Partitioning the genomic journey to becomingHomo sapiens

What makes us human? Homo sapiens diverged from its ancestors in fundamental ways, as reflected in recent genomic acquisitions, such as the PAR2-Y chromosome translocation. Here we show that despite morphological and cultural differences between modern and archaic humans, these human groups share these recent acquisitions. Our modern lineage shows recent functional variants in only 56 genes, of which 24 are linked to brain functions and skull morphology. Nevertheless, these acquisitions failed to introgress into Neanderthals when archaic and modern populations admixed after 350 kya, suggesting their exclusive link to the modern human niche or that Neanderthal’s small population size hindered their spread. Taken together, our results point to a scenario where Modern and Archaic should be regarded as populations of an otherwise common human species, which independently accumulated mutations and cultural innovations.