Genome-Wide Analysis of Genetic Diversity and Selection Signatures in Fuzhou Cattle

The Fuzhou cattle breed, native to northeast China, is widely recognized for its adaptability, disease resistance, and docility. Despite being known for these qualities, its population has declined recently, and there is a significant lack of genomic studies on this species. We sequenced 21 samples from a primary breeding farm to determine the genetic structure, diversity, and selection signature to address this. Additionally, we combined 100 published genomic datasets from diverse geographical regions to characterize the genomic variation of Fuzhou cattle. In population structure analysis, Fuzhou cattle show a predominantly East Asian taurine ancestry, with stronger genetic affinities to Hanwoo and Yanbian cattle. Despite high nucleotide diversity within the Bos taurine lineage, genetic diversity analysis also revealed significant levels of inbreeding in Fuzhou cattle populations, indicating the need for conservation. Utilizing various methods such as θπ, iHS, F ST, π-ratio, and XP-EHH, we identified genes associated with traits like growth, meat quality, energy metabolism, and immunity. Several genes related to cold adaptation were identified, including PLIN5, PLB1, and CPT2 . As a result of these findings, the genetic resources of Fuzhou cattle can be preserved and conserved. Genome-Wide Analysis of Genetic Diversity and Selection Signatures in Fuzhou Cattle Nan wang 1*, Yushan Li 1*, Xinyi Li 1*, Chenqi Bian 1*, Xinyu Chen 1*, Jafari Halima 1, Ningbo Chen 1, Chuzhao Lei 1# 1 Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China # Correspondence Chuzhao Lei, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China. Email: [email protected] * These authors contributed equally to this work.

The Fuzhou cattle breed, native to northeast China, is widely recognized for its adaptability, disease resistance, and docility. Despite being known for these qualities, its population has declined recently, and there is a significant lack of genomic studies on this species. We sequenced 21 samples from a primary breeding farm to determine the genetic structure, diversity, and selection signature to address this. Additionally, we combined 100 published genomic datasets from diverse geographical regions to characterize the genomic variation of Fuzhou cattle. In population structure analysis, Fuzhou cattle show a predominantly East Asian taurine ancestry, with stronger genetic affinities to Hanwoo and Yanbian cattle. Despite high nucleotide diversity within the Bos taurine lineage, genetic diversity analysis also revealed significant levels of inbreeding in Fuzhou cattle populations, indicating the need for conservation. Utilizing various methods such as θπ, iHS, F ST, π-ratio, and XP-EHH, we identified genes associated with traits like growth, meat quality, energy metabolism, and immunity. Several genes related to cold adaptation were identified, including PLIN5, PLB1, and CPT2 . As a result of these findings, the genetic resources of Fuzhou cattle can be preserved and conserved. K E Y W O R D S: Fuzhou cattle; population structure; genetic diversity; selective signature

Cattle are valuable domestic animals, providing humans with meat, milk, leather, and agricultural services [1]. There are general classifications of these animals: Bos taurus (lacking shoulder crests) and Bos indicus (with shoulder crests) [2]. These classifications have been further refined by advances in whole-genome sequencing, leading to five distinct groups: European taurine cattle, Eurasian taurine cattle, East Asian taurine cattle, Chinese indicine cattle, and Indian indicine cattle [3]. Genomic variations associated with economically significant traits in local cattle breeds have been explored deeper through the advent of resequencing. For example, Tibetan cattle are extensively studied for their high-altitude adaptations [4], Yanbian cattle for their cold tolerance [5], Dehong humped cattle for their heat resilience [6], and Anxi cattle for their drought resistance [7]. Fuzhou cattle, a valuable native resource in China, remain under-researched genetically despite these advances. Fuzhou cattle are primarily found in Liaoning Province’s central Liaodong Peninsula, where the mild atmospheric pressure and abundant forage are conducive to their development. Throughout history, Fuzhou cattle have been crossbred with North China and Hanwoo cattle, causing them to develop genetic characteristics that distinguish them from other northern Chinese breeds. In addition to being historically used for agricultural tasks, they are now mostly raised for beef production. This is reflecting economic changes and improved living conditions. They are important resources due to their adaptability, disease