Identity Formation and Relationships with Parents in Turkish Emerging Adults: A Multi-informant Examination

Identity Formation and Relationships with Parents in Turkish Emerging Adults: A Multi-informant Examination | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Identity Formation and Relationships with Parents in Turkish Emerging Adults: A Multi-informant Examination Meva Demir Kaya, Hüsna Albayrak Yalçın, Figen Çok, Koen Luyckx This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8920145/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 9 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This study provided an original contribution focusing on the perspectives of both emerging adults and their parents in Turkey (1) to examine if identity formation in emerging adults differs depending on whether they live with or without their parents; (2) whether their perceived relationships with parents predict their identity formation; and (3) whether parents’ perceived relationships with their children predict identity formation. 553 Turkish university students and 1106 parents participated in this cross-sectional study. Living with or without parents did not affect identity formation in emerging adults, based on the results of The Dimensions of Identity Development Scale, Erikson's Psychosocial Stage Inventory, and Parent-Adult Relationship Survey. Model 1 of the two path models predicted several identity formation characteristics in emerging adults' interactions with their mothers but fewer with their fathers. In Model 2, mothers' relationships with their emerging adult children predicted several identity development aspects, while fathers' predicted a few. Identity emerging adulthood parent child relationship multi-informant approach Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 INTRODUCTION Young people face several developmental tasks related to identity processes such as love, work, and world view in emerging adulthood (Arnett, 2004). Previous research traditionally stressed that identity formation mostly occurs during adolescence (Bosma, 1995; Erikson, 1987). Although parents affect their adolescent children’s identity through parenting practices (Beyers & Goossens, 2008), almost no research has investigated the role of the relationships between parents and their emerging adult children in terms of identity formation by multiple sources of information, including both parents and their emerging adult children. Within the scope of the concept of identity agents (Schachter & Ventura, 2008), parents can be evaluated as active participants in identity formation of their children (Luyckx et al., 2016). Identity formation continues throughout the adult years, as relational processes (expectations, changing roles, goals) between parents and their emerging adult children often trigger re-evaluations of identity values and commitments (Schachter & Ventura, 2008). Studies investigating the impact of the relationship formed within the family on identity typically involve the perspectives of emerging adults (Crocetti & Meeus, 2014; Inguglia et al., 2015; Scabini et al., 2007; Schwartz et al., 2005). The dynamic nature of this relational process requires parents and emerging adults to engage in the same study as informants. Because of this, studying parents and emerging adults' perspectives on identity formation in Turkish culture might be a contribution to identity development research. On the other hand, from the perspective of parent-child relationships, most of the parent-child research specifically in the Turkish culture focused on young or middle-aged parents and children. However, parent child relationships and their affects on developmental domains need to be studied for emerging adults as well. Current study focuses on emerging adults at the university and their parents considering the rising number of young people pursuing higher education in Turkey. This multi-informant cross-sectional study used two related identity frameworks to explore emerging adults' identity formation and their parents' and children's relationships. We based both models on Erikson's theory and the process-oriented approach, which promotes exploration and commitment. We obtained the perspectives of both parents and their emerging adult children to study the role of parents and emerging adults' connections for identity formation. Identity The broadest definition of identity is the response to the question "Who am I?". Meaningful responses to this question help people integrate their past and establish their identity. People, who can't do this, may spend a lot of time thinking about their identity and life goals or simply can't build one (Adams & Gullotta, 1989). Erikson's (1987) psychosocial theory states that the ego process, biological factors, and social-environmental factors shape identity. It claims that relationships with others as well as environment can also shape an individual's identity (Erikson, 1997; Winterton & Warburton, 2012). Another important contribution to identity research comes form Marcia (1966) who proposed four identity statuses. In addition to these theories serving as the foundation for research on identity formation recently, identity studies have embraced process-oriented paradigms. The three-dimensional identity development model (Crocetti et al., 2008) and five-dimensional identity formation model are very important in identiy research (Luyckx et al., 2008a). Erikson's (1994) theory and Marcia's 'commitment' and 'examination of alternatives' dimensions inspired the five-dimensional identity formation model. Exploration includes breadth, depth, and ruminative exploration; commitment includes commitment making and identification with commitment. While exploration in breadth involves looking for different options before making a personal investment based on values, goals, and beliefs, exploration in depth involves understanding how well one's personal investments match those values, goals, and beliefs. Ruminative investigation lacks focused and active alternative exploration. In addition, commitment making involves choosing crucial identity concerns, and identification with commitment shows how much personal investments are internalized. In sum, Erikson's and Marcia’s discussion of identity along the axis of environmental and cultural influences highlights the importance of the social realm. Therefore, it is important to investigate the environment and the relationships established with it within the scope of Erikson's theory and five-dimensional identity formation model developed on the basis of this theory. Parenting The connection between a parent and an adult child is complicated because it can shape a person's life (Pitzer et al., 2011). This is mostly because it includes both emotional support and conflict in it. When it includes emotional support, it may enhance the well-being of the child (Umberson, 1992). However, the conflict with parents may negatively affect the relationships between parents and adult children (Schwartz, 2013). Over the years, parenting has changed from a focus on unity to an awareness of ambivalence between generations (Bian et al., 2022; Lovenstein, 2007) which reflected the changes in family dynamics. The former emphasizes cohesion in these relationships, whereas the latter implies ambivalent attitudes toward parents or adult children throughout time. Life course perspective can also help explain family development and relationships, according to Elder & Johnson (2003). This viewpoint highlights the importance of social, historical, and cultural contexts, noting that the roles, relationships, and interactions of family members change as they progress through various life stages. Additionally, demographic changes in societies such as longer lifespan and smaller family sizes have significantly affected family ties, especially perceived parental control and love (Kağıtçıbaşı, 2010; Zarit et al., 2005). This is important during emerging adulthood when both emerging adult children and their parents undergo a process of reconstructing their relationships mostly in terms of dependency and autonomy (Tanner, 2006). Cultural and cross-cultural research revealed two developmental pathways in parenting: autonomy and relatedness (Kağıtçıbaşı, 2013). Two family models are included in these paths. An interdependent family model with intimate relationships and an obedience-focused model to childrearing promotes a self-concept that values dependency and discourages independence. Kağıtçıbaşı (2010, 2013) predicts the psychological interdependence family model will replace previous models, integrating internal impacts with social connections. This vision contradicts the typical view of global modernity, which favors the individualistic western family and self paradigm. This may affect parent-child relationships over time. Positive parenting-characterized by affection, warmth, and support-helps young adults build strong emotional bonds, grow and mature. Negative parenting, which involves excessive control and rejection, can lead to dependency, emotional pain, and impaired relationships (Baumrind, 1991; Rohner et al., 2005). Affectionate, attentive, and supportive parenting builds strong emotional bonds and perceived family support during adulthood (Stapley, et al., 2021). However, current studies indicate that overprotective parenting negatively impacts emerging adults' psychological, behavioral, social and relational, learning/academic, and career development (Cui et al., 2022). In another study, emerging adults and their parents have very different views regarding their relationship (Shapiro, 2004). Parents claim better relationships, while adult children report greater contact. The emphasis here is on the quantity or frequency of interactions rather than the perceived quality of the relationship. Sex, age, and residential proximity affect generational relationships (Aquilino & Supple, 1991). Most parents express a strong level of happiness with the adult child's presence at home. Shared leisure time and joyful moments outnumbered open conflicts and arguments, especially between mothers and daughters. However, findings from studies conducted in individualistic western nations are not automatically applicable to other cultures including Turkey due to Turkey's distinct cultural traits and family structure (Sümer, 2012). Thus, studying with a Turkish sample enables comparison of parent-adult child relationships across countries to understand identity formation. Linkages with Parents in Identity In emerging adulthood, family interactions are crucial as in adolescence. Identity formation is the most important developmental task during this time (Schwartz et al., 2013). Mediterranean emerging adults stay with their parents longer than those in the US and Northern Europe (Crocetti & Meeus, 2014). Thus, Mediterranean Familism (REF)—which prioritizes family over individual interests and considers maturity as a familial transition—is highlighted. Young American adults living with their parents is rising due to parental attributes, sociodemographic factors, and life course factors (South & Lei, 2015). It's crucial to consider how emerging adults living with or without their parents affect identity formation as identity is developed within the family. Therefore, examining Turkish emerging adults will add to the literature. Where late adolescents and emerging adults often reside with their parents, studying how families shape identity becomes critical (Sestito & Sica, 2014). Staying with parents full-time during emerging adulthood may hinder self-sufficiency (Arnett, 2000). However, after leaving home, emerging adults feel both independent and dependent on their parents, which confuses their emotions (Kins et al., 2014). Within the scope of the view that individuals can only be understood by investigating their relationships with the environment and other people they interact with, Family Systems Theory emphasizes that families are dynamic systems by nature and the interactions of individuals with each other (Herr et al., 2001). The family milieu in question is essential to identity formation (Luyckx et al., 2008b). Family interactions can increase young people's ability to deal with identity formation growth (Zimmermann & Becker Stoll, 2002). Emerging adults who view their parents as authoritarian and strict view their connection adversely and limit their proactive identity construction (Luyckx et al., 2007). Parents actively and intentionally shape their children's identities (Schachter & Ventura, 2008); hence, parent-child connections are important. Supporting their children helps them form identities (Beyers & Goossens, 2008). The ages of parents and children matter in this process. Parent-child intimacy may decline during puberty. However, closeness can return with age (Golish, 2000). Positive and negative qualities in emerging adult-parent interactions contributes to intimacy (Lefkowitz & Fingerman, 2003). Some theories such as Solidarity Theory criticises focusing just on positive elements of relationships, arguing that including negative emotions like conflict and hostile attitudes in relational processes provides a whole picture (Pitzer et al., 2011). Positive and negative interactions between parents and emerging adults can help us determine how these relational experiences affect identity synthesis, confusion, and processes. The Current Study This study examined intergenerational relationships between parents and emerging adult children in Turkey and their role in identity formation, using multi-informant assessments on the theoratical basis of demographic characteristics (Gilligan, 2017). The current study addressed three objectives. Objective 1 was to examine whether identity formation in emerging adults differs depending on whether they live with or without their parents. Considering the prevalence of autonomous relational self in Turkey, we expected identity development to differ among emerging adults living with their parents, who teach independence and maintain familial rules (Kağıtçıbaşı, 1996, 2010). Research on child-rearing strategies suggest that parents control and direct their children to be autonomous. A study found that parents remain identity agents for children in emerging adulthood; thus, giving them education and employment trials extends the moratorium period. Therefore, parents and adult children co-create identity and a new lifestyle (Sestito & Sica, 2014). We expected those living with parents to have better identity development. Although moratorium identity status is considered