Application of Low-Fidelity Methods to Evtol Propeller Icing and Performance Degradation

Application of Low-Fidelity Methods to Evtol Propeller Icing and Performance Degradation | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Application of Low-Fidelity Methods to Evtol Propeller Icing and Performance Degradation Aishwerya Singh Gahlot, Paul H. von Hardenberg, Lakshmi N. Sankar This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7420467/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 25 Feb, 2026 Read the published version in CEAS Aeronautical Journal → Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The performance of electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) vehicles can be significantly degraded by ice accretion on propeller blades during flight through supercooled clouds. While high-fidelity icing tools are available, their computational cost limits rapid design-space exploration. This study presents a low-fidelity, modular framework that couples blade element momentum theory (BEMT) with two-dimensional icing models to predict both ice accretion and performance degradation. Experimental data from NASA Glenn's Icing Research Tunnel for 28-inch and 36-inch diameter carbon fiber propellers serve as validation for the methodology. Ice shapes for both rime and glaze conditions are simulated using single- and multi-step approaches with LEWICE and GTICE2D. Comparisons with tunnel data demonstrate that the approach captures reasonably well the trends in impingement limits, ice thickness, and collection efficiency, while preserving computational efficiency. The results highlight the utility of low-fidelity tools for assessing the effects of icing in early-stage design and operational analysis of eVTOL propulsion systems. propeller icing eVTOL low-fidelity methods blade element momentum theory ice accretion LEWICE GTICE2D performance degradation Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 25 Feb, 2026 Read the published version in CEAS Aeronautical Journal → Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7420467","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":530754145,"identity":"a10d8afe-010c-4f7c-8faf-6133a69440e0","order_by":0,"name":"Aishwerya Singh Gahlot","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA+ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACZgY2CIO9AUwlALEBkVp4DjAwHCBKCwNMi0QCkVr429mfPeapuJfYP/P5xc8fKuzyGNibt0ng0yJxmMfcmOdMceKM2znFEgfOJBcz8Bwrw6uF4TAPm3RuW0Jiw+2cBImDbQcSGyRyzPBqkT/M/kw6919C4vybZ5J/HPwH1CL/Br8Wg8MMZtK5DQmJG26wH5M42ACyhQe/FsPDPGbSf44lGG88k8NmceZYcmIbT1qxBT4tcuePP5OcUZMgO+/48cc3KmrsEvvZD2+8gU8LDDg2MPBAooONGOUgYA9MMQ+IVTwKRsEoGAUjDAAAtrRP8rMjlKsAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Georgia Institute of Technology","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Aishwerya","middleName":"Singh","lastName":"Gahlot","suffix":""},{"id":530754146,"identity":"ce3693d8-bfbf-49d4-aed5-417fc8ec8c14","order_by":1,"name":"Paul H. von Hardenberg","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"NASA Glenn Research Center","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Paul","middleName":"H.","lastName":"von Hardenberg","suffix":""},{"id":530754147,"identity":"8ad5660f-6418-4002-a15c-0b10bdcb8b74","order_by":2,"name":"Lakshmi N. 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