Age estimation by pulp/tooth area ratio in upper canines: Cameriere’s method assessed and modified in a Polish population sample using digital panoramic radiography

Age estimation by pulp/tooth area ratio in upper canines: Cameriere’s method assessed and modified in a Polish population sample using digital panoramic radiography | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research article Age estimation by pulp/tooth area ratio in upper canines: Cameriere’s method assessed and modified in a Polish population sample using digital panoramic radiography Ingrid Różyło-Kalinowska, Paweł Kalinowski, Magdalena Piskórz, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-19412/v2 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 2 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Show more versions Abstract Background: Various methods are available to assess the age of a child. However, it is much more difficult to evaluate the age of an adult just on the basis of panoramic radiographs. Cameriere’s method based on measurement of pulp/tooth ratio is one of few methods that allows to determine the age of any human being. The aim of this study is to estimate the validation of the original method in a sample of the Polish population and to elaborate a population specific formula. Materials: Panoramic radiographs taken in the Department of Dental and Maxillofacial Radiology, Medical University of Lublin, Poland were retrospectively selected for the study. The selection criteria involved a good quality panoramic radiograph with a free from any pathology upper right canine. The sample included 521 individuals (271 females and 250 males) aged from 18 to 70 years. After tracing and estimating the pulp/tooth area ratio (AR) a dental age was calculated. Afterwards, it has been compared with the chronological age of each patient. Regression models were developed for prediction of the chronological age. Statistical analysis was performed using the Statistica for Windows software (StatSoft). Results: The regression formula for the total group was as follows: age = 91.746 – 481.6 AR. The dental age calculated using these formulations highly correlated with the chronological age. Pearson’s correlation coefficient equalled - 0.844 for the whole group, r = - 0.873 in females and r = -0.815 in males. All correlations were statistically significant (t test p=0.00). Conclusions: Cameriere’s method can be used in evaluating the dental age in the adult Polish population using population specific formula. Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging Age estimation Dental imaging Secondary dentine Pulp-tooth area Orthopantomogram Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Background Throughout the years various approaches have been proposed to estimate the age of an individual, including evaluation of radiographs. However, finding an accurate and consistent method has always been a challenge, especially in racially diverse populations (1). Initially the methods for evaluating age in children were developed, mainly as an integral part of both diagnosis and treatment of pediatric patients. The elaborated radiographic methods based on skeletal radiographs, but X-rays applied in dentistry can be valuable, too. For example, lateral cephalometric radiographs allow observation of changes of shape of cervical vertebra during development, and the method is called the Cervical Vertebrae Maturation (CVM) system (2,3). In children dental age (DA) estimation can be performed using several methods, including those by Nolla, Demirjian and Cameriere (2,4). Once the age of majority is approaching, the only teeth available for dental age estimation are third molars. The third molar maturity index (I 3 M) was proposed by Cameriere to discriminate between adolescents and young adults, and the method has recently been validated in the Polish population (5). After completion of development of teeth, estimation of age of a living adult becomes even more challenging as many methods are destructive and cannot be applied in vivo. The aging of a tooth, as an age estimating method, is promising (6). Examples of these age-related changes, which had been proved reliable, include periodontal status, attrition, apical root resorption, cementum deposition, root smoothness and secondary dentin deposition (7). Based on this features, several methods were established. Aspartic acid racemization is a method that was elaborated to evaluate biochemical changes in teeth. It relies on continuous age-related increase in the amount of D-aspartic acid in dentin. The ratio of D-aspartic acid to L-aspartic acid is calculated, called the ratio of racemization, and used for dental age estimations. However, aspartic acid racemization is both a time-consuming and expensive method (8,9). Another drawback to this method, already studied in a Polish population sample, is that it requires the use of extracted teeth, which can be an ambiguous starting point for evaluating the age of a living person (10). Thus researchers searched for ways of applying radiographs of teeth to estimate dental age and subsequently the age of an individual. Kvaal et al. (11) were the first to employ such an approach by measuring secondary dentine deposition on radiographs, calculating the length and width of the pulp and tooth. The method performs properly, however requires a number of teeth to be measured and takes multiple measurements and calculations in order to evaluate the age of a living. In 1997, Drusini et al. (7,12) described a method to similar to the one by Kvaal, proving the appropriateness of age estimating by tooth aging. In more recent studies Cameriere et al. (13) described a new way of calculating the pulp to tooth area ratio (AR) in canines in radiographs. It is the canines which are used for dental age estimations, because they seem to be the most reliable teeth to measure the age of an individual. They are single rooted and possess the largest pulp areas when compared to other anterior teeth (12). Furthermore, canines survive longer than any other teeth regardless of age, being the most resistant to wearing (14). This dental aging method does not take much time and needs only one tooth to be measured, allowing to evaluate the age of a patient even if only one tooth is present. With brisk development of image processing in digital radiography, dental age assessment has become significantly more accessible (15). Recently, several methods were compared with the Cameriere’s method in diverse countries such as Bosnia-Herzegovina, Italy or Turkey (7,16,17). The Drusini method in a sample of the Turkish population turned out to be less applicable than the Cameriere’s method (7). Similar results were given in other studies that focused on such methods as Haavikko’s or Willems’s (16). The aim of this paper is twofold - to validate the Cameriere’s method of estimating age by evaluation of the secondary dentine apposition using pulp/tooth area ratio in upper canines in a sample of Polish population as well as to elaborate a population specific formula. Materials Optimum diagnostic quality panoramic radiographs were retrieved from the digital database of the Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology of the Medical University of Lublin, Poland. The analyses were carried out on subsequent 521 panoramic radiographs meeting the selection criteria, taken in patients in the years 2015-2018, including 271 females and 250 males. The study group consisted of Polish individuals aged from 18 to 70 years (mean age of 38.22 years, median age 36.0), divided into 6 age subgroups (Table 1). Age distribution of males and females did not differ significantly (p=0.54, U Mann-Whitney test). Table 1. Age distribution of the study sample. Group Age Count % of all cases Group I 18-20 20 3.83 Group II 21-30 173 33.20 Group III 31-40 111 21.30 Group IV 41-50 112 21.49 Group V 51-60 68 13.05 Group VI 61-70 37 7.10 The selection criteria included: presence of an upper right canine free from any pathology i.e. with no caries, attrition, abrasion, impaction, fracture, neither treated endodontically, nor having any dental fillings. All radiographs were taken by means of the VistaVox (Dürr Dental, Minto, Germany) digital panoramic machine. The device provides the benefit of shorter exposure time than in many other similar machines, which reduces potential motion artefacts. Moreover, image quality is enhanced due to application of the so-called S-Pan technology, which relies on automatic choice of the most sharp areas within up to 20 registered parallel, thin slice X-ray images performed during image software processing. All panoramic radiographs used in this study were taken due to different clinical indications (such as impacted teeth, dental anomalies, orthodontic or implant follow-up), and not for the purpose of the research. First, chronological age of each subject was calculated by subtracting the date of birth from the date of taking the panoramic radiograph. Subsequently, all panoramic radiographs were saved as high-resolution JPEG files on a PC and post-processed using the Corel Photo Paint X7 software (Corel, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada). A magnetic lasso-tool provided in this software was used to trace the margins of the upper right canines as well as their pulp outlines (Fig. 1, 2). Once the contours are traced, the software highlights the area of a tooth and its pulp, and the area is given in pixels. Then the ratio of tooth to pulp area (AR) was calculated for each maxillary right canine. In order to estimate the dental age, the following formulas were used: The age estimation DA C has been obtained by using the original Cameriere’s formula for upper canines (15): DA C = 101.3-556.68 AR A regression equation to predict the chronological age when only upper canine is used modified for the Indian population (DA I ) (12): DA I = 96.795-513.561 AR The formula for Indian population was chosen was to verify whether a promising formula in other population may perform better than the original Cameriere’s formula. All measurements were performed by one observer (NN). One month later every 5 th panoramic radiograph was reexamined by the first observer (NN) as well as by the second observer (MP). Both observers were blinded to patient’s chronological age and gender in order to avoid bias. Intraobserver repeatability and interobserver reproducibility were calculated. Statistical analysis was performed using the Statistica for Windows software (StatSoft, Tulsa, OK, USA) as well as Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS software, IBM Corporation, New York, NYC, USA). Pearson’s correlation coefficient was applied to verify presence and strength of correlation between chronological age and age estimated using the AR. Estimates of age were compared for the original formula by Cameriere (15) and its modification for the Indian population proposed by Jeevan (12). Regression models were developed for prediction of the chronological age using the AR in the Polish sample. The consent from the local bioethical committee was obtained (no. KE-0254/341/2018). Results The intraobserver repeatability equaled 0.87 (95%CI 0.815-0.91) and interobserver reproducibility was 0.867 (95%CI 0.81-0.908). The Shapiro-Wilk test proved that the distribution of data was not Gaussian (p<0.05). Descriptive statistics of the real and estimated ages is presented in the Table 2. Table. 