Prognosis and risk factors of heart failure complicated with severe pneumonia after cardiovascular surgery

Prognosis and risk factors of heart failure complicated with severe pneumonia after cardiovascular surgery | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Prognosis and risk factors of heart failure complicated with severe pneumonia after cardiovascular surgery Jiawen Hu, Yang Gao, Xiantong Cao, Yang Yang, Tao Shi This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7941589/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 5 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Backgrounds Heart failure (HF) is an advanced stage of various heart diseases and are at an elevated risk of pneumonia, which further worsens prognosis. Postoperative pneumonia is a life-threatening complication after cardiovascular surgery, significantly increasing mortality. However, data on risk factors for severe pneumonia in HF patients undergoing cardiovascular surgery remain limited. Methods This study included 194 HF patients who underwent cardiovascular surgery in the cardiovascular intensive care unit (CICU) from September 2024 to January 2025. Eligible participants were required to have undergone bacterial culture, drug sensitivity testing and respiratory pathogen nucleic acid testing during hospitalization. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to identify risk factors for severe pneumonia. Results Of the 194 patients, 55.67% had microbiologically positive results, with Klebsiella pneumoniae (36.4%) and Acinetobacter baumannii (21.2%) being the most common pathogens, and multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) accounting for 27.3% of isolates. Severe pneumonia occurred in 25.3% of HF patients, and these patients had a significantly higher mortality rate (51% vs. 8.3%, P < 0.001) compared to those without severe pneumonia. MDRO infection (adjusted OR: 5.114, 95% CI: 1.616–16.814) and end-stage HF (adjusted OR: 5.526, 95% CI: 1.397–21.859) as independent risk factors for severe pneumonia. Conclusion This study highlights that MDRO infection and end-stage HF are critical independent risk factors for severe pneumonia in HF patients after cardiovascular surgery, with severe pneumonia significantly increasing mortality. These findings emphasize the need for targeted strategies to improve clinical outcomes. severe pneumonia heart failure cardiovascular surgry risk factors Introduction Heart failure (HF) is an advanced stage of various heart diseases, characterized by elevated mortality and frequent hospital readmissions. Previous randomized controlled trials showed that HF patients exhibit a pneumonia incidence roughly three times higher than the general population [ 1 – 3 ] .Among these patients, pneumonia confers a 4.34-fold greater risk of all-cause mortality, 3.62-fold increased risk of cardiovascular mortality, and 2.39-fold higher re-hospitalization rates [ 3 – 5 ] . Postoperative infection poses a serious threat to surgical outcomes, potentially disrupting recovery, prolonging hospitalization, and significantly increasing medical expenses. Cardiac surgery patients experience infectious complications in 5–21% of cases, with associated mortality risks exceeding fivefold baseline rates [ 6 ] . Pneumonia accounts for a substantial proportion of these postoperative infections [ 7 – 9 ] . A propensity-matched analysis revealed markedly reduced five-year survival rates (62% versus 81%) in cardiac surgery patients who developed pneumonia [ 8 ] 。 The impaired physiological reserve of HF patients renders them particularly susceptible to severe postoperative infections. Multiple studies identify HF as an independent predictor of major postoperative infection (HR 1.47, 95% CI 1.11–1.95) [ 10 ] . Greco et al. presented that patients with heart failure, lower ejection fraction, urgent or emergent status, and/or transplantation or ventricular assisted device ex- or implantation all had significantly increased infection rates [ 11 ] . Strobel's group further established preoperative intra-aortic balloon pump use and low ejection fraction as independent predictors of post-coronary bypass pneumonia [ 12 ] . These findings underscore the need to elucidate infection risk factors in this high-risk population to guide clinical decision-making. Current evidence remains insufficient to fully characterize this clinical challenge. Our study systematically evaluates risk factors for severe pneumonia in HF patients undergoing cardiovascular surgery, with the goal of informing preventive strategies and improving outcomes. Methods 2.1 Study Subjects This retrospective study enrolled pre-operative HF patients undergoing cardiovascular surgery in cardiovascular intensive care unit (CICU) from September 2024 to January 2025. Eligible participants were required to have undergone bacterial culture, drug sensitivity testing and respiratory pathogen nucleic acid testing during hospitalization. The diagnosis of HF was confirmed through a comprehensive assessment including medical history, physical examination, laboratory parameters, echocardiography. and other cardiac imaging followed the diagnostic algorithm of Chinese Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of HF 2024 [ 13 ] . Exclude criteria are as follows:① age<18 years, ②did not receive surgical treatment, ③ history of severe immunodeficiency diseases or receiving long-term immunosuppressive therapy, ④ presence of active pulmonary tuberculosis or other severe pulmonary diseases that may interfere with the diagnosis of post - operative pneumonia. This study was conducted in accordance with the latest version of the Helsinki Declaration and has been approved by the Medical Science Research Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University. Individual consent for this retrospective analysis was waived. 2.2 Data collection Perioperative clinical data of all participants, including demographic characteristics, laboratory parameters, surgical information are retrospectively retrieved from the electronic medical record. Pre-operative laboratory parameters refer to the first in-hospital test results. Post-treatment parameters were measured one week after the bacterial culture was sent.Post-operative follow-up information was conducted via structured telephone interviews, with data collection continuing until 30 days after surgery. The follow-up information includes the occurrence of severe pneumonia, and 30- ay mortality. The Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome (MODS) Score, Sepsis-related Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II score were calculated within the first 48 hours after surgery by two independent physicians to assess the severity of illness. In cases of score discrepancies, a third senior CICU physician made the final determination to ensure inter-rater reliability. The primary outcome is the incidence of severe pneumonia within 30 days after cardiovascular surgery in HF patients. The definition of severe pneumonia adheres to the 2015 Chinese Guidelines for Adult Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) [ 14 ] . Patients meeting 1 major criterion or ≥ 3 minor criteria are diagnosed with severe pneumonia. The diagnosis of severe pneumonia will be confirmed by two senior doctors of CICU. Major Criteria: ①requirement for tracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation; ②septic shock requiring vasoactive agents after aggressive fluid resuscitation. Minor Criteria: ①respiratory rate ≥ 30 breaths/min; ②PaO₂/FiO₂ ≤250 mmHg; ③multilobar infiltrates (imaging shows involvement of ≥ 2 lung lobes); ④altered mental status and/or disorientation; ⑤blood urea nitrogen (BUN) ≥ 7 mmol/L; ⑥hypotension requiring aggressive fluid resuscitation. CURB score, clinical pulmonary infection score (CPIS) and pneumonia severity index (PSI) are used to assess the severity of pneumonia which will be calculated at the time of diagnosis of severe pneumonia. The secondary outcomes including: length of hospital stay, length of ICU stay, 30-day mortality. 2.3 Statistical Analysis Statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics 24.0 (IBM Corp., Chicago, IL, USA). Variable distribution was examined using the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test. All data are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation (SD) for normally distributed variables and as the median with interquartile range (IQR) for skewed distributions. Categorical variables were summarized as counts with percentages. Group differences were evaluated using the Student t test or Mann-Whitney U test for continuous variables and the χ2 test or Fisher’s exact test for categorical variables. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to screen the risk factors for severe pneumonia. Statistical significance was defined as p < 0.05, and all results were two-tailed. Results 1. Clinical characteristics of microbiologically positive and negative HF patients after cardiovascular surgery A total of 194 HF patients after cardiovascular surgery were included. Etiological positivity was defined as either a positive results from respiratory pathogen nucleic acid testing or positive culture, with 55.67% of patients meeting this criterion. Table1 presented the baseline characteristics of participants stratified by etiological status. Patients in the microbiologically positive group demonstrated a greater prevalence of type A aortic dissection (TAAD). Preoperative white blood cell counts, along with post-treatment procalcitonin and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels, were significantly elevated in this group compared to negative cases. The positive cohort also showed increased neutrophil percentages post-treatment, while lymphocyte, monocyte, eosinophil, and basophil percentages were reduced. These patients exhibited substantially higher MODS, SOFA, and APACHE II scores (all P<0.001). The positive group required longer ICU and hospital stays and showed greater mortality (25.9% vs 10.5%, P =0.006). 2. The distribution of pathogenic microorganisms Sixty-six isolates were obtained. Five patients had polymicrobial infections, while the others had monomicrobial infections. The most common pathogens were Klebsiella pneumoniae (36.4%) and Acinetobacter baumannii (21.2%) (Table 2). Among them, multidrug-resistant bacteria accounted for approximately 27.3%. 3. Characteristics between deceased and non-deceased patients Among the 194 patients, 37 (19.07%) died within 30 days postoperatively (Table 3). The deceased group exhibited a microbiologically positive rate of 75.7%, with 29.7% meeting criteria for severe pneumonia—both significantly higher than the control group's rates of 51% (P=0.006) and 14%( P =0.022), respectively. Baseline characteristics, including age, gender distribution, prevalence of hypertension or diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular disease profiles, did not differ significantly between group. Preoperative biochemical markers also demonstrated comparable values. However, postoperative levels of PCT, C-Reactive Protein (CRP), IL-6, and white blood cell (WBC) were markedly elevated, while platelet counts were significantly reduced in deceased patients. The deceased group showed substantially higher MODS, SOFA, and APACHE II scores (all P<0.001). No significant intergroup differences emerged for CURB, CPIS, or PIS scores. 4. Clinical characteristics of HF patients stratified by comorbid severe pneumonia Table 4 presents data from 49 HF patients who developed severe pneumonia, with median CURB, CPIS, and PIS score were 4 (4.00–5.00), 8.00 (7.00, 10.00), and 190.00 (164.00, 215.00), respectively. The severe pneumonia cohort contained significantly more cases of end-stage HF and TAAD than the non-severe group. Severe pneumonia patients exhibited lower preoperative neutrophil percentages but higher monocyte, eosinophil, and basophil counts compared to those with non-severe pneumonia. Post-treatment laboratory results demonstrated markedly increased PCT levels, alongside decreased lymphocyte percentages, and platelet counts in these patients. MODS, SOFA, and APACHE II scores all showed significant elevation in the severe pneumonia group compared to controls. Both the respiratory pathogen nucleic acid tests and sputum culture showed significantly higher positive rates in the severe pneumonia group. Multidrug-resistant bacterial infections occurred in 20.4% of severe pneumonia patients versus 5.5% of controls (P=0.003). The severe pneumonia group required prolonged ICU stays and exhibited dramatically higher mortality (51% vs 8.3%, P<0.001). 