The Mediating Effect of Social Appearance Anxiety on the Relationship Between Media-Induced Sociocultural Attitudes and the Status of Undergoing Plastic Surgery

The Mediating Effect of Social Appearance Anxiety on the Relationship Between Media-Induced Sociocultural Attitudes and the Status of Undergoing Plastic Surgery | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article The Mediating Effect of Social Appearance Anxiety on the Relationship Between Media-Induced Sociocultural Attitudes and the Status of Undergoing Plastic Surgery Ali ALU, Yeter Demir USLU This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-9185225/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Revision Version 1 posted 11 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Study was conducted to reveal the effects of media-based sociocultural attitudes and social appearance anxiety on individuals' tendency to undergo aesthetic surgery. A research model was developed within the framework of social comparison and objectification theories. The research hypotheses were analyzed with a sample of 479 participants who applied for aesthetic surgery and received aesthetic surgery treatment. The survey method was used as the data collection technique. SPSS 26.0 and AMOS 24.0 statistical package programs were tested in the analysis of hypothetical connections between variables. According to the research results, it was determined that media-based sociocultural attitudes towards the body had a significant effect on social appearance anxiety and aesthetic surgery status. It was also determined that social appearance anxiety had a significant effect on aesthetic surgery status. In addition, it was found that social appearance anxiety had a mediating effect on the relationship between media-based sociocultural attitudes towards the body and aesthetic surgery status. As a result, media-based body-related attitudes affect social appearance anxiety and lead individuals to undergo aesthetic surgery. Plastic Surgery Sociocultural Attitudes Social Appearance Anxiety Media Body Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 INTRODUCTION Scientific findings and research reveal that diseases occur not only for physical and biological reasons, but also for social and cultural reasons. Individuals' beliefs, lifestyles, living conditions, socioeconomic status and environmental factors affect health and disease status (Can, 2019 ). Sociocultural factors that affect the relationship between health and disease also have a great impact on the appearance of the body. In particular, practices in the cosmetics sector and plastic aesthetic surgery in women have a great impact on the formation of perceptions and thoughts about the appearance of the body, such as thinness and thinness associated with body image (Açıkgöz, 2021 ). The physical appearances of people frequently featured in the media and the aesthetic operations or practices they have undergone affect the perceptions of people who are not satisfied with their physical appearance, creating a desire for similar procedures in them. In addition, the rapid changes in the field of plastic and aesthetic surgery and the constant changes in aesthetic operation methods and the reflection of these changing practices on celebrities through movies, TV series, advertisements, social media, etc. also increase the demand for aesthetic operations (Sezgin, 2015 ). Various media tools create pressure on people to make changes to their bodies, thus triggering and guiding them. As a result of some role models being portrayed in the media as having ideal body sizes and appearances, a desire to achieve these ideal body sizes and appearances emerges in other segments of society. Provoking and creating this desire in people causes them to become passive consumers. People also resort to plastic and aesthetic surgery to achieve a new look and feel better about themselves (Körpe, 2017 ). The change and transformation in health perception not only affects the effective and efficient use and management of resources required for the maintenance of health services, but also affects many administrative processes such as expenditures to be made in health, human resources planning, and resource planning. Therefore, it is necessary to examine the social factors that directly or indirectly affect the use of health services. In this study, a study was designed in line with the definition of health based on the World Health Organization's definition of health. In this context, this study is a study related to health, sociology and psychology that examines the psycho-social aspect of health on individual health management. In the study; This research was carried out in order to reveal the effects of media-based sociocultural attitudes towards the body and social appearance anxiety on the tendency of individuals to have aesthetic surgery. The Relationship Between the Body, Social Appearance Anxiety, Aesthetic Procedure and Media The media's influence on body image is a frequently discussed topic, and the definition and acceptance of the "ideal body" in society is largely carried out through the media. This ideal body is usually based on certain physical criteria and standards, and the media disseminates and promotes this body to the masses (Sohn, 2009 ). However, it is seen that the body types of celebrities and models constantly shown in the media create a certain effect on the audience, causing these individuals to resort to plastic surgery to resemble these figures (Chopan, 2019). In particular, messages about physical appearance emphasize the importance of staying young, looking healthy, and dressing fashionably, creating a sense of urgency in individuals, which leads to the strengthening of social pressure (Gerner, 2005 ). As Scannell points out, mass media not only provide information to a wide audience on various topics, but also help to internalize this information socially, direct the masses in a certain way, and contribute to the formation of new cultures. The media and its tools can easily penetrate our private and intimate spaces with the cultural content they present and affect the personal lives of individuals. This process is strengthened by encouraging individuals to consume, especially through advertisements and marketing strategies, and thus mass media play an important role in shaping social behavior patterns (Scannell, 2013 ). According to Bauman ( 2010 ), the secret of modern society lies in the emergence of an artificially produced subjective sense of inadequacy. This situation leads to the development of a psychological state in which individuals are not satisfied with what they have and constantly want more. The fact that especially wealthy individuals display and share their lifestyles, experiences and opportunities through tools such as the media reinforces the viewer's sense of inadequacy and dissatisfaction with what they have. As a result, wealth begins to be accepted as a sacred value and becomes the center of social values ​​and desires. Today, an increasing focus on physical health and well-being, especially in the public sphere, has increased interest in the body. Individuals are directed to a consumer culture through the media and other mass media, and this process brings about phenomena such as overeating and consumerism. As a result, the number of overweight and obese individuals has increased. When individuals experiencing this situation face difficulties such as social exclusion, they seek various ways to reshape their bodies in order to return to their old lifestyles. While diet and exercise programs are generally used to reshape the body, methods such as medication, chemical products and cosmetic surgery are also used. In a study examining the effects of media images and social comparisons with peers on body dissatisfaction, it was found that social comparisons with media images led individuals to engage in greater body checking, which was associated with the emergence of negative feelings about the body. Similarly, social comparisons with peers were associated with greater body checking and feelings of guilt. Consequently, media images and social comparisons with peers were associated with higher levels of body dissatisfaction and body checking (Ridolfi, 2011). Similarly, in a study conducted on female college students by Smith, Hames, and Joiner ( 2013 ), Facebook use was assessed in the context of social comparison over a four-week period and a relationship was found between this use and body dissatisfaction. A study conducted by Krones, Stice, Batres, and Orjada ( 2005 ) revealed that social comparisons with thin ideal body images depicted in the media increase body dissatisfaction in individuals. This study shows that the thin body ideal presented in the media triggers individuals' negative perceptions of their bodies, which in turn increases negative effects. In other words, it was concluded that social comparison pressure negatively affects body perception. According to the results of a study examining the mediating role of body self-consciousness in the relationship between exposure to sexually objectifying media (television and magazines) and two criterion variables, body surveillance was found to partially mediate the relationship between exposure to sexually objectifying television and magazines and body shame, appearance anxiety, and body image self-consciousness during physical intimacy (Aubrey, 2007 ). Another study conducted by Vartanian and Dey (118) examined the relationship between self-concept clarity, internalization of the thin body ideal, appearance-based social comparison tendencies, and body dissatisfaction. The findings of the study revealed that internalization of the thin ideal and social comparison tendencies were related to body dissatisfaction. It was also found that self-concept clarity was negatively related to both internalization of the thin ideal and appearance-based social comparison tendencies. It was also found that internalization of the thin ideal mediated the relationship between self-concept clarity and body dissatisfaction. These results suggest that low self-perception or uncertainty contributes to the emergence of negative situations related to body image. Body Intervention Applications Today, under the influence of consumer culture, the inner body has been replaced by the outer body. "In a consumer society, the aim is to beautify the appearance of the outer body rather than to protect the inner body." While the focus was on the inner structure of the body in previous periods, the outer body has come to the forefront under the influence of the consumer society. According to Featherstone ( 2010 ), this situation has also brought about the commodification of the body. People have tried to reshape their bodies with practices such as piercing, cutting, burning and binding in order to change the shape and appearance of their bodies. In other words, the media, which plays an important role in the spread of consumer culture, directs individuals to physical consumption through advertising and fashion. Advertising and fashion, in particular, influence people in this regard by giving them the message that they should care about their bodies and take care of them. This process directs individuals to resort to various surgical and aesthetic practices in order to reach ideal body and beauty standards. According to Baudrillard, in the postmodern period, the body is being rebuilt in the name of discovery and liberation. This new construction process is fundamentally shaped by the phenomenon of sexuality. Therefore, since the body is intended to be used as an object of consumption in this process, it is not given the role of subject. In this period, the body is considered as an object of consumption under the discourses of ‘physical and sexual liberation’. In addition, this situation has caused the body to become the focus of attention and appreciation with the process of ‘liberation and discovery of the body’. As a result, various practices and interventions made to make the body look healthy and beautiful lead to the body becoming an object of consumption over time. Consumer products, especially those offered under the name of fashion and beauty products, are offered to the use of individuals who want to beautify their bodies in this process (Baudrillard, 2004 ). According to Foucault, the government has a strong political and economic influence on the elderly and aging bodies in society. Because it is desired that aging bodies are more actively involved in the consumption process. To achieve this goal, a new wellness industry has emerged that aims to eliminate the physical and social signs of aging. This industry consists of sectors that provide significant profits, such as medicine, cosmetics, the pharmaceutical industry, and the nutrition industry. Through these sectors, aging bodies have been transformed into an important means of consumption (Foucault, 2003 ). According to Featherstone ( 2003 ), old age is shown in two different ways in consumer culture. In the first, an old age perception that always manages to stay young, defies all social and physical signs of old age, is productive and enjoys life is emphasized. In the second, old age is depicted as a period when people regress physically, socially and spiritually, lose hope in life, become unhappy, withdrawn and spend the last years of their lives waiting for death. By presenting old age in two different ways, the following message is tried to be given to people in this period: If you invest in your health and body before or when you get old, you can eliminate the physical and social signs of this period and live a happier and higher quality life. According to Ritzer, with the change in the perception of time and space, the perception that consumption is specific to certain ages has disappeared and the perception that a person can be an active part of consumption regardless of their age during childhood, adolescence, retirement years and even old age has strengthened. Ritzer explains this situation by stating that the elderly and retirees are not excluded from consumption and that these groups are also an important part of consumption: "Retirees and the elderly are no longer exempt from consumption. Among other things, they are expected to consume the homes and lifestyles of retirement communities, buy what the shopping malls offer in the morning and try them out the rest of the day. Even the dying are expected to purchase the services of hospitals and nursing homes, and the dead (and their heirs) are consumers in terms of funeral organizations and cemeteries." (Ritzer, 2000 ). Medicalization: Individualization and commercialization of health The concept of medicalization entered the social sciences literature in the 1970s, and although it is used with meanings such as "doing medicine" or "medicalizing", it carries broader, more comprehensive and deeper meanings. Conrad ( 2013 ) examined this concept from a critical perspective as the over-medicalization of something. Szasz's (2007) approach to the concept of medicalization, similar to Conrad's, is that some processes are included in the field of medicine, while others are not. Zola ( 1994 ) defines medicalization as the way in which people's daily lives come under the influence of medicine and shape their behaviors. Illich ( 2017 ) explains the term health becoming a medical concept as the "medicalization of health" (Sezgin, 2017 ). According to Conrad (2007), researchers have long drawn attention to social factors that encourage or provoke medicalization. Among these factors, the decline in the influence of religion, the continued belief in science, reason, and progress, and the increasing prestige and power of the medical profession stand out. In addition, the tendency to seek technological solutions to individual problems in America and Western societies has also been effective in this process. Although this situation experienced in the past century is not directly explained by medicalization, it has been stated that it is related to it. Sociologists point to secularization and the changing status of the medical profession as the main factors that trigger medicalization. In his book The Usurpation of Health, Illich emphasizes that after the 1970s, many countries, especially the USA and England, significantly increased the budget share they allocated to health expenditures. This development led to an increase in health budgets in developed countries, thus increasing the salaries paid to physicians and increasing investments in health. These changes also accelerated the process of marketing health and turning it into a profit tool. In addition, changes occurred in the definitions of health and disease during this period. In particular, the old age phase, which was previously considered a natural period of life, began to be defined as a disease that needed to be treated, which led to an increase in the dependence of the elderly on hospitals and drugs. In addition, the definition of prenatal and postnatal conditions and normal processes related to children as diseases led to the spread of medicalization to many areas of our lives. As a result, those who profited from this process, especially pharmaceutical companies, made huge profits (Illich, 2017 ). The increase in the average life expectancy due to the developments in the field of medicine in the world has increased the expectations of individuals from health services. In this process, the media has contributed to the increase in life expectancy and healthy living by providing programs and news about many individuals to have correct or incorrect information about health and thus to the increase in demand for health services. This increase in demand has led individuals to shift from the position of "patient" to the position of "consumer". This new understanding has created an important market for the media and other commercial enterprises together with the health sector. It is seen that news about health and diseases are widely included in the media in particular. In addition to health and healthy living programs on television, health-related content is constantly included in news bulletins, newspapers, magazines, the internet and many other platforms. In this way, needs are created in individuals through the health discourse and individuals in the position of consumers are directed to consumption in the name of healthy living. This situation causes other factors affecting health to be ignored and individuals to accept most of the information without questioning it and make preferences after being exposed to too much information about health. As a result, this understanding restructures daily life (Sezgin, 2017 ). In addition, health products, procedures, services (medicines, surgical procedures and other treatments) and programs that promote medicalization in the name of healthy living are presented in the media, directing individuals to consume in the field of health and contributing to the increase of medicalization (Davis, 2006). METHOD Research Model and Hypotheses In this study, a research model was developed and tested by examining the relationships between media-based socio-cultural body attitudes, social appearance anxiety and the status of having plastic surgery. The development of the research model and the determination of the relationship between the variables are based on theories of comparison and objectification. The research was conducted by applying a face-to-face survey to 479 people who applied to the plastic and aesthetic surgery department in Aydın city center in 2022(Fig. 1 ). Research Hypotheses H1 Media-based sociocultural attitudes have a significant effect on social appearance anxiety towards the body. H2 Social appearance anxiety has a significant effect on the status of having cosmetic surgery. H3 Media-based sociocultural attitudes have a significant effect on social appearance anxiety towards the body on the status of having cosmetic surgery. H4 Social appearance anxiety has a mediating effect on the relationship between media-based sociocultural attitudes and the status of having cosmetic surgery. Scales Used in the Study A three-part questionnaire was used as a data collection tool in the study. The first part of the data collection tool includes a demographic information form consisting of information about the participants' gender, marital status, age, education level, monthly income, media tools used, purpose of media use, and whether they have undergone plastic and aesthetic surgery treatment. The second part of the questionnaire includes the Socio-Cultural Attitudes Towards the Body Scale, developed by Heinberg and Thompson (1995), revised as SATAQ 3-R by Thompson et al. (2004), and adapted into Turkish by Eşiyok Sönmez ( 2015 ) for validity and reliability studies, to evaluate socio-cultural attitudes towards the body. The scale consists of 52 items on a five-point Likert scale (1: strongly disagree, 5: strongly agree). The scale consists of seven dimensions: traditional media as a source of information, social media as a source of information, perceived pressure from traditional media, perceived pressure from social media, comparison of one's own body with celebrities in the media, attempts to resemble celebrities in the media, and ideal body awareness. The third section of the survey form includes the Social Appearance Anxiety Scale, developed by Hart et al. (2008) and adapted into Turkish by Doğan (2010), with validity and reliability studies conducted, to measure individuals' social appearance anxieties. The scale consists of 16 items on a single dimension using a five-point Likert scale (1: Not at all appropriate, 5: Completely appropriate). Data Analysis The data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) 26.0 Statistical Package Program. The socio-demographic characteristics of the participants were given as numbers and percentages, and the scale and factor scores were given as mean and standard deviation. Normal distribution, skewness and kurtosis values ​​were calculated for numerical variables and are shown in Table 1 . It was observed that all scale and sub-factor skewness and kurtosis values ​​were within the normal distribution limits. It was decided that the data complied with the rules of normal distribution. The reference value taken was between ± 1.96 (Kalaycı, 2018 yüköztürk 2020 ). Table 1 Media-Based Sociocultural Attitudes Towards the Body, Social Appearance Anxiety, Plastic Surgery and Their Sub-Dimensions’ Distortion and Kurtosis Values Scales and factors Skewness ± S.H Kurtosis ± S.H BİSKTÖ 0,39 0,11 0,09 0,22 • Traditional and social media as information source -0,06 0,11 -0,54 0,22 • Visual media pressure 0,23 0,11 -0,69 0,22 • Printed media pressure 0,70 0,11 0,41 0,22 • Resemblance to celebrities 0,85 0,11 0,49 0,22 • Comparison of own body with celebrities 0,50 0,11 -0,54 0,22 • Ideal body awareness -0,15 0,11 -0,49 0,22 Social Appearance Anxiety Scal (SGKÖ) 0,41 0,11 0,80 0,22 EC -0,39 0,11 -1,86 0,22 S.H.: Standard error In order to detect extreme values ​​in the research data set, the standardized Z values ​​of the variables were examined. Data above the standardized Z value of ± 2.5 were evaluated as extreme values ​​and were deemed appropriate to be removed from the data set. However, the standardized Z values, which are sensitive to sample size, can be taken as ± 3.29 instead of ± 2.5 for large samples (N > 200) (Tabachnick, 2013 ). The standardized Z values ​​of the research variables were ranked from largest to smallest. The extreme values ​​detected in the data set were removed and the largest Z value in the data set was determined as + 3.18 and the smallest Z value as -2.18. FINDINGS Findings Regarding the Descriptive Characteristics of the Participants 479 participants participated in the study. Information about the distribution of participants according to various socio-economic characteristics is shown in Table 2 Table 2 Findings Regarding the Socio-Demographic Characteristics of the Participants Descriptive characteristics f % Gender Female 297 62,0 Male 182 38,0 Marital status Single 275 57,4 Married 204 42,6 Age 18 years and under 36 7,5 19–24 years 144 30,1 25–30 years 91 19,0 31–36 years 95 19,8 37–42 years 56 11,7 43–54 years 57 11,9 Education level Secondary school 43 9,0 High school 94 19,6 Associate degree 128 26,7 Bachelor's degree 148 30,9 Postgraduate 66 13,8 Monthly income level Low 209 43,6 Medium 116 24,2 High 154 32,2 Total 479 100 When looking at the gender distribution, it is seen that 62% of the participants are female and 38% are male. In terms of marital status, it was determined that 57.4% of the participants are single and 42.6% are married. When examining the distribution by age groups, it is seen that the oldest age group is 19–24 years old (30.1%), and the youngest age group is 18 years old and under (7.5%). It is seen that the age distribution is in a wide range, and the 25–30 years old (19.0%) and 31–36 years old (19.8%) ranges are also striking. When examined by education level, it is seen that the majority of the participants have undergraduate (30.9%) and associate degree (26.7%) education. Other education levels are listed as high school (19.6%), postgraduate (13.8%) and secondary school (9.0%). When the distribution according to monthly income level was examined, it was seen that 43.6% of the participants had low income, 24.2% had middle income, and 32.2% had high income. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) In the confirmatory factor analysis, modification correction was made between e7 and e8, e12 and e13 and e21 and e22. As a result of the confirmatory factor analysis, it was seen that the Chi Square (χ²=4674.25), degrees of freedom (sd = 1109, p = 0.000) ratio was χ²/sd = 4.215; RMSEA = 0.082; CFI = 0.852 and SRMR = 0.073. The Chi Square degrees of freedom ratio being less than 5, RMSEA and SRMR values ​​being between 0.05 and 0.08 and CFI values ​​being greater than 0.85 indicate acceptable goodness of fit (Gürbüz, 2021 ). In this direction, it can be said that the 6-dimensional structure related to the Socio-Cultural Attitudes Scale Derived from the Body Environment (BİMK_SKTÖ) is appropriate. Standardized beta values ​​(item factor loadings) calculated by confirmatory factor analysis are presented in Fig. 2 . Factor analysis results show the relationships of certain items with certain factors and their estimated factor loadings. It was observed that the factor loadings of the items under the traditional and social media information source factor varied between 0.638 and 0.852, the factor loadings of the items under the visual media pressure factor varied between 0.671 and 0.920, the factor loadings of the items under the print media pressure factor varied between 0.798 and 0.926, the factor loadings of the items under the celebrity similarity factor varied between 0.725 and 0.938, the factor loadings of the items under the celebrity self-comparison factor varied between 0.804 and 0.916, and the factor loadings of the items under the ideal body awareness factor varied between 0.641 and 0.796, and these factor loadings were found to be significant (p < 0.05). In the confirmatory factor analysis, modification correction was made between e6 and e7, e11 and e12 and e13 and e14. As a result of the confirmatory factor analysis, it was seen that the Chi Square (χ²=404.289), degrees of freedom (sd = 74, p = 0.000) ratio was χ²/sd = 5.463; RMSEA = 0.097; CFI = 0.921 and SRMR = 0.050. A Chi Square degrees of freedom ratio of less than 5, RMSEA and SRMR values ​​between 0.05 and 0.08, and CFI values ​​greater than 0.85 indicate acceptable goodness of fit (Gürbüz, 2021 ). In this context, although the RMSEA goodness of fit value of the Social Appearance Anxiety Scale (RMSEA = 0.097) is above acceptable fit values, some researchers have reported that the RMSEA value between 0.08–0.10 is an acceptable value, even if it is at a moderate level (MacCallum, 1996). In this context, although some parameters related to the single-factor structure of the Social Appearance Anxiety Scale are at values ​​close to the border, the scale was evaluated to be generally appropriate. It was observed that the factor loadings of the items under the Social Appearance Anxiety Scale factor varied between 0.305–0.842 and these factor loadings were significant (p < 0.05). Descriptive Statistical Findings of the Media-Based Socio-Cultural Body Attitudes Scale (BİMK-SKTÖ) and Social Appearance Anxiety Scale (SGKÖ) Applied to the Participants Descriptive statistical findings of the Media-Based Socio-Cultural Body Attitudes Scale (BIMK-SKTÖ) and Social Appearance Anxiety Scale (SGKÖ) applied to the participants are shown in Table 2 . Table 2 Descriptive Statistical Findings of the Media-Based Socio-Cultural Body Attitudes Scale (BİMK-SKTÖ) and Social Appearance Anxiety Scale (SGKO) Applied to the Participants Scales and sub-factors Mean S.D. Min. Max. Body-Related Socio-Cultural Attitudes Scale (BİMK_SKTÖ) 2,58 0,70 1,04 4,79 Traditional and social media as information source 2,73 0,86 1,00 5,00 Visual media pressure 2,76 0,99 1,00 5,00 Print media pressure 2,28 0,87 1,00 5,00 Resemblance to celebrities 2,17 0,91 1,00 5,00 Comparing own body with celebrities 2,43 1,03 1,00 5,00 Ideal body awareness 3,09 0,97 1,00 5,00 Social Appearance Anxiety Scale (SGKÖ) 2,68 0,69 1,13 5,00 Avg.: Mean, SD: Standard Deviation, Min.: Minimum, Max.: Maximum The general average score of the Socio-Cultural Body Attitudes Scale (BATS) applied to the participants is 2.58. The average scores of the sub-dimensions of the Body Attitudes Scale (BATS), which are information sources, traditional and social media, visual media pressure, printed media pressure, celebrity resemblance, comparing own body with celebrity and ideal body awareness, are 2.73; 2.76; 2.28; 2.17; 2.43; 3.09, respectively. The average score of the Social Appearance Anxiety Scale (SAA) applied to the participants is 2.68. The average scores of the participants between 0.00 and 2.49 indicate low participation level, average scores between 2.50 and 3.49 indicate medium participation level, and average scores between 3.50 and 5.00 indicate high participation level. According to these results; Participants' media-based socio-cultural attitudes towards the body, traditional and social media as a source of information, visual media pressure, ideal body awareness and social appearance anxiety scores indicate a moderate level of participation, while written media pressure, resemblance to celebrities and comparing one's own body with celebrities scores indicate a low level of participation. Examining the Relationships Between Socio-Cultural Attitudes About the Body and Social Appearance Anxiety An examination of the relationships between socio-cultural