identity synthesis as a positive construct (Bosma & Kunnen, 2001), living with parents delays some identity commitments, making this hypothesis less likely. Objective 2 was to determine if parent-emerging adult relationships predicted identity formation. Based on the theory that positive relationship perceptions of emerging adults toward their parents support identity achievement and negative relationship perceptions prevent proactive identity formation (Luyckx et al., 2007; Syed & SeiffgeKrenke, 2013), we expected positive relationship perceptions to negatively predict ruminative exploratory behavior. Similarly, emerging adults' negative views of their parents positively predict ruminative exploration and identity confusion and adversely predict other identity factors. Objective 3 was to examine to what extent parent-child relationships predicted identity formation. Parents' relationship perceptions of their children depend on how close they are, how hostile or friendly they are when questioning their parents' decisions, and how often they support their preferences (Pitzer et al., 2011). Even as adults, parents shape their children's identities (Luyckx et al., 2016). Therefore, we hypothesized that positive parental relationships perceptions towards emerging adults to negatively influence ruminative exploration and identity confusion and positively predict other identity factors. In addition, we assumed that negative relationship perceptions of parents towards their emerging adult children would positively predict ruminative exploration and identity confusion, and would negatively predict other identity variables. MATERIAL AND METHODS Participants The study was conducted in seven universities from seven different regions of Turkey. In order to sample a heterogeneous set of participants with a range of demographic characteristics, universities that differed in size and thematic specialization of the programs were chosen. In this study, a convenient sampling was used. Convenience sampling is used when random or non-random sampling is not possible (Fraenkel et al., 2012). The size of the research group was determined by power analysis. For this purpose, when the analyses were conducted through the G*Power 3.1 program (Faul et al., 2009) at a significance level of .05, with a small effect level (Cohen, 1992) and an effect size f²=0.02 and a power level of .80 (Balkin & Sheperis, 2011), it can be said that the number of people who would make the research strong for the trivariate study is at least 550 people. Therefore, it was aimed to reach at least 1650 in total for both adults and their parents. The sample consists of 553 university students (79.7% female) with a mean age of 20.22 (SD = 1.65) and 1106 parents (50% mother). In this context, this is a cross-sectional study in which analyses were conducted from the first wave of data of a longitudinal study. For this reason, the focus was on lower-grade students as they will be investigated for the next two years. Data Collection Tools Dimensions of Identity Development Scale (DIDS). This study used Dimensions of Identity Development Scale, developed by Luyckx et al. (2008a) which was adapted into Turkish by Morsünbül and Çok (2011). The scale has five sub-dimensions: exploration in breadth, exploration in depth, ruminative exploration, commitment making, identification with commitment, and each of these sub-dimensions contains 5 items. This 25-item self-report scale is 5-point Likert type. A sample item is: Made a choice concerning some of my plans for the future. The Cronbach's alpha internal consistency coefficient of the original scale is .81 for exploration in breadth, .79 for exploration in depth, .86 for ruminative exploration, .86 for commitment making, and .86 for identification with commitment. In the scale adapted into Turkish by Morsünbül (2011), the Cronbach's alpha internal consistency coefficient was found to be .87 for exploration in breadth, .89 for exploration in depth, .90 for ruminative exploration, .88 for commitment making and .89 for identification with commitment. In this study, cronbach's alpha values are .88 for exploration in breadth, .69 for exploration in depth, .84 for ruminative exploration, .87 for commitment making, and .83 for identification with commitment. Erikson's Psychosocial Stage Inventory (EPSI). Identity synthesis and identity confusion were measured in the study using the 12-item identity subscale of Erikson's Psychosocial Stage Inventory, which was developed by Rosenthal et al., (1981). Six items on this subscale indicate identity confusion (a negative construct), whereas the remaining six items indicate identity synthesis (a positive construct). For the identity confusion, a sample item is: I can’t decide what I want to do with my life. For the identity synthesis, a sample item is: The important things in life are clear to me. This 5-point Likert-type inventory is based on self-report. EPSI was adapted into Turkish by Demir Kaya et al. (2023). Within the scope of the adaptation study, cronbach alpha values are .76 for identity synthesis, .79 for identity confusion. Within the scope of this study, cronbach alpha values are .72 for identity synthesis, .78 for identity confusion. Parent-Adult Relationship Questionnaire (PARQ). The connection between adult child and parent was examined with PARQ developed by Pitzer et al. (2011). It contains a total of 8 items on the 5-point Likert scale, 4 of which indicate the positive aspects of the relationship and 4 of which indicate its negative aspects. Each item on the scale can be customized to reflect the views of adult children as well as parents. In the development of this scale, firstly, within the scope of Study I, university students answered questions about their fathers and mothers. In the positivity subscale, the internal consistency coefficients for mothers and fathers were.79 and .88, respectively; in the negativity sub-dimension, they were .72 and.78. Participants in Study II were parents who had adult children (ages 17 to 58). In the data gathered from mothers, the internal consistency coefficients were .74 for positivity and .72 for negativity; in the data collected from fathers, the values were .82 for positivity and .78 for negativity. Within the scope of this study, the validity and reliability of PARQ (Parent-Adult Relationships Questionnaire) in Turkish culture was tested. We tested the factor structure for validity with CFA. Positive relationships had factor loadings between .68 and .89, whereas negative relationships had .33 to .87. For the reliability, McDonald's omega values for mothers and fathers were calculated as .84, .89 in the positive relationships sub-dimension and .75, .75 in the negative relationships sub-dimension, respectively. In addition, Cronbach Alpha values for mothers and fathers calculated for reliability were .84, .89 in the positive relationships sub-dimension and .74, .74 in the negative relationships sub-dimension, respectively. Positive relationships had factor loadings between .39 and .87, whereas negative relationships had .34 and .82, according to mothers and fathers. McDonald's omega values for positive and negative relationships sub-dimensions were .76 and .69, according to mothers. Cronbach Alpha values for the positive and negative relationships sub-dimensions were .75 and .69, respectively. According to the fathers’ responses, McDonald's omega values for the positive and negative relationships sub-dimensions were .78 and .67, respectively. Cronbach Alpha values for the positive and negative relationships sub-dimensions were .76 and .74, respectively. Data Analysis Using SPSS 23.0, a multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was carried out to investigate whether identity formation in emerging adults differs based on living with or without parents. Following that, the relationships between the variables were analyzed by Pearson correlation analysis. Two models were created using Mplus because the data is multi-informant. The models included the perspectives of parents and emerging adults' perspectives. Path analysis was used to determine if emerging adults' relations with their parents predicted their identity formation and vice versa. The suitability of the data for structural equation modeling was first examined through multicollinearity and normality (Teo et al., 2013). In the perceived relationship models of the emerging adults towards their parents tested within the scope of this study, VIF values ranged from 1.043 to 1.897, while the tolerance values ranged from 0.527 to 0.959 showing that there is no multicollinearity in the data set (Kline, 2011). The same values in the perceived relationship models of the parents towards their child were between 1.039 and 1.505, and the tolerance values between 0.664 and 0.963 which also did not show multicollinearity. To determine data normalcy, skewness and kurtosis were calculated as 1.476 to -1.484 and 4.046 to -0.342. Bryne (2010) and Hair et al. (2010) recommend skewness levels of -2 to + 2 and kurtosis values of -7 to + 7 for normal distributions. Therefore, the results demonstrate that the data is suitable for SEM analysis. The goodness of fit of the structural model was calculated using the χ2/df, SRMR, RMSEA, CFI, and TLI ratios (Kline, 2011). Various fit indices were examined by SEM analysis. A goodness of fit value of χ2/df less than five is acceptable (Tabachnick & Fidell, 2014). For TLI goodness-of-fit value, values between .95 and .97 were found to be acceptable, while values of .97 and above indicated an excellent fit (Schermelleh-Engel et al., 2003). For the goodness of fit value of CFI, above .90 is acceptable and above .95 is excellent (Hu & Bentler, 1999). Regarding the goodness of fit values for SRMR and RMSEA, it is commonly reported that values between .08 and .05 are considered acceptable, while values lower than .05 indicate excellent fit (Schermelleh-Engel et al., 2003; Tabachnick & Fidell, 2014). RESULTS 1. Identity Formation in Emerging Adults According to Whether They Live with or without Their Parents MANOVA was run to determine whether there were differences in the identity formation of emerging adults based on whether they lived with their parents or not. The relationships between the dependent variables were analyzed using the Pearson correlation coefficient (see Table 2 ). The following are the results of the one-way MANOVA, which examines if there is a statistically significant difference in the identity formation of emerging adults based on their living condition with their parents. The acquired data is presented in Table 1 . Table 1 Analysis of variance results for identity formation scores based on living with or without parents Source Dependent variable Σ df MS F p n 2 Living with or without parents Commitment 3.690 1 3.690 0.263 0.608 .000 Identification with commitment 6.687 1 6.687 0.471 0.493 .001 Exploration in breadth 0.805 1 0.805 0.064 0.800 .000 Exploration in depth 22.343 1 22.343 2.056 0.152 .004 Ruminative exploration 1.196 1 1.196 0.052 0.820 .000 EPSI Conf 10.853 1 10.853 0.464 0.496 .001 EPSI Synth 4.830 1 4.830 0.307 0.580 .001 Error Commitment 7718.433 551 14.008 Identification with commitment 7820.933 551 14.194 Exploration in breadth 6922.694 551 12.564 Exploration in depth 5989.187 551 10.870 Ruminative exploration 12712.573 551 23.072 EPSI Conf 12873.824 551 23.364 EPSI Synth 8678.295 551 15.750 Total Commitment 180791.000 553 Identification with commitment 193355.000 553 Exploration in breadth 226965.000 553 Exploration in depth 203560.000 553 Ruminative exploration 167438.000 553 EPSI Conf 151619.000 553 EPSI Synth 275368.000 553 Corrected Total Commitment 7722.123 552 Identification with commitment 7827.620 552 Exploration in breadth 6923.479 552 Exploration in depth 6011.530 552 Ruminative exploration 12713.769 552 EPSI Conf 12884.676 552 EPSI Synth 8683.125 552 Table 2 Descriptive statistics and relationships for variables Variable 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Gender 1 Age − .146** 1 PM − .102* − .072 1 NM .122** − .003 − .586** 1 PF − .024 − .127** .465** − .270** 1 NF − .020 .063 − .282** .470** − .485** 1 PMC − .044 − .049 .423** − .210** .160** − .124** 1 NMC .038 − .014 − .256** .302** − .138** .220** − .421** 1 PFC .089* 054 .202** − .035 .319** − .187** .423** − .205** 1 NFC .013 − .001 − .119** .174** − .139** .345** − .229** .371** − .447** 1 DC − .113** .121** .193** − .202* .147** − .159** .161** − .226** .164** − .138** 1 DiC − .009 .064 .245** − .241** .146** − .188** .204** − .155** .132* − .091* .633** 1 DEB − .009 − .010 .155** − .208** .136** − .146** .128** − .110** .104* − .130** .482** .465** 1 DED .001 .042 .200** − .231** .131** − .128** .203** − .193** .172** − .178** .357** .333** .462** 1 DRE .109* .019 − .161** .230** − .159** .176** − .132** .121** − .103* .106* − .350** − .292** − .052 .000 1 Conf .015 .002 − .220** .318** − .187** .284** − .151** .325** − .114** .140** − .533** − .512** − .267** − .141** .430** 1 Synth. − .046 .037 .236** − .210** .228** − .206** .176** − .249** .171** − .162** .606** .587** .359** .261** − .368** − .600** 1 Mean .80 20.22 15.45 9.80 14.47 9.27 15.27 9.88 14.88 9.25 17.69 18.32 19.95 18.90 16.73 15.84 21.96 SD .40 1.65 3.45 2.98 3.96 3.20 2.86 3.10 3.05 2.79 3.74 3.77 3.54 3.30 4.80 4.83 3.97 Skewness -1.484 1.476 − .687 .843 − .491 .736 − .637 .644 − .332 .517 − .379 − .364 -1.111 − .614 − .548 .323 − .427 Kurtosis .204 4.046 .126 .994 − .342 .528 1.158 .638 − .236 1.203 .766 .107 2.589 1.070 − .248 − .281 .076 Cronbach Alpha - - .835 .739 .889 .743 .749 .688 .759 .736 .871 .834 .879 .689 .842 .783 .719 Table 1 The findings concluded that there was no statistically significant effect of the variable of emerging adults' living with their parents on their identity formation (F (7, 545) = 0.602, p = 0.754, n 2 = 0.008). In other words, living with their parents did not have a significant effect on the process of identity formation of emerging adults. 