Compound Shenma Jingfu Granule alleviates cerebral ischemia via HIF-1α-mediated promotion of angiogenesis

Compound Shenma Jingfu Granule alleviates cerebral ischemia via HIF-1α-mediated promotion of angiogenesis | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Compound Shenma Jingfu Granule alleviates cerebral ischemia via HIF-1α-mediated promotion of angiogenesis Ruihua He, Yi Xu, Jingxue Liu, Jing Liu, Jing Chen, Xufang Wang, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3855475/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 10 Apr, 2024 Read the published version in Chinese Medicine → Version 1 posted 5 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background Shenma Jingfu Granule, a traditional Chinese medicine formula, has been used clinically for the treatment of cerebral circulation insufficiency. However, the mechanism involved in alleviating cerebral ischemia has not yet been fully elucidated. Methods An integrated approach involving network pharmacology and transcriptomics was utilized to clarify the potential mechanisms of SMJF Granule. Molecular docking and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) were employed to identify potential targets and ingredients of SMJF Granule. The anti-CI effect of SMJF Granule was determined on the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model by using hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) and Nisslʼs staining, as well as triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining, and the potential targets involved in the mechanisms were validated by RT-qPCR and western blotting. Results Integrated analysis revealed the mechanism of SMJF Granule intervening in CI injury might be related to the HIF-1 signaling pathway and angiogenesis. Molecular docking and SPR assays demonstrated robust binding interactions between key compounds like salvianolic acid A and naringenin with the core target HIF-1α protein. The experiment confirmed that SMJF Granule lowered neurological scores, diminished infarct volume, and alleviated histopathological changes in vivo. The possible mechanism of SMJF Granule was due to regulating HIF-1 pathway, which contributed to up-regulating expression of VEGF and vWF in the penumbral region, showing a significant promotion of angiogenesis. Conclusion SMJF Granule alleviated cerebral ischemia injury through the HIF-1α/VEGF pathway. In addition, our findings provide some evidence that SMJF Granule is a candidate compound for further investigation in treating CI in the clinical. Shenma Jingfu Granule cerebral ischemia HIF-1α/VEGF pathway angiogenesis Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Introduction Stroke, encompassing ischemic and hemorrhagic categories, is the leading global cause of death and disability [1]. In the past thirty years, the incidence of cerebral ischemia has been increasing [2], especially among those under 55 [3], underscoring the need for more effective therapeutic and preventive strategies. Cerebral ischemia injury involves initial injury during ischemia and subsequent reperfusion-induced damage [4], driven by mitochondrial dysfunction, elevated oxidative stress/reactive oxygen species (ROS), blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption, inflammation, and apoptosis [5]. Consequently, combining reperfusion with anti-inflammatory or neuroprotective agents holds promise for acute ischemic stroke treatment [6]. Nonetheless, clinical neuroprotective agents like nimodipine [7] and edaravone [8] often target single pathways. At the same time, the development of clinically effective agents for stroke is still an urgent task. The compound prescription of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), which possesses a spectrum of therapeutic properties, including antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, neuroprotective, and vascular protective effects, has unique advantages in medical practice. These attributes position them as promising candidates for ischemic stroke treatment, holding significant potential for stroke therapy [9]. Nevertheless, the mechanisms of action of such compounds require further elucidation, warranting ongoing research. One such candidate is the SMJF Granule, a well-established TCM prescription with a rich clinical history. Comprising twelve herbs (as outlined in Table 1 ), SMJF Granule is renowned for its efficacy in enhancing blood circulation, clearing collaterals, calming the mind, rejuvenating the brain, and strengthening muscles and bones. Clinically, it finds application in treating conditions like cervical spondylosis, insufficient cerebral blood flow, vertigo, and nocturnal insomnia [10]. Despite its widespread use, the active constituents and underlying therapeutic mechanisms responsible for SMJF's effects remain largely uncharted territory, necessitating thorough investigation. In recent years, network pharmacology has played a significant role in advancing our understanding of the fundamental composition and functional mechanisms of TCM. Furthermore, it has been instrumental in uncovering the synergistic interactions among various ingredients, driving the modernization of traditional medicine [11]. The efficacy of TCM relies on the interplay among its chemical constituents. While TCM contains multiple ingredients, only those that effectively enter the bloodstream can exert specific effects [12]. Therefore, the integration of UPLC-Q-TOF-MS and network pharmacology analysis is widely used to identify active ingredients in compound drugs. This approach stands as a robust method for unraveling therapeutic mechanisms and pinpointing potential targets for novel drug development. In this study, UPLC-Q-TOF-MS was utilized to identify the key constituents present in SMJF Granule, both in the bloodstream and within ischemic lesions. Employing systematic pharmacology, we elucidated the intricate interactions within the "ingredient-target-disease" paradigm, providing a comprehensive insight into the relationship between the compound and CI. This holistic and systemic approach aligns seamlessly with the principles of TCM. Furthermore, we conducted experimental validation using an animal model of MCAO/R treated with SMJF Granule to delve deeper into their efficacy and underlying mechanisms. Materials and methods Drugs and reagents Shenma Jingfu Granule (Approval No: HYZZ 205050324) was provided by Yueyang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Anti-VEGF Polyclonal Antibody (K009531P) was purchased from Solarbio (Beijing, China). Phospho-HIF1 Alpha antibody (AF0062) was obtained from Affinity (Shanghai, China). Anti-HIF-1 Alpha antibody (bs-20399R) was from Bioss (Beijing, China). Anti-vWF antibody (PB9273) was purchased from Boster (Wuhan, China). Standards used for SPR analysis were provided by Standard Technology (Shanghai, China). Table 1 Components of SMJF Granule Chinese name Botanical name Part used Shouwuteng Reynoutria multiflora (Thunb.) Moldenke Vine and stem Danshen Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge Root Shanzhuyu Cornus officinalis Siebold & Zucc Fruit Zhizi Gardenia jasminoides J.Ellis Fruit Jili Tribulus terrestris L Fruit Sangjisheng Taxillus chinensis (DC.) Danser Leaf and stem Xuduan Dipsacus asper Wall. ex DC Root Duzhong Eucommia ulmoides Oliv Bark Tianma Gastrodia elata Blume Tuber Danggui Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels Root Chuanxiong Ligusticum striatum DC rhizome Chenpi Citrus aurantium f. deliciosa (Ten.) M.Hiroe peel The World Flora Online ( http://www.worldfloraonline.org ) was used to verify the complete plant names on December 8, 2023. Chemical identification and profiling by UPLC-Q-TOF -MS The chemical composition of the SMJF Granule was analyzed through UPLC-Q-TOF-MS. In brief, a Waters ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3 column (2.1 x 100 mm, 1.8 µm) was utilized for gradient elution. As the mobile phase, distilled water was mixed with 0.1% formic acid solution and 0.1% acetonitrile solution. Flow rate: 0.3 mL/min. This experiment was conducted with a 30°C column temperature, and the injection volume was 2 µL. The detection wavelength varied from 190 to 400 nm. Mass spectrometry detection was performed in ESI negative/positive ion mode. Ion Source Gas 1/2: 50 psi; Ion Source Temperature: 500°C; Ion Spray Voltage Floating: -4500/5000 V; Declustering Potential: 100 V; Collision Energy: ±40 eV; TOF mass range: 50ཞ1700; MS/MS mass range: 50ཞ1250. Qualitative analysis of SMJF Granule was performed, resulting in total ion flow diagrams in both positive and negative modes under the mentioned conditions. Five rats were given oral suspensions (1.2 g/kg, seven times the clinical equivalent dose) of SMJF Granule twice daily for five consecutive days to determine the absorption of the ingredients in plasma and brain. On the final day, rats were euthanized, and samples of plasma and brain tissue were obtained and analyzed by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS for the absorbed ingredients of SMJF Granule. Prediction of SMJF Granule candidate targets in CI The potential targets of absorbed ingredients in blood and brain were predicted by the PharmMapper ( http://www.lilab-ecust.cn/pharmmapper/ ), Swiss Target Prediction ( http://www.swisstargetprediction.ch/ ) and HERB ( http://herb.ac.cn/ ) databases. Disease targets related to cerebral ischemia were collected by searching DisGeNET ( http://www.disgenet.org/web/DisGeNET/menu/home ), Therapeutic Target Database (TTD) ( https://db.idrblab.org/ttd/ ), and OMIM database ( https://omim.org/ ) using the keywords “cerebral ischemia” and “ischemia stroke”. In addition, the Venn diagram was used to screen the intersection targets of the absorbed ingredients of SMJF Granule and cerebral ischemia. To visualize the network of SMJF Granule twelve herbs-ingredients-targets, the Cytoscape software (version 3.8.0) was employed. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network and functional enrichment analysis Understanding the complex relationship between SMJF Granule and cerebral ischemia targets is challenging due to intricate biological processes involving multiple proteins. To address this, the overlapping targets were then uploaded to the STRING database ( https://string-db.org/ ) with “Homo sapiens” as the species, and only those targets with interaction values exceeding 0.4 were considered for further analysis. The resulting PPI network was visualized in Cytoscape. To understand the roles of the targets of SMJF Granule active ingredient in particular signal pathways, GO enrichment analysis and KEGG pathways with modified values of p less than 0.05 for the potential targets of SMJF Granule in the treatment of cerebral ischemic were obtained. The GO biological process, cellular analysis, molecular function, and KEGG pathway dot plot of core targets were plotted by https://www.bioinformatics.com.cn . Transcriptome analysis The total RNA from the penumbra tissues of rat brains was extracted by the Trizol reagent kit with the determination of their integrity and concentration. Subsequently, the RNA was randomly fragmented, followed by the synthesis of double-stranded cDNA. The construction of cDNA libraries involved end repair, poly(A) tailing, and sequencing adapter ligation, followed by PCR amplification. After library quantification, high-throughput sequencing of multiple samples was conducted using the Illumina HiSeq sequencing platform in paired-end mode. The FastQC software was used to conduct a quality control examination on preprocessed data. With STAR software, the preprocessed sequences were matched to the sequenced species' reference genome sequence. Subsequently, to determine the quantity of reads mapped to every gene, StringTie software was utilized. Gene length was used to compute each gene's FPKM (fragments per kilobase per million) values and read counts which were then mapped to the respective genes. Differential expression analysis between different sample groups was conducted using DESeq2 software, with the criteria of |log2FC| ≥ 1 and P ≤ 0.05 used to filter differentially expressed genes between the two groups. Molecular docking For molecular docking in AutoDock 1.5.6 Vina, we selected the key compounds with the higher degrees in the SMJF Granule twelve herbs-ingredients-targets network and the HIF-1α protein. The 3D structure of the protein was downloaded from the RCSB PDB database ( https://www.rcsb.org/ ), and the 2D structural compounds were obtained from the PubChem database ( https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ ). The protein and compounds were preprocessed using PyMol 2.4.0 software. Molecular docking and binding affinity calculations were conducted by AutoDock Vina. The 3D structure of the complexes was visualized with PyMol to observe the interaction between the receptor protein and compounds, including hydrogen bonding. SPR analysis In this study, the HIF-1α protein was chosen for SPR analysis based on systematic pharmacology. Standards were dissolved in DMSO to 20 mM. SPR assays were performed using a Biacore T200. Briefly, the protein was immobilized on a CM5 chip via EDC/NHS cross-linking. Standard compounds were diluted (0.01–128 µM) in 5% DMSO-phosphate buffered saline. Sensor surface stability was assessed by repeating the average concentration. Analytes were injected at 30 µL/min with 60s binding and 120s dissociation times. Biacore T200 evaluation software was used for affinity curve fitting, employing a 1:1 ratio steady-state affinity model. Meanwhile, kinetic parameters were calculated. Animal grouping and treatment Male SPF-grade SD rats (Shanghai SLAC Laboratory Animal Co., Ltd; license number SCXK(Hu) 2022-0004) were kept in an observation room with a 12-hour cycle of light and darkness, maintaining temperature (22–24°C) and humidity (40–70%). During the period of adaptive feeding, the rats were provided with unrestricted access to