attitudes towards the body and social appearance anxiety is shown in Table 3 . Table 3 Analysis of Relationships Between Socio-Cultural Attitudes About the Body and Social Appearance Anxiety Scales and sub-factors Coefficient 1. BİSKTÖ 2. BKGSM 3. GMB 4. BMB 5. ÜB 6. ÜKK 7. İBF 8. SGKÖ 9.EC 1. Socio-cultural Attitudes Towards the Body Scale r 1 p 2. Traditional and social media as a source of information r ,646** 1 p 0,000 3. Visual media pressure r ,832** ,468** 1 p 0,000 0,000 4. Printed media pressure r ,789** ,518** ,659** 1 p 0,000 0,000 0,000 5. Resemblance to celebrities r ,769** ,398** ,500** ,571** 1 p 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000 6. Comparison of own body with celebrities r ,820** ,362** ,618** ,540** ,648** 1 p 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000 7. Ideal body awareness r ,633** ,226** ,470** ,294** ,347** ,462** 1 p 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000 8. Social Appearance Anxiety Scale r ,230** ,094* ,217** ,125** ,171** ,226** ,184** 1 p 0,000 0,040 0,000 0,006 0,000 0,000 0,000 9. The status of having plastic surgery r ,131** 0,052 ,090* ,105* ,104* ,156** 0,077 ,183** 1 p 0,004 0,259 0,049 0,022 0,023 0,001 0,093 0,000 *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, r: Correlation coefficient A moderate and high level positive relationship was observed between socio-cultural attitudes and traditional and social media as a source of information about the body, visual media pressure, printed media pressure, resemblance to celebrities, comparing oneself with celebrities and ideal body awareness factors (p < 0.05). In addition, a low level positive relationship was observed between socio-cultural attitudes towards the body and social appearance anxiety and having cosmetic surgery (p < 0.05). According to these results; it was seen that as the participants' socio-cultural attitude scores towards the body increased, the participants' social appearance anxiety and the rate of having cosmetic surgery would increase. A low level positive relationship was observed between using traditional and social media as an information source and social appearance anxiety (p < 0.05). According to these results; it was seen that as the participants' scores on using traditional and social media as an information source increased, the participants' social appearance anxiety scores would also increase. In addition, no relationship was found between using traditional and social media as an information source and ideal body awareness and having plastic surgery (p > 0.05). A low level positive relationship was observed between visual media pressure, written media pressure, resemblance to celebrities, comparing oneself with celebrities and ideal body awareness and social appearance anxiety and having plastic surgery (p < 0.05). According to these results; it was seen that as the participants' visual media pressure, written media pressure, resemblance to celebrities, comparing oneself with celebrities and ideal body awareness scores increased, the participants' social appearance anxiety and plastic surgery rates would increase. A low-level positive correlation was observed between social appearance anxiety and the status of undergoing plastic surgery (p < 0.05). According to these results, it was seen that as the participants' social appearance anxiety scores increased, their status of undergoing plastic surgery would also increase. Path Analysis for Multivariate Model A research model drawn with 3 observed variables was created. In the model, there are defined relationships between the variables of socio-cultural attitudes towards the body, social appearance anxiety and having cosmetic surgery. The 4 hypotheses put forward in this 3-variable model are presented below. • Media-based socio-cultural attitudes towards the body have a significant effect on social appearance anxiety (H1). • Social appearance anxiety has a significant effect on having cosmetic surgery (H2). • Media-based socio-cultural attitudes towards the body have a significant effect on having cosmetic surgery (H3). • Social appearance anxiety (H4) has a positive mediating effect between media-based socio-cultural attitudes towards the body and having cosmetic surgery. The standardized path diagram drawn with 3 observed variables is given in Fig. 3 and the estimated values ​​for the model are given in Table 4 . In the path analysis, it was seen that the path coefficients between some variables were quite low(Fig. 4 ). Table 4 Estimated Values ​​of the Model Faktör Path Faktör B S.E. β (Beta) CR p SGK <--- BİSKTÖ 0,24 0,05 0,23 5,16 0,000** EC <--- BİSKTÖ 0,07 0,03 0,09 2,05 0,04* EC <--- SGK 0,11 0,03 0,16 3,51 0,000** Indirect effect or mediating effect BİSKTÖ→SGK→EC β = 0,037, 95 GA (0,014 − 0,066) B: Unstandardized path coefficient, β (Beta): Standardized path coefficient, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 Variance ratio explained in dependent factors: SGK R2 = 0.05, EC R2 = 0.04 CI: Confidence Interval, Values ​​in parentheses are lower and upper confidence interval values. Bootstrap resampling = 5000 According to these results, the variance explained for social appearance anxiety is 5%, and the variance explained for cosmetic surgery is 4%. Media-based socio-cultural attitudes significantly affect social appearance anxiety towards the body (β = 0.23; p<.05). According to these results; H1 hypothesis was accepted. Social appearance anxiety significantly affects the status of having cosmetic surgery (β = 0.16; p<.05). According to these results; H2 hypothesis was accepted. Media-based socio-cultural attitudes significantly affect the status of having cosmetic surgery towards the body (β = 0.09; p<.05) (H2). According to these results; H3 hypothesis was accepted. Dolaylı etki veya aracılık etkisinin temelini oluşturan standardize dolaylı etkiler incelenmiştir. Bootstrap sonuçlarına göre; medya temelli sosyo-kültürel beden tutumlarının sosyal görünüm kaygısı aracılığıyla plastik cerrahi yaptırma durumu üzerindeki dolaylı etki değeri anlamlı bulunmuştur (β = 0,037, 95 CI [0,014 − 0,066]). Bu sonuca göre; medya temelli sosyo-kültürel beden tutumları ile plastik cerrahi yaptırma durumu arasındaki ilişkide sosyal görünüm kaygısının aracılık etkisi olduğu gösterilmiştir. Bu durumda H4 hipotezi kabul edilmiştir. DISCUSSION In this study, a research model was developed and tested by considering the relationships between media-based sociocultural attitudes towards the body, social appearance anxiety and the status of having plastic surgery. In order to test the research model and hypotheses; path analysis was conducted with the AMOS program to examine the direct and indirect relationships between the participants' status of having plastic surgery, media-based social attitudes towards the body and the effects of social appearance anxiety and to test the measurement model. In the analyses, it was seen that there was a positive and significant relationship between all variables included in the study. It was determined that media-based socio-cultural attitudes about the body have a significant effect on social appearance anxiety (β = 0.23; p<.05). When the literature is examined, there are different studies that reach similar results. The meaning of this finding obtained from media-based socio-cultural attitudes about the body is that the negative body image that emerges due to the media causes an increase in social appearance anxiety. There are many studies in the literature supporting this result. Tiggeman and Slater (2014) found that as the time spent on the internet, especially on social media, increases, the person's body surveillance increases and this decreases body satisfaction, thus increasing body image anxiety. Bauman ( 2010 ) Especially the fact that rich people exhibit and share their experiences and opportunities in daily life through various media tools etc. causes people who see this to be dissatisfied with what they have and to see themselves as inadequate. In the study conducted by Vartanian and Dey ( 2013 ), it was determined that there is a relationship between self-concept clarity, internalization of the thin ideal appearance, social comparison tendencies regarding appearance and body dissatisfaction. Based on these findings, H1 was supported. Social appearance anxiety was found to have a significant effect on cosmetic surgery (β = 0.16; p<.05). The negative body image or perception that emerges in individuals leads to cosmetic surgery. Featherstone ( 2013 ) found that body appearances shown in the media affect individuals' social appearance perceptions and lead to various aesthetic procedures. Tiggemann and Williams ( 2012 ) found that objectification of physical appearance through various media tools eventually causes individuals to feel ashamed of their bodies. Moradi and Huang ( 2008 ) found that women who are physically exposed to sociocultural objectification experience mental, psychological, and social problems. Vandenbosch et al. ( 2015 ) found that exposure to sexualized images on television contributes to the objectification of body perception. H2 was supported as a result of these findings. It was found that media-based socio-cultural body attitudes significantly affect having plastic surgery (β = 0.09; p<.05). The meaning of this finding obtained from media-based socio-cultural body attitudes is that the negative body image that emerges due to the media causes plastic aesthetic surgery treatment attempts. According to Chopan et al. ( 2019 ), the body shapes of celebrities or models shown in the media are constantly shown and people who are exposed to them are affected by this situation and are forced to have various surgeries or body applications in order to resemble the models and celebrities in the media. Stewart et al. ( 2012 ) state that health-related programs in the media make plastic surgery attractive. There are many similar studies in the literature. As a result of the research conducted by Swanson ( 2012 ), it was determined that the satisfaction of patients who had liposuction and abdominoplasty increased and directly affected their quality of life. Rohrich et al. ( 2021 ) The posts made by plastic and aesthetic specialists, especially on social media, through the media seriously affect the interest and demand of individuals in the field of plastic surgery. These results support H3 . The standardized indirect effects that form the basis of the indirect effect or mediation effect were examined. According to the bootstrap results; the indirect effect value of media-based socio-cultural body attitudes on the status of having plastic surgery through social appearance anxiety was found to be significant (β = 0.037, 95 CI [0.014–0.066]). The meaning of this finding is that social appearance anxiety has a mediating effect on the relationship between media-based socio-cultural attitudes about grandfather and the status of having plastic surgery. In other words, body shapes presented under the name of ideal body through various media tools affect individuals' body perceptions and reveal negative feelings such as deficiency and inadequacy regarding their bodies by comparing their own bodies with the ideal body. Therefore, individuals have to make an effort to beautify their bodies in order to get rid of these negative feelings. For this reason, individuals make various interventions and apply chemical substances to their bodies in order to reach ideal measurements and end this anxiety. Thus, individuals are directed to consumption in order to beautify their bodies. There are numerous studies in the literature supporting this finding. Feltman and Szymanski ( 2018 ) found that internalization of cultural beauty standards and participation in upward appearance comparison significantly mediated the links between Instagram use and self-objectification and body surveillance. In a social comparison study conducted by Krones, Stice, Batres, and Orjada ( 2005 ) on thin ideal images depicted in the media, it was shown that exposure to or participation in media presentations of the thin ideal body increased body dissatisfaction in individuals. Therefore, it was observed that thin ideal images depicted in the media elicit negative body perceptions and increase negative affect in individuals. In other words, social comparative pressure was found to negatively affect body perception. Ridolfi et al. ( 2011 ) Social comparisons with media images were associated with the emergence of negative feelings about the body because they cause individuals to have more control over their bodies. Similarly, social comparisons with peers were found to be associated with more frequent body control and feelings of guilt. Finally, media images and social comparisons with peers were found to be associated with greater body dissatisfaction and body control. H4 was supported by these results. CONCLUSION This study was conducted to measure the media-based socio-cultural attitudes and social appearance concerns of individuals who want to have plastic surgery. According to the results of the study, it was determined that media-based socio-cultural attitudes about the body have a significant effect on social appearance anxiety and the status of having plastic surgery. It was determined that social appearance anxiety also has a significant effect on the status of having plastic surgery. In addition, it was found that social appearance anxiety has a mediating effect on the relationship between media-based socio-cultural attitudes about the body and the status of having plastic surgery. The ideal body images displayed using various media tools put pressure on people, create a tendency and desire to achieve a similar appearance and direct them. Especially in TV series, the body images intended to be reflected are role models presented to the audience, the objectification of the body by using the physical appearances of famous people in product promotions through advertisements, and similar practices such as creating messages using body appearance in magazine news have an effect on people's body perceptions. People who are exposed to the ideal appearances presented in the media and compare themselves to these appearances cause the feeling of disliking their own bodies to emerge over time. This situation also negatively affects the individual's socialization and the relationships they will establish with their surroundings. In order to get rid of these negative feelings about their body and have a more beautiful appearance, the individual turns to various surgical and cosmetic applications related to the body. However, despite these negativities that arise regarding body appearance in this process, there are precautions that need to be taken; the person must first eliminate the gaps between their body and their will. For this, instead of focusing only on the external body, that is, physical appearance, the person needs to become aware of their inner body, that is, the internal characteristics and beauties that determine their value, and focus on them. Since physical appearance and psychological structure are unique to each person, people who apply for plastic surgery can be informed that people do not have to look alike. Similar societies, cultures and characteristics have emerged under the influence of globalization. Today, it is known that desired messages can be easily transmitted to all parts of the world through global media