that outcomes were based on gross implant area assessment without described molecular or mechanistic endpoints. This paper is centrally about endometriosis — testing Chromolaena odorata leaf extract’s effect on endometriosis implant size in a mouse model.

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Abstract

Introduction: Endometriosis is a benign gynecological disease whose pathogenesis mechanism is not fully understood with treatment modality with hormonal and surgical methods aiming to relieve symptoms, suppress progression, and increase fertility. This study aims to observe the differences in the administration of Chromolaena odorata leaf extract on the area of endometriosis implants in the mice model of endometriosis Materials and Methods: This study was an experimental study with a Randomized Separated Pre and Post Test Design research conducted with the control group. Thirty mice (Mus musculus) were injected with 0.2 ml/mice of cyclosporine A. Then endometrial tissue was injected into the peritoneal cavity, followed by 0.1 ml Ethinyl estradiol/mice injections on the 1st and 5th days. Mice were reared for 14 days until the endometriosis model was formed. Mice models of endometriosis were randomly divided into five groups: endometriosis mice that were terminated on day 14 (pretest), then the other groups are endometriosis mice given Aquadest as placebo (P0), endometriosis mice treated with Chromolaena odorata leaf extract at a dose of 400 mg per kilograms of body weigh (mg/kgBW) (P1), 800 mg/kgBW (P2) and 1200 mg/kgBW (P3) for 14 days. On the twenty-eighth day, mice were dissected to examine and assess the extent of endometriosis implantation macroscopically in hyperemic areas by taking samples in the most hyperemic areas of the peritoneal wall. Research data were analyzed using SPSS Version 22. Results: From this study, the average value of endometriosis implant area in the group given Chromolaena odorata leaf extract was 400 mg/kgBW (P1 = 15.60 mm2), 800 mg/kgBW (P2=14.23 mm2) and 1200 mg/kgBW (P3=0.00 mm2) was lower than the pretest group (P=104.72 mm2) and the placebo group (P0 = 153.89 mm2), showing a significant difference (p<0.001). There was a tendency that the area of endometriosis implants was also lower in the group receiving a higher dose of Chromolaena odorata leaf extract 1200 mg/kgBW (P3=0.00 mm2) than the group receiving a dose of 400 mg/kgBW (P1=15.60 mm2) and 800 mg/kgBW (P2=14.23 mm2). Conclusions: It can be concluded that the administration of Chromolaena odorata leaf extract can reduce the area of endometriosis implants in mice models of endometriosis. Higher doses result in the lower endometrial implant area.
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Introduction

Endometriosis is a benign gynecological disease whose pathogenesis mechanism is not fully understood with treatment modality with hormonal and surgical methods aiming to relieve symptoms, suppress progression, and increase fertility. This study aims to observe the differences in the administration of Chromolaena odorata leaf extract on the area of endometriosis implants in the mice model of endometriosis

Materials and methods

This study was an experimental study with a Randomized Separated Pre and Post Test Design research conducted with the control group. Thirty mice (Mus musculus) were injected with 0.2 ml/mice of cyclosporine A. Then endometrial tissue was injected into the peritoneal cavity, followed by 0.1 ml Ethinyl estradiol/mice injections on the 1st and 5th days. Mice were reared for 14 days until the endometriosis model was formed. Mice models of endometriosis were randomly divided into five groups: endometriosis mice that were terminated on day 14 (pretest), then the other groups are endometriosis mice given Aquadest as placebo (P0), endometriosis mice treated with Chromolaena odorata leaf extract at a dose of 400 mg per kilograms of body weigh (mg/kgBW) (P1), 800 mg/kgBW (P2) and 1200 mg/kgBW (P3) for 14 days. On the twenty-eighth day, mice were dissected to examine and assess the extent of endometriosis implantation macroscopically in hyperemic areas by taking samples in the most hyperemic areas of the peritoneal wall. Research data were analyzed using SPSS Version 22.

Results

From this study, the average value of endometriosis implant area in the group given Chromolaena odorata leaf extract was 400 mg/kgBW (P1 = 15.60 mm2), 800 mg/kgBW (P2=14.23 mm2) and 1200 mg/kgBW (P3=0.00 mm2) was lower than the pretest group (P=104.72 mm2) and the placebo group (P0 = 153.89 mm2), showing a significant difference (p<0.001). There was a tendency that the area of endometriosis implants was also lower in the group receiving a higher dose of Chromolaena odorata leaf extract 1200 mg/kgBW (P3=0.00 mm2) than the group receiving a dose of 400 mg/kgBW (P1=15.60 mm2) and 800 mg/kgBW (P2=14.23 mm2).

