A Temporal Unified Model for Atmospheric Escape: Chronos Pressure as the Driver of Planetary Ambipolar Electric Fields

A Temporal Unified Model for Atmospheric Escape: Chronos Pressure as the Driver of Planetary Ambipolar Electric Fields | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article A Temporal Unified Model for Atmospheric Escape: Chronos Pressure as the Driver of Planetary Ambipolar Electric Fields Matthew Hall This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6331720/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Recent measurements from NASA’s Endurance mission have confirmed the presence of a faint yet globally distributed electric field encircling Earth, identified as the ambipolar electric field. Despite its small magnitude of 0.55 volts, this persistent field facilitates the upward acceleration of atmospheric ions—particularly hydrogen—enabling escape beyond Earth’s gravitational pull. The origin of this phenomenon, long hypothesized but previously unquantified, has remained a subject of debate for decades. We present a recursive temporal force model that reproduces the observed ambipolar potential on Earth and offers a generalizable framework for other planetary systems. The proposed Chronos Pressure Field treats time as an energetic medium with definable density and pressure gradients. By modeling spatial derivatives of this temporal field, we derive an electric potential consistent with the measured 0.55 V, supporting its role as a natural consequence of time-structured energy distribution. This approach reframes atmospheric escape as a long-term, feedback-driven process rooted in temporal dynamics. It introduces a testable mechanism that aligns with empirical data and extends to comparative planetary environments, offering a new lens for evaluating atmospheric evolution and energy transport in low-density regimes. Physical sciences/Physics/Plasma physics/Astrophysical plasmas Physical sciences/Physics/Space physics/Magnetospheric physics Physical sciences/Physics/Particle physics/Theoretical particle physics Physical sciences/Physics/Astronomy and astrophysics/General relativity and gravity Physical sciences/Physics/Astronomy and astrophysics/Astrophysical magnetic fields Full Text Additional Declarations There is NO Competing Interest. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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