2. Model results of emerging adults’ perceived relationships towards their parents All connections between emerging adult identity traits and parents (see Table 2 ) were estimated using the empirical model building method (Kline, 2006). Additionally, all paths relating developing adult identity variables to parent-adult child relationships were estimated. Gender and age were also controlled for developing identity formation of emerging adults. Table 2 Upon examining the goodness of fit index values, it can be concluded that the model fit the data adequately: χ2 / df = 1.561, p = 0.065, RMSEA = 0.032, CFI = 0.994, TLI = 0.997, and SRMR = 0.047 (Hu & Bentler, 1999; Kline, 2011). The results derived from the model analyzing the perceived mother and father relationships by emerging adults and identity formation are presented in Table 3 . Table 3 Model results of emerging adults’ perceived relationships towards their parents and identity development dimensions Path Estimate S.E Est./S.E p Value Standardized Estimate PM ◊ DC 0.143 0.037 3.864 < 0.001 0.133 PM ◊ DiC 0.214 0.039 5.552 < 0.001 0.199 PM ◊ DED 0.097 0.044 2.207 0.027 0.102 PM ◊ SYNTH 0.155 0.043 3.589 < 0.001 0.137 NM ◊ DEB -0.166 0.045 -3.682 < 0.001 -0.141 NM ◊ DED -0.145 0.052 -2.757 0.006 -0.132 NM ◊ DRE 0.243 0.065 3.716 < 0.001 0.153 NM◊ CONF 0.316 0.061 5.188 < 0.001 0.200 PF ◊ DRE -0.100 0.047 -2.112 0.035 -0.083 PF ◊ SYNTH 0.098 0.034 2.888 0.004 0.100 NF ◊ CONF 0.150 0.053 2.810 0.005 0.102 Table 3 Path analysis was used to examine emerging adults' reported mother-father relationships' identity development predictive role. The model's significant standardized path coefficients are displayed in Fig. 1 . Emerging adults' identity formation correlated positively with their perceptions of parental relationships. Path coefficients from perceived parent-child relationships to emerging adult identity formation were examined for gender effects. No significant effects of gender (except for commitment and ruminative exploration) and age (except for commitment) on identity formation were found. Figure 1 3. Model results of parents’ perceived relationships towards their emerging adult children Based on the findings, the model fit indices can be concluded to be excellent: χ2 / df = 1.182, p = 0.266, RMSEA = 0.018, CFI = 0.998, TLI = 0.992, and SRMR = 0.037 (Hu & Bentler, 1999; Kline, 2011). The results obtained from the model of parents’ perceived relationships with their emerging adult children and identity formation among their emerging adult children are displayed in Table 4 . Table 4 Model results of parents’ perceived relationships with emerging adult children and identity development dimensions Path Estimate S.E Est./S.E p Value Standardized Estimate PMC ◊ DiC 0.186 0.041 4.531 < 0.001 0.143 PMC ◊ DED 0.144 0.044 3.302 0.001 0.126 PMC◊ DRE -0.181 0.064 -2.846 0.004 -0.108 NMC ◊ DC -0.152 0.038 -4.051 < 0.001 -0.128 NMC◊ CONF 0.416 0.053 7.899 < 0.001 0.271 NMC ◊ SYNTH -0.207 0.043 -4.784 < 0.001 -0.164 PFC ◊ DC 0.097 0.037 2.621 0.009 0.080 PFC◊ SYNTH 0.109 0.041 2.644 0.008 0.085 NFC ◊ DEB -0.134 0.046 -2.917 0.004 -0.106 NFC ◊ DED -0.161 0.046 -3.474 0.001 -0.137 Table 4 Figure 2 displays all significant paths. Parents' perceived relationships with their emerging adult children was significantly and positively associated with emerging adult identity formation. When age and gender levels were controlled. No significant effects of gender (except for commitment and ruminative exploration) and age (except for commitment) on identity formation were found. Figure 2 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION The current cross-sectional study examined the role of both emerging adults' perceived relationships towards their parents and parents' perceived relationships towards their emerging adult children on identity formation of emerging adults. Further, it was also aimed to investigate whether the identity formation of emerging adult children differs depending on whether they live with their parents or not. In recent decades, more young adults in Turkey have pursued higher education and delayed parenthood or marriage (Atak & Çok, 2010). It often leads to staying with parents. Our initial objective is to determine if emerging adults' identity development differs based on their residential proximity to their parents. Identity formation did not differ in Turkey, contrary to our prediction of a more prevalent independent relational self. Both emerging adults and their parents help them build identities (Luyckx et al., 2016; Sestito & Sica, 2014), but Turkish emerging adults have had a distinct experience. Our study found no evidence that staying with parents improves identity formation because relationship quality may be more relevant to Turkish emerging adults' identity development. According to Buhl (2008) and Phinney et al. (2005), age affects relatedness and autonomy, notably in parent-child relationships. In adolescence, autonomy increases and parent-child relatedness decreases. Developing autonomy and regulating relatedness continues and increases into emerging adulthood (Inguglia et al., 2015). As people get older, they develop autonomy and relatedness, but not just because of their parents. Findings of this study are consistent with this broader understanding, suggesting that the development of identity in young adults is influenced by a variety of factors beyond just living in close proximity with their parents. According to another finding of the study, the relationships of parents and their emerging adult children were associated with emerging adult identity formation. Parents and their emerging adult children establishing positive relationships with each other that are consistent and predictable may lead emerging adults to form commitments themselves. This case may also cause the positive relationships that emerging adults and their parents perceive with each other to be related to emerging adult identity commitment processes. For identity exploration variables, the current study has similar results as previous literature, as it is based on previous research showing that the in depth and in breadth exploration of alternatives according to goals, values, and beliefs is accompanied by positive emotions, while ruminative exploration of options is accompanied by negative emotions (Lilgendahl, 2015; Luyckx et al., 2008a). In addition, consistent with Erikson's (1987) theoretical background, the positive relationships that emerging adults and their parents perceive with each other are positively related to identity synthesis and negatively related to identity confusion. As discussed above regarding the relationship of emerging adults and parents, another objective of our study is to investigate the degree of relationship between emerging adults and their parents can predict identity formation in emerging adults. We hypothesized that emerging adults having positive relationship perceptions towards their parents will have lower levels of ruminative exploration and identity confusion, and higher levels of other identity characteristics. Similarly, negative perceptions of emerging adults towards their parents likely lead to more rumination and confusion about their own identity. Positively perceived mother-child interactions lead to greater identity development commitment in emerging adults. This supports the hypothesis that supportive parental relationships give emerging individuals a safe base from which to confidently make commitments, internalize, and promote their self identities (Grotevant & Cooper, 2013). Nurturing mother relationships also support identity exploration (Coie & Dodge, 1998; Laible et al., 2004). Emerging adults' perceived negative relationship with their mothers limit proactive exploration needed for healthy identity formation (Luyckx et al., 2006). Our study also found that emerging adults with poor mother-child relationship are more likely to engage in ruminative exploration, which can increase anxiety and hinder identity development (Schwartz et al., 2011). Perceived positive relationship with fathers was not a significant predictor of these dimensions, while negative relationship was not a significant predictor of all dimensions except ruminative exploration. Lack of major findings across all aspects may suggest that other relationships such as those with mothers or peers or internal factors like personal experiences or individual temperament have a more dominant role in the identity formation of emerging adults. The research conducted by Grotevant and Cooper (2013) emphasizes the complex and diverse process of identity development, indicating that various interactions may have varying impacts on different aspects of one's identity. On the other hand, perceived positive father-child relationships predicted identity synthesis and negative relationships identity complexity. Research shows that negative parental ties increase ruminative exploration. Luyckx et al. (2008b) found that adolescents with unsatisfactory parent-child relationships ruminate more, suggesting that negative connections can cause problematic identity processes. Lindell et al. (2017) found comparable results for emerging adults with unfavorable father-child ties. Identity confusion—a lack of clarity and consistency in self-understanding—is more likely in them. Similarly, this study examines how parental participation affects identity development in emerging adulthood (Schwartz et al., 2013). This can also be evaluated as a result of the perceived roles of the fathers in Turkish family context where there is not much room for father involvement. Our final objective was to determine how much parent-child relationship predict identity formation in emerging adults. The outcomes of this objective support the second hypothesis that mothers are more prominent in relationships. Studies on fathers and mothers' effects on their children's identity formation (Beyers & Goossens, 2008; Klimstra et al., 2010) support the current study's finding that their relationships with emerging adult children affect different identity formation dimensions. Samuolis et al. (2001) found that girls' exploration and commitment levels were related to their mothers' relationships, but boys' identities were not. The majority of emerging adult participants in the current study were female (79.7), suggesting that mothers are more involved in identity formation. Another study (Videon, 2005) indicated that fathers also affect adolescent well-being, independent of mothers' relationships with their children, but their influence was more temporary. According to Çelik (2016), males in Turkish society have more implicit interactions with their children than females, which may explain why fathers' relationships with emerging adults have limited impact on identity formation. Limitations and suggestions for the future research Although the current study has strengths such as including both emerging adults and their parents (two informants), using two identity models, and having participants from various regions and cities of Turkey (multi-sample), there are some limitations. First, the study was cross sectional. The relationships of emerging adults to their parents and the relationships of parents to their emerging adult children are dynamic. Furthermore, there is a continuous interaction between commitments and how and to what extent alternatives are explored (Duriez et al., 2012). Therefore, future longitudinal research can observe changes over time and investigate other control variables that affect identity formation in the process by examining the interaction between emerging adults and their parents. Second, the perceived relationships in identity formation in emerging adults are limited to the relationship of emerging adults to their parents and the relationship of parents to their emerging adult children. According to Mcbride et al. (2005), parents' family relationship networks affect their children. Thus, future research can examine how mothers and fathers' relationship network shapes emerging adults' identities. Third, this study included all emerging adult children, regardless of gender. Grotevant and Cooper (2013) found that mother-daughter, mother-son, father-daughter, and father-son relationships during adolescence contributed identity discovery both positively and negatively. Since girls and boys have different parent-child relationships (Kroger, 1997; Samuolis et al., 2001), the extent to which the mother's and father's relationships predict emerging adults' identity formation can be studied in the future. Despite these limitations, the current study extend previous research on the importance of child-parents' relationships on identity formation. Thus, it can be said that the emerging adult-parent relationship continues to play a key role in identity formation, which is an important developmental task during adolescence as well as emerging adulthood. Abbreviations DIDS Dimensions of Identity Development Scale EPSI Erikson's Psychosocial Stage Inventory PARQ Parent-Adult Relationship Questionnaire MANOVA Multivariate analysis of variance VIF Variance Inflation Factor SEM Structural Equation Modeling SRMR Standardized Root Mean Square Residual RMSEA Root Mean Square Error of Approximation CFI Comparative Fit Index TLI Tucker-Lewis Index Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate Ethical approval of this research was obtained from Atatürk University (ethical approval number: E.88656144-000-2200257832). Following that, the necessary permissions were obtained from the seven universities where the participants were located. We collected parent forms through adult children. Data collection was carried out by the researchers in a face to face modality. All study’s procedures have been conducted in accordance with the principles of Helsinki Declaration. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study. Participants were informed about the purpose of the study, the procedures involved, potential risks and benefits, and their right to withdraw consent at any time. Privacy and confidentiality of personal information were strictly maintained throughout the study. Consent for publication Not applicable. Availability of data and materials The data analysed in this study are available from the corresponding author if requested. The corresponding author takes responsibility for the precision of the data analysis. Competing Interests There is no conflict of interest between the authors. Funding The current study was funded by TUBITAK (The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey, 3501 Career Development Program, numbered 122K461). Authors' contributions M. D. K. designed the research, collected and analyzed data, drafted the manuscript. H. A. Y. collected and managed data, drafted the manuscript, submitted and revised the manuscript. F. Ç. and K. 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Journal of Adolescence, 25 (1), 107–124. https://doi.org/10.1006/jado.2001.0452. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Reviewers agreed at journal 06 Apr, 2026 Reviews received at journal 05 Apr, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 03 Apr, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 01 Apr, 2026 Reviewers invited by journal 25 Mar, 2026 Editor assigned by journal 23 Mar, 2026 Editor invited by journal 27 Feb, 2026 Submission checks completed at journal 26 Feb, 2026 First submitted to journal 26 Feb, 2026 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8920145","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":612198230,"identity":"0c31fa90-b7ed-4675-8370-5fa798b8499f","order_by":0,"name":"Meva Demir Kaya","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA+ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYNACNhBiPgBjM0gQqYUtgeEAQosBYS0MDDwGDAegfLxadNt7DD8wlNlE80mf+fj5Q83hPD4G5oO3eRj+5OPSYnbmjLEEw7m03Da+3M0SB44dLga6MNmah8HAsgGXlhtpCRKMbYdz23h4N0gcYDuc2MbAYyYN1ILTZWb3nyX/YGz7D9TC8/jHgX8gLfzf8Gu5wXwMaMsBkBY2iYNtYFvY8Gs5k3zMIuFcMlALm5nF2b70xDZmNmPLOQbGuLUcP9h840OZXe78HubHNyq+WSfOb29+eONNhRz+iElA4TGDCEIxOQpGwSgYBaMALwAAK8lP+yXmxCgAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Ataturk University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Meva","middleName":"Demir","lastName":"Kaya","suffix":""},{"id":612198231,"identity":"ae84ba9a-4102-47f2-b41b-ef8e71a05021","order_by":1,"name":"Hüsna Albayrak Yalçın","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Turkish National Police Academy","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hüsna","middleName":"Albayrak","lastName":"Yalçın","suffix":""},{"id":612198232,"identity":"b7766db6-4ae9-4180-8b51-b0d99cc3a768","order_by":2,"name":"Figen Çok","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Baskent University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Figen","middleName":"","lastName":"Çok","suffix":""},{"id":612198233,"identity":"8b53ca81-c0b9-4b33-9a24-826d7fc97a52","order_by":3,"name":"Koen Luyckx","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"KU Leuven, UNIBS, University of the Free State","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Koen","middleName":"","lastName":"Luyckx","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-02-19 18:38:37","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8920145/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8920145/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":105571139,"identity":"cc33ceb6-170b-4c28-8328-fc01758b47e3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-27 13:21:45","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":57168,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eModel of Emerging Adults’ Perceived Relationships Towards Their Parents\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNote:\u003c/em\u003e The path analysis shows emerging adults' reported mother-father relationships' identity development predictive role. Gender (0=Male, 1=Female), PM=PARQ_Positive Mother, NM=PARQ_Negative Mother, PF= PARQ_Positive Father, NF= PARQ_Negative Father, DC= Dids commitment, DiC= Dids identification with commitment, DEB=Dids exploration in breadth, DED=Dids exploration in depth, DRE=Dids ruminative exploration, Conf= EPSI Conf, Synth= EPSI Synth\u003cbr\u003e\n \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; .001.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Picture1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8920145/v1/8456b52fc95f24603de846fd.jpg"},{"id":105571384,"identity":"14248f4b-7f33-43c1-b2ca-bcb5b277853b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-27 13:22:53","extension":"jpg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":63701,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eModel of Parents' Perceived Relationships Towards Their Emerging Adult Children\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNote\u003c/em\u003e: Figure 2 displays all significant paths where parents' perceived relationships with their emerging adult children are shown. Gender (0=Male, 1=Female), PMC=PARQ_Positive Mother-Child, NMC= PARQ_Negative Mother-Child, PFC=, PARQ_Positive Father-Child, NFC= PARQ_Negative Father-Child, DC= Dids commitment, DiC= Dids identification with commitment, DEB=Dids exploration in breadth, DED=Dids exploration in depth, DRE=Dids ruminative exploration, Conf= EPSI Conf, Synth= EPSI Synt\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; .001.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Picture2.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8920145/v1/08e8f804e9319b65678f6c85.jpg"},{"id":105728164,"identity":"3f8fed92-e7ed-45a5-ab10-fde49c7ed0bc","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-30 11:10:30","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1294809,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8920145/v1/7c7d66a5-867f-4c49-8a2f-cb5ba8e3a154.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Identity Formation and Relationships with Parents in Turkish Emerging Adults: A Multi-informant Examination","fulltext":[{"header":"INTRODUCTION","content":"\u003cp\u003eYoung people face several developmental tasks related to identity processes such as love, work, and world view in emerging adulthood (Arnett, 2004). Previous research traditionally stressed that identity formation mostly occurs during adolescence (Bosma, 1995; Erikson, 1987). Although parents affect their adolescent children\u0026rsquo;s identity through parenting practices (Beyers \u0026amp; Goossens, 2008), almost no research has investigated the role of the relationships between parents and their emerging adult children in terms of identity formation by multiple sources of information, including both parents and their emerging adult children. Within the scope of the concept of identity agents (Schachter \u0026amp; Ventura, 2008), parents can be evaluated as active participants in identity formation of their children (Luyckx et al., 2016). Identity formation continues throughout the adult years, as relational processes (expectations, changing roles, goals) between parents and their emerging adult children often trigger re-evaluations of identity values and commitments (Schachter \u0026amp; Ventura, 2008).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudies investigating the impact of the relationship formed within the family on identity typically involve the perspectives of emerging adults (Crocetti \u0026amp; Meeus, 2014; Inguglia et al., 2015; Scabini et al., 2007; Schwartz et al., 2005). The dynamic nature of this relational process requires parents and emerging adults to engage in the same study as informants. Because of this, studying parents and emerging adults' perspectives on identity formation in Turkish culture might be a contribution to identity development research. On the other hand, from the perspective of parent-child relationships, most of the parent-child research specifically in the Turkish culture focused on young or middle-aged parents and children. However, parent child relationships and their affects on developmental domains need to be studied for emerging adults as well. Current study focuses on emerging adults at the university and their parents considering the rising number of young people pursuing higher education in Turkey. This multi-informant cross-sectional study used two related identity frameworks to explore emerging adults' identity formation and their parents' and children's relationships. We based both models on Erikson's theory and the process-oriented approach, which promotes exploration and commitment. We obtained the perspectives of both parents and their emerging adult children to study the role of parents and emerging adults' connections for identity formation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eIdentity\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe broadest definition of identity is the response to the question \"Who am I?\". Meaningful responses to this question help people integrate their past and establish their identity. People, who can't do this, may spend a lot of time thinking about their identity and life goals or simply can't build one (Adams \u0026amp; Gullotta, 1989). Erikson's (1987) psychosocial theory states that the ego process, biological factors, and social-environmental factors shape identity. It claims that relationships with others as well as environment can also shape an individual's identity (Erikson, 1997; Winterton \u0026amp; Warburton, 2012). Another important contribution to identity research comes form Marcia (1966) who proposed four identity statuses.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn addition to these theories serving as the foundation for research on identity formation recently, identity studies have embraced process-oriented paradigms. The three-dimensional identity development model (Crocetti et al., 2008) and five-dimensional identity formation model are very important in identiy research (Luyckx et al., 2008a). Erikson's (1994) theory and Marcia's 'commitment' and 'examination of alternatives' dimensions inspired the five-dimensional identity formation model. Exploration includes breadth, depth, and ruminative exploration; commitment includes commitment making and identification with commitment. While exploration in breadth involves looking for different options before making a personal investment based on values, goals, and beliefs, exploration in depth involves understanding how well one's personal investments match those values, goals, and beliefs. Ruminative investigation lacks focused and active alternative exploration. In addition, commitment making involves choosing crucial identity concerns, and identification with commitment shows how much personal investments are internalized.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn sum, Erikson's and Marcia\u0026rsquo;s discussion of identity along the axis of environmental and cultural influences highlights the importance of the social realm. Therefore, it is important to investigate the environment and the relationships established with it within the scope of Erikson's theory and five-dimensional identity formation model developed on the basis of this theory.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eParenting\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe connection between a parent and an adult child is complicated because it can shape a person's life (Pitzer et al., 2011). This is mostly because it includes both emotional support and conflict in it. When it includes emotional support, it may enhance the well-being of the child (Umberson, 1992). However, the conflict with parents may negatively affect the relationships between parents and adult children (Schwartz, 2013). Over the years, parenting has changed from a focus on unity to an awareness of ambivalence between generations (Bian et al., 2022; Lovenstein, 2007) which reflected the changes in family dynamics. The former emphasizes cohesion in these relationships, whereas the latter implies ambivalent attitudes toward parents or adult children throughout time. Life course perspective can also help explain family development and relationships, according to Elder \u0026amp; Johnson (2003). This viewpoint highlights the importance of social, historical, and cultural contexts, noting that the roles, relationships, and interactions of family members change as they progress through various life stages. Additionally, demographic changes in societies such as longer lifespan and smaller family sizes have significantly affected family ties, especially perceived parental control and love (Kağıt\u0026ccedil;ıbaşı, 2010; Zarit et al., 2005). This is important during emerging adulthood when both emerging adult children and their parents undergo a process of reconstructing their relationships mostly in terms of dependency and autonomy (Tanner, 2006).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCultural and cross-cultural research revealed two developmental pathways in parenting: autonomy and relatedness (Kağıt\u0026ccedil;ıbaşı, 2013). Two family models are included in these paths. An interdependent family model with intimate relationships and an obedience-focused model to childrearing promotes a self-concept that values dependency and discourages independence. Kağıt\u0026ccedil;ıbaşı (2010, 2013) predicts the psychological interdependence family model will replace previous models, integrating internal impacts with social connections. This vision contradicts the typical view of global modernity, which favors the individualistic western family and self paradigm. This may affect parent-child relationships over time.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePositive parenting-characterized by affection, warmth, and support-helps young adults build strong emotional bonds, grow and mature. Negative parenting, which involves excessive control and rejection, can lead to dependency, emotional pain, and impaired relationships (Baumrind, 1991; Rohner et al., 2005). Affectionate, attentive, and supportive parenting builds strong emotional bonds and perceived family support during adulthood (Stapley, et al., 2021). However, current studies indicate that overprotective parenting negatively impacts emerging adults' psychological, behavioral, social and relational, learning/academic, and career development (Cui et al., 2022). In another study, emerging adults and their parents have very different views regarding their relationship (Shapiro, 2004). Parents claim better relationships, while adult children report greater contact. The emphasis here is on the quantity or frequency of interactions rather than the perceived quality of the relationship.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSex, age, and residential proximity affect generational relationships (Aquilino \u0026amp; Supple, 1991). Most parents express a strong level of happiness with the adult child's presence at home. Shared leisure time and joyful moments outnumbered open conflicts and arguments, especially between mothers and daughters. However, findings from studies conducted in individualistic western nations are not automatically applicable to other cultures including Turkey due to Turkey's distinct cultural traits and family structure (S\u0026uuml;mer, 2012). Thus, studying with a Turkish sample enables comparison of parent-adult child relationships across countries to understand identity formation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eLinkages with Parents in Identity\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn emerging adulthood, family interactions are crucial as in adolescence. Identity formation is the most important developmental task during this time (Schwartz et al., 2013). Mediterranean emerging adults stay with their parents longer than those in the US and Northern Europe (Crocetti \u0026amp; Meeus, 2014). Thus, Mediterranean Familism (REF)\u0026mdash;which prioritizes family over individual interests and considers maturity as a familial transition\u0026mdash;is highlighted. Young American adults living with their parents is rising due to parental attributes, sociodemographic factors, and life course factors (South \u0026amp; Lei, 2015). It's crucial to consider how emerging adults living with or without their parents affect identity formation as identity is developed within the family. Therefore, examining Turkish emerging adults will add to the literature.