5. Risk factors of severe pneumonia in HF patients after cardiovascular surgery Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that both concomitant multidrug-resistant organism (MDRO) infection and end-stage HF independently predicted severe pneumonia in HF patients after cardiovascular surgery. MDRO infection elevated the risk of severe pneumonia by 5.114-fold (95% CI: 1.616–16.814), while end-stage HF increased the risk by 5.526-fold (95% CI: 1.397–21.859) (Table 5). Discussion This study represents the first investigation into the risk factors for severe pneumonia in HF patients following cardiovascular surgery. This study elucidates the comprehensive impact of severe pneumonia, heart failure, and cardiac surgery on patient prognosis. The analysis reveals etiological positivity (55.67%) and severe pneumonia (25.3%) are prevalent in HF patients after cardiovascular surgery, with MDRO infection and end-stage HF emerging as independent risk factors for severe pneumonia (adjusted OR: 5.114 and 5.526, respectively). Mortality rates reached 51% in severe pneumonia cases compared to 8.3% in non-severe pneumonia patients, demonstrating the critical impact of postoperative severe pneumonia on prognosis. Previous study reported a 2.1–8.2% incidence of postoperative pneumonia following valvular and coronary surgery, substantially lower than our observed rate [ 15 – 17 ] . This discrepancy likely reflects our inclusion of higher-risk heart failure patients with poorer clinical status, including those undergoing left ventricular assist device implantation, or TAAD repair, along with an older overall population. Yao et al. documented a 36.9% pneumonia incidence after aortic dissection surgery [ 18 ] , consistent with our finding that TAAD patients exhibited higher rates of microbiologically positive and severe pneumonia. As reported in prior studies, gram-negative bacilli remain the most prevalent pathogens in MDRO -associated ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) following cardiovascular surgery [ 2 , 19 , 20 ] . Klebsiella pneumoniae (36.4%) and Acinetobacter baumannii (21.2%) were the predominant pathogens in our study, with MDROs accounting for 27.3% of isolates. This pattern underscores the substantial risk of nosocomial infections in cardiovascular surgery patients, especially those with immunocompromised conditions such as heart failure.Chen et al. observed a markedly elevated in-hospital mortality rate among cardiac surgery patients with MDRO-VAP compared to non-MDRO cases (29.79% versus 1.61%) (29.79% vs 1.61%) [ 19 ] . MDRO-infected patients also exhibited higher rates of severe pneumonia (19.3% versus 5.51%), correlating with prolonged postoperative hospitalization and greater healthcare expenditures [ 17 ] . These findings emphasize the necessity of tailored antimicrobial protocols and preoperative MDRO surveillance for high-risk populations. End-stage HF was associated with a 5.526-fold increased risk of severe pneumonia, aligning with previous findings that HF independently predicts serious postoperative infections (HR: 1.47) [ 4 ] . Pulmonary congestion, common in end-stage HF[2, 21], promotes bacterial growth by impairing mucociliary clearance through chronic venous stasis. These patients also exhibit immune dysfunction, as chronic inflammation and diminished cardiac output suppress systemic immunity—a pattern reflected in the lower preoperative lymphocyte counts observed in severe pneumonia cases. Surgical intervention and cardiopulmonary bypass further impair pulmonary defenses and amplify inflammatory responses, effects that heart failure and concurrent pneumonia synergistically intensify, prolonging recovery and increasing complication risks [ 22 , 23 ] . The current study has several limitations. As a single-center investigation with a relatively small sample size, its findings may have limited generalizability. Multicenter studies with larger cohorts should verify these results and better elucidate the mechanisms contributing to poor outcomes in this high-risk population. Additionally, preoperative MDRO decolonization strategies warrant further evaluation. In HF patients after cardiovascular surgery, MDRO infection and end-stage HF are independent risk factors for severe pneumonia, correlating with drastically increased mortality. These results underscore the importance of tailored preventive measures such as preoperative MDRO screening and intensified postoperative surveillance for high-risk individuals. Clinicians should focus on promptly detecting severe pneumonia to enhance outcomes in this susceptible patient group. Abbreviations HF Heart failure CICU cardiovascular intensive care unit MODS Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome SOFA Sepsis-related Organ Failure Assessment APACHE II Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II CAP Community-Acquired Pneumonia CPIS clinical pulmonary infection score PSI pneumonia severity index TAAD type A aortic dissection IL-6 interleukin-6 CRP C-Reactive Protein WBC white blood cell MDRO multidrug-resistant organism VAP ventilator-associated pneumonia Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate ：Not applicable Consent for publication：Not applicable Availability of data and materials The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Competing interests：Not applicable Funding：Not applicable Authors' contributions Tao Shi designed the study and supervised the research. Jiawen Hu and Yang Gao collected, organized and analyzed the data. Xiantong Cao drafted the methodology and results sections. Jiawen Hu and Yang Yang conducted the literature review, wrote the introduction, and revised the manuscript. Tao Shi polished the English expression, participated in the discussion of results, and approved the final manuscript. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Acknowledgements：Not applicable Clinical trial number: Not applicable References Jobs A, Simon R, de Waha S, et al. Pneumonia and inflammation in acute decompensated heart failure: a registry-based analysis of 1939 patients. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care. 2018;7(4):362–70. https://doi.org/10.1177/2048872617700874 . Peng Q, Yang Q. Risk factors and management of pulmonary infection in elderly patients with heart failure: A retrospective analysis. Med (Baltim). 2021;100(38):e27238. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000027238 . Shen L, Jhund PS, Anand IS et al. 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Tables Table 1 Clinical characteristics of etiologically positive versus negative heart failure patients after cardiovascular surgery Variables Microbiologically negative group（n=86） Microbiologically positive group（n=108） P value Male, % 64（74.4） 84（77.8） 0.585 Age, years old 58.87±11.32 60.02±11.17 0.481 Hypertension, % 47（54.7） 63（58.3） 0.607 Diabetes Mellitus, % 15（17.4） 15（13.9） 0.497 Type of cardiovascular diseases,% Pulmonary Embolism 1（1.2） 0（0.0） 0.443 CHD 17（19.8） 11（10.2） 0.059 CHD with VHD 4（4.7） 5（4.6） 0.894 Ascending Aortic Aneurysm 2（2.3） 0（0.0） 0.195 Constrictive Pericarditis 1（1.2） 0（0.0） 0.443 Congenital Heart Disease 0（0.0） 3（2.8） 0.331 Cardiac Tamponade 2（2.3） 0（0.0） 0.195 Cardiogenic Shock 2（2.3） 0（0.0） 0.195 VHD 20（23.3） 20（18.5） 0.418 VHD with Congenital Heart Disease 1（1.2） 0（0.0） 0.443 End-stage heart failure 8（9.3） 17（15.7） 0.184 TAAD 28（32.6） 52（48.1） 0.028 Pre-operative PCT, ng/mL 2.10（0.84,4.30） 2.30（0.70,9.65） 0.742 CRP, mg/L 74.20（44.50,115.10） 83.80（45.70,139.90） 0.167 IL-6, pg/mL 60.10（26.60,141.00） 71.90（36.80,166.00） 0.282 White blood cell, ×10^9/L 8.23（5.69,11.42） 9.77（6.28,14.65） 0.022 Neutrophil% 80.10（65.20,89.50） 82.80（68.40,90.75） 0.207 Lymphocyte% 13.00（6.40,23.60） 10.80（4.90,21.10） 0.118 Monocyte% 5.70（4.20,7.20） 6.00（4.10,7.45） 0.882 Eosinophil% 0.20（0.00,1.50） 0.30（0.00,1.50） 0.759 Basophil% 0.20（0.10,0.40） 0.20（0.10,0.40） 0.220 Platelet, ×10^9/L 171.00（133.00,224.00） 162.00（113.50,212.50） 0.127 Post-treatment PCT, ng/mL 0.54（0.16,0.88） 1.10（0.34,3.08） 0.001 CRP, mg/L 50.55（29.53,103.53） 65.65（36.38,113.78） 0.032 IL-6, pg/mL 39.00（19.73,69.70） 32.80（19.15,98.38） 0.455 White blood cell, ×10^9/L 9.62（8.27,12.11） 10.12（7.16,14.59） 0.058 Neutrophil% 84.20（77.40,88.53） 85.40（79.53,90.08） <0.001 Lymphocyte% 8.55（6.13,11.65） 7.35（4.73,11.40） 0.001 Monocyte% 5.90（4.10,7.88） 5.55（3.93,7.40） 0.021 Eosinophil% 1.00（0.10,2.28） 0.55（0.00,1.95） <0.001 Basophil% 0.10（0.10,0.20） 0.05（0.00,0.20） 0.010 Platelet, ×10^9/L 139.50（68.00,228.00） 118.00（72.50,202.00） 0.059 MODS score 8.50（7.25,12.75） 14.00（11.00,16.50） <0.001 SOFA score 10.00（9.20,15.25） 14.00（11.00,16.50） <0.001 APACHEII score 13.50（11.25,27.00） 20.00（15.00,25.50） <0.001 Length of ICU stay, days 6.00（4.00,8.00） 9.00（6.00,23.50） <0.001 Length of hospital stay, days 20.00（15.00,29.00） 25.00（17.00,44.25） 0.008 Death, % 9（10.5） 28（25.9） 0.006 Abbreviations: CHD= Coronary heart disease; VHD= Valvular heart disease; TAAD=type A aortic dissection; PCT=Procalcitonin; CRP=C-reactive protein; IL-6= Interleukin-6; MODS= Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome; SOFA=Sepsis-related organ failure assessment; APACHE II= Acute physiology and chronic health evaluation.II Table 2 Distribution of pathogenic microorganisms in heart failure patients after cardiovascular surgery Microorganisms Isolates no. (% of total isolates) Pseudomonas aeruginosa 2(3.0) Acinetobacter baumannii 14(21.2) Klebsiella pneumoniae 24(36.4) Escherichia coli 1(1.5) Serratia marcescens 3(4.5) Enterobacter cloacae 5(7.6) Corynebacterium striatum 2(3.0) Haemophilus influenzae 5(7.6) Chryseobacterium indologenes 2(3.0) Stenotrophomonas maltophilia 2(3.0) Candida 4(6.1) Aspergillus 2(3.0) Total 66(100) Not multidrug-resistant 42(63.6) Multidrug-resistant 18(27.3) Table3 Characteristics between deceased and non-deceased patients Variables Non-deceased group（n=157） deceased Group（n=37） P value Male, % 123（78.3） 25（67.6） 0.166 Age, years old 59.34±10.97 60.24±12.34 0.660 Hypertension, % 90（57.3） 20（54.1） 0.718 Diabetes Mellitus, % 22（14.0） 8（21.6） 0.249 Type of cardiovascular diseases,% Pulmonary Embolism 1（0.6） 0（0.0） 1.000 CHD 22（14.0） 6（16.2） 0.732 CHD with VHD 6（3.8） 3（8.1） 0.157 Ascending Aortic Aneurysm 2（1.3） 0（0.0） 1.000 Constrictive Pericarditis 1（0.6） 0（0.0） 1.000 Congenital Heart Disease 2（1.3） 1（2.7） 0.472 Cardiac Tamponade 1（0.6） 1（2.7） 0.346 Cardiogenic Shock 1（0.6） 1（2.7） 0.346 VHD 30（19.1） 10（27.0） 0.284 VHD with Congenital Heart Disease 1（0.6） 0（0.0） 1.000 End-stage heart failure 21（13.4） 4（10.8） 0.884 TAAD 69（43.9） 11（29.7） 0.114 Pre-operative PCT, ng/mL 2.20（0.80,6.00） 2.70（0.82,12.00） 0.173 CRP, mg/L 75.80（44.05,118.70） 88.90（52.50,177.80） 0.101 IL-6, pg/mL 64.10（28.95,141.50） 98.90（37.10,240.00） 0.169 White blood cell, ×10^9/L 8.70（5.84,11.90） 10.83（6.31,15.06） 0.085 Neutrophil% 81.20（66.65,89.65） 84.70（67.40,91.40） 0.229 Lymphocyte% 12.50（6.15,22.95） 7.40（3.90,21.10） 0.072 Monocyte% 5.70（4.10,7.20） 6.10（4.40,7.80） 0.873 Eosinophil% 0.30（0.00,1.35） 0.20（0.00,2.10） 0.729 Basophil% 0.20（0.10,0.40） 0.10（0.00,0.50） 0.128 Platelet, ×10^9/L 172.00（128.50,224.00） 157.00（105.00,189.00） 0.051 Post-treatment PCT, ng/mL 0.52（0.17,1.19） 2.40（0.89,8.45） <0.001 CRP, mg/L 56.90（29.85,98.40） 73.00（50.50,155.80） 0.002 IL-6, pg/mL 32.30（18.30,65.60） 81.20（25.10,351.00） 0.001 White blood cell, ×10^9/L 9.53（7.23,12.08） 13.50（10.00,17.90） <0.001 Neutrophil% 84.10（78.40,88.80） 89.10（83.10,90.85） <0.001 Lymphocyte% 7.90（5.65,11.70） 6.00（4.15,8.60） <0.001 Monocyte% 6.40（4.60,7.60） 