Education as a Moderator in the Effect of Successful Aging on Mortality Risk in Elderly Chinese: A National Longitudinal Study (2011-2016)

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However, there is little evidence to discuss whether education could modify the effect of successful aging on morality risk. Numerous literatures from worldwide were cross-sectional and previous studies on the association between successful aging and mortality in China were quite few. We aim to evaluate the effect of successful aging and each of its components on mortality risk of older in China, further discussed whether education was a moderator in this effect and investigated differences in results among males and females. Methods Data was derived from CHARLS (China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study), which is a nationally representative follow-up survey. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate the education's moderate effect on the relationship between successful aging and mortality. Results In total, 4824 residents aged 60 years and above were recorded. 15.18% (n=367) for males and 15.74% (n=379) for females were defined as successful aging and the mortality were 2.61% (n=63) for males and 3.45% (n=83) for females during the survey. It is the first longitudinal study using national cohort data to research the educational effects on the association between mortality and successful aging, our study showed that the effect only existed in females aged 65-74 years old group with lower education. Conclusions Education has the significant effect on the relationship between successful aging and mortality. Physical health is significantly associated with the achieving of successful aging among young older. More measures should be paid on improving mental health among the young female older with lower education to achieve successful aging and to against mortality and live longevity. Health Policy Numerous China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study Physical health Introduction Faced with life expectancy increased dramatically, the world’s demographic structure has changed significantly[ 1 ]. It is predicted that almost 2 billion people will be 60 years or older by the year 2050, accounting for 20% of the global population, aging populations pose economic challenges to society[ 2 ].Social attention about aging has shifted from “how to live longer” to “how to age well”, how can people age well? Many people, all around the world, regard good health as an important goal in their lives[ 3 ]. The concept of successful aging which was closely connected with good health has evolved for several decades, there is no agreed-upon definition of successful aging. This term was introduced by Robert J. Havighurst who first proposed the concept of successful aging[ 4 , 5 ]. Rowe and Kahn discussed the operational concept of successful aging that encompasses three main criteria: low risk of disease and disability, maintenance of high physical and cognitive functioning, as well as active engagement in social and productive activities[ 6 ]. In recent years, the World Health Organization (WHO) reported the concept of active aging, which is “the process of optimizing opportunities for health, participation and security in order to enhance the quality life as people age”[ 7 ]. Several empirical studies nowadays have recognized the successful aging as a “calculable gold standard of aging”[ 8 ]. Although there are different defined successful aging across countries, cultures and literature, a majority of researches of successful aging has already paid attention to the factors which is associated with the achievement of successful aging and the prediction of future health outcomes result from successful aging[ 9 , 10 ].A considerable number of studies have found that individual components (absence of major disease, freedom from disability, high cognitive function, no depressive symptoms, active social engagement in life) of successful aging were significantly associated with older adults’ health[ 11 – 14 ], their achievement has a positive effect on reducing mortality rates. Education, as the common proxy for socioeconomic status (SES), makes it possible for individuals to master more knowledge about diseases, to understand the health treatments and cope with mechanisms for ill-health[ 15 ]. In empirical studies, numerous of them have provided evidence that education significantly contributed to the prediction of reaching successful aging[ 9 , 16 , 17 ]. Studies of 20th century found that higher educational level were linked with robust aging[ 9 , 16 – 20 ]. Recent studies of Chinese elderly in Hong Kong and Shanghai have identified education as determinants of successful aging, higher educational level was related to higher rate of successful aging and the rate of successful aging was differ from years of education[ 21 , 22 ]. Education is also associated with psychological and biological conditions, two main criteria of successful aging, among the elderly, which means low levels of education were linked with poorer psychological function (depressive symptoms) and poorer biological conditions (diseases and disability)[ 23 ]. Higher socioeconomic status(age/gender/education), longer life expectancy and lower morbidity is positively associated with successful aging[ 24 ], indicating that better education is likely to prevent populations from high mortality risk, meaning the mortality rate might be higher who did not achieve successful aging than in their counterparts.. Hence, it is of great interest to explore relationship between successful aging and mortality. However, there is little evidence to discuss health outcomes derived from successful aging and whether education can modify the effect of successful aging on morality risk. Furthermore, studies from worldwide were most cross-sectional and association between successful aging and mortality among Chinese elderly has remained unexplored thus far. On the basis of above literature review, we hypothesized that successful aging would be associated with education and different levels of education, and education may modify the effect of successful aging on morality risk. Another primary hypothesis was that the effect as mentioned above experience gender difference, which means gender disparities may exist in the health indicators of mortality among successful aging population and non-successful aging population. So this prospective study first aims to evaluate the effect of successful aging and each of its components on mortality risk of the elderly aged 60 and over in China, the analyses of study population were classified into two group (60–74 years/75 years or older) because the effect may be different between young-old and old-old; we further discussed whether education plays a moderator role in this effect using nationally representative longitudinal data.. Methods Data sources CHARLS (China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study) is a nationally representative follow-up survey, which is designed to investigate the economic and health of the populations aged 45 years old and above. The baseline national wave of CHARLS(W1) was being fielded in late summer 2011-March 2012 and includes about 10,000 households in 150 counties/districts and 450 villages/resident committees. The individuals will be followed up every two years, Wave 2 (W2) was fielded in 2013 and Wave 3 (W3) in 2015. A special life history wave was fielded in 2014 (W4) [ 25 ]. CHARLS questionnaires include information about self-reported and objective measures of health among middle-aged and elderly in China, these include health status and functioning, general health, physician-diagnosed chronic illnesses, lifestyle and health-related behaviors, subjective expectation of mortality, activities of daily living (ADL), cognition testing, depression and so on. The Biomedical Ethics Review Committee of Peking University (IRB00001052-11015) gave the ethic approval and allowed the CHARLS research group to collect data. Requiring all interviewees to sign informed consent was the first step of the study. The study sample was derived from the baseline data W1 and follow-up data W2, W3 and W4 and specially was those who could be followed-up in the 4-year period, thus, a total of 4824 subjects were included. Definition Of Successful Aging Our concept of successful aging took the definition of Rowe and Kahn[ 6 ], including the following 5 components: 1) absence of major diseases, 2) freedom from disability, 3) high cognitive function, 4) no depressive symptoms, 5) active social engagement in life. 1 Absence of major diseases: To judge the status of chronic diseases, respondents were asked by the following question: “Have you been diagnosed with conditions listed below by a doctor?” The conditions include cancer, chronic lung disease, diabetes, heart disease and stroke. The research indicated that those diseases mentioned above may cause major disease burden for the elder[ 26 ], the respondents were classified as having no major diseases if they reported have no any of the above five chronic diseases. 2 Freedom from disability: The activities of daily living (ADL) scale was used to assess the ADLs[ 27 ], according to the following questions: “Because of a physical, mental, emotional or memory problem, do you have any difficulty with one type of everyday activity, excluding any that you expect to last less than three months?” The everyday activities include dressing, bathing, or showering, eating, getting into or out of bed, using the toilet, and controlling urination and defecation. Respondents were classified as having no disability if they reported that they had no difficulty with the everyday activities of six items mentioned above. 3 High cognitive function[ 14 ] : Cognitive function was assessed with the Telephone Interview of Cognitive Status (TICS).This includes both immediate and delayed recall of ten words on a list, serial subtraction of seven from 100 (up to five times), and naming the day of the week, month, day, year, and season, and drawing the picture. The score of cognitive function ranged from 0 to 21. Respondents were considered to have high cognitive functioning if they achieved a median or above score, and the median score was 11. 4 No depressive symptoms: Depressive symptoms were assessed using the CES-D 10 (10-item Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale). The cut-off value is less than 10 points, which was used to identify no depressive symptoms. 5 Active social engagement in life: Respondents were defined as being actively social engaged if they participate in any of the following types of social groups: voluntary or charity work, provided help to family, friends, or neighbors, gone to a sport, social, or other kind of club in the month preceding the interview. The participant who met all five indicator criteria mentioned above was defined as “successful aging”, otherwise as “non-successful aging”. Other Variables Control variables includes following factors: age (60–74 years/75 years or older), gender (Male/Female), education level (Primary school and below/Junior high school or above), income ( low: 10058yuan) marital status (Married/Cohabitating/Divorced/Separated/Widowed/Never married), community type (Rural/Urban), smoking (Yes/No/Quit), and drinking (Drink more than once a month/Drink but less than once a month/Do not drink). Mortality Participants enrolled in W1 were followed up in W2, W3 and W4. We collected the all-cause mortality and survival information of the respondents during the four wave surveys (2011–2015). W2 recorded of the respondents’ both status information (dead or alive) and death time, while W3 and W4 only provided the interview status information (dead or alive). We recorded and calculated the survival time of those who had the accurate all-cause death time by the interval between the interview time of W1 and the death time in W2. If respondents’ accurate death time was not available, we calculated the specific value by the interval between the interview time of W1 and the specific wave with death information and then defined the median of this value as the survival time. The survival time of those who were alive during whole follow-up interview was the interval between W1 and W4. Statistics Analysis All descriptive statistical analyses were performed by gender. We first used chi-square test to compare individual characteristics (including dichotomous or categorical variables) with and without successful aging. Next, the survival analysis was used to examine the association between successful aging and all-cause mortality, the Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to estimate the unadjusted and adjusted hazard rations (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CLs) of successful aging. At last, whether the education could modify the effect of successful aging on the all-cause mortality was assessed, in this stage, we also used the Cox proportional hazards regression models to examine the educational mediating effect on all-cause mortality among successful aging and non-successful aging populations. All statistical analyses were performed by SAS 9.3. The significance level was set at 0.05. Results Table 1 shows the respondents’ baseline characteristics according to successful aging. In the group aged 60–74 years old, 15.20% (n = 297) for males and 