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhere late adolescents and emerging adults often reside with their parents, studying how families shape identity becomes critical (Sestito \u0026amp; Sica, 2014). Staying with parents full-time during emerging adulthood may hinder self-sufficiency (Arnett, 2000). However, after leaving home, emerging adults feel both independent and dependent on their parents, which confuses their emotions (Kins et al., 2014). Within the scope of the view that individuals can only be understood by investigating their relationships with the environment and other people they interact with, Family Systems Theory emphasizes that families are dynamic systems by nature and the interactions of individuals with each other (Herr et al., 2001). The family milieu in question is essential to identity formation (Luyckx et al., 2008b). Family interactions can increase young people's ability to deal with identity formation growth (Zimmermann \u0026amp; Becker Stoll, 2002). Emerging adults who view their parents as authoritarian and strict view their connection adversely and limit their proactive identity construction (Luyckx et al., 2007).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eParents actively and intentionally shape their children's identities (Schachter \u0026amp; Ventura, 2008); hence, parent-child connections are important. Supporting their children helps them form identities (Beyers \u0026amp; Goossens, 2008). The ages of parents and children matter in this process. Parent-child intimacy may decline during puberty. However, closeness can return with age (Golish, 2000). Positive and negative qualities in emerging adult-parent interactions contributes to intimacy (Lefkowitz \u0026amp; Fingerman, 2003). Some theories such as Solidarity Theory criticises focusing just on positive elements of relationships, arguing that including negative emotions like conflict and hostile attitudes in relational processes provides a whole picture (Pitzer et al., 2011). Positive and negative interactions between parents and emerging adults can help us determine how these relational experiences affect identity synthesis, confusion, and processes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eThe Current Study\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study examined intergenerational relationships between parents and emerging adult children in Turkey and their role in identity formation, using multi-informant assessments on the theoratical basis of demographic characteristics (Gilligan, 2017). The current study addressed three objectives. Objective 1 was to examine whether identity formation in emerging adults differs depending on whether they live with or without their parents. Considering the prevalence of autonomous relational self in Turkey, we expected identity development to differ among emerging adults living with their parents, who teach independence and maintain familial rules (Kağıt\u0026ccedil;ıbaşı, 1996, 2010). Research on child-rearing strategies suggest that parents control and direct their children to be autonomous. A study found that parents remain identity agents for children in emerging adulthood; thus, giving them education and employment trials extends the moratorium period. Therefore, parents and adult children co-create identity and a new lifestyle (Sestito \u0026amp; Sica, 2014). We expected those living with parents to have better identity development. Although moratorium identity status is considered identity synthesis as a positive construct (Bosma \u0026amp; Kunnen, 2001), living with parents delays some identity commitments, making this hypothesis less likely.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eObjective 2 was to determine if parent-emerging adult relationships predicted identity formation. Based on the theory that positive relationship perceptions of emerging adults toward their parents support identity achievement and negative relationship perceptions prevent proactive identity formation (Luyckx et al., 2007; Syed \u0026amp; SeiffgeKrenke, 2013), we expected positive relationship perceptions to negatively predict ruminative exploratory behavior. Similarly, emerging adults' negative views of their parents positively predict ruminative exploration and identity confusion and adversely predict other identity factors.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eObjective 3 was to examine to what extent parent-child relationships predicted identity formation. Parents' relationship perceptions of their children depend on how close they are, how hostile or friendly they are when questioning their parents' decisions, and how often they support their preferences (Pitzer et al., 2011). Even as adults, parents shape their children's identities (Luyckx et al., 2016). Therefore, we hypothesized that positive parental relationships perceptions towards emerging adults to negatively influence ruminative exploration and identity confusion and positively predict other identity factors. In addition, we assumed that negative relationship perceptions of parents towards their emerging adult children would positively predict ruminative exploration and identity confusion, and would negatively predict other identity variables.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"MATERIAL AND METHODS","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eParticipants\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study was conducted in seven universities from seven different regions of Turkey. In order to sample a heterogeneous set of participants with a range of demographic characteristics, universities that differed in size and thematic specialization of the programs were chosen.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this study, a convenient sampling was used. Convenience sampling is used when random or non-random sampling is not possible (Fraenkel et al., 2012). The size of the research group was determined by power analysis. For this purpose, when the analyses were conducted through the G*Power 3.1 program (Faul et al., 2009) at a significance level of .05, with a small effect level (Cohen, 1992) and an effect size f\u0026sup2;=0.02 and a power level of .80 (Balkin \u0026amp; Sheperis, 2011), it can be said that the number of people who would make the research strong for the trivariate study is at least 550 people. Therefore, it was aimed to reach at least 1650 in total for both adults and their parents. The sample consists of 553 university students (79.7% female) with a mean age of 20.22 (SD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.65) and 1106 parents (50% mother). In this context, this is a cross-sectional study in which analyses were conducted from the first wave of data of a longitudinal study. For this reason, the focus was on lower-grade students as they will be investigated for the next two years.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eData Collection Tools\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eDimensions of Identity Development Scale (DIDS).\u003c/b\u003e This study used Dimensions of Identity Development Scale, developed by Luyckx et al. (2008a) which was adapted into Turkish by Mors\u0026uuml;nb\u0026uuml;l and \u0026Ccedil;ok (2011). The scale has five sub-dimensions: exploration in breadth, exploration in depth, ruminative exploration, commitment making, identification with commitment, and each of these sub-dimensions contains 5 items. This 25-item self-report scale is 5-point Likert type. A sample item is: Made a choice concerning some of my plans for the future. The Cronbach's alpha internal consistency coefficient of the original scale is .81 for exploration in breadth, .79 for exploration in depth, .86 for ruminative exploration, .86 for commitment making, and .86 for identification with commitment. In the scale adapted into Turkish by Mors\u0026uuml;nb\u0026uuml;l (2011), the Cronbach's alpha internal consistency coefficient was found to be .87 for exploration in breadth, .89 for exploration in depth, .90 for ruminative exploration, .88 for commitment making and .89 for identification with commitment. In this study, cronbach's alpha values are .88 for exploration in breadth, .69 for exploration in depth, .84 for ruminative exploration, .87 for commitment making, and .83 for identification with commitment.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eErikson's Psychosocial Stage Inventory (EPSI).\u003c/b\u003e Identity synthesis and identity confusion were measured in the study using the 12-item identity subscale of Erikson's Psychosocial Stage Inventory, which was developed by Rosenthal et al., (1981). Six items on this subscale indicate identity confusion (a negative construct), whereas the remaining six items indicate identity synthesis (a positive construct). For the identity confusion, a sample item is: I can\u0026rsquo;t decide what I want to do with my life. For the identity synthesis, a sample item is: The important things in life are clear to me. This 5-point Likert-type inventory is based on self-report. EPSI was adapted into Turkish by Demir Kaya et al. (2023). Within the scope of the adaptation study, cronbach alpha values are .76 for identity synthesis, .79 for identity confusion. Within the scope of this study, cronbach alpha values are .72 for identity synthesis, .78 for identity confusion.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eParent-Adult Relationship Questionnaire (PARQ).\u003c/b\u003e The connection between adult child and parent was examined with PARQ developed by Pitzer et al. (2011). It contains a total of 8 items on the 5-point Likert scale, 4 of which indicate the positive aspects of the relationship and 4 of which indicate its negative aspects. Each item on the scale can be customized to reflect the views of adult children as well as parents. In the development of this scale, firstly, within the scope of Study I, university students answered questions about their fathers and mothers. In the positivity subscale, the internal consistency coefficients for mothers and fathers were.79 and .88, respectively; in the negativity sub-dimension, they were .72 and.78. Participants in Study II were parents who had adult children (ages 17 to 58). In the data gathered from mothers, the internal consistency coefficients were .74 for positivity and .72 for negativity; in the data collected from fathers, the values were .82 for positivity and .78 for negativity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWithin the scope of this study, the validity and reliability of PARQ (Parent-Adult Relationships Questionnaire) in Turkish culture was tested. We tested the factor structure for validity with CFA. Positive relationships had factor loadings between .68 and .89, whereas negative relationships had .33 to .87. For the reliability, McDonald's omega values for mothers and fathers were calculated as .84, .89 in the positive relationships sub-dimension and .75, .75 in the negative relationships sub-dimension, respectively. In addition, Cronbach Alpha values for mothers and fathers calculated for reliability were .84, .89 in the positive relationships sub-dimension and .74, .74 in the negative relationships sub-dimension, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePositive relationships had factor loadings between .39 and .87, whereas negative relationships had .34 and .82, according to mothers and fathers. McDonald's omega values for positive and negative relationships sub-dimensions were .76 and .69, according to mothers. Cronbach Alpha values for the positive and negative relationships sub-dimensions were .75 and .69, respectively. According to the fathers\u0026rsquo; responses, McDonald's omega values for the positive and negative relationships sub-dimensions were .78 and .67, respectively. Cronbach Alpha values for the positive and negative relationships sub-dimensions were .76 and .74, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eData Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsing SPSS 23.0, a multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was carried out to investigate whether identity formation in emerging adults differs based on living with or without parents. Following that, the relationships between the variables were analyzed by Pearson correlation analysis. Two models were created using Mplus because the data is multi-informant. The models included the perspectives of parents and emerging adults' perspectives. Path analysis was used to determine if emerging adults' relations with their parents predicted their identity formation and vice versa.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe suitability of the data for structural equation modeling was first examined through multicollinearity and normality (Teo et al., 2013). In the perceived relationship models of the emerging adults towards their parents tested within the scope of this study, VIF values ranged from 1.043 to 1.897, while the tolerance values ranged from 0.527 to 0.959 showing that there is no multicollinearity in the data set (Kline, 2011). The same values in the perceived relationship models of the parents towards their child were between 1.039 and 1.505, and the tolerance values between 0.664 and 0.963 which also did not show multicollinearity. To determine data normalcy, skewness and kurtosis were calculated as 1.476 to -1.484 and 4.046 to -0.342. Bryne (2010) and Hair et al. (2010) recommend skewness levels of -2 to +\u0026thinsp;2 and kurtosis values of -7 to +\u0026thinsp;7 for normal distributions. Therefore, the results demonstrate that the data is suitable for SEM analysis. The goodness of fit of the structural model was calculated using the χ2/df, SRMR, RMSEA, CFI, and TLI ratios (Kline, 2011).