sterile water and conventional laboratory chow for one week. Animal experiments were approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Following a prior study, we induced cerebral ischemia with an MCAO/R model in rats. Anesthesia was administered via a 2% intraperitoneal sodium pentobarbital injection at 40 mg/kg. After the neck incision, we exposed and separated the left common carotid artery and vagus nerve. An appropriately sized nylon monofilament was placed into the internal carotid artery through the common carotid artery, followed by ligation to block the left middle cerebral artery's origin. After 2 hours, we removed the monofilament for reperfusion. Three groups of rats were assigned at random: sham, MCAO/R, and MCAO/R + SMJF Granule (1.2g/kg) groups. Sham control rats underwent a similar surgical procedure without MCAO ligation. SMJF Granule was administered 24 hours post-MCAO/R, twice daily for 7 days. Rats in the sham and MCAO/R group received an equivalent volume of saline. Neurobehavioral score Neurological deficits in rats were evaluated in a single-blind fashion after reperfusion by Longa et al [13]. The scoring criteria were as follows: 0 points: no nerve damage symptoms; 1 point: incomplete extension of the right forepaw; 2 points: rightward turn; 3 points: rightward collapse; 4 points: impaired walking and unconsciousness. Rats with scores of 1 to 3 were included in the results. Triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining After the brain tissue was removed, it was immediately frozen at -20°C for 15 minutes. Coronal sections were then taken with an even thickness of 2mm, resulting in 6 layers of sections. These sections were then incubated in a water bath protected from light with a configured 2% TTC staining solution at 37°C for 30 minutes. To ensure uniform staining on both sides, the sections were turned every 5 minutes. After staining, 4% paraformaldehyde was added for fixation. The percentage of brain infarct volume was calculated by the Image J software. Percentage of infarct volume (%) = total infarct volume/whole brain volume*100%. HE and Nissl staining To examine the pathological alterations, the brain tissue specimen was underwent fixation using 4% paraformaldehyde. Then the sample was sliced to a 3 µm thick paraffin section for HE and Nissl staining. Microscopic observation of stained cerebral sections was then performed, facilitating the study of morphological transformations within the cerebral cortex and the hippocampal CA1 region. Real-time quantitative PCR analysis RNA was extracted and purified from the ischemic penumbra using the kit according to the Beyotime manufacturer's instructions. The mRNA expression of candidate targets was assessed by real-time quantitative PCR with fluorescence detection. The primer sequences used in this study are shown in Table 2 . The relative expression levels of target genes were normalized to that of β-actin using the 2 −ΔΔCt method. Table 2 Sequences of the primers used for RT-qPCR Primer name Forward primer (5′–3′) Reverse primer (5′–3′) HIF-1α TACTGATTGCATCTCCACCTTCTAC CTGCTCCATTCCATCCTGTTC VEGF CGCCAAGCCCGGAAGATTAG CCAGGGATGGGTTTGTCGTG IL-6 TCCAGTTGCCTTCTTGGGAC GTGTAATTAAGCCTCCGACTTG IL-1β GAGCTTCAGGAAGGCAGTGTCAC TCCACGGGCAAGACATAGGTAGC TNF-α AGATGTGGAACTGGCAGAGG CCCATTTGGGAACTTCTCCT NF-κB1 CGGATGACAGAGGCGTGTATT CGAACUCACUGGUCUGACC STAT3 TCCTGCTGCGGTTCAGTGAG GCTGCTGCTTGGTATATGGTTCTAC Western blotting The total proteins of ischemic penumbra tissue were extracted, and measured through a BCA protein assay. Afterward, equal amounts of protein were electrophoretically separated by SDS-PAGE and immobilized on nitrocellulose membranes (Millipore Corporation, Bedford, USA), which were subsequently immersed in 5% skimmed milk at room temperature for 2 h. Next, the primary antibodies were incubated with the membranes overnight at 4°C. Subsequently, the secondary antibodies were added and incubated at room temperature for 1 hour. The Odyssey system (LICOR, Lincoln, Nebraska) was utilized for visualization. The quantification of protein band densities was performed using Image J software. Immunohistochemical staining The infarcted cerebral hemispheres were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for 48 hours, paraffin-embedded, and cut into 3 µm sections. Sections were deparaffinized, hydrated, blocked with goat serum for 1 hour, and incubated overnight at 4°C with diluted anti-HIF-1α, vWF, or VEGF antibodies (1:100). After washing with PBST, secondary antibodies were added for 30 minutes at room temperature, followed by DAB chromogenic staining. Nuclei were stained with hematoxylin for 2 minutes, and positive DAB expression was observed as brownish-yellow. Slides were mounted with neutral resins after drying. Eventually, sections were viewed and photographed under an inverted optical microscope (Olympus). Statistical analysis Statistical analysis was conducted using GraphPad Prism 8.0 software. The mean ± SEM was used to express the data. Differences between groups were assessed using one-way ANOVA, with a p-value of less than 0.05 considered statistically significant. Results SMJF Granule active ingredients and target screening To investigate the active ingredients of SMJF Granule, UPLC-Q-TOF-MS technology was used to identify 99 ingredients (Fig. 2 ). Further investigation was conducted on 22 compounds (Table 3 ) which were detected in blood and brain tissue samples after oral administration of SMJF Granule. Subsequently, 503 potential targets of SMJF Granule ingredients absorbed in the blood and brain were collected through the PharmMapper, Swiss Target Prediction, and HERB databases. An herbs-ingredients-targets network (Fig. 3 A) and an ingredients-targets-disease (CI) network (Fig. 3 B) were constructed. Then, an Analyze Network plugin was used to extract the most prominent compounds based on their degree, including salvianolic acid A, naringenin, pinoresinol diglucoside, loganin, and cryptotanshinone, et al. The results indicated that SMJF Granule might exert its efficacy through different ingredients and targets. Based on DisGeNET, TTD, and OMIM databases, 324 targets for cerebral ischemia were obtained, and 55 common genes were subsequently identified as potential targets of SMJF Granule against CI. Table 3 Enriched ingredients of SMJF Granule in serum and brain NO Identification CAS Formula Enrichment Classification CF1 Geniposidic acid 27741-01-1 C 16 H 22 O 10 Serum, Brain Zhizi/Duzhong CF2 Shanzhiside methyl ester 64421-28-9 C 17 H 26 O 11 Serum, Brain Zhizi/Shanzhuyu CF3 Genipin 1-gentiobioside 29307-60-6 C 23 H 34 O 15 Serum Zhizi/Duzhong CF4 Geniposide 27745-20-6 C 17 H 24 O 10 Serum Zhizi/Duzhong CF5 Sweroside 14215-86-2 C 16 H 22 O 9 Serum Xuduan/Shanzhuyu CF6 Loganin 18524-94-2 C 17 H 26 O 10 Serum Xuduan/Shanzhuyu CF7 2,3,5,4'-Tetrahydroxystilbene 2-O-glucoside 82373-94-2 C 20 H 22 O 9 Serum Shouwuteng CF8 Eucommiol 55930-44-4 C 9 H 16 O 4 Serum, Brain Duzhong CF9 Protocatechuic acid 99-50-3 C 7 H 6 O 4 Serum, Brain Danshen, Duzhong CF10 danshensu 76822-21-4 C 9 H 10 O 5 Serum, Brain Danshen CF11 p-Hydroxybenzyl alcohol 623-05-2 C 7 H 8 O 2 Serum Tianma CF12 Ferulic acid 1135-24-6 C 10 H 10 O 4 Serum Duzhong/Danggui/Shangjisheng/Chenpi CF13 Caffeic acid 331-39-5 C 9 H 8 O 4 Serum Duzhong/Chuanxiong CF14 Genipin 6902-77-8 C 11 H 14 O 5 Serum Duzhong/Zhizi CF15 3-hydroxycinnamic acid 588-30-7 C 9 H 8 O 3 Serum Duzhong CF16 Salvianolic acid A 96574-01-5 C 26 H 22 O 10 Serum Danshen CF17 Naringenin 480-41-1 C 15 H 12 O 5 Serum Chenpi CF18 Emodin 518-82-1 C 15 H 10 O 5 Serum Shouwuteng/Jili CF19 Pinoresinol 487-36-5 C 20 H 22 O6 Serum Duzhong CF20 Cryptotanshinone 35825-57-1 C 19 H 20 O 3 Serum Danshen CF21 Pinoresinol diglucoside 63902-38-5 C 32 H 42 O 16 Serum, Brain Duzhong CF22 Pinoresinol glucoside 41607-20-9 C 26 H 32 O 11 Serum Duzhong The PPI network and functional enrichment of potential targets A total of 55 intersection targets were screened out and used to construct the PPI network., Subsequently, a thorough topology analysis was executed employing a Network Analyzer. The magnitude and intensity of each node were indicative of its degree value, with greater size and deeper color denoting higher degree values. We noted that six nodes, including IL-6, TNF, HIF-1α, NF-κB1, STAT3, and IL-1β, exhibited higher degrees (༞40), indicating their potential role as hub proteins within the network (Fig. 3 C). To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying SMJF Granule in CI, we conducted GO and KEGG enrichment analyses on a dataset of 55 candidate targets. The GO analysis (Fig. 4 A) yielded a comprehensive list of 436 biological processes, 42 cellular components, and 67 molecular functions. The biological processes mainly involve pathways such as response to hypoxia, positive regulation of nitric oxide biosynthetic process, positive regulation of inflammatory response, and positive regulation of interleukin-8 production, which are highly likely to be closely associated with the HIF-1 pathway. Furthermore, KEGG enrichment analysis revealed 151 pathways. The top 20 terms were selected based on their significance (p < 0.05). A visual representation of these enriched pathways, displayed in a dot plot (Fig. 4 B), demonstrated that a majority of these pathways were enriched with multiple targets associated with cerebral ischemia. In particular, it was evident that several proteins, such as HIF-1α, IL-6, and VEGF, played integral roles within the HIF-1 pathway (Fig. 5 ). Identification of differentially expressed genes in rat brain tissues As shown in Fig. 6 , significant variations were observed in transcripts between the MCAO/R group and the SMJF group. In this way, 1544 DEGs were screened in the SMJF group including 805 upregulated and 739 downregulated compared to the MCAO/R group (Fig. 6 B). To better derive and verify the previous analysis, we conducted heatmap and enrichment analysis on DEGs involving the HIF-1 signaling pathway (Fig. 6 C, D). The results revealed that SMJF Granule could regulate the expression of HIF1-α related genes, thereby influencing several biological processes such as response to hypoxia, positive regulation of angiogenesis, and so on. Analyzing molecular docking and SPR affinity assessment Based on the outcomes of systematic pharmacology and the alluvial plot analysis (Fig. 7 A) about the HIF-1 pathway, we analyzed the top ten compounds that were identified as having the highest values in the herbs-ingredients-targets network. Among them, the docking score for salvianolic acid A (Fig. 7 B) and the HIF-1α protein was determined to be -6.3 kcal/mol, coincidentally, the same applies to naringenin (Fig. 7 D). To further validate the interaction between salvianolic acid A and naringenin with the HIF-1α protein, we conducted a SPR-based binding assay to determine the affinity constants. The results revealed that salvianolic acid A (Fig. 7 C) and naringenin (Fig. 7 E) displayed a direct binding affinity to the HIF-1α protein at the micromolar level, with corresponding KD values of 0.115 µM and 92.29 µM. These results suggested a substantial interaction between these compounds and the HIF-1α protein, potentially contributing to their role in the treatment of cerebral ischemia. SMJF Granule attenuated ischemia-reperfusion Injury To confirm our previous findings, animal models were established, including sham, MCAO/R, and SMJF Granule groups. Compared to the sham control group, MCAO/R modeling rats exhibited a significant weight loss, which could be reversed by SMJF Granule treatment (Fig. 8 A). After the operation, ischemic rats showed a gradual improvement in neurological deficits, suggesting mild recovery post-MCAO. SMJF Granule treatment significantly reduced neurological deficit scores at 4, 5, 6, and 7 days compared to the MCAO/R group (Fig. 8 B). Consistent with earlier findings, transient MCAO surgery significantly elevated infarct sizes in the experimental animals. Fortunately, the administration of varying doses (0.514g/kg, 1.2g/kg, 3.43g/kg) of SMJF Granule effectively reduced the infarction volumes induced by stroke (Fig. 8 C, D). As depicted in Fig. 8 E, ischemic alterations were observed in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of the MCAO/R group, characterized by the reduction of healthy neurons, obvious nerve cell loss, aberrant cell shape, and cellular degeneration. SMJF Granule exhibited a superior ability to facilitate this phenomenon. Nissl staining in the sham group displayed well-preserved neurons in the cortex and hippocampus with orderly arrangement and healthy cell structures. In contrast, the MCAO/R group exhibited damaged neurons with reduced density, disordered arrangement, and cell shrinkage. Compared to the model group, the SMJF group demonstrated improvement in pathological brain tissue damage, with cell morphology approaching normalcy. These data showed that SMJF Granule might exert an effect on improving the ischemia-reperfusion injury in MCAO/R rats. The administration of SMJF Granule partially ameliorated the mRNA and protein expressions of the candidate targets identified To verify the key targets of SMJF Granule in MCAO/R therapy, the mRNA and protein expression levels of these targets were assessed by RT-qPCR and western blotting. The results showed that the mRNA levels of HIF-1α, VEGF, IL-6, and IL-1β were reversed after SMJF treatment (Fig. 9 A). Consistent with this, the protein levels of p-HIF-1α, HIF-1α, and VEGF were significantly increased in SMJF group (Fig. 9 B). SMJF Granule Strengthened Angiogenesis in MCAO/R Rats Immunohistochemical experiments revealed that the HIF-1α-positive cell density of the SMJF group significantly increased compared to the MCAO/R model group (Fig. 10 ). Furthermore, the SMJF Granule treatment also led to an increase in VEGF and vWF expression in the cerebral cortex. vWF in the cytoplasm of endothelial cells is labeled as a brownish-yellow particle, and