15.95% (n = 305) for females were defined as successful aging according to our definition. Among males and females, people with high education level were likely to achieve successful aging compared with lower education (P < 0.001). Higher income makes it possible for people to achieve successful aging (P < 0.01). People keeping the drinking habits (Drink but less than once a month and Drink more than once a month, P < 0.001) were more likely to achieve aging successfully, compared with the people (Do not drink). In addition, smokers were more likely to be successfully aging in male group (P = 0.001). For the group of 75 years old and above, the successful aging rate was 15.12% (n = 70) for males and 14.95% (n = 74) for females respectively. The connection between successful aging and education was similar among the group aged 60–74 years old. Other details of characteristics of participants were shown in Table 1 . Table 1 Characteristics of Study Population According to Baseline Successful Aging by Gender Characteristics Male (N(%)) P Female (N(%)) P successful aging Non-successful aging successful aging Non-successful aging 60–74 years old 297(15.20) 1657(84.80) 305(15.95) 1607(84.05) Education level Primary school and below 133(10.33) 1154(89.67) < 0.001 126(9.91) 1146(90.09) < 0.001 Junior high school or above 164(24.59) 503(75.41) 179(27.97) 461(72.03) Marital status Married/Cohabitating 260(14.91) 1484(85.09) 0.301 241(16.07) 1259(83.93) 0.794 Divorced/Separated/Widowed/Never married 37(17.62) 173(82.38) 64(15.53) 348(84.47) Community type Rural 232(15.95) 1223(84.05) 0.117 245(16.04) 1282(83.96) 0.826 Urban 65(13.03) 434(86.97) 60(15.58) 325(84.42) Income < 650 57(11.75) 428(88.25) 10058 103(23.09) 343(76.91) 109(20.72) 417(79.28) Smoking Yes 121(18.67) 527(81.33) 0.001 106(18.50) 467(81.50) 0.111 No 142(12.61) 984(87.39) 170(14.60) 994(85.40) Quit 34(18.89) 146(81.11) 29(16.57) 146(83.43) Drinking Drink more than once a month 29(19.46) 120(80.54) < 0.001 28(18.92) 120(81.08) < 0.001 Drink but less than once a month 105(21.60) 381(78.40) 98(21.35) 361(78.65) Do not drink 163(12.36) 1156(87.64) 179(13.72) 1126(86.28) 75 years old and above 70(15.12) 393(84.88) 74(14.95) 421(85.05) Education level Primary school and below 30(10.00) 270(90.00) < 0.001 34(10.30) 296(89.70) < 0.001 Junior high school or above 40(24.54) 123(75.46) 40(24.24) 125(75.76) Marital status Married/Cohabitating 50(14.88) 286(85.12) 0.816 25(13.97) 154(86.03) 0.644 Divorced/Separated/Widowed/Never married 20(15.75) 107(84.25) 49(15.51) 267(84.49) Community type Rural 46(13.90) 285(86.10) 0.245 54(14.29) 324(85.71) 0.457 Urban 24(18.18) 108(81.82) 20(17.09) 97(82.91) Income 10058 25(21.93) 89(78.07) 22(18.33) 98(81.67) Smoking Yes 22(15.07) 12484.93) 0.579 26(16.35) 133(83.65) 0.694 No 38(14.23) 229(85.77) 41(13.85) 255(86.15) Quit 10(20.00) 40(80.00) 7(17.50) 33(82.50) Drinking Drink more than once a month 8(22.86) 27(77.14) 0.325 9(18.00) 41(82.00) 0.141 Drink but less than once a month 20(16.39) 102(83.61) 27(19.29) 113(80.71) Do not drink 42(13.73) 264(86.27) 38(12.46) 267(87.54) [Insert Table 1 here] As Table 2 shows, among population aged 60–74, the mortality rate of females (3.50%) was higher than males (2.46%), although the difference was not significant (P = 0.055). Moreover, the distribution of the association between successful aging and its components and mortality differed by gender, the association between successful aging and mortality was significant in females (P = 0.033), but not in males (P = 0.200). Specifically speaking, individual components comprising successful aging except "Active social engagement in life (P = 0.642)" in females were associated with mortality significantly, and those significant correlation in males only existed in " Absence of major disease (P๤0.001)" and" Freedom from disability (P๤0.001)". Among group aged 75 and above, the mortality rate of males and females were similar (males = 3.24%, female = 3.23%, P = 0.995). In addition, both males and females showed the same correlation trend between successful aging and its components and mortality except " Absence of major disease (P = 0.004)" was associated with mortality in males and "High cognitive function (P = 0.021)" was associated with mortality in females. Table 2 Association between Successful Aging and Mortality by Gender Based on Baseline Successful Aging Male (N(%)) P Female (N(%)) P Mortality incidence cases Follow-up cases Mortality incidence cases Follow-up cases 60–74 years old 48(2.46) 1954 67(3.50) 1912 Successful aging Yes 4(1.35) 297 0.200 4(1.31) 305 0.033 No 44(2.66) 1657 63(3.92) 1607 Absence of major diseases Yes 24(1.62) 1480 < 0.001 39(2.76) 1411 0.003 No 24(5.06) 474 28(5.59) 501 Freedom from disability Yes 31(1.83) 1693 < 0.001 50(3.05) 1642 0.009 No 17(6.51) 261 17(6.30) 270 High cognitive function Yes 23(2.15) 1069 0.356 23(2.17) 1058 0.001 No 25(2.82) 885 44(5.15) 854 No depressive symptoms Yes 29(2.35) 1236 0.676 34(2.77) 1227 0.023 No 19(2.65) 718 33(4.82) 685 Active social engagement in life Yes 19(1.90) 1001 0.112 32(3.30) 969 0.642 No 29(3.04) 953 35(3.71) 943 75 years old and above 15(3.24) 463 16(3.23) 495 Successful aging Yes 1(1.43) 70 0.359 0(0.00) 74 0.287 No 14(3.56) 393 16(3.80) 421 Absence of major diseases Yes 7(1.93) 363 0.004 11(2.98) 369 0.554 No 8(8.00) 100 5(3.97) 126 Freedom from disability Yes 11(2.84) 387 0.297 14(3.33) 421 0.791 No 4(5.26) 76 2(2.70) 74 High cognitive function Yes 5(2.00) 250 0.120 4(1.44) 278 0.021 No 10(4.69) 213 12(5.53) 217 No depressive symptoms Yes 9(3.10) 290 0.865 11(3.68) 299 0.503 No 6(3.47) 173 5(2.55) 196 Active social engagement in life Yes 7(3.04) 230 0.815 4(1.44) 278 0.362 No 8(3.43) 233 12(5.53) 217 [Insert Table 2 here] In order to assess the risk of mortality onset, the Cox proportional hazards models were used to show relevant results during the follow-up survey according to the successful aging at baseline participants (Table 3).In total, after adjusting education, health behavioral and relevant influencing factors, the association between successful aging and mortality was only observed in the group aged 60–74 in females (HR = 3.105, 95%CI = 1.128–8.543). However, there was no association between successful aging and mortality significantly in males. In addition, owing to the restriction of data, the females aged 75 and above cannot observe similar correlation (females defined as aging successfully had no death data at that age stage). [Insert Table 3 here] The study further explored if the education was a moderator in this effect of successful aging on morality risk (Table 4 ). Owing to there was no significant association between successful aging and mortality in the group of 75 years old and above, relevant analysis mainly on the participants aged 60–74 years old. Table 4 shows the significant correlation between successful aging and mortality only exist in females’ group with the education level of primary school and below (HR = 3.272, 95%CI = 1.019–10.507). Table 3 HR (95% CI) of All-Cause Mortality of Successful Aging and Its Component Table 3 HR (95% CI) of All-Cause Mortality of Successful Aging and Its Component Male (HR 95%CI) Female (HR 95%CI) Unadjusted Adjusted Unadjusted Adjusted 60–74 years old Successful aging Ref. Ref. Non-successful aging 1.953(0.702–5.436) 2.068(0.739–5.784) 2.994(1.090–8.226)* 3.105(1.128–8.543)* Absence of major diseases Ref. Ref. Major disease 3.195(1.815–5.626)*** 3.299(1.865–5.835)*** 2.063(1.269–3.352)** 2.080(1.276–3.380)** Freedom from disability Ref. Ref. Disability 3.670(2.031–6.631)*** 3.868(2.132–7.018)*** 2.085(1.202–3.614)** 2.169(1.246–3.777)** High cognitive function Ref. Ref. Not high cognitive function 1.306(0.741-2.300) 1.374(0.775–2.437) 2.378(1.436–3.938)** 2.532(1.520–4.217)*** No depressive symptoms Ref. Ref. Depressive symptoms 1.131(0.634–2.017) 1.164(0.651–2.081) 1.743(1.080–2.814)* 1.785(1.102–2.890)* Active social engagement in life Ref. Ref. Not active social engagement in life 1.598(0.896–2.850) 1.633(0.914–2.918) 1.121(0.694–1.810) 1.140(0.705–1.841) 75 years old and above Successful aging Ref. Ref. Non-successful aging 2.583(0.340-19.642) 2.677(0.346–20.702) NA Absence of major diseases Ref. Ref. Major disease 4.367(1.583–12.044)** 4.027(1.435–11.297)** 1.375(0.478–3.959) 1.236(0.425–3.598) Freedom from disability Ref. Ref. Disability 1.839(0.586–5.776) 1.984(0.620–6.352) 0.819(0.186–3.601) 0.690(0.155–3.081) High cognitive function Ref. Ref. Not high cognitive function 2.341(0.800-6.849) 2.359(0.783–7.110) 3.802(1.226–11.787)* 3.008(0.958–9.447) No depressive symptoms Ref. Ref. Depressive symptoms 1.093(0.389–3.072) 1.293(0.441–3.789) 0.697(0.242–2.006) 0.661(0.229–1.911) Active social engagement in life Ref. Ref. Not active social engagement in life 1.128(0.409–3.112) 1.107(0.393–3.115) 0.625(0.227–1.719) 0.580(0.209–1.680) Note * p < 0.05 ** p < 0.01 *** p < 0.001. a Unadjusted model. b Adjusted for model 1 criteria and Marital status, Community type, Education, Income, Smoking, Drinking. Table 4 HRs of successful aging in 60–74 years old groups with different education level successful aging Non-Successful aging Male Female Primary school and below (60–74 years old) Unadjusted a Ref. 1.632(0.496–5.367) 3.141(1.009–10.068)* Adjusted b Ref. 1.727(0.522–5.716) 3.272(1.019–10.507)* Junior high school or above (60–74 years old) Unadjusted a Ref. 2.925(0.388–22.053) 2.623(0.343–20.056) Adjusted b Ref. 3.422(0.448–26.114) 2.884(0.367–22.665) Note * p < 0.05 a Unadjusted model. b Adjusted for model 1 criteria and Marital status, Community type, Income, Smoking, Drinking. [Insert Table 4 here] Discussion This study investigated the association between successful aging and mortality, and further explored education's role of moderating the effect of successful aging on mortality. We found the significant correlation between successful aging and its 5 components with mortality, meanwhile, those correlation existed gender differences. In addition, those significant association only existed in the group of females (60–74 years old) with education level of primary school and below. For 60–74 years old group, we found that the association between successful aging and mortality was in females (HR = 3.105 95%, CI = 1.128–8.543), but was not in males. Gender differences in mortality risk were found across 5 components of successful aging; the association was strongest for presence of major diseases, disability, low cognitive function, and depressive symptoms in females, but for presence of major diseases and disability in males. For those aged 75 and above, the association between successful aging and mortality were not found in both genders. The association was strongest for presence of major diseases in males, but for presence of low cognitive function in females. Our finding is accordance with previous studies which found successful aging was significantly associated with lower mortality. In a Korean longitudinal study of aging (2006–2014) which included 3848 participants aged 65 and above, non-successful aging older had a higher risk of mortality than successful agers (men: HR = 1.69, 95%CI = 1.18–2.43; and women: HR = 2.37, 95%, CI = 1.21–4.63)[ 5 ]. Meanwhile, this study found gender differences in mortality risks across all components of successful aging (absence of major illness, freedom from disability, no depressive symptoms, active social engagement, satisfaction with life, high cognitive function, high physical function)[ 5 ]. A study(2 year followed survey)from longevity areas of China focusing on the relationship between successful aging index (assessed by self-rated health, depressive symptoms, cognitive function, disability, and physical activities) and the survival status included 2296 old people (65 years old and above). According to this research, the mortality rate in the successful aging group was lower than non-successful aging group, the death rate in successful aging group reduced by 38% (HR = 0.62, 95% CI = 0.49–0.79)[ 28 ]. Considering the definitions of successful aging varied from different viewpoints, we cannot directly compare those previously available studies with ours. However, from another perspectives, it is proved that achieving successful aging is crucial for lowering rate of mortality and improving life-expectancy, which could support our study. We can conclude that aging successfully may be beneficial for lower the risk of mortality, but components of successful aging had different contributions to mortality varying from genders. Some studies indicated this gender difference may result from biological, genetic, and social variations [ 29 – 32 ]. Our study showed that the significant association between successful aging and mortality only existed in females (60–74 years old). On the one hand, possible explanations for the phenomenon is that the association between all components of successful aging (except "Active social engagement in life") and mortality was significant in females (60–74 years old), however, there only found significant association between partly components of successful aging ("Major disease" and "Disability") and mortality in males, as a result, the overall effect of successful aging on mortality in males was diminished. On the other hand, possible explanations for the association between the specific components of successful aging ("Depressive symptoms" and "Cognitive function") and mortality may be weaker in