resistance, ability to thrive on roughage, and high-quality meat. However, the decline in the population of purebred Fuzhou cattle raised concerns about genetic diversity and sustainability. Intensive conservation strategies and improved breeding programs are needed to maintain their viability. Previously, the Illumina BovineHD BeadChip (777K) has been used to study cold tolerance in Fuzhou cattle [8]. This breed, however, has been subjected to a limited number of comprehensive genome analyses. This gap was addressed by analyzing whole-genome sequencing data from 21 Fuzhou cattle and genomic data from an additional 100 representative samples across diverse population groups. In this study, we measure genetic diversity, population structure, and the genetic basis of cold adaptation in Fuzhou cattle, allowing us to gain a deeper insight into their unique characteristics. Identifying these genetic traits can support conservation efforts and enhance breed management sustainability. The results of this study contribute to a better understanding of Fuzhou cattle genetics. They also contribute to efforts to conserve and manage native Chinese cattle breeds’ genetic resources. Samples Collection and Sequencing Twenty-one blood samples of Fuzhou cattle were randomly collected from a breeding farm in Dalian City, Liaoning Province, China. Genomic DNA extraction from collected samples was carried through the phenol-chloroform method [9], and purified DNA samples were sent to the Novozymes Bioinformatics Institute in Beijing, China, for resequencing. Adaptors were ligated for pair-end libraries for each sample using an Illumina NovaSeq 6000 sequencer with 2 x 150 bp read lengths. To efficiently determine the comparative genetic diversity of Fuzhou cattle, publicly accessible whole genomic data of 100 global cattle breeds were also incorporated to construct a dataset sourced from the NCBI’s Sequence Read Archive (SRA). The subpopulations of the constructed dataset include East Asian taurine (10 Hanwoo and 8 Tibetan), European taurine (Hereford n=11 and Angus=10), African taurine (N’dama n=10), Chinese indicine (Leiqiong n=9 and Weizhou n=10), South Asian indicine (Sahiwal n= 9 and Thawalam n=9) and North Chinese cattle (Yanbian n=8 and Mongolian n=6). In total, 121 cattle genomes were compiled for subsequent analyses. Genome Mapping and Alignment Initially, the quality control measures were carried out by trimming raw sequenced reads using Trimmomatic software (v 0.39) [10] to remove low-quality bases (generated through the sequencer) and adapter sequences. After this, cleaned reads were mapped by aligning to the Bos taurus reference genome assembly ARS-UCD1.2 using BWA-MEM (v 0.7.13-r1126) [11] with default parameters. Alignment data were stored in BAM files with the help of Samtools (v1.9) [12]. To refine the alignment, the Picard tools “SortSam” and “MarkDuplicates” were used to sort the BAM files and remove duplicate reads. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified using the “HaplotyperCaller”, “SelectVariants”, and “GenotypeGVCFs” tools from the Genome Analysis Toolkit (GATK) [13]. To minimize false positive variants, the data underwent quality filtering with GATK’s ‘VariantFiltration’ tool, applying the following criteria: “QD 60.0,” “MQ < 40.0,” “MQRankSum < -12.5,” “ReadPosRankSum 3.0”. Further, we excluded SNPs with sequencing depths exceeding one-third to three times the average depth across all samples. In ANNOVAR [14], the filtered SNPs were annotated using the ARS-UCD 1.2 as the reference genome. This annotation process is key in identifying variants and their functional genomic contexts. Population Genomic Structure Analysis The population genomic structure analysis was started by converting the file format from VCF to PLINK through VCFtools v0.1.16 [15]. SNPs with a minor allele frequency (MAF) less than 0.01 were filtered, and linkage disequilibrium pruning was conducted using PLINK v1.9 [16] with the parameters “–indep-pairwise 50 10 0.1”. The filtered SNPs were then used for principal component analysis (PCA), performed with the smartPCA program in EIGENSOFT v5.0 [17]. To determine the composition of the ancestral components among all samples, ADMIXTURE v1.3.0 [18] was applied with the kinship parameter (K) ranging from 2 to 5. The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and ADMIXTURE analysis results were visualized using the ggplot2 package within the RStudio environment. Genetic distances were computed using PLINK, employing the –distance-matrix parameter for phylogenetic analysis. An unrooted neighbor-joining (NJ) tree was constructed based on the pairwise genetic distance matrix, utilizing MEGA v11.0 [19]. Finally, the NJ tree was visualized with the online platform iTOL v7 (Interactive Tree