any endothelial cells or clusters stained brown are usually considered as vessel count. Taken together, these results indicated that SMJF Granule was able to promote angiogenesis in the lesion area of the brain in MCAO/R rats. Discussion Post-stroke neurologic and behavioral deficits have emerged as a significant health concern, severely impacting the quality of life in stroke survivors [14]. Angiogenesis and neurogenesis are considered crucial neurovascular responses in stroke recovery [15]. Increased microvessel density has been observed in the peri-infarct regions of ischemic stroke patients [16]. At least one study suggests that the quantity of newly formed blood vessels appears to be associated with longer survival in ischemic stroke patients, implying the potential benefits of active angiogenesis [17]. Therefore, delving into drugs targeting angiogenesis represents a meaningful avenue for treating cerebral ischemic injuries. For instance, Fluoxetine can upregulate protein expression in the HIF-1α-Netrin/VEGF cascade, promoting angiogenesis and improving long-term functional recovery after ischemic stroke [18]. The SMJF Granule holds promise as a prospective therapeutic agent for ischemic stroke recovery. In the previous research, the monarch drugs in this prescription such as danshen may reduce the infarct area in rat brains suffering from ischemia-reperfusion injury by effectively scavenging free radicals [19]. Additionally, Angelica sinensis activates the p38MAPK/HIF-1α/VEGF signaling pathway to promote angiogenic and anti-apoptotic effects against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats [20]. Moreover, Chuanxiong shows potential as a prospective therapeutic agent for treating neuronal damage following cerebral ischemia due to its anti-neuroinflammatory properties [21]. However, the specific active ingredients responsible for this effect have not been definitively identified and confirmed. Therefore, we conducted an integrated approach involving network pharmacology and transcriptomics to clarify the potential mechanisms of SMJF Granule. The results revealed that SMJF Granule primarily exerted its effects in promoting angiogenesis, anti-inflammation, and anti-apoptosis activities, particularly in connection with the HIF-1 pathway. Furthermore, our observations suggested that SMJF Granule might ameliorate cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury by modulating key targets such as HIF-1α, IL-6, and NF-κB1, which are enriched in the HIF-1 signaling pathway. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) is composed of two subunits, HIF-1α and HIF-1β. HIF-1α is considered a crucial maintenance of oxygen homeostasis and is tightly controlled by by the levels of oxygen [22]. It plays a wide-ranging role in the pathophysiology of ischemic stroke, including inflammation, angiogenesis, neuronal apoptosis, and glucose metabolism [23]. Previous research has revealed that the expression of HIF-1α is not limited to neurons but is also observed in other cell types such as astrocytes, endothelial cells, and microglia, displaying cell-type-specific roles [24]. Under conditions of low oxygen, HIF-1α governs internalized adaptive mechanisms by controlling multiple signaling pathways and downstream genes [25]. Upon initiation, HIF-1α stimulates gene transcription linked with adjustment and resilience. Convincing evidence indicates that after cerebral ischemic injury, VEGF is strongly induced through the HIF-1α pathway [26]. VEGF, a highly potent cytokine that enhances endothelial growth, triggers the proliferation of endothelial cells and actively contributes to the process of angiogenesis and the formation of new blood vessels in ischemic injury tissues [27]. Given the pivotal role of HIF-1α in ischemic and hypoxic injuries, drug development targeting HIF-1α has become a research hotspot. The HIF-1α activator Roxadustat (FG-4592), a HIF hydroxylase inhibitor, is currently being investigated for anemia treatment [28]. Recently, there have been reports suggesting that FG-4592 exhibits notable neuroprotective effects, indicating potential in the treatment of Parkinson's disease [29,30]. In this study, molecular docking and SPR analyses revealed promising interactions between HIF-1α protein and compounds such as naringenin and salvianolic acid A. Naringenin has been recognized as a promising neuroprotective agent, exerting its anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and antioxidant mechanisms through the inhibition of the NF-κB signaling pathway. Simultaneously, naringenin positively affects brain I/R injury by regulating the HIF-1α/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway [31–33]. Salvianolic acid A has been shown to alleviate cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury by inhibiting inflammation and apoptosis, promoting neurogenesis, and suppressing MMP-9 expression [34,35]. The angiogenesis-promoting effect observed in SMJF Granule may be related to these key active constituents. However, it is worth noting that there is currently a lack of experimental research to confirm the impact of salvianolic acid A on HIF-1α. Therefore, further investigation of this potential interaction is warranted. This study lies in the utilization of network pharmacology and transcriptomics to predict and preliminarily validate the active ingredients, biological processes, and mechanisms of SMJF Granule against cerebral ischemia. Our research indicates that SMJF Granule may exert its anti-CI effects by modulating the HIF-1α/VEGF pathway, thereby promoting angiogenesis. The advantages of TCM formulations, with their multi-ingredient and multi-target regulation, offer promising prospects for alleviating ischemic injuries. Conclusion By leveraging UPLC-Q-TOF-MS, network pharmacology, transcriptomics, and experimental verification methods, we have identified the active ingredients and potential targets associated with SMJF Granule in the treatment of cerebral ischemia. Our research results indicate that SMJF Granule can modulate the HIF-1α/VEGF pathway, thereby conferring angiogenesis against ischemic injuries. Declarations Author contributions Ruihua He: Methodology, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft. Yi Xu: Methodology, Validation, Writing – original draft. Jingxue Liu: Investigation, Software, Writing – original draft. Jing Liu: Data curation, Methodology. Jing Chen: Methodology, Validation. Xufang Wang: Data curation, Validation. Lei Qiu: Conceptualization, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing. Jin Huang: Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Resources, Writing – review & editing. Statement of Competing Interests All authors declare that they have no known ownership or conflicts of interest that may affect the work reported in this paper. Acknowledgements This work was supported by the Shanghai Municipal Government's Accelerated Three-Year Action Plan for the Inheritance and Innovative Development of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Project [ZY (2021-2023)-0203-03], and the Shanghai Shenkang Hospital Development Center Clinical Technology Innovation Project [SHDC12021635], and the Research project of Yueyang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (No. 2019YYZ07). Ethics approval and consent to participate This study was approved by the Yueyang Laboratory Animal Center Animal Ethics Committee of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (YYLAC-2022-169). Consent for publication Not applicable. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. References Campbell BCV, De Silva DA, Macleod MR, Coutts SB, Schwamm LH, Davis SM, Donnan GA. Ischaemic stroke. Nat Rev Dis Primer. 2019;5:70. Tsao CW, Aday AW, Almarzooq ZI, Anderson CAM, Arora P, Avery CL, Baker-Smith CM, Beaton AZ, Boehme AK, Buxton AE, Commodore-Mensah Y, Elkind MSV, Evenson KR, Eze-Nliam C, Fugar S, Generoso G, Heard DG, Hiremath S, Ho JE, Kalani R, Kazi DS, Ko D, Levine DA, Liu J, Ma J, Magnani, JW, Michos ED, Mussolino ME, Navaneethan SD, Parikh NI, Poudel R, Rezk-Hanna M, Roth GA, Shah NS, St-Onge M-P, Thacker EL, Virani SS, Voeks JH, Wang N-Y, Wong ND, Wong SS, Yaffe K, Martin SS. Heart disease and stroke statistics—2023 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2023;147:e93–621. Liu A, Pirastehfar M, Yu D, Linares G. Phenotypic ASCOD characterisations of ischaemic stroke in the young at an urban tertiary care centre. Stroke Vasc Neurol. 2018;3:209–14. Zheng T, Jiang T, Huang Z, Ma H, Wang M. Role of traditional Chinese medicine monomers in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury:a review of the mechanism. Front Pharmacol. 2023;14:1220862. Leech T, Chattipakorn N, Chattipakorn SC. The beneficial roles of metformin on the brain with cerebral ischaemia/reperfusion injury. Pharmacol Res. 2019;146:104261. Del Zoppo GJ, Wagner S, Tagaya M. Trends and future developments in the pharmacological treatment of acute ischaemic stroke: Drugs. 1997;54:9–38. Zhang J, Liu J, Li D, Zhang C, Liu M. Calcium antagonists for acute ischemic stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019;2019:CD001928. Ren Y, Wei B, Song X, An N, Zhou Y, Jin X, Zhang Y. Edaravone’s free radical scavenging mechanisms of neuroprotection against cerebral ischemia: review of the literature. Int J Neurosci. 2015;125:555–65. Gaire BP. Herbal medicine in ischemic stroke: challenges and prospective. Chin J Integr Med. 2018;24:243–6. Sun H, Yang CL, Zhao Q. Treatment of cervical vertigo in 62 cases with Shenma Jingfu Granule combined with microwave. Shanxi Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine. 2014;35:677–8. Yuan H, Ma Q, Cui H, Liu G, Zhao X, Li W, Piao G. How can synergism of traditional medicines benefit from network pharmacology? Molecules. 2017;22:1135. Pan L, Peng C, Wang L, Li L, Huang S, Fei C, Wang N, Chu F, Peng D, Duan X. Network pharmacology and experimental validation-based approach to understand the effect and mechanism of Taohong Siwu Decoction against ischemic stroke. J Ethnopharmacol. 2022;294:115339. Longa EZ, Weinstein PR, Carlson S, Cummins R. Reversible middle cerebral artery occlusion without craniectomy in rats. Stroke. 1989;20:84–91. Barthels D, Das H. Current advances in ischemic stroke research and therapies. Biochim Biophys Acta BBA - Mol Basis Dis. 2020;1866:165260. Arai K, Jin G, Navaratna D, Lo EH. Brain angiogenesis in developmental and pathological processes: neurovascular injury and angiogenic recovery after stroke. FEBS J. 2009;276:4644–52. Wlodarczyk L, Szelenberger R, Cichon N, Saluk-Bijak J, Bijak M, Miller E. Biomarkers of angiogenesis and neuroplasticity as promising clinical tools for stroke recovery evaluation. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22:3949. Krupinski J, Kaluza J, Kumar P, Kumar S, Wang JM. Role of angiogenesis in patients with cerebral ischemic stroke. Stroke. 1994;25, 1794-8. Hu Q, Liu L, Zhou L, Lu H, Wang J, Chen X, Wang Q. Effect of fluoxetine on HIF-1α- Netrin/VEGF cascade, angiogenesis and neuroprotection in a rat model of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. Exp Neurol. 2020;329:113312. Lo C-J, Lin J-G, Kuo J-S, Chiang S-Y, Chen S-C, Liao E-T, Hsieh C-L. Effect of salvia miltiorrhiza bunge on cerebral infarct in ischemia-reperfusion injured rats. Am J Chin Med. 2003;31:191–200. Cheng C-Y, Ho T-Y, Hsiang C-Y, Tang N-Y, Hsieh C-L, Kao S-T, Lee Y-C. Angelica sinensis exerts angiogenic and anti-apoptotic effects against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury by activating p38MAPK/HIF-1[formula: see text]/VEGF-A signaling in rats. Am J Chin Med. 2017;45:1683–708. Wang M, Yao M, Liu J, Takagi N, Yang B, Zhang M, Xu L, Ren J, Fan X, Tian F. Ligusticum chuanxiong exerts neuroprotection by promoting adult neurogenesis and inhibiting inflammation in the hippocampus of ME cerebral ischemia rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 2020;249:112385. Semenza GL. Hypoxia-inducible factors in physiology and medicine. Cell. 2012;148:399–408. Chen W, Ostrowski RP, Obenaus A, Zhang JH. Prodeath or prosurvival: two facets of hypoxia inducible factor-1 in perinatal brain injury. Exp Neurol. 2009;216:7–15. He Q, Ma Y, Liu J, Zhang D, Ren J, Zhao R, Chang J, Guo Z-N, Yang Y. Biological functions and regulatory mechanisms of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α in ischemic stroke. Front Immunol. 2021;12:801985. Prabhakar NR, Semenza GL. Adaptive and maladaptive cardiorespiratory responses to continuous and intermittent hypoxia mediated by hypoxia-inducible factors 1 and 2. Physiol Rev. 2012;92:967–1003. Lee J-C, Tae H-J, Kim IH, Cho JH, Lee T-K, Park JH, Ahn JH, Choi SY, Bai HC, Shin B-N, Cho G-S, Kim DW, Kang IJ, Kwon Y-G, Kim Y-M, Won M-H, Bae EJ. Roles of HIF-1α, VEGF, and NF-κB in ischemic preconditioning-mediated neuroprotection of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons against a subsequent transient cerebral ischemia. Mol Neurobiol. 2017;54:6984–98. Apte RS, Chen DS, Ferrara N. VEGF in signaling and disease: beyond discovery and development. Cell. 2019;176:1248–64. Chen J, Lin X, Yao C, Bingwa LA, Wang H, Lin Z, Jin K, Zhuge Q, Yang S. Transplantation of Roxadustat‐preconditioned bone marrow stromal cells improves neurological function recovery through enhancing grafted cell survival in ischemic stroke rats. CNS Neurosci Ther. 2022;28:1519–31. Li X, Cui X-X, Chen Y-J, Wu T-T, Xu H, Yin H, Wu Y-C. Therapeutic potential of a prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor FG-4592 for parkinson’s diseases in vitro and in vivo: regulation of redox biology and mitochondrial function. Front Aging Neurosci. 2018;10:121. Fujimaki A, Ohuchi K, Takizawa S, Murakami T, Kurita H, Hozumi I, Wen X, Kitamura Y, Wu Z, Maekawa Y, Inden M. The neuroprotective effects of FG-4592, a hypoxia-inducible factor-prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor, against oxidative stress induced by alpha-synuclein in N2a cells. Sci Rep. 2023;13:15629. Wang K, Chen Z, Huang J, Huang L, Luo N, Liang X, Liang M, Xie W. Naringenin prevents ischaemic stroke damage via anti-apoptotic and anti-oxidant effects. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2017;44:862–71. Raza SS, Khan MM, Ahmad A, Ashafaq M, Islam F, Wagner AP, Safhi MM, Islam F. Neuroprotective effect of naringenin is mediated through suppression of NF-κB signaling pathway in experimental stroke. Neuroscience. 2013;230:157–71. Cao W, Feng S-J, Kan M-C. Naringin targets NFKB1 to alleviate oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation–induced injury in PC12 cells via modulating HIF-1α/AKT/mTOR-signaling pathway. J Mol Neurosci. 2021;71:101–11. Chien M-Y, Chuang C-H, Chern C-M, Liou K-T, Liu D-Z, Hou Y-C, Shen Y-C. Salvianolic acid A alleviates ischemic brain injury through the inhibition of inflammation and apoptosis and the promotion of neurogenesis in mice. Free Radic Biol Med. 2016;99:508–19. Zhang W, Song J-K, Zhang X, Zhou Q-M, He G-R, Xu X-N, Rong,Y, Zhou W-X, Du G-H. Salvianolic acid A attenuates ischemia reperfusion induced rat brain damage by protecting the blood brain barrier through MMP-9 inhibition and anti-inflammation. Chin J Nat Med. 2018;16:184–93. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 10 Apr, 2024 Read the published version in Chinese Medicine → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Major revision 18 Feb, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 23 Jan, 2024 Reviewers invited by journal 22 Jan, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 10 Jan, 2024 First submitted to journal 09 Jan, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-3855475","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":268542840,"identity":"44e84cae-c37e-402e-a3a2-33bed99933c5","order_by":0,"name":"Ruihua He","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Shanghai Yueyang Hospital: Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ruihua","middleName":"","lastName":"He","suffix":""},{"id":268542841,"identity":"391c3868-6756-4e0a-b0c1-23ce3990706c","order_by":1,"name":"Yi Xu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Shanghai Yueyang Hospital: Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yi","middleName":"","lastName":"Xu","suffix":""},{"id":268542842,"identity":"865090d2-f080-4b9d-a1c0-6eab1fa3ac48","order_by":2,"name":"Jingxue Liu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Department of Pharmacy, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jingxue","middleName":"","lastName":"Liu","suffix":""},{"id":268542843,"identity":"83ef6c18-23bb-44c8-8122-2bcff9f11617","order_by":3,"name":"Jing Liu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Shanghai Yueyang Hospital: Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jing","middleName":"","lastName":"Liu","suffix":""},{"id":268542844,"identity":"f578b8ce-49fa-43eb-95bd-86aeddcc6c5a","order_by":4,"name":"Jing Chen","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Shanghai Yueyang Hospital: Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jing","middleName":"","lastName":"Chen","suffix":""},{"id":268542845,"identity":"ba2ebcbf-d5e3-4a2a-a090-220a5e61a2ff","order_by":5,"name":"Xufang Wang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"College of Pharmacy, Navy Medical University, Shanghai","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Xufang","middleName":"","lastName":"Wang","suffix":""},{"id":268542846,"identity":"ad5b829b-28aa-4759-bd11-a2e863079879","order_by":6,"name":"Lei Qiu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"College of Pharmacy, Navy Medical University, Shanghai","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Lei","middleName":"","lastName":"Qiu","suffix":""},{"id":268542847,"identity":"d7d0b377-26a6-45de-8a88-531bcc720b24","order_by":7,"name":"Jin Huang","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAzUlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACxgYeBuY/Bv/q2dgbGx9+IFYLA0/FgQR+nsPNxhLE2QPScuZAguSM9DYBHmI0MLf3Hnsg2XYnz+DmwzYGCQY7Od0GQg7rOZduYNj2rNjgdmLbgwKGZGOzA4S0zMgxk0hsY2bccDux3UCC4UDiNqK0HARpuXmwTYKHWC2SDWcOJ86cwUislp4zZtIMFWnG/DyJwEA2IMIvhu09QC0GNnJs7McfPvxQYSdHWEsDCteAgHIQkCdCzSgYBaNgFIx0AAAcgkTcB516UQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3325-9380","institution":"Shanghai Yueyang Hospital: Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jin","middleName":"","lastName":"Huang","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-01-12 03:15:21","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3855475/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3855475/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13020-024-00926-w","type":"published","date":"2024-04-10T15:00:35+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":50117795,"identity":"00e3c420-f3f8-4796-b795-aee5b532fd5b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-24 19:00:01","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1291059,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eStrategy of the research method for anti-CI mechanism of SMJF.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3855475/v1/58c7659823e287f73cf964d9.png"},{"id":50117802,"identity":"d427d8d0-f38b-48e5-99aa-79dfa20af118","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-24 19:00:01","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":393414,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSMJF Granule was analyzed by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS. \u003cstrong\u003eA, B\u003c/strong\u003e UPLC-HRMS base peak ion chromatogram (BPC) of SMJF Granule sample. \u003cstrong\u003eC, D\u003c/strong\u003e UPLC-HRMS BPC of serum samples. \u003cstrong\u003eE, F\u003c/strong\u003e UPLC-HRMS BPC of brain tissue samples.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3855475/v1/956e767b94a6b225e2433ec7.png"},{"id":50118162,"identity":"d8abfb07-1dd4-451a-8402-5f04f1f071b4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-24 19:08:01","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":2279961,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eTarget network analysis.\u003cstrong\u003e A\u003c/strong\u003e The SMJF Granule twelve herbs-ingredients-target network. \u003cstrong\u003eB\u003c/strong\u003eThe ingredients-targets-CI network. \u003cstrong\u003eC\u003c/strong\u003eThe PPI network of SMJF Granule potential targets with 55 nodes and 633 edges. The green node represents twelve herbs in SMJF Granule, the pink node represents ingredients, the red node represents disease, and the blue node represents potential targets.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3855475/v1/8621e653922287e3b5ffe590.png"},{"id":50118161,"identity":"fd9c9eae-e2b0-4c84-8aa7-3adfca676d86","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-24 19:08:01","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1844908,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe analysis of functional enrichment in potential targets. \u003cstrong\u003eA \u003c/strong\u003eGO enrichment analysis by the DAVID database (https://david.ncifcrf.gov/home.jsp). \u003cstrong\u003eB\u003c/strong\u003eThe top 20 enriched KEGG pathways of SMJF Granule candidate targets.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3855475/v1/6a006d4265d64cebcf973949.png"},{"id":50117794,"identity":"9c9a2748-8ce8-49b0-ab9e-f835f6503c95","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-24 19:00:01","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":34904,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe\u003cstrong\u003e \u003c/strong\u003eHIF-1 signaling pathway. Data was retrieved from the KEGG database (\u003ca href=\"https://www.genome.jp/kegg/\"\u003ehttps://www.genome.jp/kegg/\u003c/a\u003e). The red rectangles represent the core targets and the pink rectangles represent the candidate targets of SMJF Granule in the treatment of CI.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3855475/v1/e4ff018772325ec2edbd312b.png"},{"id":50118164,"identity":"774fb43b-d5c3-4524-9eef-c84c47510c23","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-24 19:08:01","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":449784,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eTranscriptomic analysis results of MCAO/R rats treated with SMJF Granule. \u003cstrong\u003eA\u003c/strong\u003e Volcano plots of DEGs in MCAO/R and SMJF group. \u003cstrong\u003eB\u003c/strong\u003e Identification of DEGs (p-value \u0026lt;0.05, |log2FC| ≥1). \u003cstrong\u003eC\u003c/strong\u003e Heatmap of the relevance of HIF1-α genes in DEGs. \u003cstrong\u003eD\u003c/strong\u003eThe top ten biological processes of the HIF1-α related genes in DEGs.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3855475/v1/533876552608849a77be4d83.png"},{"id":50118587,"identity":"174ed321-d030-4462-b520-e9a8dc0374d8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-24 19:16:01","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1160348,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe docking and SPR analysis of key compounds and HIF-1α protein. \u003cstrong\u003eA \u003c/strong\u003eAlluvial map of the main active ingredients of SMJF Granule in ischemic stroke related to the HIF-1 signaling pathway. The alluvial plot was visualized using the online OmicShare tools (https://www.omicshare.com/tools). \u003cstrong\u003eB, C\u003c/strong\u003eThe docking pose and SPR assay of salvianolic acid A binding to HIF-1α protein. \u003cstrong\u003eD, E \u003c/strong\u003eThe docking pose and SPR assay of naringenin binding to HIF-1α protein.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3855475/v1/e2da9598154d06ad6639e153.png"},{"id":50117796,"identity":"15bdbd18-1603-44aa-b604-0555bbe78a61","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-24 19:00:01","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1299679,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSMJF Granule treatment alleviates brain damage induced by experimental stroke. \u003cstrong\u003eA\u003c/strong\u003e Body weight was assessed daily for seven consecutive days post-surgery. \u003cstrong\u003eB\u003c/strong\u003e Neurological impairment scores of MCAO/R rats. \u003cstrong\u003eC\u003c/strong\u003e Representative images of TTC-stained sections. \u003cstrong\u003eD\u003c/strong\u003e Quantitative evaluation of infarct volume. \u003cstrong\u003eE\u003c/strong\u003e Typical micrographs of HE and Nissl staining of cortex and hippocampus. All data were presented as mean ± SEM. \u003csup\u003e#\u003c/sup\u003ep\u0026lt;0.05, \u003csup\u003e##\u003c/sup\u003ep\u0026lt;0.01 versus sham group; *p\u0026lt;0.05, **p\u0026lt;0.01, versus model group, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3855475/v1/4c7c0dd3c79e76ae15e1dbb3.png"},{"id":50117800,"identity":"121605f6-51c8-49bc-90b4-2652abbef677","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-24 19:00:01","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":377893,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe SMJF Granule exhibited partial restoration of mRNA and protein levels in the candidate targets. \u003cstrong\u003eA\u003c/strong\u003e RT-qPCR analysis was conducted to determine the relative mRNA expression of key targets. \u003cstrong\u003eB\u003c/strong\u003e Western-blot analysis was performed to assess the protein expressions. Data are presented as mean ± SEM; \u003csup\u003e#\u003c/sup\u003eP \u0026lt; 0.05, \u003csup\u003e##\u003c/sup\u003eP \u0026lt; 0.01 vs sham group; *P \u0026lt; 0.05, **P \u0026lt; 0.01vs model group.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3855475/v1/c5b10acc9aa128fff2bd678b.png"},{"id":50117798,"identity":"d96ddae4-e18b-415a-aea3-29cc8b7d86b6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-24 19:00:01","extension":"png","order_by":10,"title":"Figure 10","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":986576,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eRepresentative images showed IHC staining of HIF-1α, VEGF, and vWF in the cerebral cortex (magnification 400×).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3855475/v1/e78741e8fee33b4c811d49e9.png"},{"id":54712540,"identity":"55188563-f408-43bd-8e31-518c6266f480","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-15 15:09:14","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":6203405,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3855475/v1/9ccdf41c-a89f-4c86-9565-a6d3e7aa7e42.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Compound Shenma Jingfu Granule alleviates cerebral ischemia via HIF-1α-mediated promotion of angiogenesis","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eStroke, encompassing ischemic and hemorrhagic categories, is the leading global cause of death and disability [1]. In the past thirty years, the incidence of cerebral ischemia has been increasing [2], especially among those under 55 [3], underscoring the need for more effective therapeutic and preventive strategies. Cerebral ischemia injury involves initial injury during ischemia and subsequent reperfusion-induced damage [4], driven by mitochondrial dysfunction, elevated oxidative stress/reactive oxygen species (ROS), blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption, inflammation, and apoptosis [5]. Consequently, combining reperfusion with anti-inflammatory or neuroprotective agents holds promise for acute ischemic stroke treatment [6]. Nonetheless, clinical neuroprotective agents like nimodipine [7] and edaravone [8] often target single pathways. At the same time, the development of clinically effective agents for stroke is still an urgent task.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe compound prescription of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), which possesses a spectrum of therapeutic properties, including antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, neuroprotective, and vascular protective effects, has unique advantages in medical practice. These attributes position them as promising candidates for ischemic stroke treatment, holding significant potential for stroke therapy [9]. Nevertheless, the mechanisms of action of such compounds require further elucidation, warranting ongoing research.