males than females might be that females may have greater and more prolonged Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) response to challenge` at older ages than males. That is to say, post-menopausal females are at increased risk of exhibiting greater and more prolonged HPA activation, which may contribute significantly to the increasing risks among such post-menopausal females for chronic diseases, depression, disability and so on[ 33 ],previous researches had proved those diseases are associated with higher mortality. Meanwhile, the association mentioned above diminished with increasing age, that is to say, we cannot observe similar correlation at peopled aged 75 and above among males and females. Potential explanation for the declines in the effects of successful aging on mortality with age is that physiological factors gradually become the prominent contribution factors more than others such as diseases, behaviors and so on for the death of 75 years old and above group. It is the first longitudinal study using national cohort data to research the educational effects on the association between mortality and successful aging, the study showed that the effect only existed in females aged 65–74 years old group with lower education. On the one hand, focusing on the role of education rather than SES which usually was a comprehensive concept (including education, occupation, income, social class, physical health and so on) provides us a precisely perspective to understand the connection between successful aging and mortality. On the other hand, some studies had found that the effect of education on mortality is stronger in young old than in oldest old[ 34 ], lower education population had less possibility to access to more health resources which are related with good health and survival[ 35 , 36 ]. Limitations Of The Study This study had several limitations. First, complete data about causes of death were not available, hindering us from further research of the association between successful aging and cause-specific mortality. Second, misclassification and recall bias might have existed because CHARLS included self-reported data. For instance, recall bias may occur according to memories of the elderly when answering the question about diagnosis of a chronic disease. Third, this study was based on the 4-year follow-up period, further study is needed to consider and research whether education could modify mortality in a longer period of follow-up. Last, our results cannot generalize to a broader range of ages, because of our study design which excluded people aged 45–59 in CHARLS. Conclusion In conclusion, we only found the association between successful aging and mortality in female older aged 60–74 years old, not in males. That is to say, the successful aging female older aged 60–74 years old were more likely to live longevity than those who did not. Moreover, the association between successful aging and its components and mortality existed gender differences, that is to say, physical health is significantly associated with the achieving of successful aging among young older and this study suggested that more measures should be paid on improving mental health among the young female older with lower education to achieve successful aging and to against mortality and live longevity. Declarations Acknowledgements We are grateful to the China Center for Economic Research at Beijing University for providing us with the data, and we thank the CHARLS research and field team for collecting the data. Authors’ contributions Peiya Cao (PYC), Huiqiang Luo (HQL), Jijie Li (JJL), Xiaohui Ren (XHR) conceived and designed the study. PYC and HQL prepared the manuscript; PYC, HQL, JJL discussed, revised the study design. Responsible for the statistical analysis: JJL. Contributed to data analysis: PYC, HQL. Supervised the study: XHR. Drafted the first version of the paper: PYC and HQL. PYC, HQL, JJL, XHR elaborated, discussed and approved the final version of paper for publication. Author’s information Peiya Cao and Huiqiang Luo contributed equally to the writing of this article. Funding This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. Availability of data and materials The dataset supporting the conclusions of this article are available in the http://charls.pku.edu.cn/ Ethics approval and consent to participate The analysis of the data was approved by the Biomedical Ethics Review Committee of Peking University, the number is IRB00001052-11015, and all the participants provided signed informed consent at the time of participation. The study methodology was carried out in accordance with approved guidelines. Consent for publication Not applicable Competing interests The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest. Availability of data and materials: The dataset supporting the conclusions of this article are available in the http://charls.pku.edu.cn/ References Christensen K, Doblhammer G, Rau R, Vaupel JW. Ageing populations: the challenges ahead. The Lancet. 2009;374(9696):1196–208. Gutiérrez M, Calatayud P, Tomás J-M. Motives to practice exercise in old age and successful aging: A latent class analysis. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2018;77:44–50. Kusumastuti S, Derks MGM, Tellier S, Di Nucci E, Lund R, Mortensen EL, Westendorp RGJ. Successful ageing: A study of the literature using citation network analysis. Maturitas. 2016;93:4–12. Havighurst RJ. Successful Aging. Gerontologist. 1961;1(1):8–13. Kim H-J, Min J-Y, Min K-B. Successful Aging and Mortality Risk: The Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (2006–2014). J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2019;20(8):1013–20. Rowe JW, Kahn RL. Successful Aging and Disease Prevention. Adv Ren Replace Ther. 2000;7(1):70–7. Lu W, Pikhart H, Sacker A. Domains and Measurements of Healthy Aging in Epidemiological Studies: A Review. Gerontologist. 2019;59(4):E294–310. Bowling A. Aspirations for older age in the 21st century: What is successful aging? International Journal of Aging Human Development. 2007;64(3):263–97. Lucas HM, Lozano CJ, Valdez LP, Manzarate R, Lumawag FAJ. A grounded theory of successful aging among select incarcerated older Filipino women. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2018;77:96–102. Nosraty L, Pulkki J, Raitanen J, Enroth L, Jylha M. Successful Aging as a Predictor of Long-Term Care Among Oldest Old: The Vitality 90 + Study. Journal of Applied Gerontology. 2019;38(4):553–71. Grove BE, Schougaard LM, Hjollund NH, Ivarsen P. Self-rated health, quality of life and appetite as predictors of initiation of dialysis and mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease stages 4–5: a prospective cohort study. BMC Res Notes. 2018;11(1):371–1. Haak M, Lofqvist C, Ullen S, Horstmann V, Iwarsson S. The influence of participation on mortality in very old age among community-living people in Sweden. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2019;31(2):265–71. Lara E, Maria Haro J, Tang M-X, Manly J, Stern Y. Exploring the excess mortality due to depressive symptoms in a community-based sample: The role of Alzheimer's Disease. J Affect Disord. 2016;202:163–70. Liu H, Byles JE, Xu X, Zhang M, Wu X, Hall JJ. Association between nighttime sleep and successful aging among older Chinese people. Sleep Med. 2016;22:18–24. Galobardes B, Lynch J, Smith GD. Measuring socioeconomic position in health research. Br Med Bull. 2007;81–82:21–37. Foscolou A, Magriplis E, Tyrovolas S, Chrysohoou C, Sidossis L, Matalas AL, Rallidis L, Panagiotakos D. The association of protein and carbohydrate intake with successful aging: a combined analysis of two epidemiological studies. Eur J Nutr. 2019;58(2):807–17. Cho J. Successful aging and developmental adaptation of oldest-old adults . 2011. Garfein AJ, Herzog AR. Robust Aging among the Young-Old, Old-Old, and Oldest-Old. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B. 1995;50B(2):77–87. Berkman LF, Seeman TE, Albert M, Blazer D, Kahn R, Mohs R, Finch C, Schneider E, Cotman C, McClearn G, et al. High, usual and impaired functioning in community-dwelling older men and women: findings from the MacArthur Foundation Research Network on Successful Aging. J Clin Epidemiol. 1993;46(10):1129–40. Jorm AF, Christensen H, Henderson AS, Jacomb PA, Korten AE, Mackinnon A. Factors Associated with Successful Ageing. Australasian Journal on Ageing. 1998;17(1):33–7. Chou KL, Chi I. Successful aging among the young-old, old-old, and oldest-old Chinese. Int J Aging Hum Dev. 2002;54(1):1–14. Li C, Wu W, Jin H, Zhang X, Xue H, He Y, Xiao S, Jeste DV, Zhang M. Successful aging in Shanghai, China: definition, distribution and related factors. Int Psychogeriatr. 2006;18(3):551–63. Kubzansky LD, Berkman LF, Glass TA, Seeman TE. Is educational attainment associated with shared determinants of health in the elderly? Findings from the MacArthur Studies of Successful Aging. Psychosom Med. 1998;60(5):578–85. Ng TP, Broekman BFP, Niti M, Gwee X, Kua EH. Determinants of Successful Aging Using a Multidimensional Definition Among Chinese Elderly in Singapore. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 2009;17(5):407–16. Zhao Y, Hu Y, Smith JP, Strauss J, Yang G. Cohort Profile: The China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). Int J Epidemiol. 2014;43(1):61–8. Pan C-W, Cong X-L, Zhou H-J, Wang X-Z, Sun H-P, Xu Y, Wang P. Evaluating health-related quality of life impact of chronic conditions among older adults from a rural town in Suzhou, China. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2018;76:6–11. Katz S, Ford AB, Heiple KG, Newill VA. Studies of Illness in the Aged: Recovery After Fracture of the Hip. J Gerontol. 1964;19(3):285–93. Shi WH, Lyu YB, Luo JS, Yin ZX, Shi XM. Relationship between the successful aging and survival status among the elderly from longevity areas in China. Chin J Prev Med. 2017;51(11):1024–7. Gold CH, Malmberg B, McClearn GE, Pedersen NL, Berg S. Gender and health: A study of older unlike-sex twins. Journals of Gerontology Series B-Psychological Sciences Social Sciences. 2002;57(3):168–76. Wheaton FV, Crimmins EM. Female disability disadvantage: a global perspective on sex differences in physical function and disability. Ageing Soc. 2016;36(6):1136–56. Brownhill S, Wilhelm K, Barclay L, Schmied V. 'Big build': hidden depression in men. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2005;39(10):921–31. Back JH, Lee Y. Gender differences in the association between socioeconomic status (SES) and depressive symptoms in older adults. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2011;52(3):E140–4. Seeman TE, Singer B, Charpentier P. Gender differences in patterns of HPA axis response to challenge: MacArthur studies of successful aging. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 1995;20(7):711–25. Luo Y, Zhang Z, Gu D. Education and mortality among older adults in China. Soc Sci Med. 2015;127:134–42. Lantz PM, House JS, Lepkowski JM, Williams DR, Mero RP, Chen J. Socioeconomic factors, health behaviors, and mortality: Results from a nationally representative prospective study of US adults. J Am Med Assoc. 1998;279(21):1703–8. Marmot M, Shipley M, Brunner E, Hemingway H. Relative contribution of early life and adult socioeconomic factors to adult morbidity in the Whitehall II study. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2001;55(5):301–7. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-49041","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":1078740,"identity":"9a4c63ae-f9be-40d7-b135-15e37beab70c","order_by":0,"name":"Peiya Cao","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Peiya","middleName":"","lastName":"Cao","suffix":""},{"id":1078741,"identity":"665782dc-2777-4ec1-9223-6047331251cc","order_by":1,"name":"Huiqiang Luo","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Huiqiang","middleName":"","lastName":"Luo","suffix":""},{"id":1078742,"identity":"c4314d23-e959-403f-9a40-cbd5ffeb6cad","order_by":2,"name":"Jijie Li","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"West China Second University Hospital","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jijie","middleName":"","lastName":"Li","suffix":""},{"id":1078743,"identity":"30b02f6f-0873-40b9-9c72-7d2937e49cb3","order_by":3,"name":"Xiaohui Ren","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA20lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYLCCBBBiZj4A4R0gXgtbAglaILp4DIjTYt7ee0ziQY1NnsFxns8ffrYxyPHdSGD8XIBHi8yZc8kGCcfSig0O826T7G1jMJa8kcAsPQOPFgmJHMMHCWyHEzcAtTAztjEkbriRwMbMg0+L/BuDAwn/QFp4Hn8GaqknrEWCx/BBYhtYC4M0UEuCAUEtPDnGBol9aYkzD7OZSfackzCceeZhszReLexnzCR/fLNJ7Dt/+PGHH2U28nzHkw9+xqcFwwggZmwgQcMoGAWjYBSMAmwAAKHYSuNCdmbsAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Xiaohui","middleName":"","lastName":"Ren","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2020-07-25 11:44:14","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-49041/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-49041/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":13561319,"identity":"b8ba5239-159d-4de2-866a-b67e5d16883e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-09-17 03:08:21","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":611267,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-49041/v1/ece5013d-b947-4321-b50e-560272d77552.