2. Descriptive statistics of the real age and estimated ages. Variables Valid n Mean Median Minimum Maximum Std.Dev. Age 521 38.22457 36.00000 18.0000 70.00000 13.24189 Dental Age 1-Cameriere 521 39.71644 38.10174 14.4249 70.73718 11.91806 Dental Age 2-Jeevan 521 39.42908 37.67880 12.0140 73.05435 12.91871 Dental Age 3-Polish 521 38.21968 36.70546 14.5021 67.30987 11.17635 Pearson’s correlation coefficients between chronological age and age estimated basing on AR presented a significant inverse correlation. The correlation coefficient equaled -0.844, which means that the relationship is very strong for the total group. In males it was -0.815, while in females -0.873. All these correlations were strong and statistically significant (Table 3). Table 3. Pearson’s correlation coefficients for relationships between the morphologic variables and age in males, females and the total group. Males Females Total r p r p r p Pulp chamber 0.638 0.000* -0.682 0.000* -0.62 0.000* Tooth area 0.000 0.000* -0.101 0.096 -0.03 0.530 AR -0.815 0.000* -0.873 0.000* -0.844 0.000* Age acc. to formula by Cameriere 0.815 0.000* 0.873 0.000* 0.844 0.000* Age acc. to formula by Jeevan 0.815 0.000* 0.873 0.000* 0.844 0.000* Age acc. to the Polish formula 0.815 0.000* 0.873 0.000* 0.844 0.000* AR – pulp/tooth area ratio *statistically significant correlations The regression models for the Polish population (DA P ) were as follows: In the total group: DA P = 91.746 – 481.6 AR In females: DA PF = 91.735 – 486,4 AR In males: DA PM = 91.802 – 476,7 AR Table 4. Absolute values of residuals for the dental age calculated according to the Cameriere’s formula and the Polish formula. Absolute values Valid N Median (years) Quartile range Wilcoxon Matched Pairs test T Z p-value Age minus Cameriere 521 4.2 6.09 60123 2.288 0.022 Age minus Polish 521 3.9 5.63 The median of the absolute values between real age and estimated dental age was 3.9 years with quartile range 5.60 years, when the own modification of the formula was used (Table 4). In comparison, according to the original formula by Cameriere, the median of the absolute values was higher and equaled 4.2 years with quartile range 6.1 years. Moreover there were no statistically significant differences between the real age and estimated age using the Polish formula (Wilcoxon matched pair test, p=0.34), while application of the formulas by Cameriere and Jeevan resulted in statistically significant difference (p=0.00). At the same time no differences between the two tested non-Polish formulas for estimation of age basing on upper canines pulp/tooth area ratio were observed, and the correlation was full (r=1). No differences in AR according to gender were proved (p=0.858). Discussion The issue of age estimation in living adults is getting more important along with increased numbers of illegal immigrants entering e.g. European Union without valid identity documents and/or verifiable birth certificate (1,11,13). Since taking radiographs solely for forensic purposes is ethically questionable due to potential burden of ionizing radiation, methods basing on existing X-ray images are highly desired. panoramic radiographs provide images of both anterior and posterior teeth registered during a single, relatively short, X-ray exposure what makes it an ideal tool for dental evaluation. No further radiographic examinations need to be performed (7). Indeed, age estimation by pulp/tooth ratio can be done also on the basis of intraoral periapical radiographs (18). For this purpose taking mesial and vestibular periapical X-rays was proposed, but this approach is not feasible in living adults as technically it is impossible to take radiographs in mesial projections of teeth present in dental arches (19). Well-established techniques of taking periapical X-rays in labio-vestibular projections like paralleling technique and bisected angle technique are prone to technical errors, especially the latter one. Moreover these radiographs are not always easy to obtain in clinical settings e.g. in case of gagging reflex, only canine present in dental arch which may result in unstable position of image sensor during exposure, in patients with lockjaw etc. Therefore panoramic radiographs remain an alternative to intraoral periapical radiographs, especially when they are taken due to clinical indications, and not for the purpose of forensic investigations. Recently Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT), cross-sectional imaging technique applied among others in dentomaxillofacial radiology, has been tested for dental age estimation using the pulp/tooth ratio. The study based on Korean adults involved the largest buccolingual and horizontal dimensions of canines, while in Malaysian population volumetric changes in pulp cavity occurring with age were registered (20,21). On the other hand, in a group of 91 subjects examined by CBCT in the material of De Angelis et al. (14) the rate of pulp chamber volume and total volume of an upper canine was estimated. CBCT seems promising in forensic applications as it is characterized by a much lower image distortion than panoramic radiographs. However, potential drawbacks of CBCT in dental age estimation in comparison with two-dimensional radiographs (intraoral periapical and panoramic radiograph), are lower image resolution, still lower availability of equipment as well as usually higher X-ray dose than in case of panoramic radiographs and definitely higher than that of periapical radiographs (22). One more advantage of panoramic radiograph over periapical radiographs is demonstration of all 4 permanent canines in one radiograph, instead of taking 4 separate periapical views which yields four exposures to ionizing radiation. However, this was not the case in the current study due to reasons mentioned below as limitations. Both digitized and digital (direct or indirect) radiographs as well as different methods of AR tracing were proposed in research studies (18,23). For example, Saxena (23) measured lengths of tooth, pulp and root at 3 levels – cemento-enamel junction, middle of the root and halfway between these two points. In the present study lasso tool of the commercially available image processing software was used to manually trace the outlines of each tooth and its pulp. Estimation of dental age by means of the AR is not restricted only to canines, nonetheless these teeth appear to be the foremost suitable for the method. Not only their anatomy is simple, but they also are preserved in the oral cavity longer than other teeth groups (12,14). Moreover, maxillary canines have been shown to be more predictive than lower canines (standard error of estimate 2.37 years vs. 2.55 years) (24). Hence we decided to base on the image of upper maxillary canine only for the purpose of this study. Ex vivo research demonstrating validity of AR method included age at death estimation in a sample of 20 th -century Mexican prisoners as well as individual age estimation in adult Neolithic skeletons in Italy, Middle-Ages skeletons in Italy, collections of skulls from Bologna, Italy, and canines from Coimbra, Portugal (24–28). In all these studies AR provided estimates which were significant in terms of forensic dentistry and archeology, respectively. The research on Portuguese sample yielded a much lower error of age estimation, i.e. 2.5 years, than the one derived from anthropological methods reaching 5 years (24). The samples from the following populations have already been tested for application of the pulp/tooth area ration in dental age estimation of living subjects: Italian (25), Indian (12,23), Brazilian (29) and Iranian (30). In the material of 100 digitized panoramic radiographs of Italian white Caucasians the pulp/tooth area ratio of right upper canine was highly correlated with calendar age of studied individuals (25). Standard error of estimate reached 5.35 years, while the absolute value of residual error was lower than 4 years. The next population sample to be found in literature was the Indian one (23). In 120 panoramic radiographs of patients of both genders aged from 21 to 60 years, there were no statistically significant differences between chronological and estimated dental ages, both in males and females. Another Indian sample was evaluated basing on digital periapical radiographs and consisted of 228 subjects aged from 16 to 62 years (12). It confirmed that gender did not influence the AR of canines in a significant way, and this observation proved true also for the studied Polish population sample. Brazilian sample used for dental age estimation using pulp/tooth ratio consisted of individuals aged from 20 to 87 years, assigned to 5 groups consisting of 80 subjects, apart from the oldest age group over 70 years of age, in which there were not enough X-rays of individuals meeting the selection criteria. In this population the mean error of estimate was higher as in previously quoted studies and reached from 7.96 to 9.68 years. It is worth underlining that the largest errors affected extreme age groups, i.e. 20-29 years and over 60 years. Once a formula for DA estimation dedicated to the studied population was elaborated, the mean error decreased to 7.99-8.56 years (29). Following this observation, we decided to propose separate formulas for the Polish sample, which proved useful. Three hundred panoramic radiographs were submitted for DA estimations using pulp/tooth area ratio in an Iranian study by Dehghani et al. (30). A total of 542 upper and lower canines of patients aged from 16 to 64 were included in the analysis following rejection of panoramic radiographs not meeting the