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOne such candidate is the SMJF Granule, a well-established TCM prescription with a rich clinical history. Comprising twelve herbs (as outlined in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e), SMJF Granule is renowned for its efficacy in enhancing blood circulation, clearing collaterals, calming the mind, rejuvenating the brain, and strengthening muscles and bones. Clinically, it finds application in treating conditions like cervical spondylosis, insufficient cerebral blood flow, vertigo, and nocturnal insomnia [10]. Despite its widespread use, the active constituents and underlying therapeutic mechanisms responsible for SMJF's effects remain largely uncharted territory, necessitating thorough investigation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn recent years, network pharmacology has played a significant role in advancing our understanding of the fundamental composition and functional mechanisms of TCM. Furthermore, it has been instrumental in uncovering the synergistic interactions among various ingredients, driving the modernization of traditional medicine [11]. The efficacy of TCM relies on the interplay among its chemical constituents. While TCM contains multiple ingredients, only those that effectively enter the bloodstream can exert specific effects [12]. Therefore, the integration of UPLC-Q-TOF-MS and network pharmacology analysis is widely used to identify active ingredients in compound drugs. This approach stands as a robust method for unraveling therapeutic mechanisms and pinpointing potential targets for novel drug development.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this study, UPLC-Q-TOF-MS was utilized to identify the key constituents present in SMJF Granule, both in the bloodstream and within ischemic lesions. Employing systematic pharmacology, we elucidated the intricate interactions within the \"ingredient-target-disease\" paradigm, providing a comprehensive insight into the relationship between the compound and CI. This holistic and systemic approach aligns seamlessly with the principles of TCM. Furthermore, we conducted experimental validation using an animal model of MCAO/R treated with SMJF Granule to delve deeper into their efficacy and underlying mechanisms.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eDrugs and reagents\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eShenma Jingfu Granule (Approval No: HYZZ 205050324) was provided by Yueyang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Anti-VEGF Polyclonal Antibody (K009531P) was purchased from Solarbio (Beijing, China). Phospho-HIF1 Alpha antibody (AF0062) was obtained from Affinity (Shanghai, China). Anti-HIF-1 Alpha antibody (bs-20399R) was from Bioss (Beijing, China). Anti-vWF antibody (PB9273) was purchased from Boster (Wuhan, China). Standards used for SPR analysis were provided by Standard Technology (Shanghai, China).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComponents of SMJF Granule\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChinese name\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBotanical name\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePart used\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eShouwuteng\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eReynoutria multiflora\u003c/em\u003e (Thunb.) Moldenke\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVine and stem\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDanshen\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSalvia miltiorrhiza\u003c/em\u003e Bunge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRoot\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eShanzhuyu\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCornus officinalis\u003c/em\u003e Siebold \u0026amp; Zucc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFruit\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZhizi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGardenia jasminoides\u003c/em\u003e J.Ellis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFruit\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJili\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTribulus terrestris\u003c/em\u003e L\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFruit\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSangjisheng\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTaxillus chinensis\u003c/em\u003e (DC.) Danser\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeaf and stem\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eXuduan\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDipsacus asper\u003c/em\u003e Wall. ex DC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRoot\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDuzhong\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEucommia ulmoides\u003c/em\u003e Oliv\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBark\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTianma\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGastrodia elata\u003c/em\u003e Blume\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTuber\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDanggui\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAngelica sinensis\u003c/em\u003e (Oliv.) Diels\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRoot\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChuanxiong\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLigusticum striatum\u003c/em\u003e DC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003erhizome\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChenpi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCitrus aurantium f. deliciosa\u003c/em\u003e (Ten.) M.Hiroe\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003epeel\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe World Flora Online (\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttp://www.worldfloraonline.org\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"http://www.worldfloraonline.org\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e) was used to verify the complete plant names on December 8, 2023.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eChemical identification and profiling by UPLC-Q-TOF -MS\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe chemical composition of the SMJF Granule was analyzed through UPLC-Q-TOF-MS. In brief, a Waters ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3 column (2.1 x 100 mm, 1.8 \u0026micro;m) was utilized for gradient elution. As the mobile phase, distilled water was mixed with 0.1% formic acid solution and 0.1% acetonitrile solution. Flow rate: 0.3 mL/min. This experiment was conducted with a 30\u0026deg;C column temperature, and the injection volume was 2 \u0026micro;L. The detection wavelength varied from 190 to 400 nm. Mass spectrometry detection was performed in ESI negative/positive ion mode. Ion Source Gas 1/2: 50 psi; Ion Source Temperature: 500\u0026deg;C; Ion Spray Voltage Floating: -4500/5000 V; Declustering Potential: 100 V; Collision Energy: \u0026plusmn;40 eV; TOF mass range: 50ཞ1700; MS/MS mass range: 50ཞ1250. Qualitative analysis of SMJF Granule was performed, resulting in total ion flow diagrams in both positive and negative modes under the mentioned conditions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFive rats were given oral suspensions (1.2 g/kg, seven times the clinical equivalent dose) of SMJF Granule twice daily for five consecutive days to determine the absorption of the ingredients in plasma and brain. On the final day, rats were euthanized, and samples of plasma and brain tissue were obtained and analyzed by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS for the absorbed ingredients of SMJF Granule.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePrediction of SMJF Granule candidate targets in CI\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe potential targets of absorbed ingredients in blood and brain were predicted by the PharmMapper (\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttp://www.lilab-ecust.cn/pharmmapper/\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"http://www.lilab-ecust.cn/pharmmapper/\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e), Swiss Target Prediction (\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttp://www.swisstargetprediction.ch/\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"http://www.swisstargetprediction.ch/\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e) and HERB (\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttp://herb.ac.cn/\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"http://herb.ac.cn/\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e) databases. Disease targets related to cerebral ischemia were collected by searching DisGeNET (\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttp://www.disgenet.org/web/DisGeNET/menu/home\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"http://www.disgenet.org/web/DisGeNET/menu/home\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e), Therapeutic Target Database (TTD) (\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://db.idrblab.org/ttd/\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://db.idrblab.org/ttd/\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e), and OMIM database (\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://omim.org/\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://omim.org/\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e) using the keywords \u0026ldquo;cerebral ischemia\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;ischemia stroke\u0026rdquo;. In addition, the Venn diagram was used to screen the intersection targets of the absorbed ingredients of SMJF Granule and cerebral ischemia. To visualize the network of SMJF Granule twelve herbs-ingredients-targets, the Cytoscape software (version 3.8.0) was employed.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eProtein-protein interaction (PPI) network and functional enrichment analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnderstanding the complex relationship between SMJF Granule and cerebral ischemia targets is challenging due to intricate biological processes involving multiple proteins. To address this, the overlapping targets were then uploaded to the STRING database (\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://string-db.org/\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://string-db.org/\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e) with \u0026ldquo;Homo sapiens\u0026rdquo; as the species, and only those targets with interaction values exceeding 0.4 were considered for further analysis. The resulting PPI network was visualized in Cytoscape. To understand the roles of the targets of SMJF Granule active ingredient in particular signal pathways, GO enrichment analysis and KEGG pathways with modified values of p less than 0.05 for the potential targets of SMJF Granule in the treatment of cerebral ischemic were obtained. The GO biological process, cellular analysis, molecular function, and KEGG pathway dot plot of core targets were plotted by \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.bioinformatics.com.cn\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://www.bioinformatics.com.cn\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eTranscriptome analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe total RNA from the penumbra tissues of rat brains was extracted by the Trizol reagent kit with the determination of their integrity and concentration. Subsequently, the RNA was randomly fragmented, followed by the synthesis of double-stranded cDNA. The construction of cDNA libraries involved end repair, poly(A) tailing, and sequencing adapter ligation, followed by PCR amplification. After library quantification, high-throughput sequencing of multiple samples was conducted using the Illumina HiSeq sequencing platform in paired-end mode. The FastQC software was used to conduct a quality control examination on preprocessed data. With STAR software, the preprocessed sequences were matched to the sequenced species' reference genome sequence. Subsequently, to determine the quantity of reads mapped to every gene, StringTie software was utilized. Gene length was used to compute each gene's FPKM (fragments per kilobase per million) values and read counts which were then mapped to the respective genes. Differential expression analysis between different sample groups was conducted using DESeq2 software, with the criteria of |log2FC| \u0026ge; 1 and P\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.05 used to filter differentially expressed genes between the two groups.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eMolecular docking\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor molecular docking in AutoDock 1.5.6 Vina, we selected the key compounds with the higher degrees in the SMJF Granule twelve herbs-ingredients-targets network and the HIF-1α protein. The 3D structure of the protein was downloaded from the RCSB PDB database (\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.rcsb.org/\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://www.rcsb.org/\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e), and the 2D structural compounds were obtained from the PubChem database (\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e). The protein and compounds were preprocessed using PyMol 2.4.0 software. Molecular docking and binding affinity calculations were conducted by AutoDock Vina. The 3D structure of the complexes was visualized with PyMol to observe the interaction between the receptor protein and compounds, including hydrogen bonding.