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVarious fit indices were examined by SEM analysis. A goodness of fit value of χ2/df less than five is acceptable (Tabachnick \u0026amp; Fidell, 2014). For TLI goodness-of-fit value, values between .95 and .97 were found to be acceptable, while values of .97 and above indicated an excellent fit (Schermelleh-Engel et al., 2003). For the goodness of fit value of CFI, above .90 is acceptable and above .95 is excellent (Hu \u0026amp; Bentler, 1999). Regarding the goodness of fit values for SRMR and RMSEA, it is commonly reported that values between .08 and .05 are considered acceptable, while values lower than .05 indicate excellent fit (Schermelleh-Engel et al., 2003; Tabachnick \u0026amp; Fidell, 2014).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"RESULTS","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003e1. Identity Formation in Emerging Adults According to Whether They Live with or without Their Parents\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMANOVA was run to determine whether there were differences in the identity formation of emerging adults based on whether they lived with their parents or not. The relationships between the dependent variables were analyzed using the Pearson correlation coefficient (see Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). The following are the results of the one-way MANOVA, which examines if there is a statistically significant difference in the identity formation of emerging adults based on their living condition with their parents. The acquired data is presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAnalysis of variance results for identity formation scores based on living with or without parents\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSource\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDependent variable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eΣ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"6\" rowspan=\"7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLiving with or without parents\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCommitment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.690\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.690\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.263\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.608\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIdentification with commitment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.687\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.687\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.471\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.493\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExploration in breadth\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.805\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.805\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.064\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.800\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExploration in depth\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.343\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.343\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.056\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.152\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.004\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRuminative exploration\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.196\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.196\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.052\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.820\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEPSI Conf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.853\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.853\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.464\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.496\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEPSI Synth\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.830\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.830\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.307\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.580\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"6\" rowspan=\"7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eError\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCommitment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7718.433\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e551\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.008\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIdentification with commitment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7820.933\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e551\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.194\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExploration in breadth\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6922.694\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e551\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.564\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExploration in depth\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5989.187\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e551\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.870\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRuminative exploration\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12712.573\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e551\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.072\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEPSI Conf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12873.824\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e551\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.364\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEPSI Synth\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8678.295\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e551\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.750\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"6\" rowspan=\"7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCommitment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e180791.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e553\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIdentification with commitment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e193355.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e553\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExploration in breadth\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e226965.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e553\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExploration in depth\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e203560.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e553\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRuminative exploration\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e167438.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e553\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEPSI Conf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e151619.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e553\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEPSI Synth\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e275368.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e553\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"6\" rowspan=\"7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCorrected Total\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCommitment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7722.123\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e552\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIdentification with commitment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7827.620\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e552\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExploration in breadth\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6923.479\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e552\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExploration in depth\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6011.530\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e552\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRuminative exploration\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12713.769\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e552\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEPSI Conf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12884.676\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e552\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEPSI Synth\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8683.125\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e552\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDescriptive statistics and relationships for variables\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"18\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c13\" colnum=\"13\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c14\" colnum=\"14\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c15\" colnum=\"15\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c16\" colnum=\"16\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c17\" colnum=\"17\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c18\" colnum=\"18\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.146**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.102*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.072\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" 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colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.020\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.063\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.282**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.470**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e 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align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePMC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.044\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.049\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.423**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.210**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.160**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.124**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNMC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.038\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.014\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e 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colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePFC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.089*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e054\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.202**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.035\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.319**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.187**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e 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\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSkewness\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.484\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.476\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.687\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.843\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.491\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.736\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.637\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.644\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.332\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.517\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.379\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.364\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.111\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.614\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.548\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.323\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.427\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKurtosis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.204\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.046\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.126\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.994\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.342\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.528\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.158\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.638\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.236\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.203\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.766\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.107\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.589\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.070\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.248\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.281\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.076\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCronbach Alpha\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.835\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.739\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.889\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.743\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.749\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.688\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.759\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.736\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.871\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.834\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.879\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.689\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.842\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.783\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.719\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe findings concluded that there was no statistically significant effect of the variable of emerging adults' living with their parents on their identity formation (F \u003csub\u003e(7, 545)\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.602, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.754, n\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.008). In other words, living with their parents did not have a significant effect on the process of identity formation of emerging adults.