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eEducation as a Moderator in the Effect of Successful Aging on Mortality Risk in Elderly Chinese: A National Longitudinal Study (2011-2016)\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":" \u003cp\u003eFaced with life expectancy increased dramatically, the world\u0026rsquo;s demographic structure has changed significantly[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. It is predicted that almost 2\u0026nbsp;billion people will be 60\u0026nbsp;years or older by the year 2050, accounting for 20% of the global population, aging populations pose economic challenges to society[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e].Social attention about aging has shifted from \u0026ldquo;how to live longer\u0026rdquo; to \u0026ldquo;how to age well\u0026rdquo;, how can people age well? Many people, all around the world, regard good health as an important goal in their lives[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe concept of successful aging which was closely connected with good health has evolved for several decades, there is no agreed-upon definition of successful aging. This term was introduced by Robert J. Havighurst who first proposed the concept of successful aging[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. Rowe and Kahn discussed the operational concept of successful aging that encompasses three main criteria: low risk of disease and disability, maintenance of high physical and cognitive functioning, as well as active engagement in social and productive activities[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. In recent years, the World Health Organization (WHO) reported the concept of active aging, which is \u0026ldquo;the process of optimizing opportunities for health, participation and security in order to enhance the quality life as people age\u0026rdquo;[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. Several empirical studies nowadays have recognized the successful aging as a \u0026ldquo;calculable gold standard of aging\u0026rdquo;[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlthough there are different defined successful aging across countries, cultures and literature, a majority of researches of successful aging has already paid attention to the factors which is associated with the achievement of successful aging and the prediction of future health outcomes result from successful aging[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e].A considerable number of studies have found that individual components (absence of major disease, freedom from disability, high cognitive function, no depressive symptoms, active social engagement in life) of successful aging were significantly associated with older adults\u0026rsquo; health[\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR12 CR13\" citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e], their achievement has a positive effect on reducing mortality rates.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEducation, as the common proxy for socioeconomic status (SES), makes it possible for individuals to master more knowledge about diseases, to understand the health treatments and cope with mechanisms for ill-health[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]. In empirical studies, numerous of them have provided evidence that education significantly contributed to the prediction of reaching successful aging[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]. Studies of 20th century found that higher educational level were linked with robust aging[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR17 CR18 CR19\" citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]. Recent studies of Chinese elderly in Hong Kong and Shanghai have identified education as determinants of successful aging, higher educational level was related to higher rate of successful aging and the rate of successful aging was differ from years of education[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]. Education is also associated with psychological and biological conditions, two main criteria of successful aging, among the elderly, which means low levels of education were linked with poorer psychological function (depressive symptoms) and poorer biological conditions (diseases and disability)[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigher socioeconomic status(age/gender/education), longer life expectancy and lower morbidity is positively associated with successful aging[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e], indicating that better education is likely to prevent populations from high mortality risk, meaning the mortality rate might be higher who did not achieve successful aging than in their counterparts.. Hence, it is of great interest to explore relationship between successful aging and mortality. However, there is little evidence to discuss health outcomes derived from successful aging and whether education can modify the effect of successful aging on morality risk. Furthermore, studies from worldwide were most cross-sectional and association between successful aging and mortality among Chinese elderly has remained unexplored thus far.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOn the basis of above literature review, we hypothesized that successful aging would be associated with education and different levels of education, and education may modify the effect of successful aging on morality risk. Another primary hypothesis was that the effect as mentioned above experience gender difference, which means gender disparities may exist in the health indicators of mortality among successful aging population and non-successful aging population. So this prospective study first aims to evaluate the effect of successful aging and each of its components on mortality risk of the elderly aged 60 and over in China, the analyses of study population were classified into two group (60\u0026ndash;74\u0026nbsp;years/75\u0026nbsp;years or older) because the effect may be different between young-old and old-old; we further discussed whether education plays a moderator role in this effect using nationally representative longitudinal data..\u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"Methods","content":" \u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eData sources\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eCHARLS (China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study) is a nationally representative follow-up survey, which is designed to investigate the economic and health of the populations aged 45\u0026nbsp;years old and above. The baseline national wave of CHARLS(W1) was being fielded in late summer 2011-March 2012 and includes about 10,000 households in 150 counties/districts and 450 villages/resident committees. The individuals will be followed up every two years, Wave 2 (W2) was fielded in 2013 and Wave 3 (W3) in 2015. A special life history wave was fielded in 2014 (W4) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e]. CHARLS questionnaires include information about self-reported and objective measures of health among middle-aged and elderly in China, these include health status and functioning, general health, physician-diagnosed chronic illnesses, lifestyle and health-related behaviors, subjective expectation of mortality, activities of daily living (ADL), cognition testing, depression and so on. The Biomedical Ethics Review Committee of Peking University (IRB00001052-11015) gave the ethic approval and allowed the CHARLS research group to collect data. Requiring all interviewees to sign informed consent was the first step of the study.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study sample was derived from the baseline data W1 and follow-up data W2, W3 and W4 and specially was those who could be followed-up in the 4-year period, thus, a total of 4824 subjects were included.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \n\u003ch2\u003eDefinition Of Successful Aging\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOur concept of successful aging took the definition of Rowe and Kahn[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e], including the following 5 components: 1) absence of major diseases, 2) freedom from disability, 3) high cognitive function, 4) no depressive symptoms, 5) active social engagement in life.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 Absence of major diseases: To judge the status of chronic diseases, respondents were asked by the following question: \u0026ldquo;Have you been diagnosed with conditions listed below by a doctor?\u0026rdquo; The conditions include cancer, chronic lung disease, diabetes, heart disease and stroke. The research indicated that those diseases mentioned above may cause major disease burden for the elder[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e], the respondents were classified as having no major diseases if they reported have no any of the above five chronic diseases.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 Freedom from disability: The activities of daily living (ADL) scale was used to assess the ADLs[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e], according to the following questions: \u0026ldquo;Because of a physical, mental, emotional or memory problem, do you have any difficulty with one type of everyday activity, excluding any that you expect to last less than three months?\u0026rdquo; The everyday activities include dressing, bathing, or showering, eating, getting into or out of bed, using the toilet, and controlling urination and defecation. Respondents were classified as having no disability if they reported that they had no difficulty with the everyday activities of six items mentioned above.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 High cognitive function[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e] : Cognitive function was assessed with the Telephone Interview of Cognitive Status (TICS).This includes both immediate and delayed recall of ten words on a list, serial subtraction of seven from 100 (up to five times), and naming the day of the week, month, day, year, and season, and drawing the picture. The score of cognitive function ranged from 0 to 21. Respondents were considered to have high cognitive functioning if they achieved a median or above score, and the median score was 11.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 No depressive symptoms: Depressive symptoms were assessed using the CES-D 10 (10-item Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale). The cut-off value is less than 10 points, which was used to identify no depressive symptoms.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 Active social engagement in life: Respondents were defined as being actively social engaged if they participate in any of the following types of social groups: voluntary or charity work, provided help to family, friends, or neighbors, gone to a sport, social, or other kind of club in the month preceding the interview. The participant who met all five indicator criteria mentioned above was defined as \u0026ldquo;successful aging\u0026rdquo;, otherwise as \u0026ldquo;non-successful aging\u0026rdquo;.\u003c/p\u003e \n\u003ch2\u003eOther Variables\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eControl variables includes following factors: age (60\u0026ndash;74\u0026nbsp;years/75\u0026nbsp;years or older), gender (Male/Female), education level (Primary school and below/Junior high school or above), income ( low: \u0026lt;650yuan,medium: 650-100580yuan,high:\u0026gt;10058yuan) marital status (Married/Cohabitating/Divorced/Separated/Widowed/Never married), community type (Rural/Urban), smoking (Yes/No/Quit), and drinking (Drink more than once a month/Drink but less than once a month/Do not drink).\u003c/p\u003e \n\u003ch2\u003eMortality\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eParticipants enrolled in W1 were followed up in W2, W3 and W4. We collected the all-cause mortality and survival information of the respondents during the four wave surveys (2011\u0026ndash;2015). W2 recorded of the respondents\u0026rsquo; both status information (dead or alive) and death time, while W3 and W4 only provided the interview status information (dead or alive). We recorded and calculated the survival time of those who had the accurate all-cause death time by the interval between the interview time of W1 and the death time in W2. If respondents\u0026rsquo; accurate death time was not available, we calculated the specific value by the interval between the interview time of W1 and the specific wave with death information and then defined the median of this value as the survival time. The survival time of those who were alive during whole follow-up interview was the interval between W1 and W4.\u003c/p\u003e \n\u003ch2\u003eStatistics Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAll descriptive statistical analyses were performed by gender. We first used chi-square test to compare individual characteristics (including dichotomous or categorical variables) with and without successful aging. Next, the survival analysis was used to examine the association between successful aging and all-cause mortality, the Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to estimate the unadjusted and adjusted hazard rations (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CLs) of successful aging. At last, whether the education could modify the effect of successful aging on the all-cause mortality was assessed, in this stage, we also used the Cox proportional hazards regression models to examine the educational mediating effect on all-cause mortality among successful aging and non-successful aging populations. All statistical analyses were performed by SAS 9.3. The significance level was set at 0.05.