tools. However, these media tools are often used as consumption tools that serve the interests of certain individuals and groups and direct people to spend on health and body appearance. Although our lives are surrounded by media tools today and it is not possible to completely isolate ourselves from them, we can learn to use these tools correctly. For this purpose, health and media literacy courses can be added to the curriculum of high schools and universities in order to inform and raise awareness of society through various media tools on issues that direct people to consume about body appearance such as health, body, beauty, fashion, etc. Since situations such as body dissatisfaction and social appearance anxiety sometimes lead to mental disorders and psychological problems in people, people may turn to plastic surgery to get rid of these negativities. Therefore, plastic surgeons should start the treatment process with this in mind. The doctor can provide detailed information to the patient about the effects that may occur after the surgery and, if necessary, direct the patient to a psychiatry or psychology department and inform them about whether treatment is necessary. Today, there is a serious demand for aesthetic surgery applications in the world. This demand continues to increase every year. The aesthetic applications performed lead to serious costs. This change and transformation in the perception of health is recommended for health policy makers to take into account the paradigm shift experienced when making health plans in order to use and manage the resources necessary for the effective and efficient maintenance of health services. This study also provided results for a better understanding of the relationship between media-based socio-cultural body attitudes and the status of having cosmetic surgery and how social appearance anxiety moderates this relationship. However, the development of new alternatives with the continuous change of technology and the importance of individuals' reactions to this situation necessitate the conduct of different studies. In similar studies to be conducted by educators in the future, it is recommended that quantitative and qualitative studies be conducted together or qualitative studies be conducted separately with patients and cosmetic surgeons and that the perceptions of individuals who applied for and underwent cosmetic surgery regarding the cosmetic surgery treatment process be compared to better understand media-based socio-cultural body attitudes and social appearance anxiety. Declarations Data availability The data and files in study will be made available on request Funding This research was conducted without external financial support. Competing interest The authors declare they have no financial interests. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Survey information: The surveys used in this study were developed by others, and the necessary permissions were obtained from the relevant individuals. Ethical approval and consent to participate: The necessary ethics committee decision for the study was received from the Health Sciences Scientific Non-Interventional Clinical Research Ethics Committee on 31/03/2022 (Number: E-10840098-77202-2144, Decision no: 290). Informed consent was obtained from each participant. All methods were performed in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration. The study was approved by the Istanbul Medipol University Ethics Committee. All participants provided written informed consent. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-9185225","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":615322684,"identity":"15b3177a-a46d-4f6a-8e94-4c9e9fbfaf32","order_by":0,"name":"Ali ALU","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAzUlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACdsYGBoYCBjkGhgQgj40YLcwgLQYMxnAtPIS1gAgDhsQGorXwNzM3MPwwOJze355jwPCh7DCDvfQB/FokDjM2MPYYHM6dceaNAeOMc4cZePgSCFgD1MLAA9TScCPHgJm3DaiFkMvkQbb8ATpMHqTlLzFaDIBamIG2JBiAtDASo8UQqOWwjEG64cYzzwoO9pxL5+E5Q0CL3PH2hw/fVFjLyx1P3vjgR5m1HHsPAS0gcACZQTgmR8EoGAWjYBQQBgChmj3HiCdDXAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Adnan Menderes University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ali","middleName":"","lastName":"ALU","suffix":""},{"id":615322686,"identity":"1bbed94e-fcdc-4df3-8e28-619ed4cb90a1","order_by":1,"name":"Yeter Demir USLU","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Istanbul Medipol University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yeter","middleName":"Demir","lastName":"USLU","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-03-21 10:53:21","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9185225/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9185225/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":106189999,"identity":"20c3971b-7a68-444f-a2e7-66492595253d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-05 17:12:52","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":35697,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch Model\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9185225/v1/fd961aaff598f47a5b15623b.png"},{"id":106402640,"identity":"5083125d-c65b-4bba-8c00-4b9eb996266f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-08 09:12:29","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":418283,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eConfirmatory Factor Analysis Results of the Body-Related Media-Based Socio-Cultural Attitudes Scale (BİMK_SKTÖ)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9185225/v1/bafe32a2404ff4e8df6d2d74.png"},{"id":106190001,"identity":"dcdde294-a1c6-4274-aad4-89a664c493cb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-05 17:12:52","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":181378,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eConfirmatory Factor Analysis Results of the Social Appearance Anxiety Scale (SAAS)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9185225/v1/7cf661dc7663cf3a5f6ff293.png"},{"id":106190002,"identity":"b8a0e403-92db-4dc6-a28e-d6b61b552580","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-05 17:12:52","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":100256,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eStandardized Path Diagram for Variable Model\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9185225/v1/d2ff786f14c8bdc8f4a5b398.png"},{"id":107704630,"identity":"d60f61f5-a6cb-43cd-9ffb-ee08a4722d90","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-24 08:52:20","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1072359,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9185225/v1/4715b8dc-044d-4e68-897a-dd759699d2c4.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eThe Mediating Effect of Social Appearance Anxiety on the Relationship Between Media-Induced Sociocultural Attitudes and the Status of Undergoing Plastic Surgery\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"INTRODUCTION","content":"\u003cp\u003eScientific findings and research reveal that diseases occur not only for physical and biological reasons, but also for social and cultural reasons. Individuals' beliefs, lifestyles, living conditions, socioeconomic status and environmental factors affect health and disease status (Can, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Sociocultural factors that affect the relationship between health and disease also have a great impact on the appearance of the body. In particular, practices in the cosmetics sector and plastic aesthetic surgery in women have a great impact on the formation of perceptions and thoughts about the appearance of the body, such as thinness and thinness associated with body image (A\u0026ccedil;ıkg\u0026ouml;z, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe physical appearances of people frequently featured in the media and the aesthetic operations or practices they have undergone affect the perceptions of people who are not satisfied with their physical appearance, creating a desire for similar procedures in them. In addition, the rapid changes in the field of plastic and aesthetic surgery and the constant changes in aesthetic operation methods and the reflection of these changing practices on celebrities through movies, TV series, advertisements, social media, etc. also increase the demand for aesthetic operations (Sezgin, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVarious media tools create pressure on people to make changes to their bodies, thus triggering and guiding them. As a result of some role models being portrayed in the media as having ideal body sizes and appearances, a desire to achieve these ideal body sizes and appearances emerges in other segments of society. Provoking and creating this desire in people causes them to become passive consumers. People also resort to plastic and aesthetic surgery to achieve a new look and feel better about themselves (K\u0026ouml;rpe, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe change and transformation in health perception not only affects the effective and efficient use and management of resources required for the maintenance of health services, but also affects many administrative processes such as expenditures to be made in health, human resources planning, and resource planning. Therefore, it is necessary to examine the social factors that directly or indirectly affect the use of health services. In this study, a study was designed in line with the definition of health based on the World Health Organization's definition of health. In this context, this study is a study related to health, sociology and psychology that examines the psycho-social aspect of health on individual health management. In the study; This research was carried out in order to reveal the effects of media-based sociocultural attitudes towards the body and social appearance anxiety on the tendency of individuals to have aesthetic surgery.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eThe Relationship Between the Body, Social Appearance Anxiety, Aesthetic Procedure and Media\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe media's influence on body image is a frequently discussed topic, and the definition and acceptance of the \"ideal body\" in society is largely carried out through the media. This ideal body is usually based on certain physical criteria and standards, and the media disseminates and promotes this body to the masses (Sohn, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e). However, it is seen that the body types of celebrities and models constantly shown in the media create a certain effect on the audience, causing these individuals to resort to plastic surgery to resemble these figures (Chopan, 2019). In particular, messages about physical appearance emphasize the importance of staying young, looking healthy, and dressing fashionably, creating a sense of urgency in individuals, which leads to the strengthening of social pressure (Gerner, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs Scannell points out, mass media not only provide information to a wide audience on various topics, but also help to internalize this information socially, direct the masses in a certain way, and contribute to the formation of new cultures. The media and its tools can easily penetrate our private and intimate spaces with the cultural content they present and affect the personal lives of individuals. This process is strengthened by encouraging individuals to consume, especially through advertisements and marketing strategies, and thus mass media play an important role in shaping social behavior patterns (Scannell, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccording to Bauman (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e), the secret of modern society lies in the emergence of an artificially produced subjective sense of inadequacy. This situation leads to the development of a psychological state in which individuals are not satisfied with what they have and constantly want more. The fact that especially wealthy individuals display and share their lifestyles, experiences and opportunities through tools such as the media reinforces the viewer's sense of inadequacy and dissatisfaction with what they have. As a result, wealth begins to be accepted as a sacred value and becomes the center of social values ​​and desires. Today, an increasing focus on physical health and well-being, especially in the public sphere, has increased interest in the body. Individuals are directed to a consumer culture through the media and other mass media, and this process brings about phenomena such as overeating and consumerism. As a result, the number of overweight and obese individuals has increased. When individuals experiencing this situation face difficulties such as social exclusion, they seek various ways to reshape their bodies in order to return to their old lifestyles. While diet and exercise programs are generally used to reshape the body, methods such as medication, chemical products and cosmetic surgery are also used.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn a study examining the effects of media images and social comparisons with peers on body dissatisfaction, it was found that social comparisons with media images led individuals to engage in greater body checking, which was associated with the emergence of negative feelings about the body. Similarly, social comparisons with peers were associated with greater body checking and feelings of guilt. Consequently, media images and social comparisons with peers were associated with higher levels of body dissatisfaction and body checking (Ridolfi, 2011). Similarly, in a study conducted on female college students by Smith, Hames, and Joiner (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e), Facebook use was assessed in the context of social comparison over a four-week period and a relationship was found between this use and body dissatisfaction.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA study conducted by Krones, Stice, Batres, and Orjada (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e) revealed that social comparisons with thin ideal body images depicted in the media increase body dissatisfaction in individuals. This study shows that the thin body ideal presented in the media triggers individuals' negative perceptions of their bodies, which in turn increases negative effects. In other words, it was concluded that social comparison pressure negatively affects body perception.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccording to the results of a study examining the mediating role of body self-consciousness in the relationship between exposure to sexually objectifying media (television and magazines) and two criterion variables, body surveillance was found to partially mediate the relationship between exposure to sexually objectifying television and magazines and body shame, appearance anxiety, and body image self-consciousness during physical intimacy (Aubrey, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e). Another study conducted by Vartanian and Dey (118) examined the relationship between self-concept clarity, internalization of the thin body ideal, appearance-based social comparison tendencies, and body dissatisfaction. The findings of the study revealed that internalization of the thin ideal and social comparison tendencies were related to body dissatisfaction. It was also found that self-concept clarity was negatively related to both internalization of the thin ideal and appearance-based social comparison tendencies. It was also found that internalization of the thin ideal mediated the relationship between self-concept clarity and body dissatisfaction. These results suggest that low self-perception or uncertainty contributes to the emergence of negative situations related to body image.