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSPR analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this study, the HIF-1α protein was chosen for SPR analysis based on systematic pharmacology. Standards were dissolved in DMSO to 20 mM. SPR assays were performed using a Biacore T200. Briefly, the protein was immobilized on a CM5 chip via EDC/NHS cross-linking. Standard compounds were diluted (0.01\u0026ndash;128 \u0026micro;M) in 5% DMSO-phosphate buffered saline. Sensor surface stability was assessed by repeating the average concentration. Analytes were injected at 30 \u0026micro;L/min with 60s binding and 120s dissociation times. Biacore T200 evaluation software was used for affinity curve fitting, employing a 1:1 ratio steady-state affinity model. Meanwhile, kinetic parameters were calculated.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eAnimal grouping and treatment\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale SPF-grade SD rats (Shanghai SLAC Laboratory Animal Co., Ltd; license number SCXK(Hu) 2022-0004) were kept in an observation room with a 12-hour cycle of light and darkness, maintaining temperature (22\u0026ndash;24\u0026deg;C) and humidity (40\u0026ndash;70%). During the period of adaptive feeding, the rats were provided with unrestricted access to sterile water and conventional laboratory chow for one week. Animal experiments were approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFollowing a prior study, we induced cerebral ischemia with an MCAO/R model in rats. Anesthesia was administered via a 2% intraperitoneal sodium pentobarbital injection at 40 mg/kg. After the neck incision, we exposed and separated the left common carotid artery and vagus nerve. An appropriately sized nylon monofilament was placed into the internal carotid artery through the common carotid artery, followed by ligation to block the left middle cerebral artery's origin. After 2 hours, we removed the monofilament for reperfusion.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThree groups of rats were assigned at random: sham, MCAO/R, and MCAO/R\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;SMJF Granule (1.2g/kg) groups. Sham control rats underwent a similar surgical procedure without MCAO ligation. SMJF Granule was administered 24 hours post-MCAO/R, twice daily for 7 days. Rats in the sham and MCAO/R group received an equivalent volume of saline.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eNeurobehavioral score\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeurological deficits in rats were evaluated in a single-blind fashion after reperfusion by Longa et al [13]. The scoring criteria were as follows: 0 points: no nerve damage symptoms; 1 point: incomplete extension of the right forepaw; 2 points: rightward turn; 3 points: rightward collapse; 4 points: impaired walking and unconsciousness. Rats with scores of 1 to 3 were included in the results.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eTriphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfter the brain tissue was removed, it was immediately frozen at -20\u0026deg;C for 15 minutes. Coronal sections were then taken with an even thickness of 2mm, resulting in 6 layers of sections. These sections were then incubated in a water bath protected from light with a configured 2% TTC staining solution at 37\u0026deg;C for 30 minutes. To ensure uniform staining on both sides, the sections were turned every 5 minutes. After staining, 4% paraformaldehyde was added for fixation. The percentage of brain infarct volume was calculated by the Image J software. Percentage of infarct volume (%)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;total infarct volume/whole brain volume*100%.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eHE and Nissl staining\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo examine the pathological alterations, the brain tissue specimen was underwent fixation using 4% paraformaldehyde. Then the sample was sliced to a 3 \u0026micro;m thick paraffin section for HE and Nissl staining. Microscopic observation of stained cerebral sections was then performed, facilitating the study of morphological transformations within the cerebral cortex and the hippocampal CA1 region.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eReal-time quantitative PCR analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eRNA was extracted and purified from the ischemic penumbra using the kit according to the Beyotime manufacturer's instructions. The mRNA expression of candidate targets was assessed by real-time quantitative PCR with fluorescence detection. The primer sequences used in this study are shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. The relative expression levels of target genes were normalized to that of β-actin using the 2\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;ΔΔCt\u003c/sup\u003e method.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSequences of the primers used for RT-qPCR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimer name\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eForward primer (5\u0026prime;\u0026ndash;3\u0026prime;)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReverse primer (5\u0026prime;\u0026ndash;3\u0026prime;)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHIF-1α\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTACTGATTGCATCTCCACCTTCTAC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCTGCTCCATTCCATCCTGTTC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eVEGF\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCGCCAAGCCCGGAAGATTAG\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCCAGGGATGGGTTTGTCGTG\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eIL-6\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTCCAGTTGCCTTCTTGGGAC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGTGTAATTAAGCCTCCGACTTG\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eIL-1β\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGAGCTTCAGGAAGGCAGTGTCAC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTCCACGGGCAAGACATAGGTAGC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTNF-α\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAGATGTGGAACTGGCAGAGG\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCCCATTTGGGAACTTCTCCT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNF-κB1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCGGATGACAGAGGCGTGTATT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCGAACUCACUGGUCUGACC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSTAT3\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTCCTGCTGCGGTTCAGTGAG\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGCTGCTGCTTGGTATATGGTTCTAC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eWestern blotting\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe total proteins of ischemic penumbra tissue were extracted, and measured through a BCA protein assay. Afterward, equal amounts of protein were electrophoretically separated by SDS-PAGE and immobilized on nitrocellulose membranes (Millipore Corporation, Bedford, USA), which were subsequently immersed in 5% skimmed milk at room temperature for 2 h. Next, the primary antibodies were incubated with the membranes overnight at 4\u0026deg;C. Subsequently, the secondary antibodies were added and incubated at room temperature for 1 hour. The Odyssey system (LICOR, Lincoln, Nebraska) was utilized for visualization. The quantification of protein band densities was performed using Image J software.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eImmunohistochemical staining\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe infarcted cerebral hemispheres were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for 48 hours, paraffin-embedded, and cut into 3 \u0026micro;m sections. Sections were deparaffinized, hydrated, blocked with goat serum for 1 hour, and incubated overnight at 4\u0026deg;C with diluted anti-HIF-1α, vWF, or VEGF antibodies (1:100). After washing with PBST, secondary antibodies were added for 30 minutes at room temperature, followed by DAB chromogenic staining. Nuclei were stained with hematoxylin for 2 minutes, and positive DAB expression was observed as brownish-yellow. Slides were mounted with neutral resins after drying. Eventually, sections were viewed and photographed under an inverted optical microscope (Olympus).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStatistical analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eStatistical analysis was conducted using GraphPad Prism 8.0 software. The mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SEM was used to express the data. Differences between groups were assessed using one-way ANOVA, with a p-value of less than 0.05 considered statistically significant.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec19\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSMJF Granule active ingredients and target screening\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo investigate the active ingredients of SMJF Granule, UPLC-Q-TOF-MS technology was used to identify 99 ingredients (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). Further investigation was conducted on 22 compounds (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e) which were detected in blood and brain tissue samples after oral administration of SMJF Granule. Subsequently, 503 potential targets of SMJF Granule ingredients absorbed in the blood and brain were collected through the PharmMapper, Swiss Target Prediction, and HERB databases. An herbs-ingredients-targets network (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003eA) and an ingredients-targets-disease (CI) network (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003eB) were constructed. Then, an Analyze Network plugin was used to extract the most prominent compounds based on their degree, including salvianolic acid A, naringenin, pinoresinol diglucoside, loganin, and cryptotanshinone, et al. The results indicated that SMJF Granule might exert its efficacy through different ingredients and targets. Based on DisGeNET, TTD, and OMIM databases, 324 targets for cerebral ischemia were obtained, and 55 common genes were subsequently identified as potential targets of SMJF Granule against CI.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnriched ingredients of SMJF Granule in serum and brain\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026minus;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIdentification\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCAS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFormula\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnrichment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eClassification\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCF1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeniposidic acid\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026minus;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27741-01-1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e16\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e22\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSerum,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBrain\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZhizi/Duzhong\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCF2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eShanzhiside methyl ester\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026minus;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64421-28-9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e17\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e26\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e11\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSerum,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBrain\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZhizi/Shanzhuyu\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCF3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGenipin 1-gentiobioside\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026minus;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29307-60-6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e23\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e34\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSerum\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZhizi/Duzhong\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCF4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeniposide\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026minus;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27745-20-6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e17\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e24\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSerum\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZhizi/Duzhong\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCF5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSweroside\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026minus;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14215-86-2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e16\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e22\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSerum\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eXuduan/Shanzhuyu\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCF6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLoganin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026minus;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18524-94-2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e17\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e26\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSerum\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eXuduan/Shanzhuyu\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCF7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,3,5,4'-Tetrahydroxystilbene 