A Photonic Crystal Fibre Sensor for the Detection of Biochemical Analytes With Superior Sensitivity

A Photonic Crystal Fibre Sensor for the Detection of Biochemical Analytes With Superior Sensitivity | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article A Photonic Crystal Fibre Sensor for the Detection of Biochemical Analytes With Superior Sensitivity S. M. Azmain Awsaf, Fariba Tabassum Dola, Jubair Mahamud Apon, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6086844/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 18 Jul, 2025 Read the published version in Optical and Quantum Electronics → Version 1 posted 9 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract In this work we present a numerical study and experimental realization of a new, simple and highly sensitive surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor with photonic crystal fiber (PCF). We have improved the performance of our sensor by a strategic patterning of circular air holes within the fiber. All sensor characteristics were evaluated utilizing the finite element method (FEM) based software COMSOL Multiphysics. A plasmonic material, the gold (Au) layer, surrounded the fiber. Finally, after optimizing all parameters of the fiber, we achieved a maximum amplitude sensitivity (AS) of 2202.64 RIU − 1 and wavelength sensitivity (WS) of 140,500 nm/RIU and a maximum sensor resolution of 7.12 × 10 − 7 for wavelength and 4.54 × 10 − 4 for amplitude. Furthermore, the maximum figure of merit (FOM) achieved is 2341.67. Fabrication tolerance limits of the sensor are ± 5% for the gold layer variation and ± 2.5% for the air holes, and the overall biochemical analyte sensing range is between refractive indices 1.31 and 1.40. We expect this SPR based PCF biosensor to have better sensitivity and utility in the detection of unknown analytes, and for medical diagnosis. refractive index unit confinement loss Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 18 Jul, 2025 Read the published version in Optical and Quantum Electronics → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 27 May, 2025 Reviews received at journal 19 Apr, 2025 Reviews received at journal 17 Apr, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 09 Apr, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 07 Apr, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 07 Apr, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 01 Mar, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 28 Feb, 2025 First submitted to journal 22 Feb, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6086844","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":422623432,"identity":"4a836d35-7813-4a87-b9b5-6948b33bc560","order_by":0,"name":"S. M. 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We have improved the performance of our sensor by a strategic patterning of circular air holes within the fiber. All sensor characteristics were evaluated utilizing the finite element method (FEM) based software COMSOL Multiphysics. A plasmonic material, the gold (Au) layer, surrounded the fiber. Finally, after optimizing all parameters of the fiber, we achieved a maximum amplitude sensitivity (AS) of 2202.64 RIU\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e and wavelength sensitivity (WS) of 140,500 nm/RIU and a maximum sensor resolution of 7.12 \u0026times; 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;7\u003c/sup\u003e for wavelength and 4.54 \u0026times; 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;4\u003c/sup\u003e for amplitude. Furthermore, the maximum figure of merit (FOM) achieved is 2341.67. Fabrication tolerance limits of the sensor are \u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5% for the gold layer variation and \u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.5% for the air holes, and the overall biochemical analyte sensing range is between refractive indices 1.31 and 1.40. We expect this SPR based PCF biosensor to have better sensitivity and utility in the detection of unknown analytes, and for medical diagnosis.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"A Photonic Crystal Fibre Sensor for the Detection of Biochemical Analytes With Superior Sensitivity","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-03-03 06:22:36","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6086844/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-05-27T09:50:24+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-04-19T14:45:40+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-04-17T08:34:25+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"172801432191792221135369946880294929103","date":"2025-04-09T08:43:05+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"220258019969707734421530774660068692197","date":"2025-04-07T08:17:55+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-04-07T08:11:49+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-03-01T09:29:35+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-02-28T07:14:34+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Optical and Quantum Electronics","date":"2025-02-22T17:28:35+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"optical-and-quantum-electronics","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"oqel","sideBox":"Learn more about [Optical and Quantum Electronics](https://www.springer.com/journal/11082)","snPcode":"11082","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/11082/3","title":"Optical and Quantum Electronics","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"4fa3c43b-3a0f-4e56-af37-d1baeba06e6a","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 3rd, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-08-07T07:19:58+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-6086844","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-025-08349-z","journal":{"identity":"optical-and-quantum-electronics","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Optical and Quantum Electronics"},"publishedOn":"2025-07-18 16:05:34","publishedOnDateReadable":"July 18th, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-03-03 06:22:36","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s11082-025-08349-z","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-025-08349-z","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6086844","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6086844","identity":"rs-6086844","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}