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eBody Intervention Applications\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eToday, under the influence of consumer culture, the inner body has been replaced by the outer body. \"In a consumer society, the aim is to beautify the appearance of the outer body rather than to protect the inner body.\" While the focus was on the inner structure of the body in previous periods, the outer body has come to the forefront under the influence of the consumer society. According to Featherstone (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e), this situation has also brought about the commodification of the body. People have tried to reshape their bodies with practices such as piercing, cutting, burning and binding in order to change the shape and appearance of their bodies. In other words, the media, which plays an important role in the spread of consumer culture, directs individuals to physical consumption through advertising and fashion. Advertising and fashion, in particular, influence people in this regard by giving them the message that they should care about their bodies and take care of them. This process directs individuals to resort to various surgical and aesthetic practices in order to reach ideal body and beauty standards.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccording to Baudrillard, in the postmodern period, the body is being rebuilt in the name of discovery and liberation. This new construction process is fundamentally shaped by the phenomenon of sexuality. Therefore, since the body is intended to be used as an object of consumption in this process, it is not given the role of subject. In this period, the body is considered as an object of consumption under the discourses of \u0026lsquo;physical and sexual liberation\u0026rsquo;. In addition, this situation has caused the body to become the focus of attention and appreciation with the process of \u0026lsquo;liberation and discovery of the body\u0026rsquo;. As a result, various practices and interventions made to make the body look healthy and beautiful lead to the body becoming an object of consumption over time. Consumer products, especially those offered under the name of fashion and beauty products, are offered to the use of individuals who want to beautify their bodies in this process (Baudrillard, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccording to Foucault, the government has a strong political and economic influence on the elderly and aging bodies in society. Because it is desired that aging bodies are more actively involved in the consumption process. To achieve this goal, a new wellness industry has emerged that aims to eliminate the physical and social signs of aging. This industry consists of sectors that provide significant profits, such as medicine, cosmetics, the pharmaceutical industry, and the nutrition industry. Through these sectors, aging bodies have been transformed into an important means of consumption (Foucault, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccording to Featherstone (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e), old age is shown in two different ways in consumer culture. In the first, an old age perception that always manages to stay young, defies all social and physical signs of old age, is productive and enjoys life is emphasized. In the second, old age is depicted as a period when people regress physically, socially and spiritually, lose hope in life, become unhappy, withdrawn and spend the last years of their lives waiting for death. By presenting old age in two different ways, the following message is tried to be given to people in this period: If you invest in your health and body before or when you get old, you can eliminate the physical and social signs of this period and live a happier and higher quality life.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccording to Ritzer, with the change in the perception of time and space, the perception that consumption is specific to certain ages has disappeared and the perception that a person can be an active part of consumption regardless of their age during childhood, adolescence, retirement years and even old age has strengthened. Ritzer explains this situation by stating that the elderly and retirees are not excluded from consumption and that these groups are also an important part of consumption: \"Retirees and the elderly are no longer exempt from consumption. Among other things, they are expected to consume the homes and lifestyles of retirement communities, buy what the shopping malls offer in the morning and try them out the rest of the day. Even the dying are expected to purchase the services of hospitals and nursing homes, and the dead (and their heirs) are consumers in terms of funeral organizations and cemeteries.\" (Ritzer, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eMedicalization: Individualization and commercialization of health\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe concept of medicalization entered the social sciences literature in the 1970s, and although it is used with meanings such as \"doing medicine\" or \"medicalizing\", it carries broader, more comprehensive and deeper meanings. Conrad (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e) examined this concept from a critical perspective as the over-medicalization of something. Szasz's (2007) approach to the concept of medicalization, similar to Conrad's, is that some processes are included in the field of medicine, while others are not. Zola (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1994\u003c/span\u003e) defines medicalization as the way in which people's daily lives come under the influence of medicine and shape their behaviors. Illich (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e) explains the term health becoming a medical concept as the \"medicalization of health\" (Sezgin, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccording to Conrad (2007), researchers have long drawn attention to social factors that encourage or provoke medicalization. Among these factors, the decline in the influence of religion, the continued belief in science, reason, and progress, and the increasing prestige and power of the medical profession stand out. In addition, the tendency to seek technological solutions to individual problems in America and Western societies has also been effective in this process. Although this situation experienced in the past century is not directly explained by medicalization, it has been stated that it is related to it. Sociologists point to secularization and the changing status of the medical profession as the main factors that trigger medicalization.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn his book The Usurpation of Health, Illich emphasizes that after the 1970s, many countries, especially the USA and England, significantly increased the budget share they allocated to health expenditures. This development led to an increase in health budgets in developed countries, thus increasing the salaries paid to physicians and increasing investments in health. These changes also accelerated the process of marketing health and turning it into a profit tool. In addition, changes occurred in the definitions of health and disease during this period. In particular, the old age phase, which was previously considered a natural period of life, began to be defined as a disease that needed to be treated, which led to an increase in the dependence of the elderly on hospitals and drugs. In addition, the definition of prenatal and postnatal conditions and normal processes related to children as diseases led to the spread of medicalization to many areas of our lives. As a result, those who profited from this process, especially pharmaceutical companies, made huge profits (Illich, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe increase in the average life expectancy due to the developments in the field of medicine in the world has increased the expectations of individuals from health services. In this process, the media has contributed to the increase in life expectancy and healthy living by providing programs and news about many individuals to have correct or incorrect information about health and thus to the increase in demand for health services. This increase in demand has led individuals to shift from the position of \"patient\" to the position of \"consumer\". This new understanding has created an important market for the media and other commercial enterprises together with the health sector. It is seen that news about health and diseases are widely included in the media in particular. In addition to health and healthy living programs on television, health-related content is constantly included in news bulletins, newspapers, magazines, the internet and many other platforms. In this way, needs are created in individuals through the health discourse and individuals in the position of consumers are directed to consumption in the name of healthy living. This situation causes other factors affecting health to be ignored and individuals to accept most of the information without questioning it and make preferences after being exposed to too much information about health. As a result, this understanding restructures daily life (Sezgin, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). In addition, health products, procedures, services (medicines, surgical procedures and other treatments) and programs that promote medicalization in the name of healthy living are presented in the media, directing individuals to consume in the field of health and contributing to the increase of medicalization (Davis, 2006).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"METHOD","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eResearch Model and Hypotheses\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this study, a research model was developed and tested by examining the relationships between media-based socio-cultural body attitudes, social appearance anxiety and the status of having plastic surgery. The development of the research model and the determination of the relationship between the variables are based on theories of comparison and objectification. The research was conducted by applying a face-to-face survey to 479 people who applied to the plastic and aesthetic surgery department in Aydın city center in 2022(Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eResearch Hypotheses\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eH1\u003c/b\u003e Media-based sociocultural attitudes have a significant effect on social appearance anxiety towards the body.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eH2\u003c/b\u003e Social appearance anxiety has a significant effect on the status of having cosmetic surgery.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eH3\u003c/b\u003e Media-based sociocultural attitudes have a significant effect on social appearance anxiety towards the body on the status of having cosmetic surgery.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eH4\u003c/b\u003e Social appearance anxiety has a mediating effect on the relationship between media-based sociocultural attitudes and the status of having cosmetic surgery.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eScales Used in the Study\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA three-part questionnaire was used as a data collection tool in the study. The first part of the data collection tool includes a demographic information form consisting of information about the participants' gender, marital status, age, education level, monthly income, media tools used, purpose of media use, and whether they have undergone plastic and aesthetic surgery treatment.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe second part of the questionnaire includes the Socio-Cultural Attitudes Towards the Body Scale, developed by Heinberg and Thompson (1995), revised as SATAQ 3-R by Thompson et al. (2004), and adapted into Turkish by Eşiyok S\u0026ouml;nmez (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e) for validity and reliability studies, to evaluate socio-cultural attitudes towards the body. The scale consists of 52 items on a five-point Likert scale (1: strongly disagree, 5: strongly agree). The scale consists of seven dimensions: traditional media as a source of information, social media as a source of information, perceived pressure from traditional media, perceived pressure from social media, comparison of one's own body with celebrities in the media, attempts to resemble celebrities in the media, and ideal body awareness.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe third section of the survey form includes the Social Appearance Anxiety Scale, developed by Hart et al. (2008) and adapted into Turkish by Doğan (2010), with validity and reliability studies conducted, to measure individuals' social appearance anxieties. The scale consists of 16 items on a single dimension using a five-point Likert scale (1: Not at all appropriate, 5: Completely appropriate).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eData Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) 26.0 Statistical Package Program. The socio-demographic characteristics of the participants were given as numbers and percentages, and the scale and factor scores were given as mean and standard deviation. Normal distribution, skewness and kurtosis values ​​were calculated for numerical variables and are shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. It was observed that all scale and sub-factor skewness and kurtosis values ​​were within the normal distribution limits. It was decided that the data complied with the rules of normal distribution. The reference value taken was between \u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.96 (Kalaycı, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003ey\u0026uuml;k\u0026ouml;zt\u0026uuml;rk \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedia-Based Sociocultural Attitudes Towards the Body, Social Appearance Anxiety, Plastic Surgery and Their Sub-Dimensions\u0026rsquo; Distortion and Kurtosis Values\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eScales and factors\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSkewness\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;S.H\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKurtosis\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;S.H\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBİSKT\u0026Ouml;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Traditional and social media as information source\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0,06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0,54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Visual media pressure\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0,69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Printed media pressure\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Resemblance to celebrities\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Comparison of own body with celebrities\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0,54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Ideal body awareness\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0,15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0,49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial Appearance Anxiety Scal (SGK\u0026Ouml;)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0,39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1,86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003eS.H.: Standard error\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn order to detect extreme values ​​in the research data set, the standardized Z values ​​of the variables were examined. Data above the standardized Z value of \u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.5 were evaluated as extreme values ​​and were deemed appropriate to be removed from the data set. However, the standardized Z values, which are sensitive to sample size, can be taken as \u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.29 instead of \u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.5 for large samples (N\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;200) (Tabachnick, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). The standardized Z values ​​of the research variables were ranked from largest to smallest. The extreme values ​​detected in the data set were removed and the largest Z value in the data set was determined as +\u0026thinsp;3.18 and the smallest Z value as -2.18.