selection criteria. The quoted results confirmed usefulness of AR in estimation of chronological age of living adult individuals. To the best Authors’ knowledge, this is the first study validating the pulp/tooth area ratio in the Polish population. It seems that age estimation by means of AR is a relatively simple, rapid, convenient and inexpensive method for forensic purposes. Preliminary results of this study prove that even if only one canine is present, dental age estimation can still be performed. Limitations of the study evaluation of only the maxillary right canine. This is due to high caries prevalence in the Polish population and edentulism rate in older age groups. An average number of teeth for a person living in a big Polish city over the age of 65 is only 14.3, as inhabitants of small cities have two teeth less according to the survey from 2013 (31). The situation in younger groups of patients appears to be better since the average count of teeth in the age group 35-44 years is between 24.5 and 25 teeth. It also influenced the number of panoramic radiographs included in the study as all consecutive radiographs fulfilling inclusion criteria taken during 4 years in our Department were gathered in the study, and it yielded 521 radiographs out of 3316 that had been taken. Another limitation might be the use of panoramic radiography instead of periapical X-rays, but in our opinion the most up-to-date direct digital panoramic machines, like the one used in our study, provide very clear images when compared to digitalized analogue panoramic radiographs obtained by means of earlier generations of equipment. Potential image distortion as an inherent feature of panoramic radiograph is greatly reduced by application of area ratio in contrast to linear measurements which are prone to error. Conclusions Pulp to tooth area ratio can be used as dental age estimate in the Polish population using population specific formula. Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate: Medical University of Lublin committee’s reference number KE-0254/341/2018. Consent for publication Not applicable Availability of data and materials Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated or analysed during the current study Competing interests : The authors declare that they have no competing interests Funding Source of financial support: University internal funding DS242/2019 Authors' contributions IRK: Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing - Review & Editing; PK: Formal analysis, Visualization; MP: Validation; NN: Methodology , Investigation, Writing - Original Draft & Editing, Funding acquisition. All authors have read and approved the manuscript Acknowledgements Not applicable Authors' information (optional) References Cameriere R, Ferrante L. Canine pulp ratios in estimating pensionable age in subjects with questionable documents of identification. Forensic Sci Int [Internet]. 2011;206(1–3):132–5. 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Available from: https://www.gov.pl/web/zdrowie/monitorowanie-stanu-zdrowia-jamy-ustnej-populacji-polskiej-w-latach-2016-2020 Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 2 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Show more versions Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-19412","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":622699,"identity":"e0f41437-5b8a-49eb-a825-f03854b13ec1","order_by":0,"name":"Ingrid Różyło-Kalinowska","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Uniwersytet Medyczny w Lublinie","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ingrid","middleName":"","lastName":"Różyło-Kalinowska","suffix":""},{"id":622700,"identity":"68a90988-e683-41c3-898c-176c63d5f5dc","order_by":1,"name":"Paweł Kalinowski","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Uniwersytet Medyczny w Lublinie","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Paweł","middleName":"","lastName":"Kalinowski","suffix":""},{"id":622701,"identity":"eb8b8654-03b9-443d-a2f0-445d52a8c639","order_by":2,"name":"Magdalena Piskórz","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Uniwersytet Medyczny w Lublinie","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Magdalena","middleName":"","lastName":"Piskórz","suffix":""},{"id":622702,"identity":"1ed9d2fd-c841-4d0e-a0dd-a2429380cfbd","order_by":3,"name":"Natalie Namięta","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA1UlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFAC5gYgkcDALwHmScgQoYURokVyBpglwUO8FoMbEBZhLeYMjI2PK/6kyRvfbj7+6EaNBQ8D++GjG/BpsWxgbDY825ZjuO3OscTmnGNAh/Gkpd3Ap8XgAGObZGNDBeO2GzmGzTlsQC0SPGaEtLT/bPhTYb95BkjLP+K0tDE2sOUkbpAAasltI0bLYcZmyca2tOQZN9ISZ+f2SfCwEfTL8eaDHxv+JNv2z0g+8DnnW50cP/vhY3i1MDCjC7DhVT4KRsEoGAWjgCgAABK4SIdwZNJNAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9821-3909","institution":"Medical University of Lublin","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Natalie","middleName":"","lastName":"Namięta","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2020-03-25 11:13:09","currentVersionCode":2,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-19412/v2","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-19412/v2","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":1255326,"identity":"72c79c50-0c85-4b5f-b4f7-7bec47df8632","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2020-06-04 17:26:33","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":49769,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Lasso-tool software enabling to outline the upper right canine in a cropped OPG.","description":"","filename":"fig.1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-19412/v2/fig.1.jpg"},{"id":1255327,"identity":"68788246-1dff-4295-bf14-21e7c7ab96f8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2020-06-04 17:26:33","extension":"jpg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":74698,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"An example of extracted canine’s pulp using lasso-tool in a cropped OPG.","description":"","filename":"fig.2.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-19412/v2/fig.2.jpg"},{"id":1255328,"identity":"b84ce46c-54a0-409e-a5f9-06980e8c07d9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2020-06-04 17:26:33","extension":"jpg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":91638,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Correlation between chronological age and dental age calculated with the use of Cameriere’s formula for upper canines in Polish population.","description":"","filename":"fig.3.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-19412/v2/fig.3.jpg"},{"id":1255329,"identity":"73647e55-3c9b-41a2-a3ae-399107c79d10","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2020-06-04 17:26:33","extension":"jpg","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":91439,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Correlation between chronological age and dental age estimated using the Polish modification of the formula for upper canines in Polish population.","description":"","filename":"fig.4.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-19412/v2/fig.4.jpg"},{"id":13535811,"identity":"d75aa968-905b-4a0a-9519-cb2d998f19f7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-09-17 01:30:03","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":407632,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-19412/v2/88689e2a-0bfb-4082-863a-f8c259cb69ba.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Age estimation by pulp/tooth area ratio in upper canines: Cameriere’s method assessed and modified in a Polish population sample using digital panoramic radiography","fulltext":[{"header":"Background","content":"\u003cp\u003eThroughout the years various approaches have been proposed to estimate the age of an individual, including evaluation of radiographs. However, finding an accurate and consistent method has always been a challenge, especially in racially diverse populations (1). Initially the methods for evaluating age in children were developed, mainly as an integral part of both diagnosis and treatment of pediatric patients. The elaborated radiographic methods based on skeletal radiographs, but X-rays applied in dentistry can be valuable, too. For example, lateral cephalometric radiographs allow observation of changes of shape of cervical vertebra during development, and the method is called the Cervical Vertebrae Maturation (CVM) system (2,3). In children dental age (DA) estimation can be performed using several methods, including those by Nolla, Demirjian and Cameriere (2,4). Once the age of majority is approaching, the only teeth available for dental age estimation are third molars. The third molar maturity index (I\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eM) was proposed by Cameriere to discriminate between adolescents and young adults, and the method has recently been validated in the Polish population (5).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAfter completion of development of teeth, estimation of age of a living adult becomes even more challenging as many methods are destructive and cannot be applied in vivo. The aging of a tooth, as an age estimating method, is promising (6). Examples of these age-related changes, which had been proved reliable, include periodontal status, attrition, apical root resorption, cementum deposition, root smoothness and secondary dentin deposition (7). Based on this features, several methods were established. Aspartic acid racemization is a method that was elaborated to evaluate biochemical changes in teeth. It relies on continuous age-related increase in the amount of D-aspartic acid in dentin. The ratio of D-aspartic acid to L-aspartic acid is calculated, called the ratio of racemization, and used for dental age estimations. However, aspartic acid racemization is both a time-consuming and expensive method (8,9). Another drawback to this method, already studied in a Polish population sample, is that it requires the use of extracted teeth, which can be an ambiguous starting point for evaluating the age of a living person (10).