Oncogenic protein condensates suppress growth factor perception and modulate drug tolerance

Drug resistance remains a central challenge towards durable cancer therapy, including for cancers driven by the EML4-ALK oncogene. EML4-ALK and related fusion oncogenes form cytoplasmic protein condensates that transmit oncogenic signals through the Ras/Erk pathway. However, whether such condensates play a role in drug response is unclear. Here, we used optogenetics to find that condensates suppress signaling through endogenous RTKs including EGFR. Notably, ALK inhibition hypersensitized RTK signals, which are known to drive resistance. Suppression of RTKs occurred because condensates sequestered downstream adapter proteins that are required for RTK signal transmission. Strikingly, EGFR hypersensitization resulted in rapid and pulsatile Erk signal reactivation, which originated from neighboring apoptotic cells. Paracrine signals promoted survival during ALK inhibition, and blockade of paracrine signals suppressed drug tolerance. Our results uncover a regulatory role for RTK fusion condensates in cancer drug response and demonstrate the potential of optogenetics for uncovering functional biomarkers of cancer cells.