of Life v7; https://itol.embl.de/). Examining Genetic Diversity and Population History Genome-wide nucleotide diversity across different bovine geographic groups was estimated using VCFtools, with a window size of 50 kb and a step size of 20 kb. The decay of linkage disequilibrium (LD) as a function of increasing physical distance between SNPs was calculated and visualized using PopLDdecay (v3.42) [20]. Homozygosity was assessed by identifying runs of homozygosity (ROH) for each individual using PLINK, with the following parameters: –homozyg-snp 200 –homozyg-window-snp 100 –homozyg-kb 100 –homozyg-gap 1000 –homozyg-window-threshold 0.05 –homozyg-window-het 1. The number and length of ROH were quantified and categorized into four distinct size ranges: 0.5-1, 1-2, 2-4, and >4 Mb. The results were subsequently visualized using a custom R script in RStudio. To further investigate population relationships, an unrooted NeighbourNet network, based on Reynold’s genetic distances between breeds, was constructed using SplitsTree4 [21]. Historical population separations and adequate population size (Ne) estimates for Fuzhou cattle were inferred using SMC++ software v1.15.5 [22] with unphased whole-genome data. The analysis was conducted assuming a mutation rate of 1.26 × 10⁻⁸ per site per generation and a generation time of 6 years [3]. The outcomes were visualized through the R package ggplot2. Detection of selection signatures We applied two distinct approaches, integrated haplotype score (iHS) and the genome nucleotide diversity (θπ), to detect selection signatures in Fuzhou cattle. Genotype files were phased and analyzed using the Beagle software package [23]. Nucleotide diversity in Fuzhou cattle was calculated with VCFtools using the parameters “—window-pi 50000 and –window-pi-step 20000”. The iHS was computed using Selscan v2.0.3 [24] with derived both the θπ and iHS windows, with regions exhibiting empirical p -values below 0.01 for both methods being considered candidate selection regions. To further identify potential selection signals, three additional metrics were applied: the fixation index ( F ST ), the genetic diversity (π-ratio), and the cross-population extended haplotype homozygosity (XP-EHH). Genome-wide F ST values were computed using VCFtools with a 50 kb window and a 20 kb step size to assess pairwise genetic differences between Fuzhou cattle and the reference N’dama population. The same window and step size parameters as F ST were applied to calculate the π-ratio, which reflects differences in genetic diversity. This analysis was performed using Selscan to compare Fuzhou cattle with N’dama cattle. The XP-EHH statistic was derived by calculating the mean XP-EHH value across each 50 kb window. Genomic regions exhibiting a p -value below 0.01 were supposed to be significant. At least two distinct analytical methods identified candidate regions for positive selection. Enrichment Analysis of Candidate Genes Enrichment analyses of naturally selected candidate genes were conducted using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway and Gene Ontology (GO) databases to explore the functional roles and signaling pathways associated with the identified candidate genes. Pathways enriched in KEGG and GO were considered statistically significant if the corrected p -value was below 0.05, as determined by the KOBAS 3.0 [25].

Genome Resequencing and SNP Identification This study analyzed resequencing data from 21 Fuzhou cattle for sequence comparison and quality control using the reference genome ARS-UCD1.2 and 100 published whole genome sequencing datasets (Table S1 and Table S2). Approximately 6.35 billion high-quality clean reads were aligned to ARS-UCD 1.2, achieving an average sequencing depth of 16.30 x. The 21 Fuzhou cattle were analyzed, and 13,888,068 SNPs were identified and functionally annotated using ANNOVAR (Table S3). The annotation revealed that 59.62% of SNPs were in intergenic regions, 37.19% in intronic regions, and only 0.81% in exonic areas. Within the exonic SNPs, 45,879 nonsynonymous and 63,199 synonymous variants were identified (Figure 1a). These findings provide insights into SNPs’ distribution and potential functional impacts in the Fuzhou cattle genome. Genetic Differentiation and Phylogenetic Analysis Genomic SNP data were analyzed using ADMIXTURE, PCA, and NJ tree to examine population differentiation and phylogenetic relationships between Fuzhou cattle and other breeds. An ancestral component analysis was performed on 121 individuals using ADMIXTURE, with K values set to 2, 4, and 5, revealing distinct patterns of genetic differentiation (Figure 1d). At K=2, the bovine population was divided into Bos taurus and Bos indicus . K=4, a minimal cross-validation (CV) error value (0.31076) indicated the