2-O-glucoside\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026minus;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82373-94-2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e20\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e22\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSerum\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eShouwuteng\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCF8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEucommiol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026minus;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55930-44-4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e16\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSerum,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBrain\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDuzhong\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCF9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProtocatechuic acid\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026minus;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e99-50-3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e7\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSerum,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBrain\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDanshen,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDuzhong\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCF10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edanshensu\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026minus;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76822-21-4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSerum,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBrain\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDanshen\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCF11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep-Hydroxybenzyl alcohol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026minus;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e623-05-2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e7\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSerum\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTianma\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCF12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFerulic acid\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026minus;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1135-24-6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSerum\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDuzhong/Danggui/Shangjisheng/Chenpi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCF13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCaffeic acid\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026minus;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e331-39-5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSerum\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDuzhong/Chuanxiong\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCF14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGenipin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026minus;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6902-77-8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e11\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e14\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSerum\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDuzhong/Zhizi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCF15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3-hydroxycinnamic acid\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026minus;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e588-30-7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSerum\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDuzhong\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCF16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSalvianolic acid A\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026minus;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96574-01-5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e26\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e22\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSerum\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDanshen\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCF17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNaringenin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026minus;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e480-41-1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSerum\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChenpi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCF18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmodin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026minus;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e518-82-1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSerum\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eShouwuteng/Jili\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCF19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePinoresinol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026minus;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e487-36-5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e20\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e22\u003c/sub\u003eO6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSerum\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDuzhong\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCF20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCryptotanshinone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026minus;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35825-57-1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e19\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e20\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSerum\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDanshen\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCF21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePinoresinol diglucoside\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026minus;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63902-38-5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e32\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e42\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e16\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSerum,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBrain\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDuzhong\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCF22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePinoresinol glucoside\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026minus;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41607-20-9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e26\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e32\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e11\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSerum\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDuzhong\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec20\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eThe PPI network and functional enrichment of potential targets\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA total of 55 intersection targets were screened out and used to construct the PPI network., Subsequently, a thorough topology analysis was executed employing a Network Analyzer. The magnitude and intensity of each node were indicative of its degree value, with greater size and deeper color denoting higher degree values. We noted that six nodes, including IL-6, TNF, HIF-1α, NF-κB1, STAT3, and IL-1β, exhibited higher degrees (༞40), indicating their potential role as hub proteins within the network (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003eC).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying SMJF Granule in CI, we conducted GO and KEGG enrichment analyses on a dataset of 55 candidate targets. The GO analysis (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003eA) yielded a comprehensive list of 436 biological processes, 42 cellular components, and 67 molecular functions. The biological processes mainly involve pathways such as response to hypoxia, positive regulation of nitric oxide biosynthetic process, positive regulation of inflammatory response, and positive regulation of interleukin-8 production, which are highly likely to be closely associated with the HIF-1 pathway.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurthermore, KEGG enrichment analysis revealed 151 pathways. The top 20 terms were selected based on their significance (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). A visual representation of these enriched pathways, displayed in a dot plot (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003eB), demonstrated that a majority of these pathways were enriched with multiple targets associated with cerebral ischemia. In particular, it was evident that several proteins, such as HIF-1α, IL-6, and VEGF, played integral roles within the HIF-1 pathway (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec21\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eIdentification of differentially expressed genes in rat brain tissues\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, significant variations were observed in transcripts between the MCAO/R group and the SMJF group. In this way, 1544 DEGs were screened in the SMJF group including 805 upregulated and 739 downregulated compared to the MCAO/R group (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003eB). To better derive and verify the previous analysis, we conducted heatmap and enrichment analysis on DEGs involving the HIF-1 signaling pathway (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003eC, D). The results revealed that SMJF Granule could regulate the expression of HIF1-α related genes, thereby influencing several biological processes such as response to hypoxia, positive regulation of angiogenesis, and so on.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec22\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eAnalyzing molecular docking and SPR affinity assessment\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eBased on the outcomes of systematic pharmacology and the alluvial plot analysis (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003eA) about the HIF-1 pathway, we analyzed the top ten compounds that were identified as having the highest values in the herbs-ingredients-targets network. Among them, the docking score for salvianolic acid A (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003eB) and the HIF-1α protein was determined to be -6.3 kcal/mol, coincidentally, the same applies to naringenin (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003eD).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo further validate the interaction between salvianolic acid A and naringenin with the HIF-1α protein, we conducted a SPR-based binding assay to determine the affinity constants. The results revealed that salvianolic acid A (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003eC) and naringenin (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003eE) displayed a direct binding affinity to the HIF-1α protein at the micromolar level, with corresponding KD values of 0.115 \u0026micro;M and 92.29 \u0026micro;M. These results suggested a substantial interaction between these compounds and the HIF-1α protein, potentially contributing to their role in the treatment of cerebral ischemia.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec23\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSMJF Granule attenuated ischemia-reperfusion Injury\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo confirm our previous findings, animal models were established, including sham, MCAO/R, and SMJF Granule groups. Compared to the sham control group, MCAO/R modeling rats exhibited a significant weight loss, which could be reversed by SMJF Granule treatment (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003eA). After the operation, ischemic rats showed a gradual improvement in neurological deficits, suggesting mild recovery post-MCAO. SMJF Granule treatment significantly reduced neurological deficit scores at 4, 5, 6, and 7 days compared to the MCAO/R group (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003eB). Consistent with earlier findings, transient MCAO surgery significantly elevated infarct sizes in the experimental animals. Fortunately, the administration of varying doses (0.514g/kg, 1.2g/kg, 3.43g/kg) of SMJF Granule effectively reduced the infarction volumes induced by stroke (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003eC, D).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs depicted in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003eE, ischemic alterations were observed in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of the MCAO/R group, characterized by the reduction of healthy neurons, obvious nerve cell loss, aberrant cell shape, and cellular degeneration. SMJF Granule exhibited a superior ability to facilitate this phenomenon. Nissl staining in the sham group displayed well-preserved neurons in the cortex and hippocampus with orderly arrangement and healthy cell structures. In contrast, the MCAO/R group exhibited damaged neurons with reduced density, disordered arrangement, and cell shrinkage. Compared to the model group, the SMJF group demonstrated improvement in pathological brain tissue damage, with cell morphology approaching normalcy. These data showed that SMJF Granule might exert an effect on improving the ischemia-reperfusion injury in MCAO/R rats.