Association between pelvic inflammatory disease and risk of ovarian, uterine, cervical, and vaginal cancers—a meta-analysis

Background and aim The present meta-analysis aims to investigate a potential link between pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and an increased risk of genitourinary cancers (ovarian, cervical, uterus, and vagina cancers). While previous research has hinted at a possible link, this meta-analysis seeks to delve deeper into the available evidence. Understanding this association is crucial for preventive strategies and improving clinical management practices. Methodology A comprehensive literature search was conducted across various databases, covering studies published between 2016 and 2024. We included 13 observational studies meeting stringent criteria, followed by meticulous data extraction and quality assessment. Meta-analytical techniques were then employed to calculate pooled odds ratios (ORs), adjusted hazard ratios (HRs), and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), with heterogeneity assessed using the I2 statistic.

Our analysis revealed significant findings, underscoring the association between PID and increased risks of genitourinary cancers. Specifically, individuals with a history of PID demonstrated notably higher odds of developing ovarian cancer (OR = 1.477, 95% CI 1.033–2.207), uterine cancer (OR = 1.263, 95% CI 0.827–2.143), cervical cancer (OR = 1.000, 95% CI 0.900–1.100), and vaginal cancer (OR = 2.500, 95% CI 1.400–4.000) compared to those without such a history. The overall heterogeneity across studies was high (I2 = 82.92%), suggesting varying trends across different populations and study designs.

This meta-analysis provides updated evidence supporting a significant association between PID and an increased risk of cervical, ovarian, and uterine cancers. Early detection and management of PID are crucial in potentially mitigating the risk of these cancers. Similar content being viewed by others Data availability All the data supporting the findings of this study have been provided within the manuscript.

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This research has been funded by Scientific Research Deanship at University of Ha’il-Saudi Arabia through project number RG-21 049. Funding This research has been funded by Scientific Research Deanship at University of Ha’il-Saudi Arabia through project number RG-21 049. Author information Authors and Affiliations Corresponding author Ethics declarations Conflict of interest The authors declares that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this paper. Additional information Publisher's Note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Rights and permissions Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law. About this article Cite this article Syed Khaja, A., Saleem, M., Zafar, M. et al. Association between pelvic inflammatory disease and risk of ovarian, uterine, cervical, and vaginal cancers—a meta-analysis. Arch Gynecol Obstet 310, 2577–2585 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00404-024-07748-z Received: Accepted: Published: Version of record: Issue date: DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00404-024-07748-z