most reliable grouping. Three subgroups within Bos taurine were identified: East Asian, European, and African taurine, with Fuzhou cattle showing strong purity in East Asian taurine ancestry. At K=5, the Bos indicus population was subdivided into South Asian and Chinese indicine groups. PCA results demonstrated clear genetic differentiation: the first principal component (PC1) separated Bos taurus and Bos indicus. In contrast, the second principal component (PC2) distinguished East Asian and European taurine within Bos taurus (Figure 1c). The NJ tree results supported the findings from ADMIXTURE and PCA, revealing distinct geographic clustering among cattle populations and reinforcing the genetic differentiation observed (Figure 1e). Analysis of Genetic Diversity This study calculated the genetic diversity of Fuzhou cattle by analyzing θπ, LD, and ROH and compared the findings with those from other breeds. The genome-wide LD analysis showed that Chinese taurine breeds (Mongolian and Tibetan) had the highest LD values, followed by N’dama and Fuzhou cattle (Figure 2a). Conversely, zebu breeds exhibited the lowest LD values. Nucleotide diversity analysis showed that Chinese indicine had the highest diversity, followed by South Asian indicine, Tibetan cattle, and Fuzhou cattle. In contrast, commercial breeds like Hereford and Angus had the lowest nucleotide diversity. ROH analysis, which reflects genetic diversity and inbreeding levels, indicated that Fuzhou cattle had the highest proportion of ROH in the 0.5-1 Mb category. In comparison, European commercial breeds like Hereford and Angus showed higher proportions of ROH in the 1-2 Mb and 2-4 Mb categories (Figure 2d). These results suggest that Fuzhou cattle exhibit high genetic diversity and a certain degree of inbreeding. Genetic distance and network analysis conducted with SplitsTree4 demonstrated that Fuzhou cattle shared the closest genetic distance with other East Asian taurine breeds (Figure 2e). The effective population sizes (Ne) of Fuzhou cattle and representative breeds were estimated using SMC++. The analysis revealed a significant reduction in Ne about 20,000 to 30,000 years ago, coinciding with the last glacial maximum and preceding cattle domestication (Figure 2b). A second decline in Ne occurred around 7,000-9,000 years ago, aligning with the onset of domestication. Fuzhou cattle showed an effective population size pattern similar to East Asian taurine breeds. Nucleotide Diversity and iHS Analysis Nucleotide diversity (θπ) and integrated haplotype score (iHS) were analyzed to investigate genomic signatures associated with Fuzhou cattle. Regions with high signals ( p -values < 0.01) from both methods were identified as potential selection candidates. The iHS analysis identified 970 putative genes, while the θπ analysis identified 1,123 genes, with 63 genes overlapping between the two methods (Table S4-S6). Functional enrichment analysis of these genes using KEGG pathways and Gene Ontology (GO) revealed significant enrichment in 3 KEGG pathways and 17 GO terms (corrected p -value < 0.05, Table S7 and S8). Key genes were associated with critical functions, including growth and development (e.g., CTNNA3, SMAD3 ), meat quality (e.g., PLB1, ITGA9, PRKAG2 ), immunity (e.g., DLG2, SMAD3 ), and the nervous system (e.g., GRIK2, KIDINS220 ). These findings suggest that these genes likely result from long-term natural selection (Figure 3). To further understand the genetic basis of environmental adaptability, additional methods were applied, including F ST, π-ratio, and XP-EHH, to compare Fuzhou and N’dama cattle. Potential positive selection was identified by two or more methods with a p -value < 0.01. The analysis identified 424, 639, and 1465 genes from the XP-EHH, π-ratio, and F ST methods, with 286 genes overlapping as candidates for positive selection (Table S9-S12). The candidate genes were associated with diverse functions, including those involved in energy metabolism (e.g., PLIN5, PLB1, CPT2, SLC8A1, GRIA4 ), meat quality (e.g., ADCY2, SUCLG2, ACVR1C, GLIS1, COX7C ), growth traits (e.g., LRRK1, BMPR1A ), reproductive (e.g., IFNAR2, BMPR1A ) and disease resistance (e.g., GABRA5, NLRC4, PLPP3 ) (Figure 4). Functional enrichment analyses (KEGG and GO) further highlight these genes’ significance (Table S13 and S14). Key genes such as PLIN5, which promotes fatty acid oxidation during cold stress, and PLB1, associated with phospholipase metabolism, were implicated. Notably, data from the Ruminant Genome Database [26] showed significantly higher expression levels of PLIN5 and PLB1 in muscle, fatty, and digestive tissues (Figure 5c, f). Additionally, Tajima’s D and haplotype patterns validated the selection of PLIN5 and PLB1 between Fuzhou and N’dama cattle (Figure 5a, b, d, e).