\u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e shows the respondents\u0026rsquo; baseline characteristics according to successful aging. In the group aged 60\u0026ndash;74\u0026nbsp;years old, 15.20% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;297) for males and 15.95% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;305) for females were defined as successful aging according to our definition. Among males and females, people with high education level were likely to achieve successful aging compared with lower education (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). Higher income makes it possible for people to achieve successful aging (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01). People keeping the drinking habits (Drink but less than once a month and Drink more than once a month, P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001) were more likely to achieve aging successfully, compared with the people (Do not drink). In addition, smokers were more likely to be successfully aging in male group (P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001). For the group of 75\u0026nbsp;years old and above, the successful aging rate was 15.12% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;70) for males and 14.95% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;74) for females respectively. The connection between successful aging and education was similar among the group aged 60\u0026ndash;74\u0026nbsp;years old. Other details of characteristics of participants were shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e Characteristics of Study Population According to Baseline Successful Aging by Gender\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/caption\u003e\n\u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCharacteristics\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMale (N(%))\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFemale (N(%))\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n\u003cb\u003esuccessful aging\u003c/b\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eNon-successful aging\u003c/b\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n\u003cb\u003esuccessful aging\u003c/b\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eNon-successful aging\u003c/b\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n\u003cb\u003e60\u0026ndash;74\u0026nbsp;years old\u003c/b\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e297(15.20)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1657(84.80)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e305(15.95)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1607(84.05)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eEducation level\u003c/b\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePrimary school and below\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e133(10.33)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1154(89.67)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e126(9.91)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1146(90.09)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eJunior high school or above\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e164(24.59)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e503(75.41)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e179(27.97)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e461(72.03)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eMarital status\u003c/b\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMarried/Cohabitating\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e260(14.91)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1484(85.09)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.301\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e241(16.07)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1259(83.93)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.794\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDivorced/Separated/Widowed/Never married\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e37(17.62)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e173(82.38)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e64(15.53)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e348(84.47)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eCommunity type\u003c/b\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRural\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e232(15.95)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1223(84.05)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.117\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e245(16.04)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1282(83.96)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.826\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUrban\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e65(13.03)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e434(86.97)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e60(15.58)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e325(84.42)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eIncome\u003c/b\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;650\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e57(11.75)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e428(88.25)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e64(13.22)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e420(86.78)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e650-10058\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e137(13.39)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e886(86.61)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e132(14.63)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e770(85.37)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;10058\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e103(23.09)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e343(76.91)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e109(20.72)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e417(79.28)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eSmoking\u003c/b\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e121(18.67)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e527(81.33)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e106(18.50)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e467(81.50)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.111\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e142(12.61)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e984(87.39)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e170(14.60)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e994(85.40)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eQuit\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e34(18.89)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e146(81.11)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e29(16.57)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e146(83.43)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eDrinking\u003c/b\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDrink more than once a month\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e29(19.46)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e120(80.54)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e28(18.92)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e120(81.08)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDrink but less than once a month\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e105(21.60)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e381(78.40)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e98(21.35)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e361(78.65)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDo not drink\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e163(12.36)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1156(87.64)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e179(13.72)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1126(86.28)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n\u003cb\u003e75\u0026nbsp;years old and above\u003c/b\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e70(15.12)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e393(84.88)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e74(14.95)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e421(85.05)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eEducation level\u003c/b\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePrimary school and below\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e30(10.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e270(90.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e34(10.30)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e296(89.70)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eJunior high school or above\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e40(24.54)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e123(75.46)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e40(24.24)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e125(75.76)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eMarital status\u003c/b\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMarried/Cohabitating\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e50(14.88)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e286(85.12)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.816\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e25(13.97)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e154(86.03)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.644\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDivorced/Separated/Widowed/Never married\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e20(15.75)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e107(84.25)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e49(15.51)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e267(84.49)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eCommunity type\u003c/b\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRural\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e46(13.90)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e285(86.10)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.245\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e54(14.29)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e324(85.71)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.457\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUrban\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e24(18.18)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e108(81.82)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e20(17.09)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e97(82.91)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eIncome\u003c/b\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;650\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12 (10.91)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e98(89.09)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.051\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e16(12.90)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e108(87.10)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.458\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e650-10058\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e33(13.81)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e206(86.19)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e36(14.34)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e215(85.66)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;10058\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e25(21.93)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e89(78.07)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e22(18.33)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e98(81.67)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eSmoking\u003c/b\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e22(15.07)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12484.93)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.579\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e26(16.35)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e133(83.65)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.694\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e38(14.23)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e229(85.77)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e41(13.85)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e255(86.15)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eQuit\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10(20.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e40(80.