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThus researchers searched for ways of applying radiographs of teeth to estimate dental age and subsequently the age of an individual. Kvaal et al. (11) were the first to employ such an approach by measuring secondary dentine deposition on radiographs, calculating the length and width of the pulp and tooth. The method performs properly, however requires a number of teeth to be measured and takes multiple measurements and calculations in order to evaluate the age of a living. In 1997, Drusini et al. (7,12) described a method to similar to the one by Kvaal, proving the appropriateness of age estimating by tooth aging. In more recent studies Cameriere et al. (13) described a new way of calculating the pulp to tooth area ratio (AR) in canines in radiographs. It is the canines which are used for dental age estimations, because they seem to be the most reliable teeth to measure the age of an individual. They are single rooted and possess the largest pulp areas when compared to other anterior teeth (12). Furthermore, canines survive longer than any other teeth regardless of age, being the most resistant to wearing (14). This dental aging method does not take much time and needs only one tooth to be measured, allowing to evaluate the age of a patient even if only one tooth is present. With brisk development of image processing in digital radiography, dental age assessment has become significantly more accessible (15).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRecently, several methods were compared with the Cameriere\u0026rsquo;s method in diverse countries such as Bosnia-Herzegovina, Italy or Turkey (7,16,17). The Drusini method in a sample of the Turkish population turned out to be less applicable than the Cameriere\u0026rsquo;s method (7). Similar results were given in other studies that focused on such methods as Haavikko\u0026rsquo;s or Willems\u0026rsquo;s (16).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe aim of this paper is twofold - to validate the Cameriere\u0026rsquo;s method of estimating age by evaluation of the secondary dentine apposition using pulp/tooth area ratio in upper canines in a sample of Polish population as well as to elaborate a population specific formula.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials","content":"\u003cp\u003eOptimum diagnostic quality panoramic radiographs were retrieved from the digital database of the Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology of the Medical University of Lublin, Poland. The analyses were carried out on subsequent 521 panoramic radiographs meeting the selection criteria, taken in patients in the years 2015-2018, including 271 females and 250 males. The study group consisted of Polish individuals aged from 18 to 70 years (mean age of 38.22 years, median age 36.0), divided into 6 age subgroups (Table 1). Age distribution of males and females did not differ significantly (p=0.54, U Mann-Whitney test).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:10.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:115%;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 115%; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 13px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003eTable 1. Age distribution of the study sample.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\" style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:10.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:115%;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\n \u003ctable style=\"border: none;border-collapse:collapse;\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 115.15pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003eGroup\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 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none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-right: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);background: rgb(242, 242, 242);padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align: justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003eGroup V\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 93.9pt;background: rgb(242, 242, 242);padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e51-60\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.25pt;background: rgb(242, 242, 242);padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e68\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 152.3pt;background: rgb(242, 242, 242);padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e13.05\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 115.15pt;border-top: none;border-bottom: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-right: 1pt solid rgb(127, 127, 127);padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align: justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003eGroup VI\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 93.9pt;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e61-70\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99.25pt;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 152.3pt;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 13px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e7.10\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe selection criteria included: presence of an upper right canine free from any pathology i.e. with no caries, attrition, abrasion, impaction, fracture, neither treated endodontically, nor having any dental fillings.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll radiographs were taken by means of the VistaVox (D\u0026uuml;rr Dental, Minto, Germany) digital panoramic machine. The device provides the benefit of shorter exposure time than in many other similar machines, which reduces potential motion artefacts. Moreover, image quality is enhanced due to application of the so-called S-Pan technology, which relies on automatic choice of the most sharp areas within up to 20 registered parallel, thin slice X-ray images performed during image software processing. All panoramic radiographs used in this study were taken due to different clinical indications (such as impacted teeth, dental anomalies, orthodontic or implant follow-up), and not for the purpose of the research.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFirst, chronological age of each subject was calculated by subtracting the date of birth from the date of taking the panoramic radiograph.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSubsequently, all panoramic radiographs were saved as high-resolution JPEG files on a PC and post-processed using the Corel Photo Paint X7 software (Corel, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada). A magnetic lasso-tool provided in this software was used to trace the margins of the upper right canines as well as their pulp outlines (Fig. 1, 2). Once the contours are traced, the software highlights the area of a tooth and its pulp, and the area is given in pixels. Then the ratio of tooth to pulp area (AR) was calculated for each maxillary right canine.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn order to estimate the dental age, the following formulas were used:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe age estimation DA\u003csub\u003eC\u003c/sub\u003e has been obtained by using the original Cameriere\u0026rsquo;s formula for upper canines (15):\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDA\u003csub\u003eC\u003c/sub\u003e= 101.3-556.68 AR\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA regression equation to predict the chronological age when only upper canine is used modified for the Indian population (DA\u003csub\u003eI\u003c/sub\u003e) (12):\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDA\u003csub\u003eI\u003c/sub\u003e= 96.795-513.561 AR\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe formula for Indian population was chosen was to verify whether a promising formula in other population may perform better than the original Cameriere\u0026rsquo;s formula.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll measurements were performed by one observer (NN). One month later every 5\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e panoramic radiograph was reexamined by the first observer (NN) as well as by the second observer (MP). Both observers were blinded to patient\u0026rsquo;s chronological age and gender in order to avoid bias. Intraobserver repeatability and interobserver reproducibility were calculated.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStatistical analysis was performed using the Statistica for Windows software (StatSoft, Tulsa, OK, USA) as well as Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS software, IBM Corporation, New York, NYC, USA).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePearson\u0026rsquo;s correlation coefficient was applied to verify presence and strength of correlation between chronological age and age estimated using the AR.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEstimates of age were compared for the original formula by Cameriere (15) and its modification for the Indian population proposed by Jeevan (12).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRegression models were developed for prediction of the chronological age using the AR in the Polish sample.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe consent from the local bioethical committee was obtained (no. KE-0254/341/2018).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe intraobserver repeatability equaled 0.87 (95%CI 0.815-0.91) and interobserver reproducibility was 0.867 (95%CI 0.81-0.908).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Shapiro-Wilk test proved that the distribution of data was not Gaussian (p\u0026lt;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDescriptive statistics of the real and estimated ages is presented in the Table 2.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:10.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:115%;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 115%; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 13px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003eTable. 2. Descriptive statistics of the real age and estimated ages.