This study conducted a comparative analysis of whole-genome sequencing data from Fuzhou cattle and other representative cattle breeds worldwide to investigate Fuzhou cattle’s genetic diversity and selection signatures. The findings focused on a scientific basis for genetic conservation and improving livestock germplasm resources. PCA and NJ tree analyses classified Fuzhou cattle as part of the East Asian taurine group, a classification likely influenced by the geographical isolation of the Liaodong Peninsula, surrounded by the Bohai and Yellow Seas. Due to a notable decline in their population, the study samples were collected from a central breeding farm. Sustainable livestock development depends on conserving and optimizing genetic resources, such as the Fuzhou cattle. Based on nucleotide diversity analysis, Fuzhou cattle ranked second after Tibetan cattle in Bos taurine, demonstrating the unique genetic heritage of these cattle. The results were consistent with previous studies [27, 28]. The presence of long ROHs results indicates inbreeding, while short ROHs reflect ancient ancestral influence [29]. Short runs of homozygosity (ROH) suggested a higher level of inbreeding in Fuzhou cattle, possibly due to restricted gene flow. Selective sweep analysis identified candidate genes associated with growth, bone growth, muscle metabolism, and meat quality traits in Fuzhou cattle. Enriched pathways included the Hippo signaling pathway, tight junction pathway, and leukocyte transendothelial migration pathway, containing key candidate genes influencing important traits. In addition, the study hypothesized that the geographical proximity of Fuzhou cattle to the sea may have restricted gene flow, thereby promoting a pattern of endogamy within the breed. For instance, the CTNNA3 gene, responsible for encoding the αT-catenin protein, has been linked to growth traits in Hu sheep through specific mutations [30]. Additionally, the DLG2 gene has shown associations with bone growth in Holstein cows [31], and the SMAD3 gene, involved in the TGF-beta/activin signaling pathway, plays a regulatory role in bovine myoblast differentiation [32, 33]. The PRKAG2 gene, essential for muscle metabolic pathways, has been significantly associated with body size and meat quality traits[34]. The study also suggests that GO items are primarily associated with neurological development and energy metabolism, which may contribute to the docile and adaptable characteristics observed in Fuzhou cattle compared to foreign cattle breeds. Fuzhou cattle, known to inhabit the cold regions of northern China, have evolved to develop cold resistance genes. In a study comparing Fuzhou cattle to N’dama cattle, various selection methods were used to identify positive signals related to cold resistance in Fuzhou cattle. Thermogenesis, a crucial process for maintaining cellular and physiological functions in cold temperatures, was highlighted as essential for livestock in challenging environments [35]. Through genetic analysis, several genes associated with energy metabolism were identified. The PLIN5 gene, involved in lipid droplet homeostasis and regulating fatty acid storage via the PPAR signaling pathway, was found to play a crucial role in preserving the integrity of mitochondrial cristae and sustaining respiratory function under conditions of cold stress [36, 37]. Moreover, the PLB1 gene, encoding membrane-associated phospholipase B1, and the CPT2 gene, responsible for carnitine palmitoyl transferase 2 activity critical for fatty acid metabolism, were implicated in cold adaptation [38, 39]. Other genes, such as SLC8A1 and GRIA4, involved in cold acclimatization in Yakutia and Siberian cattle populations, were identified as potentially important for adapting Fuzhou cattle to cold environments [40, 41]. Significant fat deposits were noted in the bodies of Fuzhou cattle, suggesting that these traits might help them withstand the cold climate they inhabit. In livestock breeding, particularly within the cattle industry, meat quality traits hold considerable economic significance. Numerous studies have identified specific genes that influence these traits. For example, GLIS1, a zinc finger protein acting as a pro-adipogenic transcription factor, has been associated with fat deposition in sheep tail [42]. Similarly, SUCLG2, a succinyl-CoA ligase subunit-β, is involved in the tricarboxylic acid cycle and, highly expressed in the liver and kidney of mammals, has been linked to yak meat tenderness [43, 44]. The ACVR1C gene, which has been previously reported to be positively selected in Hanwoo cattle, is associated with meat quality [45]. Also, the ADCY2 gene has an effect on lipogenic differentiation of fat precursor cells and may be relevant to meat tenderness [46]. Fuzhou cattle may adapt to cold climates by storing additional fat within their muscles. A complex interaction between genetic factors and environmental adaptations shapes the characteristics of livestock breeds.