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e "},{"header":"FINDINGS","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eFindings Regarding the Descriptive Characteristics of the Participants\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e479 participants participated in the study. Information about the distribution of participants according to various socio-economic characteristics is shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFindings Regarding the Socio-Demographic Characteristics of the Participants\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDescriptive characteristics\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ef\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e297\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62,0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e182\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38,0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarital status\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSingle\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e275\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57,4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e204\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42,6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18 years and under\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7,5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u0026ndash;24 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e144\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30,1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u0026ndash;30 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19,0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31\u0026ndash;36 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19,8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37\u0026ndash;42 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11,7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43\u0026ndash;54 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11,9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEducation level\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecondary school\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9,0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh school\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19,6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAssociate degree\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e128\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26,7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBachelor's degree\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e148\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30,9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePostgraduate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13,8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMonthly income level\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e209\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43,6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedium\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e116\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24,2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e154\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32,2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e479\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e100\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhen looking at the gender distribution, it is seen that 62% of the participants are female and 38% are male. In terms of marital status, it was determined that 57.4% of the participants are single and 42.6% are married.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhen examining the distribution by age groups, it is seen that the oldest age group is 19\u0026ndash;24 years old (30.1%), and the youngest age group is 18 years old and under (7.5%). It is seen that the age distribution is in a wide range, and the 25\u0026ndash;30 years old (19.0%) and 31\u0026ndash;36 years old (19.8%) ranges are also striking.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhen examined by education level, it is seen that the majority of the participants have undergraduate (30.9%) and associate degree (26.7%) education. Other education levels are listed as high school (19.6%), postgraduate (13.8%) and secondary school (9.0%). When the distribution according to monthly income level was examined, it was seen that 43.6% of the participants had low income, 24.2% had middle income, and 32.2% had high income.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eConfirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the confirmatory factor analysis, modification correction was made between e7 and e8, e12 and e13 and e21 and e22. As a result of the confirmatory factor analysis, it was seen that the Chi Square (χ\u0026sup2;=4674.25), degrees of freedom (sd\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1109, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.000) ratio was χ\u0026sup2;/sd\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4.215; RMSEA\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.082; CFI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.852 and SRMR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.073. The Chi Square degrees of freedom ratio being less than 5, RMSEA and SRMR values ​​being between 0.05 and 0.08 and CFI values ​​being greater than 0.85 indicate acceptable goodness of fit (G\u0026uuml;rb\u0026uuml;z, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). In this direction, it can be said that the 6-dimensional structure related to the Socio-Cultural Attitudes Scale Derived from the Body Environment (BİMK_SKT\u0026Ouml;) is appropriate. Standardized beta values ​​(item factor loadings) calculated by confirmatory factor analysis are presented in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFactor analysis results show the relationships of certain items with certain factors and their estimated factor loadings. It was observed that the factor loadings of the items under the traditional and social media information source factor varied between 0.638 and 0.852, the factor loadings of the items under the visual media pressure factor varied between 0.671 and 0.920, the factor loadings of the items under the print media pressure factor varied between 0.798 and 0.926, the factor loadings of the items under the celebrity similarity factor varied between 0.725 and 0.938, the factor loadings of the items under the celebrity self-comparison factor varied between 0.804 and 0.916, and the factor loadings of the items under the ideal body awareness factor varied between 0.641 and 0.796, and these factor loadings were found to be significant (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the confirmatory factor analysis, modification correction was made between e6 and e7, e11 and e12 and e13 and e14. As a result of the confirmatory factor analysis, it was seen that the Chi Square (χ\u0026sup2;=404.289), degrees of freedom (sd\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;74, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.000) ratio was χ\u0026sup2;/sd\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5.463; RMSEA\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.097; CFI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.921 and SRMR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.050. A Chi Square degrees of freedom ratio of less than 5, RMSEA and SRMR values ​​between 0.05 and 0.08, and CFI values ​​greater than 0.85 indicate acceptable goodness of fit (G\u0026uuml;rb\u0026uuml;z, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). In this context, although the RMSEA goodness of fit value of the Social Appearance Anxiety Scale (RMSEA\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.097) is above acceptable fit values, some researchers have reported that the RMSEA value between 0.08\u0026ndash;0.10 is an acceptable value, even if it is at a moderate level (MacCallum, 1996). In this context, although some parameters related to the single-factor structure of the Social Appearance Anxiety Scale are at values ​​close to the border, the scale was evaluated to be generally appropriate.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt was observed that the factor loadings of the items under the Social Appearance Anxiety Scale factor varied between 0.305\u0026ndash;0.842 and these factor loadings were significant (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eDescriptive Statistical Findings of the Media-Based Socio-Cultural Body Attitudes Scale (BİMK-SKT\u0026Ouml;) and Social Appearance Anxiety Scale (SGK\u0026Ouml;) Applied to the Participants\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDescriptive statistical findings of the Media-Based Socio-Cultural Body Attitudes Scale (BIMK-SKT\u0026Ouml;) and Social Appearance Anxiety Scale (SGK\u0026Ouml;) applied to the participants are shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDescriptive Statistical Findings of the Media-Based Socio-Cultural Body Attitudes Scale (BİMK-SKT\u0026Ouml;) and Social Appearance Anxiety Scale (SGKO) Applied to the Participants\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eScales and sub-factors\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMean\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eS.D.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMin.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMax.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBody-Related Socio-Cultural Attitudes Scale (BİMK_SKT\u0026Ouml;)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTraditional and social media as information source\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVisual media pressure\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrint media pressure\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResemblance to celebrities\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComparing own body with celebrities\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIdeal body awareness\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial Appearance Anxiety Scale (SGK\u0026Ouml;)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eAvg.: Mean, SD: Standard Deviation, Min.: Minimum, Max.: Maximum\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe general average score of the Socio-Cultural Body Attitudes Scale (BATS) applied to the participants is 2.58. The average scores of the sub-dimensions of the Body Attitudes Scale (BATS), which are information sources, traditional and social media, visual media pressure, printed media pressure, celebrity resemblance, comparing own body with celebrity and ideal body awareness, are 2.73; 2.76; 2.28; 2.17; 2.43; 3.09, respectively. The average score of the Social Appearance Anxiety Scale (SAA) applied to the participants is 2.68. The average scores of the participants between 0.00 and 2.49 indicate low participation level, average scores between 2.50 and 3.49 indicate medium participation level, and average scores between 3.50 and 5.00 indicate high participation level. According to these results; Participants' media-based socio-cultural attitudes towards the body, traditional and social media as a source of information, visual media pressure, ideal body awareness and social appearance anxiety scores indicate a moderate level of participation, while written media pressure, resemblance to celebrities and comparing one's own body with celebrities scores indicate a low level of participation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eExamining the Relationships Between Socio-Cultural Attitudes About the Body and Social Appearance Anxiety\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAn examination of the relationships between socio-cultural attitudes towards the body and social appearance anxiety is shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnalysis of Relationships Between Socio-Cultural Attitudes About the Body and Social Appearance Anxiety\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"11\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eScales and sub-factors\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCoefficient\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1. BİSKT\u0026Ouml;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2. BKGSM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3. GMB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4. BMB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5. \u0026Uuml;B\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6. \u0026Uuml;KK\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7. İBF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8. SGK\u0026Ouml;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.EC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1. Socio-cultural Attitudes Towards the Body Scale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003er\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2. Traditional and social media as a source of information\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003er\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e,646**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3. Visual media pressure\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003er\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e,832**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e,468**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4. Printed media