Executive functioning profiles and math and reading achievement during school years

The aim of the present study was to identify different executive functioning profiles within 2, 6, and 10 scholar grades using a three-step Latent Profile Analysis. In Step 1, unconditional LPA models are estimated, and the selected model is used in the next step. In Step 2, the most likely profile memberships are estimated from the posterior probabilities of the LPA. Furthermore, the profile-classification uncertainties (i.e., measurement error) in the latent profile membership are calculated and used in the next step. In Step 3, the relationships of the most likely latent profile membership with covariates or/and distal outcomes are estimated, considering the measurement error in the estimation of the latent profile membership. In this study, we aimed to examine the prediction of covariates (sex, age, intelligence, and processing speed) on the retained profile solutions in each group. Then, we tested the prediction of intelligence and processing speed on measures of math achievement and reading comprehension) within each retained profile