The purpose of this study is to examine the genomic landscape of Fuzhou cattle, using whole-genome sequencing to investigate genetic diversity, population structure, and differentiation among cattle breeds. Identifying candidate genes associated with cold stress adaptation, meat quality, and growth traits highlights the genetic mechanisms behind these traits in Fuzhou cattle. Based on the results of this research, future studies will explore the genetic basis of other indigenous cattle breeds globally. The genetic composition of diverse cattle populations, in addition to revealing similar patterns of adaptation and diversity, may enhance our understanding of the evolutionary processes that have shaped these unique breeds. Author contributions Nan Wang : Formal analysis; writing – original draft. Yushan Li: Formal analysis; writing – original draft. Xinyi Li : Formal analysis. Chenqi Bian: Formal analysis. Xinyu Chen: Formal analysis. Jafari Halima: Writing-review. Ningbo Chen: Methodology; resources. Chuzhao Lei : Methodology; resources; writing – review and editing. Acknowledgments This work was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (2023YFD1300100 and 2023YFD1300102) and the China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA (CARS-37). The authors thank the High-Performance Computing (HPC) Center of Northwest A&F University (NWAFU). Conflict of interest statement The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial interest. Data availability The sequencing data for Fuzhou cattle can be found under BioProject number PRJNA1085861 in the NCBI Sequence Read Archive. Genomic data for other cattle breeds included in this study are publicly accessible via GenBank. Ethics statement Approval for this study was obtained from the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Northwest A&F University (FAPWCNWAFU), under Protocol number NWAFAC 1008, by the Regulations for the Administration of Affairs Concerning Experimental Animals of China. All procedures and methods conducted complied with pertinent guidelines and regulations. Supplementary information Additional files are available online in the supporting information part at the end of this article.

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(d) Constructing a Neighbor-joining tree illustrating relationships within these populations. Figure 2. (a) Demonstrating the genome-wide mean decay of linkage disequilibrium (LD) in each group. (b) Estimating the effective population sizes ( N e ) over time for Fuzhou cattle. (c) Genome-wide distribution of nucleotide diversity in different groups. (d) Illustrating the distribution pattern of runs of homozygosity (ROH) in each population. (e) Constructing a NeighborNet graph of 12 cattle breeds. Figure 3. Analysis of positive selection signatures in the genome of Fuzhou cattle. (a) Manhattan plot of selective sweeps using the iHS method. (b) Manhattan plot of selective sweeps using the θπ method. (c) Conducting KEGG and GO enrichment analysis of Xiangxi cattle candidate genes overlapped by iHS and θπ methods (corrected p -value < 0.05). Figure 4. Selective signals between Fuzhou cattle and N’dama cattle. Manhattan plots of selective sweeps using (a) the F ST method, (b) the π-ratio method, and (c) the XP-EHH method. Figure 5. Analysis of the regions of positive selection in Fuzhou cattle. (a) F ST and nucleotide diversity of the PLIN5 gene region (BTA7: 19.58-19.63 Mb). (b) SNPs of the PLIN5 gene to construct haplotype patterns. (c) Examining gene expression of PLIN5 in different cattle tissues (http:// animal. nwsuaf. edu. cn/ code/ index. php/ RGD). (d) Demonstrating the F ST and nucleotide diversity of the PLB1 gene region (BTA11: 71.00-71.40 Mb). (e) SNPs of the PLB1 gene to construct haplotype patterns. (f) Gene expression of PLB1 in different cattle tissues (http:// animal. nwsuaf. edu. cn/ code/ index. php/ RGD). Information & Authors Information Version history Peer review timeline Published Animal Genetics Version of Record5 May 2025Published Copyright This work is licensed under a Non Exclusive No Reuse License. Collection

Authors Metrics & Citations Metrics Article Usage 529views 281downloads Citations Download citation Nan wang, Yushan Li, Xinyi Li, et al. Genome-Wide Analysis of Genetic Diversity and Selection Signatures in Fuzhou Cattle. Authorea. 13 January 2025. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22541/au.173680563.35238179/v1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.22541/au.173680563.35238179/v1 If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download. For more information or tips please see 'Downloading to a citation manager' in the Help menu.