pressure\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003er\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e,789**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e,518**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e,659**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5. Resemblance to celebrities\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003er\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e,769**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e,398**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e,500**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e,571**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6. Comparison of own body with celebrities\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003er\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e,820**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e,362**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e,618**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e,540**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e,648**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7. Ideal body awareness\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003er\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e,633**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e,226**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e,470**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e,294**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e,347**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e,462**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8. Social Appearance Anxiety Scale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003er\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e,230**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e,094*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e,217**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e,125**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e,171**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e,226**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e,184**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,040\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,006\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9. The status of having plastic surgery\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003er\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e,131**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,052\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e,090*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e,105*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e,104*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e,156**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,077\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e,183**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,004\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,259\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,049\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,022\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,023\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,093\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e*p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05, **p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01, r: Correlation coefficient\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA moderate and high level positive relationship was observed between socio-cultural attitudes and traditional and social media as a source of information about the body, visual media pressure, printed media pressure, resemblance to celebrities, comparing oneself with celebrities and ideal body awareness factors (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). In addition, a low level positive relationship was observed between socio-cultural attitudes towards the body and social appearance anxiety and having cosmetic surgery (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). According to these results; it was seen that as the participants' socio-cultural attitude scores towards the body increased, the participants' social appearance anxiety and the rate of having cosmetic surgery would increase.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA low level positive relationship was observed between using traditional and social media as an information source and social appearance anxiety (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). According to these results; it was seen that as the participants' scores on using traditional and social media as an information source increased, the participants' social appearance anxiety scores would also increase. In addition, no relationship was found between using traditional and social media as an information source and ideal body awareness and having plastic surgery (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA low level positive relationship was observed between visual media pressure, written media pressure, resemblance to celebrities, comparing oneself with celebrities and ideal body awareness and social appearance anxiety and having plastic surgery (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). According to these results; it was seen that as the participants' visual media pressure, written media pressure, resemblance to celebrities, comparing oneself with celebrities and ideal body awareness scores increased, the participants' social appearance anxiety and plastic surgery rates would increase.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA low-level positive correlation was observed between social appearance anxiety and the status of undergoing plastic surgery (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). According to these results, it was seen that as the participants' social appearance anxiety scores increased, their status of undergoing plastic surgery would also increase.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePath Analysis for Multivariate Model\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA research model drawn with 3 observed variables was created. In the model, there are defined relationships between the variables of socio-cultural attitudes towards the body, social appearance anxiety and having cosmetic surgery. The 4 hypotheses put forward in this 3-variable model are presented below.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Media-based socio-cultural attitudes towards the body have a significant effect on social appearance anxiety (H1).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Social appearance anxiety has a significant effect on having cosmetic surgery (H2).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Media-based socio-cultural attitudes towards the body have a significant effect on having cosmetic surgery (H3).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Social appearance anxiety (H4) has a positive mediating effect between media-based socio-cultural attitudes towards the body and having cosmetic surgery.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/ul\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe standardized path diagram drawn with 3 observed variables is given in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e and the estimated values ​​for the model are given in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e. In the path analysis, it was seen that the path coefficients between some variables were quite low(Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEstimated Values ​​of the Model\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"14\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c13\" colnum=\"13\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c14\" colnum=\"14\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFakt\u0026ouml;r\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePath\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFakt\u0026ouml;r\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eB\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eS.E.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eβ (Beta)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCR\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSGK\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBİSKT\u0026Ouml;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0,000**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBİSKT\u0026Ouml;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0,04*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;---\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSGK\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0,000**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndirect effect or mediating effect\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBİSKT\u0026Ouml;\u0026rarr;SGK\u0026rarr;EC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eβ\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0,037, 95 GA (0,014 \u0026minus; 0,066)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eB: Unstandardized path coefficient, β (Beta): Standardized path coefficient, *p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05, **p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec19\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eVariance ratio explained in dependent factors: SGK R2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.05, EC R2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.04\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec20\" class=\"Section4\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCI: Confidence Interval, Values ​​in parentheses are lower and upper confidence interval values. Bootstrap resampling\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5000\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccording to these results, the variance explained for social appearance anxiety is 5%, and the variance explained for cosmetic surgery is 4%.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedia-based socio-cultural attitudes significantly affect social appearance anxiety towards the body (β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.23; p\u0026lt;.05). According to these results; H1 hypothesis was accepted.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial appearance anxiety significantly affects the status of having cosmetic surgery (β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.16; p\u0026lt;.05). According to these results; H2 hypothesis was accepted.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedia-based socio-cultural attitudes significantly affect the status of having cosmetic surgery towards the body (β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.09; p\u0026lt;.05) (H2). According to these results; H3 hypothesis was accepted.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDolaylı etki veya aracılık etkisinin temelini oluşturan standardize dolaylı etkiler incelenmiştir. Bootstrap sonu\u0026ccedil;larına g\u0026ouml;re; medya temelli sosyo-k\u0026uuml;lt\u0026uuml;rel beden tutumlarının sosyal g\u0026ouml;r\u0026uuml;n\u0026uuml;m kaygısı aracılığıyla plastik cerrahi yaptırma durumu \u0026uuml;zerindeki dolaylı etki değeri anlamlı bulunmuştur (β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0,037, 95 CI [0,014\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0,066]). Bu sonuca g\u0026ouml;re; medya temelli sosyo-k\u0026uuml;lt\u0026uuml;rel beden tutumları ile plastik cerrahi yaptırma durumu arasındaki ilişkide sosyal g\u0026ouml;r\u0026uuml;n\u0026uuml;m kaygısının aracılık etkisi olduğu g\u0026ouml;sterilmiştir. Bu durumda H4 hipotezi kabul edilmiştir.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"DISCUSSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn this study, a research model was developed and tested by considering the relationships between media-based sociocultural attitudes towards the body, social appearance anxiety and the status of having plastic surgery. In order to test the research model and hypotheses; path analysis was conducted with the AMOS program to examine the direct and indirect relationships between the participants' status of having plastic surgery, media-based social attitudes towards the body and the effects of social appearance anxiety and to test the measurement model. In the analyses, it was seen that there was a positive and significant relationship between all variables included in the study.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt was determined that media-based socio-cultural attitudes about the body have a significant effect on social appearance anxiety (β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.23; p\u0026lt;.05). When the literature is examined, there are different studies that reach similar results. The meaning of this finding obtained from media-based socio-cultural attitudes about the body is that the negative body image that emerges due to the media causes an increase in social appearance anxiety. There are many studies in the literature supporting this result. Tiggeman and Slater (2014) found that as the time spent on the internet, especially on social media, increases, the person's body surveillance increases and this decreases body satisfaction, thus increasing body image anxiety. Bauman (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e) Especially the fact that rich people exhibit and share their experiences and opportunities in daily life through various media tools etc. causes people who see this to be dissatisfied with what they have and to see themselves as inadequate. In the study conducted by Vartanian and Dey (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e), it was determined that there is a relationship between self-concept clarity, internalization of the thin ideal appearance, social comparison tendencies regarding appearance and body dissatisfaction. Based on these findings, \u003cb\u003eH1\u003c/b\u003e was supported.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial appearance anxiety was found to have a significant effect on cosmetic surgery (β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.16; p\u0026lt;.05). The negative body image or perception that emerges in individuals leads to cosmetic surgery. Featherstone (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e) found that body appearances shown in the media affect individuals' social appearance perceptions and lead to various aesthetic procedures. Tiggemann and Williams (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e) found that objectification of physical appearance through various media tools eventually causes individuals to feel ashamed of their bodies. Moradi and Huang (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e) found that women who are physically exposed to sociocultural objectification experience mental, psychological, and social problems. Vandenbosch et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e) found that exposure to sexualized images on television contributes to the objectification of body perception. \u003cb\u003eH2\u003c/b\u003e was supported as a result of these findings.