Conclusions

It can be concluded that the administration of Chromolaena odorata leaf extract can reduce the area of endometriosis implants in mice models of endometriosis. Higher doses result in the lower endometrial implant area. - Wu MH, Hsiao KY, Tsai SJ. Endometriosis and possible inflammation markers. Gynecol Minim Invasive Ther. 2015;4(3):61–7. - Wang XQ, Zhou WJ, Luo XZ, Tao Y, Li DJ. Synergistic effect of regulatory T cells and proinflammatory cytokines in angiogenesis in the endometriotic milieu. Hum Reprod. 2017;32(6):1304–17. - Lin YH, Chen YH, Chang HY, Au HK, Tzeng CR, Huang YH. Chronic niche inflammation in endometriosis-associated infertility: Current understanding and future therapeutic strategies. Int J Mol Sci. 2018;19(8):1–33. - Jing X, Li C, Sun J, Peng J, Dou Y, Xu X, et al. Systemic inflammatory response markers associated with infertility and endometrioma or uterine leiomyoma in endometriosis. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2020;16:403–12. - Gupta S, Harlev A, Agarwal A. Endometriosis A Comprehensive Update. Vol. 1, Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland is part of Springer Science and Business Media; 2015. 1–122 p. - Zheng W, Cao L, Xu Z, Ma Y, Liang X. Anti-Angiogenic Alternative and Complementary Medicines for the Treatment of Endometriosis: A Review of Potential Molecular Mechanisms. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2018;2018:4128984. - Ebert AD, Dong L, Merz M, Kirsch B, Francuski M, Böttcher B, et al. Dienogest 2 mg Daily in the Treatment of Adolescents with Clinically Suspected Endometriosis: The VISanne Study to Assess Safety in Adolescents. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. 2017;30(5):560–7. - Vijayaraghavan K, Rajkumar J, Bukhari SNA, Al-Sayed B, Seyed MA. Chromolaena odorata: A neglected weed with a wide spectrum of pharmacological activities (Review). Mol Med Rep. 2017;15(3):1007–16. - Maulida PA, Putri DA, Fatmawati S. Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Chromolaena odorata L. Leaves. IPTEK J Technol Sci. 2019;30(3):2088–2033. - Hanh TTH, Hang DTT, Van Minh C, Dat NT. Anti-inflammatory effects of fatty acids isolated from Chromolaena odorata. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 2011;4(10):760–3 - Barrier B. Immunology of endometriosis. Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2010;53:397-402. - Elion IRDG, Etou OAW, Epa C, Nsondé NGF, Bokia CB, Ouamba JM, et al. Anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of leaves of Chromolaena odorata L. African J Pharm Pharmacol. 2017;11(17):217–23. - Chakraborty AK, Rambhade S, Patil U. Chromolaena odorata (L.): An Overview. J Pharm Res. 2011;4(3):573–6. - Yusuf H, Kamarlis RK, Yusni Y. Growth Inhibition and Induction of Apoptosis in MCF-7 and T47D Breast Cancer Cell Lines by Ethanol Extract of Seurapoh (Chromolaena odorata) Leaves. Indones J Vet Sci. 2020;14(3):73–9. - Pandith H, Zhang X, Thongpraditchote S, Wongkrajang Y, Gritsanapan W, Baek SJ. Effect of Siam weed extract and its bioactive component scutellarein tetramethyl ether on anti-inflammatory activity through NF-κB pathway. J Ethnopharmacol. 2013;147(2):434-41. - Ajay A, Kumar MR, Badhusha PA, Baby B, Abishek K, Gowda SK, Ramesh B. Pharmacological Importance of Chromolaena odorata: a review. Int J Pharm Drug Anal. 2021;9(1):8-11. - Signorile PG, Viceconte R. Baldi, A. Novel Dietary Supplement Association Reduces Symptoms in Endometriosis Patients. J Cell Physiol. 2018;233:5920–5925 - Grosso G, Godos J, Lamuela-Raventos R, Ray S, Micek A, Pajak A, Sciacca S, D'Orazio N, Del Rio D, Galvano F. A comprehensive meta-analysis on dietary flavonoid and lignan intake and cancer risk: Level of evidence and limitations. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2017;61(4):1-20. - Micek A, Godos J, Del Rio D, Galvano F, Grosso G. Dietary Flavonoids and Cardiovascular Disease: A Comprehensive Dose-Response Meta-Analysis. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2021;65(6):e2001019. Rusnaidi, Rajuddin, Kamarlis, R. K. ., & Dasrul. (2023). The effect of Chromolaena odorata on endometriosis implants in mice model of endometriosis. Bali Medical Journal, 12(2), 1397–1401. https://doi.org/10.15562/bmj.v12i2.4096 Rusnaidi Google Scholar Pubmed BMJ Journal Rajuddin Google Scholar Pubmed BMJ Journal Reno Keumalazia Kamarlis Google Scholar Pubmed BMJ Journal Dasrul Google Scholar Pubmed BMJ Journal - Bali Medical Journal, Bali-Indonesia - +62 812-3999-2269 - +62 812-3999-2269 - [email protected] Copyright © DiscoverSys Inc

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