4.60（2.40,6.25） <0.001 Eosinophil% 1.00（0.10,2.50） 0.10（0.00,1.20） <0.001 Basophil% 0.10（0.10,0.20） 0.00（0.00,0.20） <0.001 Platelet, ×10^9/L 135.00（91.50,222.50） 71.00（40.50,130.00） <0.001 CURB score 4.00（3.75,5.00） 4.00（4.00,4.00） 0.620 CPIS score 8.00（7.00,9.00） 9.00（8.00,10.00） 0.324 PIS score 189.50（160.00,216.75） 190.00（157.00,212.00） 0.760 MODS score 12.50（9.00,15.50） 15.00（11.00,16.00） <0.001 SOFA score 12.00（10.75,16.25） 16.00（12.00,17.00） <0.001 APACHEII score 19.00（12.00,22.75） 22.00（19.00,26.00） <0.001 Abbreviations: CHD= Coronary heart disease; VHD= Valvular heart disease; TAAD=Type A aortic dissection; PCT=Procalcitonin; CRP=C-reactive protein; IL-6= Interleukin-6; CURB= Confusion, Urea, Respiratory rate, Blood pressure; CPIS= clinical pulmonary infection score; PIS=pneumonia severity index; MODS= Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome; SOFA=Sepsis-related organ failure assessment APACHE II= Acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II. Table 4 Clinical characteristics of heart failure patients stratified by comorbid severe pneumonia Variables Non-severe pneumonia group（n=145） Severe pneumonia group（n=49） P value Male, % 111（76.6） 37（75.5） 0.882 Age, years old 58.69±11.23 61.94±10.93 0.080 Hypertension, % 87（60.0） 23（46.9） 0.111 Diabetes Mellitus, % 20（13.8） 10（20.4） 0.268 Type of cardiovascular diseases,% Pulmonary Embolism 1（0.7） 0（0.0） 1.000 CHD 21（14.5） 7（14.3） 0.973 CHD with VHD 5（3.4） 4（8.2） 0.472 Ascending Aortic Aneurysm 2（1.4） 0（0.0） 1.000 Constrictive Pericarditis 1（0.7） 0（0.0） 1.000 Congenital Heart Disease 3（2.1） 0（0.0） 0.573 Cardiac Tamponade 2（1.4） 0（0.0） 1.000 Cardiogenic Shock 2（1.4） 0（0.0） 1.000 VHD 27（18.6） 13（26.5） 0.237 VHD with Congenital Heart Disease 1（0.7） 0（0.0） 1.000 End-stage heart failure 8（5.5） 17（34.7） <0.001 TAAD 72（49.7） 8（16.3） <0.001 Pre-operative PCT, ng/mL 2.25（0.83,6.05） 2.50（0.70,11.75） 0.538 CRP, mg/L 81.95（50.08,122.15） 73.80（31.73,135.75） 0.054 IL-6, pg/mL 69.75（30.08,141.75） 64.80（31.93,227.75） 0.254 White blood cell, ×10^9/L 9.08（5.88,12.67） 8.51（6.07,14.00） 0.302 Neutrophil% 82.30（67.08,90.20） 77.70（66.50,88.20） 0.017 Lymphocyte% 10.70（5.75,22.98） 12.75（4.60,21.65） 0.144 Monocyte% 5.30（3.93,7.18） 6.70（4.65,8.00） 0.008 Eosinophil% 0.20（0.00,1.05） 0.80（0.13,2.43） <0.001 Basophil% 0.20（0.10,0.30） 0.35（0.10,0.60） 0.001 Platelet, ×10^9/L 169.50（128.25,220.50） 159.50（109.50,219.00） 0.828 Post-treatment PCT, ng/mL 0.60（0.16,1.10） 2.00（0.67,3.90） 0.002 CRP, mg/L 61.70（34.20,104.80） 56.90（29.20,105.00） 0.153 IL-6, pg/mL 33.10（19.74,72.40） 37.10（17.40,113.00） 0.836 White blood cell, ×10^9/L 9.79（7.64,12.36） 10.02（7.24,15.83） 0.330 Neutrophil% 84.30（78.30,88.70） 88.40（81.70,90.90） 0.055 Lymphocyte% 8.00（6.00,11.80） 6.00（3.90,9.50） 0.031 Monocyte% 6.00（4.10,7.50） 5.20（3.30,7.40） 0.406 Eosinophil% 1.00（0.10,2.50） 0.30（0.00,1.60） 0.136 Basophil% 0.10（0.00,0.20） 0.00（0.00,0.20） 0.676 Platelet, ×10^9/L 140.00（91.00,228.00） 92.00（46.00,131.00） 0.004 MODS score 11.00（8.75,14.25） 14.00（10.00,18.00） 0.004 SOFA score 12.00（10.75,16.25） 15.00（11.00,17.00） <0.001 APACHEII score 17.00（12.75,22.75） 20.00（17.00,26.00） 0.004 Multidrug-resistant Bacterial Infection 8(5.5) 10(20.4) 0.003 Length of ICU stay, days 7.00（4.00,11.00） 16.00（7.25,28.00） <0.001 Length of hospital stay, days 22.00（15.00,36.00） 24.00（19.00,55.00） 0.250 Death, % 12(8.3) 25(51.0) <0.001 Abbreviations: CHD= Coronary heart disease; VHD= Valvular heart disease; TAAD=Type A aortic dissection; PCT=Procalcitonin; CRP=C-reactive protein; IL-6= Interleukin-6; MODS= Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome; SOFA=Sepsis-related organ failure assessment APACHE II= Acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II; ICU=intensive care unit. Table 5 Multivariate logistic regression analysis of severe pneumonia in heart failure patients after cardiovascular surgery Variables β Wald P value OR 95%CI Multidrug-resistant organism infection 1.632 7.707 0.006 5.114 1.616-16.184 End-stage heart failure 1.709 5.936 0.015 5.526 1.397-21.859 PCT 0.007 0.085 0.77 1.007 0.960-1.056 Neutrophil% 0.108 1.876 0.171 1.115 0.954-1.302 Lymphocyte% 0.088 0.648 0.421 1.092 0.882-1.351 Platelet -0.002 0.664 0.415 0.998 0.992-1.003 MODS score 0.139 0.505 0.477 1.15 0.783-1.689 SOFA score 0.050 0.065 0.799 1.051 0.715-1.547 APACHEII score -0.042 0.417 0.518 0.959 0.843-1.090 Abbreviations: PCT=Procalcitonin; MODS= Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome; SOFA=Sepsis-related organ failure assessment; APACHE II= Acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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Previous randomized controlled trials showed that HF patients exhibit a pneumonia incidence roughly three times higher than the general population\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR2\" citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e.Among these patients, pneumonia confers a 4.34-fold greater risk of all-cause mortality, 3.62-fold increased risk of cardiovascular mortality, and 2.39-fold higher re-hospitalization rates\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR4\" citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePostoperative infection poses a serious threat to surgical outcomes, potentially disrupting recovery, prolonging hospitalization, and significantly increasing medical expenses. Cardiac surgery patients experience infectious complications in 5\u0026ndash;21% of cases, with associated mortality risks exceeding fivefold baseline rates\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Pneumonia accounts for a substantial proportion of these postoperative infections\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR8\" citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. A propensity-matched analysis revealed markedly reduced five-year survival rates (62% versus 81%) in cardiac surgery patients who developed pneumonia\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e。\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe impaired physiological reserve of HF patients renders them particularly susceptible to severe postoperative infections. Multiple studies identify HF as an independent predictor of major postoperative infection (HR 1.47, 95% CI 1.11\u0026ndash;1.95)\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Greco et al. presented that patients with heart failure, lower ejection fraction, urgent or emergent status, and/or transplantation or ventricular assisted device ex- or implantation all had significantly increased infection rates \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Strobel's group further established preoperative intra-aortic balloon pump use and low ejection fraction as independent predictors of post-coronary bypass pneumonia \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. These findings underscore the need to elucidate infection risk factors in this high-risk population to guide clinical decision-making.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCurrent evidence remains insufficient to fully characterize this clinical challenge. Our study systematically evaluates risk factors for severe pneumonia in HF patients undergoing cardiovascular surgery, with the goal of informing preventive strategies and improving outcomes.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.1 Study Subjects\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis retrospective study enrolled pre-operative HF patients undergoing cardiovascular surgery in cardiovascular intensive care unit (CICU) from September 2024 to January 2025. Eligible participants were required to have undergone bacterial culture, drug sensitivity testing and respiratory pathogen nucleic acid testing during hospitalization. The diagnosis of HF was confirmed through a comprehensive assessment including medical history, physical examination, laboratory parameters, echocardiography. and other cardiac imaging followed the diagnostic algorithm of Chinese Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of HF 2024\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Exclude criteria are as follows:① age\u0026lt;18 years, ②did not receive surgical treatment, ③ history of severe immunodeficiency diseases or receiving long-term immunosuppressive therapy, ④ presence of active pulmonary tuberculosis or other severe pulmonary diseases that may interfere with the diagnosis of post - operative pneumonia. This study was conducted in accordance with the latest version of the Helsinki Declaration and has been approved by the Medical Science Research Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi\u0026rsquo;an Jiaotong University. Individual consent for this retrospective analysis was waived.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.2 Data collection\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003ePerioperative clinical data of all participants, including demographic characteristics, laboratory parameters, surgical information are retrospectively retrieved from the electronic medical record. Pre-operative laboratory parameters refer to the first in-hospital test results. Post-treatment parameters were measured one week after the bacterial culture was sent.Post-operative follow-up information was conducted via structured telephone interviews, with data collection continuing until 30 days after surgery. The follow-up information includes the occurrence of severe pneumonia, and 30- ay mortality. The Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome (MODS) Score, Sepsis-related Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II score were calculated within the first 48 hours after surgery by two independent physicians to assess the severity of illness. In cases of score discrepancies, a third senior CICU physician made the final determination to ensure inter-rater reliability.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe primary outcome is the incidence of severe pneumonia within 30 days after cardiovascular surgery in HF patients. The definition of severe pneumonia adheres to the 2015 Chinese Guidelines for Adult Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP)\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Patients meeting 1 major criterion or \u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;3 minor criteria are diagnosed with severe pneumonia. The diagnosis of severe pneumonia will be confirmed by two senior doctors of CICU. Major Criteria: ①requirement for tracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation; ②septic shock requiring vasoactive agents after aggressive fluid resuscitation. Minor Criteria: ①respiratory rate\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;30 breaths/min; ②PaO₂/FiO₂ \u0026le;250 mmHg; ③multilobar infiltrates (imaging shows involvement of \u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;2 lung lobes); ④altered mental status and/or disorientation; ⑤blood urea nitrogen (BUN)\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;7 mmol/L; ⑥hypotension requiring aggressive fluid resuscitation. CURB score, clinical pulmonary infection score (CPIS) and pneumonia severity index (PSI) are used to assess the severity of pneumonia which will be calculated at the time of diagnosis of severe pneumonia. The secondary outcomes including: length of hospital stay, length of ICU stay, 30-day mortality.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.3 Statistical Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eStatistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics 24.0 (IBM Corp., Chicago, IL, USA). Variable distribution was examined using the Kolmogorov\u0026ndash;Smirnov test. All data are expressed as the mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;standard deviation (SD) for normally distributed variables and as the median with interquartile range (IQR) for skewed distributions. Categorical variables were summarized as counts with percentages. Group differences were evaluated using the Student t test or Mann-Whitney U test for continuous variables and the χ2 test or Fisher\u0026rsquo;s exact test for categorical variables. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to screen the risk factors for severe pneumonia. Statistical significance was defined as p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05, and all results were two-tailed.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1. Clinical characteristics of microbiologically positive and negative HF patients after cardiovascular surgery\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA total of 194 HF patients after cardiovascular surgery were included. Etiological positivity was defined as either a positive results from respiratory pathogen nucleic acid testing or positive culture, with 55.67% of patients meeting this criterion. Table1 presented the baseline characteristics of participants stratified by etiological status. Patients in the microbiologically positive group demonstrated a greater prevalence of type A aortic dissection (TAAD). Preoperative white blood cell counts, along with post-treatment procalcitonin and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels, were significantly elevated in this group compared to negative cases. The positive cohort also showed increased neutrophil percentages post-treatment, while lymphocyte, monocyte, eosinophil, and basophil percentages were reduced. These patients exhibited substantially higher MODS, SOFA, and APACHE II scores (all P\u0026lt;0.001). The positive group required longer ICU and hospital stays and showed greater mortality (25.9% vs 10.5%, \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e=0.006).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2. The distribution of pathogenic microorganisms\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSixty-six isolates were obtained. Five patients had polymicrobial infections, while the others had monomicrobial infections. The most common pathogens were\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;Klebsiella pneumoniae\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(36.4%) and \u003cem\u003eAcinetobacter baumannii\u003c/em\u003e (21.2%) (Table 2). Among them, multidrug-resistant bacteria accounted for approximately 27.3%.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3. Characteristics between deceased and non-deceased patients\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAmong the 194 patients, 37 (19.07%) died within 30 days postoperatively (Table 3). The deceased group exhibited a microbiologically positive rate of 75.7%, with 29.7% meeting criteria for severe pneumonia\u0026mdash;both significantly higher than the control group\u0026apos;s rates of 51% (P=0.006) and 14%(\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e=0.022), respectively. Baseline characteristics, including age, gender distribution, prevalence of hypertension or diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular disease profiles, did not differ significantly between group. Preoperative biochemical markers also demonstrated comparable values. However, postoperative levels of PCT,\u0026nbsp;C-Reactive Protein\u0026nbsp;(CRP), IL-6, and white blood cell (WBC) were markedly elevated, while platelet counts were significantly reduced in deceased patients. The deceased group showed substantially higher MODS, SOFA, and APACHE II scores (all P\u0026lt;0.001). No significant intergroup differences emerged for CURB, CPIS, or PIS scores.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4. Clinical characteristics of HF patients stratified by comorbid severe pneumonia\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 4 presents data from 49 HF patients who developed severe pneumonia, with median CURB, CPIS, and PIS score were 4 (4.00\u0026ndash;5.00), 8.00 (7.00, 10.00), and 190.00 (164.00, 215.00), respectively. The severe pneumonia cohort contained significantly more cases of end-stage HF and TAAD than the non-severe group. Severe pneumonia patients exhibited lower preoperative neutrophil percentages but higher monocyte, eosinophil, and basophil counts compared to those with non-severe pneumonia. Post-treatment laboratory results demonstrated markedly increased PCT levels, alongside decreased lymphocyte percentages, and platelet counts in these patients. MODS, SOFA, and APACHE II scores all showed significant elevation in the severe pneumonia group compared to controls. Both the respiratory pathogen nucleic acid tests and sputum culture showed significantly higher positive rates in the severe pneumonia group. Multidrug-resistant bacterial infections occurred in 20.4% of severe pneumonia patients versus 5.5% of controls (P=0.003). The severe pneumonia group required prolonged ICU stays and exhibited dramatically higher mortality (51% vs 8.3%, P\u0026lt;0.001).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5. Risk factors of severe pneumonia in HF patients after cardiovascular surgery\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMultivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that both concomitant multidrug-resistant organism (MDRO) infection and end-stage HF independently predicted severe pneumonia in HF patients after cardiovascular surgery. MDRO infection elevated the risk of severe pneumonia by 5.114-fold (95% CI: 1.616\u0026ndash;16.814), while end-stage HF increased the risk by 5.526-fold (95% CI: 1.397\u0026ndash;21.859) (Table 5).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study represents the first investigation into the risk factors for severe pneumonia in HF patients following cardiovascular surgery. This study elucidates the comprehensive impact of severe pneumonia, heart failure, and cardiac surgery on patient prognosis. The analysis reveals etiological positivity (55.67%) and severe pneumonia (25.3%) are prevalent in HF patients after cardiovascular surgery, with MDRO infection and end-stage HF emerging as independent risk factors for severe pneumonia (adjusted OR: 5.114 and 5.526, respectively). Mortality rates reached 51% in severe pneumonia cases compared to 8.3% in non-severe pneumonia patients, demonstrating the critical impact of postoperative severe pneumonia on prognosis.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrevious study reported a 2.1\u0026ndash;8.2% incidence of postoperative pneumonia following valvular and coronary surgery, substantially lower than our observed rate\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR16\" citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. This discrepancy likely reflects our inclusion of higher-risk heart failure patients with poorer clinical status, including those undergoing left ventricular assist device implantation, or TAAD repair, along with an older overall population. Yao et al. documented a 36.9% pneumonia incidence after aortic dissection surgery \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e, consistent with our finding that TAAD patients exhibited higher rates of microbiologically positive and severe pneumonia.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAs reported in prior studies, gram-negative bacilli remain the most prevalent pathogens in MDRO -associated ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) following cardiovascular surgery\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. \u003cem\u003eKlebsiella pneumoniae\u003c/em\u003e (36.4%) and \u003cem\u003eAcinetobacter baumannii\u003c/em\u003e (21.2%) were the predominant pathogens in our study, with MDROs accounting for 27.3% of isolates. This pattern underscores the substantial risk of nosocomial infections in cardiovascular surgery patients, especially those with immunocompromised conditions such as heart failure.Chen \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e observed a markedly elevated in-hospital mortality rate among cardiac surgery patients with MDRO-VAP compared to non-MDRO cases (29.79% versus 1.61%) (29.79% vs 1.61%)\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. MDRO-infected patients also exhibited higher rates of severe pneumonia (19.3% versus 5.51%), correlating with prolonged postoperative hospitalization and greater healthcare expenditures\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. These findings emphasize the necessity of tailored antimicrobial protocols and preoperative MDRO surveillance for high-risk populations.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eEnd-stage HF was associated with a 5.526-fold increased risk of severe pneumonia, aligning with previous findings that HF independently predicts serious postoperative infections (HR: 1.47) \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Pulmonary congestion, common in end-stage HF[2, 21], promotes bacterial growth by impairing mucociliary clearance through chronic venous stasis. These patients also exhibit immune dysfunction, as chronic inflammation and diminished cardiac output suppress systemic immunity\u0026mdash;a pattern reflected in the lower preoperative lymphocyte counts observed in severe pneumonia cases. Surgical intervention and cardiopulmonary bypass further impair pulmonary defenses and amplify inflammatory responses, effects that heart failure and concurrent pneumonia synergistically intensify, prolonging recovery and increasing complication risks\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe current study has several limitations. As a single-center investigation with a relatively small sample size, its findings may have limited generalizability. Multicenter studies with larger cohorts should verify these results and better elucidate the mechanisms contributing to poor outcomes in this high-risk population. Additionally, preoperative MDRO decolonization strategies warrant further evaluation.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn HF patients after cardiovascular surgery, MDRO infection and end-stage HF are independent risk factors for severe pneumonia, correlating with drastically increased mortality. These results underscore the importance of tailored preventive measures such as preoperative MDRO screening and intensified postoperative surveillance for high-risk individuals. Clinicians should focus on promptly detecting severe pneumonia to enhance outcomes in this susceptible patient group.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionList\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eHF\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHeart failure\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eCICU\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ecardiovascular intensive care unit\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eMODS\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMultiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eSOFA\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSepsis-related Organ Failure Assessment\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eAPACHE II\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAcute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eCAP\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCommunity-Acquired Pneumonia\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eCPIS\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eclinical pulmonary infection score\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003ePSI\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003epneumonia severity index\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eTAAD\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003etype A aortic dissection\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eIL-6\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003einterleukin-6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eCRP\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC-Reactive Protein\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eWBC\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ewhite blood cell\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eMDRO\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003emultidrug-resistant organism\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eVAP\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eventilator-associated pneumonia\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate ：Not applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConsent for publication：Not applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCompeting interests：Not applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFunding：Not applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAuthors\u0026apos; contributions\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTao Shi designed the study and supervised the research. Jiawen Hu and Yang Gao collected, organized and analyzed the data. Xiantong Cao drafted the methodology and results sections. Jiawen Hu and Yang Yang conducted the literature review, wrote the introduction, and revised the manuscript. Tao Shi polished the English expression, participated in the discussion of results, and approved the final manuscript. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements：Not applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eClinical trial number: Not applicable\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eJobs A, Simon R, de Waha S, et al. Pneumonia and inflammation in acute decompensated heart failure: a registry-based analysis of 1939 patients. 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Inflammation. 2015;38(1):187\u0026ndash;94. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1007/s10753-014-0021-0\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1007/s10753-014-0021-0\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1 Clinical characteristics of etiologically positive versus negative heart failure patients after cardiovascular surgery\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"576\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMicrobiologically negative group（n=86）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMicrobiologically positive group（n=108）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003evalue\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale, %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64（74.4）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e84（77.8）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.585\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge, years old\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58.87\u0026plusmn;11.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.02\u0026plusmn;11.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.481\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHypertension, %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47（54.7）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63（58.3）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.607\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDiabetes Mellitus, %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15（17.4）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15（13.9）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.497\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 576px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eType of cardiovascular diseases,%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePulmonary Embolism\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1（1.2）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0（0.0）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.443\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCHD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17（19.8）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11（10.2）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.059\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCHD with VHD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4（4.7）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5（4.6）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.894\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAscending Aortic Aneurysm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2（2.3）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0（0.0）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.195\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eConstrictive Pericarditis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1（1.2）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0（0.0）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.443\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCongenital Heart Disease\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0（0.0）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3（2.8）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.331\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCardiac Tamponade\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2（2.3）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0（0.0）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.195\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCardiogenic Shock\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2（2.3）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0（0.0）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.195\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVHD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20（23.3）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20（18.5）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.418\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVHD with Congenital Heart Disease\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1（1.2）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0（0.0）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.443\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEnd-stage heart failure\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8（9.3）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17（15.7）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.184\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTAAD\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28（32.6）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52（48.1）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.028\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePre-operative\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePCT, ng/mL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.10（0.84,4.30）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.30（0.70,9.65）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.742\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCRP, mg/L\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74.20（44.50,115.10）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e83.80（45.70,139.90）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.167\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIL-6, pg/mL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.10（26.60,141.00）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71.90（36.80,166.00）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.282\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhite blood cell,\u0026nbsp;\u0026times;10^9/L\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.23（5.69,11.42）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.77（6.28,14.65）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.022\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNeutrophil%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80.10（65.20,89.50）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82.80（68.40,90.75）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.207\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLymphocyte%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.00（6.40,23.60）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.80（4.90,21.10）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.118\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMonocyte%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.70（4.20,7.20）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.00（4.10,7.45）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.882\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEosinophil%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.20（0.00,1.50）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.30（0.00,1.50）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.759\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBasophil%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.20（0.10,0.40）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.20（0.10,0.40）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.220\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePlatelet,\u0026nbsp;\u0026times;10^9/L\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e171.00（133.00,224.00）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e162.00（113.50,212.50）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.127\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePost-treatment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePCT, ng/mL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.54（0.16,0.88）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.10（0.34,3.08）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCRP, mg/L\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.55（29.53,103.53）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65.65（36.38,113.78）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.032\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIL-6, pg/mL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.00（19.73,69.70）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.80（19.15,98.38）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.455\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhite blood cell,\u0026nbsp;\u0026times;10^9/L\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.62（8.27,12.11）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.12（7.16,14.59）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.058\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNeutrophil%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e84.20（77.40,88.53）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e85.40（79.53,90.08）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLymphocyte%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.55（6.13,11.65）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.35（4.73,11.40）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMonocyte%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.90（4.10,7.88）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.55（3.93,7.40）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.021\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEosinophil%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00（0.10,2.28）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.55（0.00,1.95）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBasophil%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.10（0.10,0.20）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05（0.00,0.20）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.010\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePlatelet,\u0026nbsp;\u0026times;10^9/L\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e139.50（68.00,228.00）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e118.00（72.50,202.00）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.059\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMODS score\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.50（7.25,12.75）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.00（11.00,16.50）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSOFA score\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.00（9.20,15.25）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.00（11.00,16.50）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAPACHEII score\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.50（11.25,27.00）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.00（15.00,25.50）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLength of ICU stay, days\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.00（4.00,8.00）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.00（6.00,23.50）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLength of hospital stay, days\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.00（15.00,29.00）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.00（17.00,44.25）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.008\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDeath, %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9（10.5）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28（25.9）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.006\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbbreviations:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eCHD= Coronary heart disease; VHD= Valvular heart disease; TAAD=type A aortic dissection; PCT=Procalcitonin; CRP=C-reactive protein; IL-6= Interleukin-6; MODS= Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome; SOFA=Sepsis-related organ failure assessment; APACHE II= Acute physiology and chronic health evaluation.II\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2 Distribution of pathogenic microorganisms in heart failure patients after cardiovascular surgery\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 184px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMicroorganisms\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 184px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIsolates no. \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; (% of total isolates)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 184px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePseudomonas aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 184px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(3.