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable style=\"width: 4.8e+2pt;border-collapse:collapse;border:none;\"\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 118.1pt;border: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 0.05in;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003eVariables\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53.75pt;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-left: none;padding: 0in 0.05in;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003eValid n\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59pt;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-left: none;padding: 0in 0.05in;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003eMean\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59pt;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-left: none;padding: 0in 0.05in;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003eMedian\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59pt;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-left: none;padding: 0in 0.05in;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003eMinimum\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69.5pt;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-left: none;padding: 0in 0.05in;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003eMaximum\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63.5pt;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-left: none;padding: 0in 0.05in;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003eStd.Dev.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 118.1pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: 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style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e36.00000\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 0.05in;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e18.0000\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 0.05in;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e70.00000\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 0.05in;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e13.24189\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 118.1pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 0.05in;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003eDental Age 1-Cameriere\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53.75pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 0.05in;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e521\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 0.05in;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e39.71644\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 0.05in;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e38.10174\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 0.05in;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e14.4249\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 0.05in;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e70.73718\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 0.05in;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e11.91806\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 118.1pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 0.05in;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003eDental Age 2-Jeevan\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53.75pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 0.05in;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e521\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 0.05in;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e39.42908\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 0.05in;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e37.67880\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 0.05in;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e12.0140\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 0.05in;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e73.05435\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 0.05in;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e12.91871\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 118.1pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 0.05in;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003eDental Age 3-Polish\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53.75pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 0.05in;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e521\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 0.05in;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e38.21968\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 0.05in;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e36.70546\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 0.05in;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e14.5021\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 0.05in;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e67.30987\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 0.05in;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 13px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e11.17635\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePearson\u0026rsquo;s correlation coefficients between chronological age and age estimated basing on AR presented a significant inverse correlation. The correlation coefficient equaled -0.844, which means that the relationship is very strong for the total group. In males it was -0.815, while in females -0.873. All these correlations were strong and statistically significant (Table 3).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:10.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:115%;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 115%; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 13px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003eTable 3. Pearson\u0026rsquo;s correlation coefficients for relationships between the morphologic variables and age in males, females and the total group.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable style=\"border-collapse:collapse;border:none;\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69.15pt;border: 1pt solid black;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align: justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 127.95pt;border-top: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-image: initial;border-left: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003eMales\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 128pt;border-top: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-image: initial;border-left: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003eFemales\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 128pt;border-top: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-image: initial;border-left: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003eTotal\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69.15pt;border-right: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-left: 1pt solid black;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align: justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003er\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n 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0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003er\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003ep\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003er\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003ep\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69.15pt;border-right: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-left: 1pt solid black;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align: justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003ePulp chamber\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align: justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e0.638\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63.95pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align: justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e0.000*\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align: justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e-0.682\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align: justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e0.000*\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align: justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e-0.62\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align: justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e0.000*\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69.15pt;border-right: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-left: 1pt solid black;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align: justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003eTooth area\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align: justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e0.000\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63.95pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New 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0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align: justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e0.096\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align: justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e-0.03\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align: justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e0.530\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69.15pt;border-right: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-left: 1pt solid black;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align: justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003eAR\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align: justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e-0.815\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n 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0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e-0.873\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align: justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e0.000*\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align: justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e-0.844\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align: justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e0.000*\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69.15pt;border-right: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-left: 1pt solid black;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align: justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003eAge acc. to formula by Cameriere\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align: justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e0.815\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63.95pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align: justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e0.000*\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align: justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e0.873\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align: justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e0.000*\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align: justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e0.844\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align: justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e0.000*\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69.15pt;border-right: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-left: 1pt solid black;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align: justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003eAge acc. to formula by Jeevan\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align: justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e0.815\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63.95pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align: justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e0.000*\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align: justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e0.873\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align: justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e0.000*\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align: justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e0.844\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align: justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e0.000*\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69.15pt;border-right: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-left: 1pt solid black;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align: justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003eAge acc. to the Polish formula\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align: justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e0.815\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63.95pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align: justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e0.000*\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align: justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e0.873\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align: justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e0.000*\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align: justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e0.844\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align: justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e0.000*\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:10.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:115%;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height:115%;\"\u003eAR \u0026ndash; pulp/tooth area ratio\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:10.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:115%;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 115%; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 13px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e*statistically significant correlations\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe regression models for the Polish population (DA\u003csub\u003eP\u003c/sub\u003e) were as follows:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the total group:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDA\u003csub\u003eP\u003c/sub\u003e = 91.746 \u0026ndash; 481.6 AR\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn females:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDA\u003csub\u003ePF\u003c/sub\u003e = 91.735 \u0026ndash; 486,4 AR\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn males:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDA\u003csub\u003ePM\u003c/sub\u003e = 91.802 \u0026ndash; 476,7 AR\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:10.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:150%;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 13px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003eTable 4. Absolute values of residuals for the dental age calculated according to the Cameriere\u0026rsquo;s formula and the Polish formula.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable style=\"float: left;border-collapse:collapse;border:none;margin-left:4.8pt;margin-right:4.8pt;\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 108.15pt;border: 1pt solid black;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003eAbsolute values\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 48.5pt;border-top: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-image: initial;border-left: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003eValid N\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 49.3pt;border-top: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-image: initial;border-left: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003eMedian (years)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 56.1pt;border-top: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-image: initial;border-left: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003eQuartile range\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 191.05pt;border-top: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-image: initial;border-left: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003eWilcoxon Matched Pairs test\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54.7pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003eT\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61.65pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003eZ\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 74.7pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 13.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003ep-value\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 108.15pt;border-right: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-left: 1pt solid black;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003eAge minus Cameriere\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e521\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49.3pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e4.2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56.1pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e6.09\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 54.7pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e60123\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 61.65pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e2.288\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 74.7pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e0.022\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 108.15pt;border-right: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-left: 1pt solid black;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003eAge minus Polish\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e521\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49.3pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e3.9\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56.1pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e5.63\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:10.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:150%;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 150%; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 13px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe median of the absolute values between real age and estimated dental age was 3.9 years with quartile range 5.60 years, when the own modification of the formula was used (Table 4). In comparison, according to the original formula by Cameriere, the median of the absolute values was higher and equaled 4.2 years with quartile range 6.1 years.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMoreover there were no statistically significant differences between the real age and estimated age using the Polish formula (Wilcoxon matched pair test, p=0.34), while application of the formulas by Cameriere and Jeevan resulted in statistically significant difference (p=0.00). At the same time no differences between the two tested non-Polish formulas for estimation of age basing on upper canines pulp/tooth area ratio were observed, and the correlation was full (r=1).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo differences in AR according to gender were proved (p=0.858).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe issue of age estimation in living adults is getting more important along with increased numbers of illegal immigrants entering e.g. European Union without valid identity documents and/or verifiable birth certificate (1,11,13). Since taking radiographs solely for forensic purposes is ethically questionable due to potential burden of ionizing radiation, methods basing on existing X-ray images are highly desired. panoramic radiographs provide images of both anterior and posterior teeth registered during a single, relatively short, X-ray exposure what makes it an ideal tool for dental evaluation. No further radiographic examinations need to be performed (7).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIndeed, age estimation by pulp/tooth ratio can be done also on the basis of intraoral periapical radiographs (18). For this purpose taking mesial and vestibular periapical X-rays was proposed, but this approach is not feasible in living adults as technically it is impossible to take radiographs in mesial projections of teeth present in dental arches (19). Well-established techniques of taking periapical X-rays in labio-vestibular projections like paralleling technique and bisected angle technique are prone to technical errors, especially the latter one. Moreover these radiographs are not always easy to obtain in clinical settings e.g. in case of gagging reflex, only canine present in dental arch which may result in unstable position of image sensor during exposure, in patients with lockjaw etc. Therefore panoramic radiographs remain an alternative to intraoral periapical radiographs, especially when they are taken due to clinical indications, and not for the purpose of forensic investigations.