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7(17.50)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e33(82.50)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eDrinking\u003c/b\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDrink more than once a month\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8(22.86)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e27(77.14)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.325\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9(18.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e41(82.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.141\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDrink but less than once a month\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e20(16.39)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e102(83.61)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e27(19.29)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e113(80.71)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDo not drink\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e42(13.73)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e264(86.27)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e38(12.46)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e267(87.54)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[Insert Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e here]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e shows, among population aged 60\u0026ndash;74, the mortality rate of females (3.50%) was higher than males (2.46%), although the difference was not significant (P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.055). Moreover, the distribution of the association between successful aging and its components and mortality differed by gender, the association between successful aging and mortality was significant in females (P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.033), but not in males (P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.200). Specifically speaking, individual components comprising successful aging except \"Active social engagement in life (P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.642)\" in females were associated with mortality significantly, and those significant correlation in males only existed in \" Absence of major disease (P๤0.001)\" and\" Freedom from disability (P๤0.001)\". Among group aged 75 and above, the mortality rate of males and females were similar (males\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.24%, female\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.23%, P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.995). In addition, both males and females showed the same correlation trend between successful aging and its components and mortality except \" Absence of major disease (P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.004)\" was associated with mortality in males and \"High cognitive function (P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.021)\" was associated with mortality in females.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAssociation between Successful Aging and Mortality by Gender Based on Baseline Successful Aging\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/caption\u003e\n\u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMale (N(%))\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFemale (N(%))\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eMortality incidence cases\u003c/b\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eFollow-up cases\u003c/b\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eMortality incidence cases\u003c/b\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eFollow-up cases\u003c/b\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n\u003cb\u003e60\u0026ndash;74\u0026nbsp;years old\u003c/b\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e48(2.46)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1954\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e67(3.50)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1912\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eSuccessful aging\u003c/b\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4(1.35)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e297\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.200\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4(1.31)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e305\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.033\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e44(2.66)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1657\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e63(3.92)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1607\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eAbsence of major diseases\u003c/b\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e24(1.62)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1480\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e39(2.76)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1411\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e24(5.06)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e474\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e28(5.59)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e501\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eFreedom from disability\u003c/b\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e31(1.83)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1693\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e50(3.05)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1642\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.009\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e17(6.51)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e261\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e17(6.30)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e270\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eHigh cognitive function\u003c/b\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e23(2.15)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1069\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.356\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e23(2.17)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1058\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e25(2.82)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e885\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e44(5.15)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e854\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eNo depressive symptoms\u003c/b\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e29(2.35)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1236\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.676\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e34(2.77)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1227\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.023\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e19(2.65)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e718\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e33(4.82)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e685\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eActive social engagement in life\u003c/b\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e19(1.90)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1001\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.112\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e32(3.30)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e969\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.642\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e29(3.04)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e953\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e35(3.71)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e943\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n\u003cb\u003e75\u0026nbsp;years old and above\u003c/b\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e15(3.24)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e463\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e16(3.23)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e495\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eSuccessful aging\u003c/b\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1(1.43)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.359\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0(0.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e74\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.287\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e14(3.56)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e393\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e16(3.80)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e421\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eAbsence of major diseases\u003c/b\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7(1.93)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e363\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11(2.98)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e369\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.554\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8(8.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5(3.97)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e126\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eFreedom from disability\u003c/b\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11(2.84)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e387\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.297\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e14(3.33)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e421\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.791\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4(5.26)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e76\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2(2.70)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e74\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eHigh cognitive function\u003c/b\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5(2.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e250\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.120\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4(1.44)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e278\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.021\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10(4.69)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e213\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12(5.53)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e217\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eNo depressive symptoms\u003c/b\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9(3.10)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e290\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.865\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11(3.68)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e299\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.503\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6(3.47)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e173\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5(2.55)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e196\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eActive social engagement in life\u003c/b\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7(3.04)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e230\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.815\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4(1.44)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e278\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.362\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8(3.43)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e233\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12(5.53)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e217\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[Insert Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e here]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn order to assess the risk of mortality onset, the Cox proportional hazards models were used to show relevant results during the follow-up survey according to the successful aging at baseline participants (Table\u0026nbsp;3).In total, after adjusting education, health behavioral and relevant influencing factors, the association between successful aging and mortality was only observed in the group aged 60\u0026ndash;74 in females (HR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.105, 95%CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.128\u0026ndash;8.543). However, there was no association between successful aging and mortality significantly in males. In addition, owing to the restriction of data, the females aged 75 and above cannot observe similar correlation (females defined as aging successfully had no death data at that age stage).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[Insert Table\u0026nbsp;3 here]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study further explored if the education was a moderator in this effect of successful aging on morality risk (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). Owing to there was no significant association between successful aging and mortality in the group of 75\u0026nbsp;years old and above, relevant analysis mainly on the participants aged 60\u0026ndash;74\u0026nbsp;years old. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e shows the significant correlation between successful aging and mortality only exist in females\u0026rsquo; group with the education level of primary school and below (HR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.272, 95%CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.019\u0026ndash;10.507).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHR (95% CI) of All-Cause Mortality of Successful Aging and Its Component \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/caption\u003e\n\u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;3 HR (95% CI) of All-Cause Mortality of Successful Aging and Its Component\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eMale (HR 95%CI)\u003c/b\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eFemale (HR 95%CI)\u003c/b\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eUnadjusted\u003c/b\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eAdjusted\u003c/b\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eUnadjusted\u003c/b\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eAdjusted\u003c/b\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n\u003cb\u003e60\u0026ndash;74\u0026nbsp;years old\u003c/b\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSuccessful aging\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNon-successful aging\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.953(0.702\u0026ndash;5.436)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.068(0.739\u0026ndash;5.784)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.994(1.090\u0026ndash;8.226)*\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.105(1.128\u0026ndash;8.543)*\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAbsence of major diseases\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMajor disease\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.195(1.815\u0026ndash;5.626)***\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.299(1.865\u0026ndash;5.835)***\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.063(1.269\u0026ndash;3.352)**\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.080(1.276\u0026ndash;3.380)**\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFreedom from disability\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDisability\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.670(2.031\u0026ndash;6.631)***\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.868(2.132\u0026ndash;7.018)***\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.085(1.202\u0026ndash;3.614)**\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.169(1.246\u0026ndash;3.777)**\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHigh cognitive function\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot high cognitive function\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.306(0.741-2.300)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.374(0.775\u0026ndash;2.437)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.378(1.436\u0026ndash;3.938)**\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.532(1.520\u0026ndash;4.217)***\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo depressive symptoms\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDepressive symptoms\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.131(0.634\u0026ndash;2.017)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.164(0.651\u0026ndash;2.081)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.743(1.080\u0026ndash;2.814)*\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.785(1.102\u0026ndash;2.890)*\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eActive social engagement in life\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot active social engagement in life\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.598(0.896\u0026ndash;2.850)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.633(0.914\u0026ndash;2.918)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.121(0.694\u0026ndash;1.810)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.140(0.705\u0026ndash;1.841)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n\u003cb\u003e75\u0026nbsp;years old and above\u003c/b\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSuccessful aging\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNon-successful aging\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.583(0.340-19.642)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.677(0.346\u0026ndash;20.702)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAbsence of major diseases\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMajor disease\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.367(1.583\u0026ndash;12.044)**\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.027(1.435\u0026ndash;11.297)**\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.375(0.478\u0026ndash;3.959)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.236(0.425\u0026ndash;3.598)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFreedom from disability\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDisability\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.839(0.586\u0026ndash;5.776)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.984(0.620\u0026ndash;6.352)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.819(0.186\u0026ndash;3.601)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.690(0.155\u0026ndash;3.081)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHigh cognitive function\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot high cognitive function\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.341(0.800-6.849)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.359(0.783\u0026ndash;7.110)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.802(1.226\u0026ndash;11.787)*\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.008(0.958\u0026ndash;9.447)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo depressive symptoms\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDepressive symptoms\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.093(0.389\u0026ndash;3.072)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.293(0.441\u0026ndash;3.789)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.697(0.242\u0026ndash;2.006)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.661(0.229\u0026ndash;1.911)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eActive social engagement in life\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot active social engagement in life\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.128(0.409\u0026ndash;3.112)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.107(0.393\u0026ndash;3.115)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.625(0.227\u0026ndash;1.719)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.580(0.209\u0026ndash;1.680)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n\u003cem\u003eNote\u003c/em\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\n\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 \u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\n\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01 \u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\n\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e Unadjusted model.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e Adjusted for model 1 criteria and Marital status, Community type, Education, Income, Smoking, Drinking.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHRs of successful aging in 60\u0026ndash;74\u0026nbsp;years old groups with different education level\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/caption\u003e\n\u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003esuccessful aging\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNon-Successful aging\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n\u003cb\u003ePrimary school and below (60\u0026ndash;74\u0026nbsp;years old)\u003c/b\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUnadjusted\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.632(0.496\u0026ndash;5.367)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.141(1.009\u0026ndash;10.068)*\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAdjusted\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.727(0.522\u0026ndash;5.716)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.272(1.019\u0026ndash;10.507)*\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eJunior high school or above (60\u0026ndash;74\u0026nbsp;years old)\u003c/b\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUnadjusted\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.925(0.388\u0026ndash;22.053)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.623(0.343\u0026ndash;20.056)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAdjusted\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.422(0.448\u0026ndash;26.114)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.884(0.367\u0026ndash;22.665)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n\u003cem\u003eNote\u003c/em\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e*\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e Unadjusted model.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\n\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e Adjusted for model 1 criteria and Marital status, Community type, Income, Smoking, Drinking.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[Insert Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e here]\u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"Discussion","content":" \u003cp\u003eThis study investigated the association between successful aging and mortality, and further explored education's role of moderating the effect of successful aging on mortality. We found the significant correlation between successful aging and its 5 components with mortality, meanwhile, those correlation existed gender differences. In addition, those significant association only existed in the group of females (60\u0026ndash;74\u0026nbsp;years old) with education level of primary school and below.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor 60\u0026ndash;74\u0026nbsp;years old group, we found that the association between successful aging and mortality was in females (HR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.105 95%, CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.128\u0026ndash;8.543), but was not in males. Gender differences in mortality risk were found across 5 components of successful aging; the association was strongest for presence of major diseases, disability, low cognitive function, and depressive symptoms in females, but for presence of major diseases and disability in males. For those aged 75 and above, the association between successful aging and mortality were not found in both genders. The association was strongest for presence of major diseases in males, but for presence of low cognitive function in females.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOur finding is accordance with previous studies which found successful aging was significantly associated with lower mortality. In a Korean longitudinal study of aging (2006\u0026ndash;2014) which included 3848 participants aged 65 and above, non-successful aging older had a higher risk of mortality than successful agers (men: HR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.69, 95%CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.18\u0026ndash;2.43; and women: HR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.37, 95%, CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.21\u0026ndash;4.63)[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. Meanwhile, this study found gender differences in mortality risks across all components of successful aging (absence of major illness, freedom from disability, no depressive symptoms, active social engagement, satisfaction with life, high cognitive function, high physical function)[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. A study(2\u0026nbsp;year followed survey)from longevity areas of China focusing on the relationship between successful aging index (assessed by self-rated health, depressive symptoms, cognitive function, disability, and physical activities) and the survival status included 2296 old people (65\u0026nbsp;years old and above). According to this research, the mortality rate in the successful aging group was lower than non-successful aging group, the death rate in successful aging group reduced by 38% (HR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.62, 95% CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.49\u0026ndash;0.79)[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e]. Considering the definitions of successful aging varied from different viewpoints, we cannot directly compare those previously available studies with ours. However, from another perspectives, it is proved that achieving successful aging is crucial for lowering rate of mortality and improving life-expectancy, which could support our study.