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 184px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAcinetobacter baumannii\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 184px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14(21.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 184px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eKlebsiella pneumoniae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 184px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24(36.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 184px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEscherichia coli\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 184px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1(1.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 184px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSerratia marcescens\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 184px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3(4.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 184px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEnterobacter cloacae\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 184px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5(7.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 184px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCorynebacterium striatum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 184px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(3.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 184px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHaemophilus influenzae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 184px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5(7.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 184px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eChryseobacterium indologenes\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 184px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(3.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 184px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eStenotrophomonas maltophilia\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 184px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(3.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 184px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCandida\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 184px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4(6.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 184px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAspergillus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 184px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(3.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 184px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 184px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e66(100)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 184px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNot multidrug-resistant\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 184px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42(63.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 184px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMultidrug-resistant\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 184px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18(27.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable3 Characteristics between deceased and non-deceased patients\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"566\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNon-deceased group（n=157）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003edeceased Group（n=37）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale, %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e123（78.3）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25（67.6）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.166\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge, years old\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.34\u0026plusmn;10.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.24\u0026plusmn;12.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.660\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHypertension, %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90（57.3）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20（54.1）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.718\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDiabetes Mellitus, %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22（14.0）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8（21.6）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.249\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 566px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eType of cardiovascular diseases,%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePulmonary Embolism\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1（0.6）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0（0.0）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCHD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22（14.0）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6（16.2）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.732\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCHD with VHD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6（3.8）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3（8.1）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.157\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAscending Aortic Aneurysm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2（1.3）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0（0.0）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eConstrictive Pericarditis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1（0.6）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0（0.0）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCongenital Heart Disease\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2（1.3）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1（2.7）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.472\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCardiac Tamponade\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1（0.6）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1（2.7）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.346\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCardiogenic Shock\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1（0.6）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1（2.7）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.346\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVHD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30（19.1）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10（27.0）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.284\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVHD with Congenital Heart Disease\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1（0.6）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0（0.0）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEnd-stage heart failure\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21（13.4）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4（10.8）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.884\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTAAD\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69（43.9）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11（29.7）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.114\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePre-operative\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePCT, ng/mL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.20（0.80,6.00）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.70（0.82,12.00）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.173\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCRP, mg/L\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75.80（44.05,118.70）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88.90（52.50,177.80）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.101\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIL-6, pg/mL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64.10（28.95,141.50）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98.90（37.10,240.00）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.169\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhite blood cell,\u0026nbsp;\u0026times;10^9/L\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.70（5.84,11.90）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.83（6.31,15.06）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.085\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNeutrophil%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81.20（66.65,89.65）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e84.70（67.40,91.40）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.229\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLymphocyte%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.50（6.15,22.95）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.40（3.90,21.10）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.072\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMonocyte%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.70（4.10,7.20）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.10（4.40,7.80）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.873\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEosinophil%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.30（0.00,1.35）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.20（0.00,2.10）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.729\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBasophil%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.20（0.10,0.40）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.10（0.00,0.50）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.128\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePlatelet,\u0026nbsp;\u0026times;10^9/L\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e172.00（128.50,224.00）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e157.00（105.00,189.00）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.051\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePost-treatment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePCT, ng/mL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.52（0.17,1.19）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.40（0.89,8.45）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCRP, mg/L\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.90（29.85,98.40）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73.00（50.50,155.80）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.002\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIL-6, pg/mL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.30（18.30,65.60）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81.20（25.10,351.00）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhite blood cell,\u0026nbsp;\u0026times;10^9/L\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.53（7.23,12.08）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.50（10.00,17.90）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNeutrophil%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e84.10（78.40,88.80）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e89.10（83.10,90.85）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLymphocyte%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.90（5.65,11.70）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.00（4.15,8.60）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMonocyte%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.40（4.60,7.60）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.60（2.40,6.25）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEosinophil%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00（0.10,2.50）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.10（0.00,1.20）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBasophil%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.10（0.10,0.20）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00（0.00,0.20）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePlatelet,\u0026nbsp;\u0026times;10^9/L\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e135.00（91.50,222.50）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71.00（40.50,130.00）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCURB score\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.00（3.75,5.00）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.00（4.00,4.00）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.620\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCPIS score\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.00（7.00,9.00）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.00（8.00,10.00）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.324\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePIS score\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e189.50（160.00,216.75）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e190.00（157.00,212.00）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.760\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMODS score\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.50（9.00,15.50）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.00（11.00,16.00）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSOFA score\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.00（10.75,16.25）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.00（12.00,17.00）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAPACHEII score\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.00（12.00,22.75）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.00（19.00,26.00）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbbreviations:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eCHD= Coronary heart disease; VHD= Valvular heart disease; TAAD=Type A aortic dissection; PCT=Procalcitonin; CRP=C-reactive protein; IL-6= Interleukin-6; CURB= Confusion, Urea, Respiratory rate, Blood pressure; CPIS= clinical pulmonary infection score; PIS=pneumonia severity index; MODS= Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome; SOFA=Sepsis-related organ failure assessment APACHE II= Acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 4 Clinical characteristics of heart failure patients stratified by comorbid severe pneumonia\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"566\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNon-severe pneumonia group（n=145）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSevere pneumonia group（n=49）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003evalue\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale, %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e111（76.6）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37（75.5）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.882\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge, years old\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58.69\u0026plusmn;11.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61.94\u0026plusmn;10.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.080\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHypertension, %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87（60.0）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23（46.9）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.111\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDiabetes Mellitus, %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20（13.8）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10（20.4）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.268\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 566px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eType of cardiovascular diseases,%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePulmonary Embolism\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1（0.7）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0（0.0）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCHD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21（14.5）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7（14.3）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.973\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCHD with VHD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5（3.4）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4（8.2）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.472\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAscending Aortic Aneurysm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2（1.4）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0（0.0）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eConstrictive Pericarditis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1（0.7）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0（0.0）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCongenital Heart Disease\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3（2.1）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0（0.0）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.573\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCardiac Tamponade\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2（1.4）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0（0.0）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCardiogenic Shock\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2（1.4）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0（0.0）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVHD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27（18.6）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13（26.5）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.237\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVHD with Congenital Heart Disease\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1（0.7）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0（0.0）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEnd-stage heart failure\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8（5.5）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17（34.7）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTAAD\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72（49.7）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8（16.3）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePre-operative\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePCT, ng/mL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.25（0.83,6.05）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.50（0.70,11.75）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.538\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCRP, mg/L\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81.95（50.08,122.15）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73.80（31.73,135.75）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.054\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIL-6, pg/mL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69.75（30.08,141.75）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64.80（31.93,227.75）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.254\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhite blood cell,\u0026nbsp;\u0026times;10^9/L\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.08（5.88,12.67）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.51（6.07,14.00）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.302\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNeutrophil%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82.30（67.08,90.20）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77.70（66.50,88.20）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.017\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLymphocyte%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.70（5.75,22.98）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.75（4.60,21.65）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.144\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMonocyte%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.30（3.93,7.18）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.70（4.65,8.00）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.008\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEosinophil%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.20（0.00,1.05）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.80（0.13,2.43）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBasophil%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.20（0.10,0.30）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.35（0.10,0.60）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePlatelet,\u0026nbsp;\u0026times;10^9/L\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e169.50（128.25,220.50）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e159.50（109.50,219.00）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.828\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePost-treatment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePCT, ng/mL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.60（0.16,1.10）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.00（0.67,3.90）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.002\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCRP, mg/L\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61.70（34.20,104.80）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.90（29.20,105.00）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.153\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIL-6, pg/mL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.10（19.74,72.40）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.10（17.40,113.00）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.836\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhite blood