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRecently Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT), cross-sectional imaging technique applied among others in dentomaxillofacial radiology, has been tested for dental age estimation using the pulp/tooth ratio. The study based on Korean adults involved the largest buccolingual and horizontal dimensions of canines, while in Malaysian population volumetric changes in pulp cavity occurring with age were registered (20,21). On the other hand, in a group of 91 subjects examined by CBCT in the material of De Angelis et al. (14) the rate of pulp chamber volume and total volume of an upper canine was estimated. CBCT seems promising in forensic applications as it is characterized by a much lower image distortion than panoramic radiographs. However, potential drawbacks of CBCT in dental age estimation in comparison with two-dimensional radiographs (intraoral periapical and panoramic radiograph), are lower image resolution, still lower availability of equipment as well as usually higher X-ray dose than in case of panoramic radiographs and definitely higher than that of periapical radiographs (22). One more advantage of panoramic radiograph over periapical radiographs is demonstration of all 4 permanent canines in one radiograph, instead of taking 4 separate periapical views which yields four exposures to ionizing radiation. However, this was not the case in the current study due to reasons mentioned below as limitations.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBoth digitized and digital (direct or indirect) radiographs as well as different methods of AR tracing were proposed in research studies (18,23). For example, Saxena (23) measured lengths of tooth, pulp and root at 3 levels \u0026ndash; cemento-enamel junction, middle of the root and halfway between these two points. In the present study lasso tool of the commercially available image processing software was used to manually trace the outlines of each tooth and its pulp.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEstimation of dental age by means of the AR is not restricted only to canines, nonetheless these teeth appear to be the foremost suitable for the method. Not only their anatomy is simple, but they also are preserved in the oral cavity longer than other teeth groups (12,14). Moreover, maxillary canines have been shown to be more predictive than lower canines (standard error of estimate 2.37 years vs. 2.55 years) (24). Hence we decided to base on the image of upper maxillary canine only for the purpose of this study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEx vivo research demonstrating validity of AR method included age at death estimation in a sample of 20\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e-century Mexican prisoners as well as individual age estimation in adult Neolithic skeletons in Italy, Middle-Ages skeletons in Italy, collections of skulls from Bologna, Italy, and canines from Coimbra, Portugal (24\u0026ndash;28). In all these studies AR provided estimates which were significant in terms of forensic dentistry and archeology, respectively. The research on Portuguese sample yielded a much lower error of age estimation, i.e. 2.5 years, than the one derived from anthropological methods reaching 5 years (24).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe samples from the following populations have already been tested for application of the pulp/tooth area ration in dental age estimation of living subjects: Italian (25), Indian (12,23), Brazilian (29) and Iranian (30).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the material of 100 digitized panoramic radiographs of Italian white Caucasians the pulp/tooth area ratio of right upper canine was highly correlated with calendar age of studied individuals (25). Standard error of estimate reached 5.35 years, while the absolute value of residual error was lower than 4 years.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe next population sample to be found in literature was the Indian one (23). In 120 panoramic radiographs of patients of both genders aged from 21 to 60 years, there were no statistically significant differences between chronological and estimated dental ages, both in males and females. Another Indian sample was evaluated basing on digital periapical radiographs and consisted of 228 subjects aged from 16 to 62 years (12). It confirmed that gender did not influence the AR of canines in a significant way, and this observation proved true also for the studied Polish population sample.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBrazilian sample used for dental age estimation using pulp/tooth ratio consisted of individuals aged from 20 to 87 years, assigned to 5 groups consisting of 80 subjects, apart from the oldest age group over 70 years of age, in which there were not enough X-rays of individuals meeting the selection criteria. In this population the mean error of estimate was higher as in previously quoted studies and reached from 7.96 to 9.68 years. It is worth underlining that the largest errors affected extreme age groups, i.e. 20-29 years and over 60 years. Once a formula for DA estimation dedicated to the studied population was elaborated, the mean error decreased to 7.99-8.56 years (29). Following this observation, we decided to propose separate formulas for the Polish sample, which proved useful.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThree hundred panoramic radiographs were submitted for DA estimations using pulp/tooth area ratio in an Iranian study by Dehghani et al. (30). A total of 542 upper and lower canines of patients aged from 16 to 64 were included in the analysis following rejection of panoramic radiographs not meeting the selection criteria. The quoted results confirmed usefulness of AR in estimation of chronological age of living adult individuals.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo the best Authors\u0026rsquo; knowledge, this is the first study validating the pulp/tooth area ratio in the Polish population. It seems that age estimation by means of AR is a relatively simple, rapid, convenient and inexpensive method for forensic purposes. Preliminary results of this study prove that even if only one canine is present, dental age estimation can still be performed.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLimitations of the study evaluation of only the maxillary right canine. This is due to high caries prevalence in the Polish population and edentulism rate in older age groups. An average number of teeth for a person living in a big Polish city over the age of 65 is only 14.3, as inhabitants of small cities have two teeth less according to the survey from 2013 (31). The situation in younger groups of patients appears to be better since the average count of teeth in the age group 35-44 years is between 24.5 and 25 teeth. It also influenced the number of panoramic radiographs included in the study as all consecutive radiographs fulfilling inclusion criteria taken during 4 years in our Department were gathered in the study, and it yielded 521 radiographs out of 3316 that had been taken.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnother limitation might be the use of panoramic radiography instead of periapical X-rays, but in our opinion the most up-to-date direct digital panoramic machines, like the one used in our study, provide very clear images when compared to digitalized analogue panoramic radiographs obtained by means of earlier generations of equipment. Potential image distortion as an inherent feature of panoramic radiograph is greatly reduced by application of area ratio in contrast to linear measurements which are prone to error.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003ePulp to tooth area ratio can be used as dental age estimate in the Polish population using population specific formula.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMedical University of Lublin committee\u0026rsquo;s reference number\u0026nbsp; KE-0254/341/2018.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData sharing is not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated or analysed during the current study\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCompeting interests :\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFunding\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSource of financial support: University internal funding DS242/2019\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAuthors' contributions\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIRK: Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing - Review \u0026amp; Editing; PK: Formal analysis, Visualization; MP: Validation; NN: Methodology , Investigation, Writing - Original Draft \u0026amp; Editing, Funding acquisition.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll authors have read and approved the manuscript\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAuthors' information (optional)\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCameriere R, Ferrante L. Canine pulp ratios in estimating pensionable age in subjects with questionable documents of identification. Forensic Sci Int [Internet]. 2011;206(1\u0026ndash;3):132\u0026ndash;5. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2010.07.025\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eR\u0026oacute;żyło-Kalinowska I, Kiworkowa-Raczkowska E, Kalinowski P. Dental age in Central Poland. Forensic Sci Int. 2008 Jan 30;174(2\u0026ndash;3):207\u0026ndash;16.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePrasad M, Ganji VSK, George SA, Talapaneni AK, Shetty SK. A comparison between cervical vertebrae and modified MP3 stages for the assessment of skeletal maturity. J Nat Sci Biol Med. 2013;4(1):74\u0026ndash;80.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eR\u0026oacute;yło-Kalinowska I, Kolasa-Rczka A, Kalinowski P. Relationship between dental age according to Demirjian and cervical vertebrae maturity in Polish children. Eur J Orthod. 2011 Feb;33(1):75\u0026ndash;83.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eR\u0026oacute;żyło-Kalinowska I, Kalinowski P, Kozek M, Galić I, Cameriere R. Validity of the third molar maturity index I3M for indicating the adult age in the Polish population. Forensic Sci Int. 2018;\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOliveira RN, Silva SFSM, Kawano A, Antunes JLF. Estimating age by tooth wear of prehistoric human remains in Brazilian archaeological sites. Int J Osteoarchaeol. 2006;16(5):407\u0026ndash;14.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHatice BD, Nihal A, Nursel A, Humeyra Ozge Y, Goksuluk D, Dogru HB, et al. Applicability of Cameriere\u0026rsquo;s and Drusini\u0026rsquo;s age estimation methods to a sample of Turkish adults. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2017;46.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOhtani S, Yamada Y, Yamamoto I, Marumo T, Sugeno H, Sugimoto H, et al. Estimation of age from teeth using the racemization of aspartic acid (racemization method). Japanese Journal of Legal Medicine. 2000.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGulsahi A, Kulah CK, Bakirarar B, Gulen O, Kamburoglu K. Age estimation based on pulp/tooth volume ratio measured on cone-beam CT images. Dentomaxillofacial Radiol. 2018;47(1):11\u0026ndash;6.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWochna K, Bonikowski R, Śmigielski J, Berent J. Aspartic acid racemization of root dentin used for dental age estimation in a Polish population sample. Forensic Sci Med Pathol. 2018;\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCattaneo C, De Angelis D, Ruspa M, Gibelli D, Cameriere R, Gandi M. How old am I? Age estimation in living adults: A case report. J Forensic Odontostomatol. 2008;26(2):39\u0026ndash;43.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJeevan MB, Kale AD, Angadi P V., Hallikerimath S. Age estimation by pulp/tooth area ratio in canines: Cameriere\u0026rsquo;s method assessed in an Indian sample using radiovisiography. Forensic Sci Int. 2011;204(1\u0026ndash;3):209.e1-209.e5.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCameriere R, Ferrante L, Cingolani M. Variations in Pulp/Tooth Area Ratio as an Indicator of Age: a Preliminary Study. J Forensic Sci. 2004;49(2):1\u0026ndash;3.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDe Angelis D, Gaudio D, Guercini N, Cipriani F, Gibelli D, Caputi S, et al. Age estimation from canine volumes. Radiol Medica [Internet]. 2015;120(8):731\u0026ndash;6. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11547-015-0521-5\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCameriere R, De Luca S, Egidi N, Bacaloni M, Maponi P, Ferrante L, et al. Automatic age estimation in adults by analysis of canine pulp/tooth ratio: Preliminary results. J Forensic Radiol Imaging [Internet]. 2015;3(1):61\u0026ndash;6. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jofri.2014.10.001\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGalić I, Vodanović M, Cameriere R, Naka\u0026scaron; E, Galić E, Selimović E, et al. Accuracy of Cameriere, Haavikko, and Willems radiographic methods on age estimation on Bosnian-Herzegovian children age groups 6-13. Int J Legal Med [Internet]. 2011 Mar 29 [cited 2020 May 20];125(2):315\u0026ndash;21. Available from: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00414-010-0515-8\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePinchi V, Pradella F, Vitale G, Rugo D, Nieri M, Norelli GA. Comparison of the diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity and specificity of four odontological methods for age evaluation in Italian children at the age threshold of 14 years using ROC curves. Med Sci Law [Internet]. 2016 Jan 6;56(1):13\u0026ndash;8. Available from: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0025802415575416\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAzevedo AC, Michel-Crosato E, Biazevic MGH, Galić I, Merelli V, De Luca S, et al. Accuracy and reliability of pulp/tooth area ratio in upper canines by peri-apical X-rays. Leg Med. 2014;\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCameriere R, Ferrante L, Belcastro MG, Bonfiglioli B, Rastelli E, Cingolani M. Age estimation by pulp/tooth ratio in canines by peri-apical X-rays. J Forensic Sci. 2007;52(1):166\u0026ndash;70.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAsif MK, Nambiar P, Mani SA, Ibrahim NB, Khan IM, Lokman NB. Dental age estimation in Malaysian adults based on volumetric analysis of pulp/tooth ratio using CBCT data. Leg Med [Internet]. 2019;36(October 2018):50\u0026ndash;8. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.legalmed.2018.10.005\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLee SM, Oh S, Kim J, Kim YM, Choi YK, Kwak HH, et al. Age estimation using the maxillary canine pulp/tooth ratio in Korean adults: A CBCT buccolingual and horizontal section image analysis. J Forensic Radiol Imaging [Internet]. 2017;9(November 2016):1\u0026ndash;5. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jofri.2016.12.001\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLudlow JB, Timothy R, Walker C, Hunter R, Benavides E, Samuelson DB, et al. Ffective dose of dental CBCT - A meta analysis of published data and additional data for nine CBCT units. Dentomaxillofacial Radiology. 2015.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSaxena S. Age estimation of Indian adults from orthopantomographs. Braz Oral Res. 2011;\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCameriere R, Cunha E, Sassaroli E, Nuzzolese E, Ferrante L. Age estimation by pulp/tooth area ratio in canines: Study of a Portuguese sample to test Cameriere\u0026rsquo;s method. Forensic Sci Int. 2009;193(1\u0026ndash;3):128.e1-128.e6.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCameriere R, Ferrante L, Belcastro MG, Bonfiglioli B, Rastelli E, Cingolani M. Age estimation by pulp/tooth ratio in canines by peri-apical X-rays. J Forensic Sci. 2007;52(1):166\u0026ndash;70.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCameriere R, Brogi G, Ferrante L, Mirtella D, Vultaggio C, Cingolani M, et al. Reliability in age determination by pulp/tooth ratio in upper canines in skeletal remains. J Forensic Sci. 2006;51(4):861\u0026ndash;4.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFabbri PF, Viva S, Ferrante L, Lonoce N, Tiberi I, Cameriere R. Radiological tooth/pulp ratio in canines and individual age estimation in a sample of adult neolithic skeletons from Italy. Am J Phys Anthropol. 2015;158(3):423\u0026ndash;30.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDe Luca S, Bautista J, Alem\u0026aacute;n I, Cameriere R. Age-at-Death Estimation by Pulp/Tooth Area Ratio in Canines: Study of a 20th-Century Mexican Sample of Prisoners to Test Cameriere\u0026rsquo;s Method. J Forensic Sci. 2011;56(5):1302\u0026ndash;9.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAzevedo A de CS, Alves NZ anin., Michel-Crosato E, Rocha M, Cameriere R, Biazevic MG abriel. H. Dental age estimation in a Brazilian adult population using Cameriere\u0026rsquo;s method. Braz Oral Res. 2015;29(1):1\u0026ndash;9.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDehghani M, Shadkam E, Ahrari F, Dehghani M. Age estimation by canines\u0026rsquo; pulp/tooth ratio in an Iranian population using digital panoramic radiography. Forensic Sci Int [Internet]. 2018;285:44\u0026ndash;9. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.01.016\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe state of oral health and its determinants in the Polish population aged 35-44 and 65-74 in 2013 [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2019 Oct 20]. Available from: https://www.gov.pl/web/zdrowie/monitorowanie-stanu-zdrowia-jamy-ustnej-populacji-polskiej-w-latach-2016-2020\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Age estimation, Dental imaging, Secondary dentine, Pulp-tooth area, Orthopantomogram","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-19412/v2","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-19412/v2","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground: \u003c/strong\u003eVarious methods are available to assess the age of a child. However, it is much more difficult to evaluate the age of an adult just on the basis of panoramic radiographs. Cameriere’s method based on measurement of pulp/tooth ratio is one of few methods that allows to determine the age of any human being. The aim of this study is to estimate the validation of the original method in a sample of the Polish population and to elaborate a population specific formula.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMaterials: \u003c/strong\u003ePanoramic radiographs taken in the Department of Dental and Maxillofacial Radiology, Medical University of Lublin, Poland were retrospectively selected for the study. The selection criteria involved a good quality panoramic radiograph with a free from any pathology upper right canine. The sample included 521 individuals (271 females and 250 males) aged from 18 to 70 years. After tracing and estimating the pulp/tooth area ratio (AR) a dental age was calculated. Afterwards, it has been compared with the chronological age of each patient. Regression models were developed for prediction of the chronological age. Statistical analysis was performed using the Statistica for Windows software (StatSoft).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults: \u003c/strong\u003eThe regression formula for the total group was as follows: age = 91.746 – 481.6 AR. The dental age calculated using these formulations highly correlated with the chronological age. Pearson’s correlation coefficient equalled - 0.844 for the whole group, r = - 0.873 in females and r = -0.815 in males. All correlations were statistically significant (t test p=0.00).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusions: \u003c/strong\u003eCameriere’s method can be used in evaluating the dental age in the adult Polish population using population specific formula.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Age estimation by pulp/tooth area ratio in upper canines: Cameriere’s method assessed and modified in a Polish population sample using digital panoramic radiography","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":2,"date":"2020-06-04 17:26:32","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-19412/v2","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}},{"code":1,"date":"2020-04-01 16:31:13","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-19412/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"c3bc86c4-7d88-4519-ac97-9d243108979d","owner":[],"postedDate":"June 4th, 2020","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":113574,"name":"Nuclear Medicine \u0026 Medical Imaging"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2020-07-30T14:40:46+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2020-06-04 17:26:32","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v2","identity":"rs-19412","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-19412","identity":"rs-19412","version":["v2"]},"buildId":"WrCJVZZCHTDjtuVLN7oU0","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}