Does land reclamation affect small-scale benthic communities? Micro-quadrats on coral reefs around Okinawa Island, southern Japan

Does land reclamation affect small-scale benthic communities? Micro-quadrats on coral reefs around Okinawa Island, southern Japan | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Does land reclamation affect small-scale benthic communities? Micro-quadrats on coral reefs around Okinawa Island, southern Japan DAN ISHIBASHI, Giovanni Diego Masucci, James Davis Reimer This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6772612/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 10 Mar, 2026 Read the published version in Marine Biodiversity → Version 1 posted 6 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Coral reef ecosystems, such as those surrounding Okinawa Island, have high levels of biodiversity, especially among benthic communities. Over the last century, and particularly after World War II, major coastal development and reclamation works have been carried out along the coast of Okinawa Island, and there are concerns about their adverse effects on the communities of organisms living in the coral reef areas. Examples of methods for investigating the distribution and ecology of organisms that live on the seabed, as well as environmental impacts, include several transect and photo quadrat techniques. However, such survey methods aim to roughly grasp the benthic biota at a spatial scale which does not target relatively small (< 5 cm) benthic organisms. Therefore, in this study, we focused on the microenvironment and conducted surveys of benthic organisms using quadrats of 0.0025 m2 (5 cm × 5 cm) (hereinafter referred to as micro-quadrats). Field surveys were conducted by scuba diving at nine coastal locations on Okinawa Island, where photographs were taken including the entire micro-quadrats (5 cm per side) in the field of view. In addition to the micro-quadrats, conventional transect (10 m length) methods were also used. Benthic coverage was calculated based on the data obtained by the identification, and the similarity of the biological communities was also compared. For the similarity comparison, we confirmed the differences in community composition between sites and depending on the category of coastal development (Natural, Armoring, Land reclamation). At the sites where reclamation had occurred, the coverage of Octocorals was higher in the transect method, while the coverage of Sand was highest in the micro-quadrats. In addition, significant differences were found in the community composition of organisms with the transect method and between the reclaimed and un-reclaimed sites (p < 0.001). A similarly significant difference was found in the micro-quadrats method (p < 0.001). Transects results indicated that sites categorized as Natural and Armoring were characterized by hard coral or Rock and Rubble, while sites categorized as Land reclamation were characterized by Octocorals (mainly soft corals) or Sand. In addition, micro-quadrats results indicated that sites categorized as Natural or Armoring were more likely to have hard coral, Ascidians, and CCA, and that sites categorized as Land reclamation were characterized as Sand. Thus, depending on the method, the organisms and categories characterized at each site were also different. By focusing on more minute environments than conventional methods, this study demonstrates the importance of understanding the biota in microhabitats at different spatial scales. Ryukyu Islands benthos biota micro habitats coastal development Full Text Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 10 Mar, 2026 Read the published version in Marine Biodiversity → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Minor Revisions Needed 01 Dec, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 29 Oct, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 28 Oct, 2025 Editor invited by journal 11 Jun, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 02 Jun, 2025 First submitted to journal 28 May, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6772612","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":536064539,"identity":"615680fc-fecd-4d2c-8bf1-d470c4a96419","order_by":0,"name":"DAN 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Micro-quadrats on coral reefs around Okinawa Island, southern Japan","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":true,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"marine-biodiversity","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"marb","sideBox":"Learn more about [Marine Biodiversity](http://link.springer.com/journal/12526)","snPcode":"12526","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/marb/default2.aspx","title":"Marine Biodiversity","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Ryukyu Islands, benthos, biota, micro habitats, coastal development","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6772612/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6772612/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"Coral reef ecosystems, such as those surrounding Okinawa Island, have high levels of biodiversity, especially among benthic communities. Over the last century, and particularly after World War II, major coastal development and reclamation works have been carried out along the coast of Okinawa Island, and there are concerns about their adverse effects on the communities of organisms living in the coral reef areas. Examples of methods for investigating the distribution and ecology of organisms that live on the seabed, as well as environmental impacts, include several transect and photo quadrat techniques. However, such survey methods aim to roughly grasp the benthic biota at a spatial scale which does not target relatively small (\u0026lt; 5 cm) benthic organisms. Therefore, in this study, we focused on the microenvironment and conducted surveys of benthic organisms using quadrats of 0.0025 m2 (5 cm × 5 cm) (hereinafter referred to as micro-quadrats). Field surveys were conducted by scuba diving at nine coastal locations on Okinawa Island, where photographs were taken including the entire micro-quadrats (5 cm per side) in the field of view. In addition to the micro-quadrats, conventional transect (10 m length) methods were also used. Benthic coverage was calculated based on the data obtained by the identification, and the similarity of the biological communities was also compared. For the similarity comparison, we confirmed the differences in community composition between sites and depending on the category of coastal development (Natural, Armoring, Land reclamation). At the sites where reclamation had occurred, the coverage of Octocorals was higher in the transect method, while the coverage of Sand was highest in the micro-quadrats. In addition, significant differences were found in the community composition of organisms with the transect method and between the reclaimed and un-reclaimed sites (p \u0026lt; 0.001). A similarly significant difference was found in the micro-quadrats method (p \u0026lt; 0.001). Transects results indicated that sites categorized as Natural and Armoring were characterized by hard coral or Rock and Rubble, while sites categorized as Land reclamation were characterized by Octocorals (mainly soft corals) or Sand. In addition, micro-quadrats results indicated that sites categorized as Natural or Armoring were more likely to have hard coral, Ascidians, and CCA, and that sites categorized as Land reclamation were characterized as Sand. Thus, depending on the method, the organisms and categories characterized at each site were also different. By focusing on more minute environments than conventional methods, this study demonstrates the importance of understanding the biota in microhabitats at different spatial scales.","manuscriptTitle":"Does land reclamation affect small-scale benthic communities? 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