cell,\u0026nbsp;\u0026times;10^9/L\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.79（7.64,12.36）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.02（7.24,15.83）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.330\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNeutrophil%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e84.30（78.30,88.70）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88.40（81.70,90.90）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.055\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLymphocyte%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.00（6.00,11.80）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.00（3.90,9.50）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.031\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMonocyte%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.00（4.10,7.50）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.20（3.30,7.40）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.406\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEosinophil%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00（0.10,2.50）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.30（0.00,1.60）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.136\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBasophil%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.10（0.00,0.20）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00（0.00,0.20）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.676\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePlatelet,\u0026nbsp;\u0026times;10^9/L\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e140.00（91.00,228.00）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92.00（46.00,131.00）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.004\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMODS score\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.00（8.75,14.25）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.00（10.00,18.00）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.004\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSOFA score\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.00（10.75,16.25）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.00（11.00,17.00）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAPACHEII score\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.00（12.75,22.75）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.00（17.00,26.00）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.004\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMultidrug-resistant Bacterial Infection\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8(5.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10(20.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.003\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLength of ICU stay, days\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.00（4.00,11.00）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.00（7.25,28.00）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLength of hospital stay, days\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.00（15.00,36.00）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.00（19.00,55.00）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.250\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDeath, %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12(8.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25(51.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbbreviations:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eCHD= Coronary heart disease; VHD= Valvular heart disease; TAAD=Type A aortic dissection; PCT=Procalcitonin; CRP=C-reactive protein; IL-6= Interleukin-6; MODS= Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome; SOFA=Sepsis-related organ failure assessment APACHE II= Acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II; ICU=intensive care unit.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 5 Multivariate logistic regression analysis of severe pneumonia in heart failure patients after cardiovascular surgery\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"558\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026beta;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWald\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003evalue\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 142px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e95%CI\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMultidrug-resistant organism infection\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.632\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.707\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5.114\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 142px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.616-16.184\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEnd-stage heart failure\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.709\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.936\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.015\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5.526\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 142px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.397-21.859\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePCT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.007\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.085\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.007\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 142px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.960-1.056\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNeutrophil%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.108\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.876\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.171\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.115\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 142px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.954-1.302\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLymphocyte%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.088\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.648\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.421\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.092\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 142px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.882-1.351\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePlatelet\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.664\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.415\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.998\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 142px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.992-1.003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMODS score\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.139\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.505\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.477\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 142px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.783-1.689\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSOFA score\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.050\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.065\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.799\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.051\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 142px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.715-1.547\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAPACHEII score\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.042\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.417\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.518\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.959\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 142px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.843-1.090\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbbreviations:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003ePCT=Procalcitonin; MODS= Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome; SOFA=Sepsis-related organ failure assessment; APACHE II= Acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II.\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-cardiovascular-disorders","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"bcar","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Cardiovascular Disorders](http://bmccardiovascdisord.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/bcar/default.aspx","title":"BMC Cardiovascular Disorders","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"severe pneumonia, heart failure, cardiovascular surgry, risk factors","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7941589/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7941589/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackgrounds\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHeart failure (HF) is an advanced stage of various heart diseases and are at an elevated risk of pneumonia, which further worsens prognosis. Postoperative pneumonia is a life-threatening complication after cardiovascular surgery, significantly increasing mortality. However, data on risk factors for severe pneumonia in HF patients undergoing cardiovascular surgery remain limited.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study included 194 HF patients who underwent cardiovascular surgery in the cardiovascular intensive care unit (CICU) from September 2024 to January 2025. Eligible participants were required to have undergone bacterial culture, drug sensitivity testing and respiratory pathogen nucleic acid testing during hospitalization. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to identify risk factors for severe pneumonia.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOf the 194 patients, 55.67% had microbiologically positive results, with \u003cem\u003eKlebsiella pneumoniae\u003c/em\u003e (36.4%) and \u003cem\u003eAcinetobacter baumannii\u003c/em\u003e (21.2%) being the most common pathogens, and multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) accounting for 27.3% of isolates. Severe pneumonia occurred in 25.3% of HF patients, and these patients had a significantly higher mortality rate (51% vs. 8.3%, P \u0026lt; 0.001) compared to those without severe pneumonia. MDRO infection (adjusted OR: 5.114, 95% CI: 1.616–16.814) and end-stage HF (adjusted OR: 5.526, 95% CI: 1.397–21.859) as independent risk factors for severe pneumonia.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusion\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study highlights that MDRO infection and end-stage HF are critical independent risk factors for severe pneumonia in HF patients after cardiovascular surgery, with severe pneumonia significantly increasing mortality. These findings emphasize the need for targeted strategies to improve clinical outcomes.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Prognosis and risk factors of heart failure complicated with severe pneumonia after cardiovascular surgery","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-12-11 09:47:52","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7941589/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-12-08T13:00:12+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-11-28T10:01:09+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-11-27T13:53:03+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-11-27T13:51:34+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Cardiovascular Disorders","date":"2025-10-24T14:38:07+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-cardiovascular-disorders","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"bcar","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Cardiovascular Disorders](http://bmccardiovascdisord.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/bcar/default.aspx","title":"BMC Cardiovascular Disorders","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"922fd5b6-3d5a-41d5-82cf-1634a7824ab7","owner":[],"postedDate":"December 11th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-12-11T09:47:52+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-12-11 09:47:52","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7941589","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7941589","identity":"rs-7941589","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}