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003e2. Model results of emerging adults\u0026rsquo; perceived relationships towards their parents\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll connections between emerging adult identity traits and parents (see Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e) were estimated using the empirical model building method (Kline, 2006). Additionally, all paths relating developing adult identity variables to parent-adult child relationships were estimated. Gender and age were also controlled for developing identity formation of emerging adults.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUpon examining the goodness of fit index values, it can be concluded that the model fit the data adequately: χ2 / df\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.561, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.065, RMSEA\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.032, CFI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.994, TLI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.997, and SRMR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.047 (Hu \u0026amp; Bentler, 1999; Kline, 2011). The results derived from the model analyzing the perceived mother and father relationships by emerging adults and identity formation are presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eModel results of emerging adults\u0026rsquo; perceived relationships towards their parents and identity development dimensions\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePath\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEstimate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS.E\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEst./S.E\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e Value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStandardized Estimate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePM \u0026loz; DC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.143\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.037\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.864\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.133\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePM \u0026loz; DiC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.214\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.039\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.552\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.199\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePM \u0026loz; DED\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.097\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.044\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.207\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.027\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.102\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePM \u0026loz; SYNTH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.155\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.043\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.589\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.137\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNM \u0026loz; DEB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.166\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.045\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-3.682\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.141\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNM \u0026loz; DED\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.145\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.052\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.757\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.132\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNM \u0026loz; DRE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.243\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.065\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.716\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.153\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNM\u0026loz; CONF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.316\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.061\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.188\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.200\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePF \u0026loz; DRE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.047\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.112\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.035\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.083\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePF \u0026loz; SYNTH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.098\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.034\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.888\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNF \u0026loz; CONF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.150\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.053\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.810\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.005\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.102\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePath analysis was used to examine emerging adults' reported mother-father relationships' identity development predictive role. The model's significant standardized path coefficients are displayed in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. Emerging adults' identity formation correlated positively with their perceptions of parental relationships. Path coefficients from perceived parent-child relationships to emerging adult identity formation were examined for gender effects. No significant effects of gender (except for commitment and ruminative exploration) and age (except for commitment) on identity formation were found.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003e3. Model results of parents\u0026rsquo; perceived relationships towards their emerging adult children\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBased on the findings, the model fit indices can be concluded to be excellent: χ2 / df\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.182, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.266, RMSEA\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.018, CFI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.998, TLI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.992, and SRMR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.037 (Hu \u0026amp; Bentler, 1999; Kline, 2011). The results obtained from the model of parents\u0026rsquo; perceived relationships with their emerging adult children and identity formation among their emerging adult children are displayed in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eModel results of parents\u0026rsquo; perceived relationships with emerging adult children and identity development dimensions\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePath\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEstimate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS.E\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEst./S.E\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e Value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStandardized Estimate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePMC \u0026loz; DiC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.186\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.041\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.531\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.143\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePMC \u0026loz; DED\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.144\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.044\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.302\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.126\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePMC\u0026loz; DRE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.181\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.064\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.846\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.108\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNMC \u0026loz; DC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.152\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.038\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-4.051\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.128\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNMC\u0026loz; CONF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.416\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.053\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.899\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.271\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNMC \u0026loz; SYNTH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.207\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.043\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-4.784\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.164\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePFC \u0026loz; DC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.097\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.037\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.621\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.009\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.080\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePFC\u0026loz; SYNTH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.109\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.041\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.644\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.008\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.085\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNFC \u0026loz; DEB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.134\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.046\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.917\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.106\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNFC \u0026loz; DED\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.161\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.046\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-3.474\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.137\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e displays all significant paths. Parents' perceived relationships with their emerging adult children was significantly and positively associated with emerging adult identity formation. When age and gender levels were controlled. No significant effects of gender (except for commitment and ruminative exploration) and age (except for commitment) on identity formation were found.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION","content":" \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe current cross-sectional study examined the role of both emerging adults' perceived relationships towards their parents and parents' perceived relationships towards their emerging adult children on identity formation of emerging adults. Further, it was also aimed to investigate whether the identity formation of emerging adult children differs depending on whether they live with their parents or not.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn recent decades, more young adults in Turkey have pursued higher education and delayed parenthood or marriage (Atak \u0026amp; \u0026Ccedil;ok, 2010). It often leads to staying with parents. Our initial objective is to determine if emerging adults' identity development differs based on their residential proximity to their parents. Identity formation did not differ in Turkey, contrary to our prediction of a more prevalent independent relational self. Both emerging adults and their parents help them build identities (Luyckx et al., 2016; Sestito \u0026amp; Sica, 2014), but Turkish emerging adults have had a distinct experience. Our study found no evidence that staying with parents improves identity formation because relationship quality may be more relevant to Turkish emerging adults' identity development. According to Buhl (2008) and Phinney et al. (2005), age affects relatedness and autonomy, notably in parent-child relationships. In adolescence, autonomy increases and parent-child relatedness decreases. Developing autonomy and regulating relatedness continues and increases into emerging adulthood (Inguglia et al., 2015). As people get older, they develop autonomy and relatedness, but not just because of their parents. Findings of this study are consistent with this broader understanding, suggesting that the development of identity in young adults is influenced by a variety of factors beyond just living in close proximity with their parents.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccording to another finding of the study, the relationships of parents and their emerging adult children were associated with emerging adult identity formation. Parents and their emerging adult children establishing positive relationships with each other that are consistent and predictable may lead emerging adults to form commitments themselves. This case may also cause the positive relationships that emerging adults and their parents perceive with each other to be related to emerging adult identity commitment processes. For identity exploration variables, the current study has similar results as previous literature, as it is based on previous research showing that the in depth and in breadth exploration of alternatives according to goals, values, and beliefs is accompanied by positive emotions, while ruminative exploration of options is accompanied by negative emotions (Lilgendahl, 2015; Luyckx et al., 2008a). In addition, consistent with Erikson's (1987) theoretical background, the positive relationships that emerging adults and their parents perceive with each other are positively related to identity synthesis and negatively related to identity confusion.