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt was found that media-based socio-cultural body attitudes significantly affect having plastic surgery (β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.09; p\u0026lt;.05). The meaning of this finding obtained from media-based socio-cultural body attitudes is that the negative body image that emerges due to the media causes plastic aesthetic surgery treatment attempts. According to Chopan et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e), the body shapes of celebrities or models shown in the media are constantly shown and people who are exposed to them are affected by this situation and are forced to have various surgeries or body applications in order to resemble the models and celebrities in the media. Stewart et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e) state that health-related programs in the media make plastic surgery attractive. There are many similar studies in the literature. As a result of the research conducted by Swanson (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e), it was determined that the satisfaction of patients who had liposuction and abdominoplasty increased and directly affected their quality of life. Rohrich et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e) The posts made by plastic and aesthetic specialists, especially on social media, through the media seriously affect the interest and demand of individuals in the field of plastic surgery. These results support \u003cb\u003eH3\u003c/b\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe standardized indirect effects that form the basis of the indirect effect or mediation effect were examined. According to the bootstrap results; the indirect effect value of media-based socio-cultural body attitudes on the status of having plastic surgery through social appearance anxiety was found to be significant (β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.037, 95 CI [0.014\u0026ndash;0.066]). The meaning of this finding is that social appearance anxiety has a mediating effect on the relationship between media-based socio-cultural attitudes about grandfather and the status of having plastic surgery. In other words, body shapes presented under the name of ideal body through various media tools affect individuals' body perceptions and reveal negative feelings such as deficiency and inadequacy regarding their bodies by comparing their own bodies with the ideal body. Therefore, individuals have to make an effort to beautify their bodies in order to get rid of these negative feelings. For this reason, individuals make various interventions and apply chemical substances to their bodies in order to reach ideal measurements and end this anxiety. Thus, individuals are directed to consumption in order to beautify their bodies.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere are numerous studies in the literature supporting this finding. Feltman and Szymanski (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e) found that internalization of cultural beauty standards and participation in upward appearance comparison significantly mediated the links between Instagram use and self-objectification and body surveillance. In a social comparison study conducted by Krones, Stice, Batres, and Orjada (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e) on thin ideal images depicted in the media, it was shown that exposure to or participation in media presentations of the thin ideal body increased body dissatisfaction in individuals. Therefore, it was observed that thin ideal images depicted in the media elicit negative body perceptions and increase negative affect in individuals. In other words, social comparative pressure was found to negatively affect body perception. Ridolfi et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e) Social comparisons with media images were associated with the emergence of negative feelings about the body because they cause individuals to have more control over their bodies. Similarly, social comparisons with peers were found to be associated with more frequent body control and feelings of guilt. Finally, media images and social comparisons with peers were found to be associated with greater body dissatisfaction and body control. \u003cb\u003eH4\u003c/b\u003e was supported by these results.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"CONCLUSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study was conducted to measure the media-based socio-cultural attitudes and social appearance concerns of individuals who want to have plastic surgery. According to the results of the study, it was determined that media-based socio-cultural attitudes about the body have a significant effect on social appearance anxiety and the status of having plastic surgery. It was determined that social appearance anxiety also has a significant effect on the status of having plastic surgery. In addition, it was found that social appearance anxiety has a mediating effect on the relationship between media-based socio-cultural attitudes about the body and the status of having plastic surgery.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe ideal body images displayed using various media tools put pressure on people, create a tendency and desire to achieve a similar appearance and direct them. Especially in TV series, the body images intended to be reflected are role models presented to the audience, the objectification of the body by using the physical appearances of famous people in product promotions through advertisements, and similar practices such as creating messages using body appearance in magazine news have an effect on people's body perceptions. People who are exposed to the ideal appearances presented in the media and compare themselves to these appearances cause the feeling of disliking their own bodies to emerge over time. This situation also negatively affects the individual's socialization and the relationships they will establish with their surroundings. In order to get rid of these negative feelings about their body and have a more beautiful appearance, the individual turns to various surgical and cosmetic applications related to the body. However, despite these negativities that arise regarding body appearance in this process, there are precautions that need to be taken; the person must first eliminate the gaps between their body and their will. For this, instead of focusing only on the external body, that is, physical appearance, the person needs to become aware of their inner body, that is, the internal characteristics and beauties that determine their value, and focus on them. Since physical appearance and psychological structure are unique to each person, people who apply for plastic surgery can be informed that people do not have to look alike.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSimilar societies, cultures and characteristics have emerged under the influence of globalization. Today, it is known that desired messages can be easily transmitted to all parts of the world through global media tools. However, these media tools are often used as consumption tools that serve the interests of certain individuals and groups and direct people to spend on health and body appearance. Although our lives are surrounded by media tools today and it is not possible to completely isolate ourselves from them, we can learn to use these tools correctly. For this purpose, health and media literacy courses can be added to the curriculum of high schools and universities in order to inform and raise awareness of society through various media tools on issues that direct people to consume about body appearance such as health, body, beauty, fashion, etc.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSince situations such as body dissatisfaction and social appearance anxiety sometimes lead to mental disorders and psychological problems in people, people may turn to plastic surgery to get rid of these negativities. Therefore, plastic surgeons should start the treatment process with this in mind. The doctor can provide detailed information to the patient about the effects that may occur after the surgery and, if necessary, direct the patient to a psychiatry or psychology department and inform them about whether treatment is necessary.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eToday, there is a serious demand for aesthetic surgery applications in the world. This demand continues to increase every year. The aesthetic applications performed lead to serious costs. This change and transformation in the perception of health is recommended for health policy makers to take into account the paradigm shift experienced when making health plans in order to use and manage the resources necessary for the effective and efficient maintenance of health services.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study also provided results for a better understanding of the relationship between media-based socio-cultural body attitudes and the status of having cosmetic surgery and how social appearance anxiety moderates this relationship. However, the development of new alternatives with the continuous change of technology and the importance of individuals' reactions to this situation necessitate the conduct of different studies. In similar studies to be conducted by educators in the future, it is recommended that quantitative and qualitative studies be conducted together or qualitative studies be conducted separately with patients and cosmetic surgeons and that the perceptions of individuals who applied for and underwent cosmetic surgery regarding the cosmetic surgery treatment process be compared to better understand media-based socio-cultural body attitudes and social appearance anxiety.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData availability\u003c/strong\u003e The data and files in study will be made available on request\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThis research was conducted without external financial support.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interest\u003c/strong\u003e The authors declare they have no financial interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication:\u003c/strong\u003e Not applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSurvey information:\u003c/strong\u003e The surveys used in this study were developed by others, and the necessary permissions were obtained from the relevant individuals.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical approval and consent to participate:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe necessary ethics committee decision for the study was received from the Health Sciences Scientific Non-Interventional Clinical Research Ethics Committee on 31/03/2022 (Number: E-10840098-77202-2144, Decision no: 290). Informed consent was obtained from each participant.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll methods were performed in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration. The study was approved by the Istanbul Medipol University Ethics Committee. All participants provided written informed consent.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYDU and AA conceptualized the study. YDU and AA conceptualized and distributed the question-naire. AA has written the introduction and discussion section. AA cleaned the data. AA did the statistical analysis and wrote the original draft of the manu-script.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eA\u0026ccedil;ıkg\u0026ouml;z R. Disease, health and society: A review on the sociology of health. DBY; 2021.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAubrey JS. 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Istanbul: Pınar; 1994.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-psychology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"psyo","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Psychology](http://bmcpsychology.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"BMC Psychology","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Plastic Surgery, Sociocultural Attitudes, Social Appearance Anxiety, Media, Body","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9185225/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9185225/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eStudy was conducted to reveal the effects of media-based sociocultural attitudes and social appearance anxiety on individuals' tendency to undergo aesthetic surgery. A research model was developed within the framework of social comparison and objectification theories. The research hypotheses were analyzed with a sample of 479 participants who applied for aesthetic surgery and received aesthetic surgery treatment. The survey method was used as the data collection technique. SPSS 26.0 and AMOS 24.0 statistical package programs were tested in the analysis of hypothetical connections between variables. According to the research results, it was determined that media-based sociocultural attitudes towards the body had a significant effect on social appearance anxiety and aesthetic surgery status. It was also determined that social appearance anxiety had a significant effect on aesthetic surgery status. In addition, it was found that social appearance anxiety had a mediating effect on the relationship between media-based sociocultural attitudes towards the body and aesthetic surgery status. As a result, media-based body-related attitudes affect social appearance anxiety and lead individuals to undergo aesthetic surgery.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"The Mediating Effect of Social Appearance Anxiety on the Relationship Between Media-Induced Sociocultural Attitudes and the Status of Undergoing Plastic Surgery","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-04-05 17:12:48","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9185225/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2026-04-09T10:13:19+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-04-08T09:22:25+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"258671736158685033453205343495007317419","date":"2026-04-08T09:20:20+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-04-07T16:27:41+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"116916564394633932796803006081554346629","date":"2026-04-07T16:12:37+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"17360857130039798894210370540584001907","date":"2026-03-31T13:34:04+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2026-03-31T11:59:06+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2026-03-31T09:17:30+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2026-03-27T20:23:44+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2026-03-27T18:48:57+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Psychology","date":"2026-03-27T18:44:30+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-psychology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"psyo","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Psychology](http://bmcpsychology.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"BMC Psychology","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"b909fa5d-0f2f-4e21-90c7-f159d6e00027","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 5th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"in-revision","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-04-09T10:25:14+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-04-05 17:12:48","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-9185225","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-9185225","identity":"rs-9185225","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}