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe can conclude that aging successfully may be beneficial for lower the risk of mortality, but components of successful aging had different contributions to mortality varying from genders. Some studies indicated this gender difference may result from biological, genetic, and social variations [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR30 CR31\" citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e]. Our study showed that the significant association between successful aging and mortality only existed in females (60\u0026ndash;74\u0026nbsp;years old). On the one hand, possible explanations for the phenomenon is that the association between all components of successful aging (except \"Active social engagement in life\") and mortality was significant in females (60\u0026ndash;74\u0026nbsp;years old), however, there only found significant association between partly components of successful aging (\"Major disease\" and \"Disability\") and mortality in males, as a result, the overall effect of successful aging on mortality in males was diminished. On the other hand, possible explanations for the association between the specific components of successful aging (\"Depressive symptoms\" and \"Cognitive function\") and mortality may be weaker in males than females might be that females may have greater and more prolonged Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) response to challenge` at older ages than males. That is to say, post-menopausal females are at increased risk of exhibiting greater and more prolonged HPA activation, which may contribute significantly to the increasing risks among such post-menopausal females for chronic diseases, depression, disability and so on[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e],previous researches had proved those diseases are associated with higher mortality.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeanwhile, the association mentioned above diminished with increasing age, that is to say, we cannot observe similar correlation at peopled aged 75 and above among males and females. Potential explanation for the declines in the effects of successful aging on mortality with age is that physiological factors gradually become the prominent contribution factors more than others such as diseases, behaviors and so on for the death of 75\u0026nbsp;years old and above group.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt is the first longitudinal study using national cohort data to research the educational effects on the association between mortality and successful aging, the study showed that the effect only existed in females aged 65\u0026ndash;74\u0026nbsp;years old group with lower education. On the one hand, focusing on the role of education rather than SES which usually was a comprehensive concept (including education, occupation, income, social class, physical health and so on) provides us a precisely perspective to understand the connection between successful aging and mortality. On the other hand, some studies had found that the effect of education on mortality is stronger in young old than in oldest old[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e], lower education population had less possibility to access to more health resources which are related with good health and survival[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"Limitations Of The Study","content":" \u003cp\u003eThis study had several limitations. First, complete data about causes of death were not available, hindering us from further research of the association between successful aging and cause-specific mortality. Second, misclassification and recall bias might have existed because CHARLS included self-reported data. For instance, recall bias may occur according to memories of the elderly when answering the question about diagnosis of a chronic disease. Third, this study was based on the 4-year follow-up period, further study is needed to consider and research whether education could modify mortality in a longer period of follow-up. Last, our results cannot generalize to a broader range of ages, because of our study design which excluded people aged 45\u0026ndash;59 in CHARLS.\u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"Conclusion","content":" \u003cp\u003eIn conclusion, we only found the association between successful aging and mortality in female older aged 60\u0026ndash;74\u0026nbsp;years old, not in males. That is to say, the successful aging female older aged 60\u0026ndash;74\u0026nbsp;years old were more likely to live longevity than those who did not. Moreover, the association between successful aging and its components and mortality existed gender differences, that is to say, physical health is significantly associated with the achieving of successful aging among young older and this study suggested that more measures should be paid on improving mental health among the young female older with lower education to achieve successful aging and to against mortality and live longevity.\u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe are grateful to the China Center for Economic Research at Beijing University for providing us with the data, and we thank the CHARLS research and field team for collecting the data.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026rsquo; contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePeiya Cao (PYC), Huiqiang Luo (HQL), Jijie Li (JJL), Xiaohui Ren (XHR) conceived and designed the study. PYC and HQL prepared the manuscript; PYC, HQL, JJL discussed, revised the study design. Responsible for the statistical analysis: JJL. Contributed to data analysis: PYC, HQL. Supervised the study: XHR. Drafted the first version of the paper: PYC and HQL. PYC, HQL, JJL, XHR elaborated, discussed and approved the final version of paper for publication.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor\u0026rsquo;s information\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePeiya Cao and Huiqiang Luo contributed equally to the writing of this article.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe dataset supporting the conclusions of this article are available in the http://charls.pku.edu.cn/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe analysis of the data was approved by the Biomedical Ethics Review Committee of Peking University, the number is IRB00001052-11015, and all the participants provided signed informed consent at the time of participation. The study methodology was carried out in accordance with approved guidelines.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials:\u003c/strong\u003e The dataset supporting the conclusions of this article are available in the http://charls.pku.edu.cn/\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e \u003cspan\u003eChristensen K, Doblhammer G, Rau R, Vaupel JW. Ageing populations: the challenges ahead. The Lancet. 2009;374(9696):1196\u0026ndash;208.\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cspan\u003eGuti\u0026eacute;rrez M, Calatayud P, Tom\u0026aacute;s J-M. 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Determinants of Successful Aging Using a Multidimensional Definition Among Chinese Elderly in Singapore. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 2009;17(5):407\u0026ndash;16.\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cspan\u003eZhao Y, Hu Y, Smith JP, Strauss J, Yang G. Cohort Profile: The China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). Int J Epidemiol. 2014;43(1):61\u0026ndash;8.\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cspan\u003ePan C-W, Cong X-L, Zhou H-J, Wang X-Z, Sun H-P, Xu Y, Wang P. Evaluating health-related quality of life impact of chronic conditions among older adults from a rural town in Suzhou, China. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2018;76:6\u0026ndash;11.\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cspan\u003eKatz S, Ford AB, Heiple KG, Newill VA. Studies of Illness in the Aged: Recovery After Fracture of the Hip. J Gerontol. 1964;19(3):285\u0026ndash;93.\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cspan\u003eShi WH, Lyu YB, Luo JS, Yin ZX, Shi XM. Relationship between the successful aging and survival status among the elderly from longevity areas in China. Chin J Prev Med. 2017;51(11):1024\u0026ndash;7.\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cspan\u003eGold CH, Malmberg B, McClearn GE, Pedersen NL, Berg S. Gender and health: A study of older unlike-sex twins. Journals of Gerontology Series B-Psychological Sciences Social Sciences. 2002;57(3):168\u0026ndash;76.\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cspan\u003eWheaton FV, Crimmins EM. Female disability disadvantage: a global perspective on sex differences in physical function and disability. Ageing Soc. 2016;36(6):1136\u0026ndash;56.\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cspan\u003eBrownhill S, Wilhelm K, Barclay L, Schmied V. 'Big build': hidden depression in men. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2005;39(10):921\u0026ndash;31.\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cspan\u003eBack JH, Lee Y. Gender differences in the association between socioeconomic status (SES) and depressive symptoms in older adults. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2011;52(3):E140\u0026ndash;4.\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cspan\u003eSeeman TE, Singer B, Charpentier P. Gender differences in patterns of HPA axis response to challenge: MacArthur studies of successful aging. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 1995;20(7):711\u0026ndash;25.\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cspan\u003eLuo Y, Zhang Z, Gu D. Education and mortality among older adults in China. Soc Sci Med. 2015;127:134\u0026ndash;42.\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cspan\u003eLantz PM, House JS, Lepkowski JM, Williams DR, Mero RP, Chen J. Socioeconomic factors, health behaviors, and mortality: Results from a nationally representative prospective study of US adults. J Am Med Assoc. 1998;279(21):1703\u0026ndash;8.\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cspan\u003eMarmot M, Shipley M, Brunner E, Hemingway H. Relative contribution of early life and adult socioeconomic factors to adult morbidity in the Whitehall II study. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2001;55(5):301\u0026ndash;7.\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Numerous, China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, Physical health","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-49041/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-49041/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSome studies have found that successful aging and its components were significantly associated with older adults’ health, their achievement has a positive effect on reducing mortality rates. However, there is little evidence to discuss whether education could modify the effect of successful aging on morality risk. Numerous literatures from worldwide were cross-sectional and previous studies on the association between successful aging and mortality in China were quite few. We aim to evaluate the effect of successful aging and each of its components on mortality risk of older in China, further discussed whether education was a moderator in this effect and investigated differences in results among males and females.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eData was derived from CHARLS (China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study), which is a nationally representative follow-up survey. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate the education's moderate effect on the relationship between successful aging and mortality.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn total, 4824 residents aged 60 years and above were recorded. 15.18% (n=367) for males and 15.74% (n=379) for females were defined as successful aging and the mortality were 2.61% (n=63) for males and 3.45% (n=83) for females during the survey. It is the first longitudinal study using national cohort data to research the educational effects on the association between mortality and successful aging, our study showed that the effect only existed in females aged 65-74 years old group with lower education.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eEducation has the significant effect on the relationship between successful aging and mortality. Physical health is significantly associated with the achieving of successful aging among young older. More measures should be paid on improving mental health among the young female older with lower education to achieve successful aging and to against mortality and live longevity.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Education as a Moderator in the Effect of Successful Aging on Mortality Risk in Elderly Chinese: A National Longitudinal Study (2011-2016)","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2020-07-30 15:26:16","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-49041/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"350aaef2-5df6-4d51-b524-d37df21d2734","owner":[],"postedDate":"July 30th, 2020","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":219953,"name":"Health Policy"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2020-07-30T15:26:17+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2020-07-30 15:26:16","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-49041","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-49041","identity":"rs-49041","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"7rjqhiLT3MXkJMwkYKINL","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}