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs discussed above regarding the relationship of emerging adults and parents, another objective of our study is to investigate the degree of relationship between emerging adults and their parents can predict identity formation in emerging adults. We hypothesized that emerging adults having positive relationship perceptions towards their parents will have lower levels of ruminative exploration and identity confusion, and higher levels of other identity characteristics. Similarly, negative perceptions of emerging adults towards their parents likely lead to more rumination and confusion about their own identity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePositively perceived mother-child interactions lead to greater identity development commitment in emerging adults. This supports the hypothesis that supportive parental relationships give emerging individuals a safe base from which to confidently make commitments, internalize, and promote their self identities (Grotevant \u0026amp; Cooper, 2013). Nurturing mother relationships also support identity exploration (Coie \u0026amp; Dodge, 1998; Laible et al., 2004). Emerging adults' perceived negative relationship with their mothers limit proactive exploration needed for healthy identity formation (Luyckx et al., 2006). Our study also found that emerging adults with poor mother-child relationship are more likely to engage in ruminative exploration, which can increase anxiety and hinder identity development (Schwartz et al., 2011).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePerceived positive relationship with fathers was not a significant predictor of these dimensions, while negative relationship was not a significant predictor of all dimensions except ruminative exploration. Lack of major findings across all aspects may suggest that other relationships such as those with mothers or peers or internal factors like personal experiences or individual temperament have a more dominant role in the identity formation of emerging adults. The research conducted by Grotevant and Cooper (2013) emphasizes the complex and diverse process of identity development, indicating that various interactions may have varying impacts on different aspects of one's identity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOn the other hand, perceived positive father-child relationships predicted identity synthesis and negative relationships identity complexity. Research shows that negative parental ties increase ruminative exploration. Luyckx et al. (2008b) found that adolescents with unsatisfactory parent-child relationships ruminate more, suggesting that negative connections can cause problematic identity processes. Lindell et al. (2017) found comparable results for emerging adults with unfavorable father-child ties. Identity confusion\u0026mdash;a lack of clarity and consistency in self-understanding\u0026mdash;is more likely in them. Similarly, this study examines how parental participation affects identity development in emerging adulthood (Schwartz et al., 2013). This can also be evaluated as a result of the perceived roles of the fathers in Turkish family context where there is not much room for father involvement.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOur final objective was to determine how much parent-child relationship predict identity formation in emerging adults. The outcomes of this objective support the second hypothesis that mothers are more prominent in relationships. Studies on fathers and mothers' effects on their children's identity formation (Beyers \u0026amp; Goossens, 2008; Klimstra et al., 2010) support the current study's finding that their relationships with emerging adult children affect different identity formation dimensions. Samuolis et al. (2001) found that girls' exploration and commitment levels were related to their mothers' relationships, but boys' identities were not. The majority of emerging adult participants in the current study were female (79.7), suggesting that mothers are more involved in identity formation. Another study (Videon, 2005) indicated that fathers also affect adolescent well-being, independent of mothers' relationships with their children, but their influence was more temporary. According to \u0026Ccedil;elik (2016), males in Turkish society have more implicit interactions with their children than females, which may explain why fathers' relationships with emerging adults have limited impact on identity formation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eLimitations and suggestions for the future research\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlthough the current study has strengths such as including both emerging adults and their parents (two informants), using two identity models, and having participants from various regions and cities of Turkey (multi-sample), there are some limitations. First, the study was cross sectional. The relationships of emerging adults to their parents and the relationships of parents to their emerging adult children are dynamic. Furthermore, there is a continuous interaction between commitments and how and to what extent alternatives are explored (Duriez et al., 2012). Therefore, future longitudinal research can observe changes over time and investigate other control variables that affect identity formation in the process by examining the interaction between emerging adults and their parents.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecond, the perceived relationships in identity formation in emerging adults are limited to the relationship of emerging adults to their parents and the relationship of parents to their emerging adult children. According to Mcbride et al. (2005), parents' family relationship networks affect their children. Thus, future research can examine how mothers and fathers' relationship network shapes emerging adults' identities.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThird, this study included all emerging adult children, regardless of gender. Grotevant and Cooper (2013) found that mother-daughter, mother-son, father-daughter, and father-son relationships during adolescence contributed identity discovery both positively and negatively. Since girls and boys have different parent-child relationships (Kroger, 1997; Samuolis et al., 2001), the extent to which the mother's and father's relationships predict emerging adults' identity formation can be studied in the future.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDespite these limitations, the current study extend previous research on the importance of child-parents' relationships on identity formation. Thus, it can be said that the emerging adult-parent relationship continues to play a key role in identity formation, which is an important developmental task during adolescence as well as emerging adulthood.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionList\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eDIDS\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDimensions of Identity Development Scale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eEPSI\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eErikson's Psychosocial Stage Inventory\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003ePARQ\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParent-Adult Relationship Questionnaire\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eMANOVA\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMultivariate analysis of variance\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eVIF\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariance Inflation Factor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eSEM\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStructural Equation Modeling\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eSRMR\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStandardized Root Mean Square Residual\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eRMSEA\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRoot Mean Square Error of Approximation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eCFI\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComparative Fit Index\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eTLI\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTucker-Lewis Index\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEthical approval of this research was obtained from Atat\u0026uuml;rk University (ethical approval number: E.88656144-000-2200257832). Following that, the necessary permissions were obtained from the seven universities where the participants were located. We collected parent forms through adult children. Data collection was carried out by the researchers in a face to face modality. All study\u0026rsquo;s procedures have been conducted in accordance with the principles of Helsinki Declaration. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study. Participants were informed about the purpose of the study, the procedures involved, potential risks and benefits, and their right to withdraw consent at any time. Privacy and confidentiality of personal information were strictly maintained throughout the study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data analysed in this study are available from the corresponding author if requested. The corresponding author takes responsibility for the precision of the data analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting Interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThere is no conflict of interest between the authors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe current study was funded by TUBITAK (The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey, 3501 Career Development Program, numbered 122K461).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026apos; contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eM. D. K. designed the research, collected and analyzed data, drafted the manuscript. H. A. Y. collected and managed data, drafted the manuscript, submitted and revised the manuscript. F. \u0026Ccedil;. and K. L. reviewed and revised the manuscript. All authors have contributed to the manuscript and approved the submitted version.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors thank all the participants of the study for their contribution.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAdams, G. R., \u0026amp; Gullotta, T. P. (1989). \u003cem\u003eAdolescent life experiences\u003c/em\u003e. New York: Brooks Cole Publishing Company.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAquilino, W. S., \u0026amp; Supple, K. R. (1991). Parent-child relations and parent's satisfaction with living arrangements when adult children live at home. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Marriage and the Family\u003c/em\u003e, 13\u0026ndash;27.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eArnett, J. J. (2000). 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Stability of attachment representations during adolescence: The influence of ego-identity status. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Adolescence, 25\u003c/em\u003e(1), 107\u0026ndash;124. https://doi.org/10.1006/jado.2001.0452.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-psychology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"psyo","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Psychology](http://bmcpsychology.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"BMC Psychology","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Identity, emerging adulthood, parent child relationship, multi-informant approach","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8920145/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8920145/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis study provided an original contribution focusing on the perspectives of both emerging adults and their parents in Turkey (1) to examine if identity formation in emerging adults differs depending on whether they live with or without their parents; (2) whether their perceived relationships with parents predict their identity formation; and (3) whether parents\u0026rsquo; perceived relationships with their children predict identity formation. 553 Turkish university students and 1106 parents participated in this cross-sectional study. Living with or without parents did not affect identity formation in emerging adults, based on the results of The Dimensions of Identity Development Scale, Erikson's Psychosocial Stage Inventory, and Parent-Adult Relationship Survey. Model 1 of the two path models predicted several identity formation characteristics in emerging adults' interactions with their mothers but fewer with their fathers. In Model 2, mothers' relationships with their emerging adult children predicted several identity development aspects, while fathers' predicted a few.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Identity Formation and Relationships with Parents in Turkish Emerging Adults: A Multi-informant Examination","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-03-27 12:28:25","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8920145/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"216223252126587827787043689741689431634","date":"2026-04-06T17:54:23+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-04-05T20:32:38+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"310685869053748331961458106046182532814","date":"2026-04-03T21:33:58+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"142079356618817721267653747591604386378","date":"2026-04-01T14:07:51+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2026-03-25T06:54:03+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2026-03-23T12:26:49+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2026-02-27T11:02:03+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2026-02-27T03:08:21+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Psychology","date":"2026-02-26T12:40:47+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-psychology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"psyo","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Psychology](http://bmcpsychology.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"BMC Psychology","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"c6d3a732-81c7-4571-bfe6-dda2fd9fb84a","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 27th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-03-27T12:28:25+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-03-27 12:28:25","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8920145","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8920145","identity":"rs-8920145","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}