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eThe administration of SMJF Granule partially ameliorated the mRNA and protein expressions of the candidate targets identified\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo verify the key targets of SMJF Granule in MCAO/R therapy, the mRNA and protein expression levels of these targets were assessed by RT-qPCR and western blotting. The results showed that the mRNA levels of HIF-1α, VEGF, IL-6, and IL-1β were reversed after SMJF treatment (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003eA). Consistent with this, the protein levels of p-HIF-1α, HIF-1α, and VEGF were significantly increased in SMJF group (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003eB).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec24\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSMJF Granule Strengthened Angiogenesis in MCAO/R Rats\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eImmunohistochemical experiments revealed that the HIF-1α-positive cell density of the SMJF group significantly increased compared to the MCAO/R model group (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig10\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e). Furthermore, the SMJF Granule treatment also led to an increase in VEGF and vWF expression in the cerebral cortex. vWF in the cytoplasm of endothelial cells is labeled as a brownish-yellow particle, and any endothelial cells or clusters stained brown are usually considered as vessel count. Taken together, these results indicated that SMJF Granule was able to promote angiogenesis in the lesion area of the brain in MCAO/R rats.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003ePost-stroke neurologic and behavioral deficits have emerged as a significant health concern, severely impacting the quality of life in stroke survivors [14]. Angiogenesis and neurogenesis are considered crucial neurovascular responses in stroke recovery [15]. Increased microvessel density has been observed in the peri-infarct regions of ischemic stroke patients [16]. At least one study suggests that the quantity of newly formed blood vessels appears to be associated with longer survival in ischemic stroke patients, implying the potential benefits of active angiogenesis [17]. Therefore, delving into drugs targeting angiogenesis represents a meaningful avenue for treating cerebral ischemic injuries. For instance, Fluoxetine can upregulate protein expression in the HIF-1α-Netrin/VEGF cascade, promoting angiogenesis and improving long-term functional recovery after ischemic stroke [18].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe SMJF Granule holds promise as a prospective therapeutic agent for ischemic stroke recovery. In the previous research, the monarch drugs in this prescription such as danshen may reduce the infarct area in rat brains suffering from ischemia-reperfusion injury by effectively scavenging free radicals [19]. Additionally, \u003cem\u003eAngelica sinensis\u003c/em\u003e activates the p38MAPK/HIF-1α/VEGF signaling pathway to promote angiogenic and anti-apoptotic effects against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats [20]. Moreover, Chuanxiong shows potential as a prospective therapeutic agent for treating neuronal damage following cerebral ischemia due to its anti-neuroinflammatory properties [21]. However, the specific active ingredients responsible for this effect have not been definitively identified and confirmed. Therefore, we conducted an integrated approach involving network pharmacology and transcriptomics to clarify the potential mechanisms of SMJF Granule. The results revealed that SMJF Granule primarily exerted its effects in promoting angiogenesis, anti-inflammation, and anti-apoptosis activities, particularly in connection with the HIF-1 pathway. Furthermore, our observations suggested that SMJF Granule might ameliorate cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury by modulating key targets such as HIF-1α, IL-6, and NF-κB1, which are enriched in the HIF-1 signaling pathway.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) is composed of two subunits, HIF-1α and HIF-1β. HIF-1α is considered a crucial maintenance of oxygen homeostasis and is tightly controlled by by the levels of oxygen [22]. It plays a wide-ranging role in the pathophysiology of ischemic stroke, including inflammation, angiogenesis, neuronal apoptosis, and glucose metabolism [23]. Previous research has revealed that the expression of HIF-1α is not limited to neurons but is also observed in other cell types such as astrocytes, endothelial cells, and microglia, displaying cell-type-specific roles [24]. Under conditions of low oxygen, HIF-1α governs internalized adaptive mechanisms by controlling multiple signaling pathways and downstream genes [25]. Upon initiation, HIF-1α stimulates gene transcription linked with adjustment and resilience. Convincing evidence indicates that after cerebral ischemic injury, VEGF is strongly induced through the HIF-1α pathway [26]. VEGF, a highly potent cytokine that enhances endothelial growth, triggers the proliferation of endothelial cells and actively contributes to the process of angiogenesis and the formation of new blood vessels in ischemic injury tissues [27]. Given the pivotal role of HIF-1α in ischemic and hypoxic injuries, drug development targeting HIF-1α has become a research hotspot. The HIF-1α activator Roxadustat (FG-4592), a HIF hydroxylase inhibitor, is currently being investigated for anemia treatment [28]. Recently, there have been reports suggesting that FG-4592 exhibits notable neuroprotective effects, indicating potential in the treatment of Parkinson's disease [29,30]. In this study, molecular docking and SPR analyses revealed promising interactions between HIF-1α protein and compounds such as naringenin and salvianolic acid A.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNaringenin has been recognized as a promising neuroprotective agent, exerting its anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and antioxidant mechanisms through the inhibition of the NF-κB signaling pathway. Simultaneously, naringenin positively affects brain I/R injury by regulating the HIF-1α/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway [31\u0026ndash;33]. Salvianolic acid A has been shown to alleviate cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury by inhibiting inflammation and apoptosis, promoting neurogenesis, and suppressing MMP-9 expression [34,35]. The angiogenesis-promoting effect observed in SMJF Granule may be related to these key active constituents. However, it is worth noting that there is currently a lack of experimental research to confirm the impact of salvianolic acid A on HIF-1α. Therefore, further investigation of this potential interaction is warranted.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study lies in the utilization of network pharmacology and transcriptomics to predict and preliminarily validate the active ingredients, biological processes, and mechanisms of SMJF Granule against cerebral ischemia. Our research indicates that SMJF Granule may exert its anti-CI effects by modulating the HIF-1α/VEGF pathway, thereby promoting angiogenesis. The advantages of TCM formulations, with their multi-ingredient and multi-target regulation, offer promising prospects for alleviating ischemic injuries.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eBy leveraging UPLC-Q-TOF-MS, network pharmacology, transcriptomics, and experimental verification methods, we have identified the active ingredients and potential targets associated with SMJF Granule in the treatment of cerebral ischemia. Our research results indicate that SMJF Granule can modulate the HIF-1α/VEGF pathway, thereby conferring angiogenesis against ischemic injuries.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRuihua He: Methodology, Validation, Visualization, Writing \u0026ndash; original draft. Yi Xu: Methodology, Validation, Writing \u0026ndash; original draft. Jingxue Liu: Investigation, Software, Writing \u0026ndash; original draft. Jing Liu: Data curation, Methodology. Jing Chen: Methodology, Validation. Xufang Wang: Data curation, Validation. Lei Qiu: Conceptualization, Project administration, Supervision, Writing \u0026ndash; review \u0026amp; editing. Jin Huang: Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Resources, Writing \u0026ndash; review \u0026amp; editing.\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStatement of Competing Interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll authors declare that they have no known ownership or conflicts of interest that may affect the work reported in this paper.\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis work was supported by the Shanghai Municipal Government\u0026apos;s Accelerated Three-Year Action Plan for the Inheritance and Innovative Development of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Project [ZY (2021-2023)-0203-03], and the Shanghai Shenkang Hospital Development Center Clinical Technology Innovation Project [SHDC12021635], and the Research project of Yueyang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (No. 2019YYZ07).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was approved by the Yueyang Laboratory Animal Center Animal Ethics Committee of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (YYLAC-2022-169).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCampbell BCV, De Silva DA, Macleod MR, Coutts SB, Schwamm LH, Davis SM, Donnan GA. Ischaemic stroke. Nat Rev Dis Primer. 2019;5:70. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTsao CW, Aday AW, Almarzooq ZI, Anderson CAM, Arora P, Avery CL, Baker-Smith CM, Beaton AZ, Boehme AK, Buxton AE, Commodore-Mensah Y, Elkind MSV, Evenson KR, Eze-Nliam C, Fugar S, Generoso G, Heard DG, Hiremath S, Ho JE, Kalani R, Kazi DS, Ko D, Levine DA, Liu J, Ma J, Magnani, JW, Michos ED, Mussolino ME, Navaneethan SD, Parikh NI, Poudel R, Rezk-Hanna M, Roth GA, Shah NS, St-Onge M-P, Thacker EL, Virani SS, Voeks JH, Wang N-Y, Wong ND, Wong SS, Yaffe K, Martin SS. Heart disease and stroke statistics\u0026mdash;2023 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2023;147:e93\u0026ndash;621. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLiu A, Pirastehfar M, Yu D, Linares G. Phenotypic ASCOD characterisations of ischaemic stroke in the young at an urban tertiary care centre. Stroke Vasc Neurol. 2018;3:209\u0026ndash;14. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZheng T, Jiang T, Huang Z, Ma H, Wang M. Role of traditional Chinese medicine monomers in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury:a review of the mechanism. Front Pharmacol. 2023;14:1220862. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLeech T, Chattipakorn N, Chattipakorn SC. The beneficial roles of metformin on the brain with cerebral ischaemia/reperfusion injury. Pharmacol Res. 2019;146:104261. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDel Zoppo GJ, Wagner S, Tagaya M. Trends and future developments in the pharmacological treatment of acute ischaemic stroke: Drugs. 1997;54:9\u0026ndash;38. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZhang J, Liu J, Li D, Zhang C, Liu M. Calcium antagonists for acute ischemic stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019;2019:CD001928. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRen Y, Wei B, Song X, An N, Zhou Y, Jin X, Zhang Y. Edaravone\u0026rsquo;s free radical scavenging mechanisms of neuroprotection against cerebral ischemia: review of the literature. Int J Neurosci. 2015;125:555\u0026ndash;65. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGaire BP. Herbal medicine in ischemic stroke: challenges and prospective. Chin J Integr Med. 2018;24:243\u0026ndash;6. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSun H, Yang CL, Zhao Q. Treatment of cervical vertigo in 62 cases with Shenma Jingfu Granule combined with microwave. Shanxi Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine. 2014;35:677\u0026ndash;8. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYuan H, Ma Q, Cui H, Liu G, Zhao X, Li W, Piao G. How can synergism of traditional medicines benefit from network pharmacology? Molecules. 2017;22:1135. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePan L, Peng C, Wang L, Li L, Huang S, Fei C, Wang N, Chu F, Peng D, Duan X. Network pharmacology and experimental validation-based approach to understand the effect and mechanism of Taohong Siwu Decoction against ischemic stroke. J Ethnopharmacol. 2022;294:115339. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLonga EZ, Weinstein PR, Carlson S, Cummins R. Reversible middle cerebral artery occlusion without craniectomy in rats. Stroke. 1989;20:84\u0026ndash;91. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBarthels D, Das H. Current advances in ischemic stroke research and therapies. Biochim Biophys Acta BBA - Mol Basis Dis. 2020;1866:165260. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eArai K, Jin G, Navaratna D, Lo EH. Brain angiogenesis in developmental and pathological processes: neurovascular injury and angiogenic recovery after stroke. FEBS J. 2009;276:4644\u0026ndash;52. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWlodarczyk L, Szelenberger R, Cichon N, Saluk-Bijak J, Bijak M, Miller E. Biomarkers of angiogenesis and neuroplasticity as promising clinical tools for stroke recovery evaluation. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22:3949. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKrupinski J, Kaluza J, Kumar P, Kumar S, Wang JM. Role of angiogenesis in patients with cerebral ischemic stroke. Stroke. 1994;25, 1794-8. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHu Q, Liu L, Zhou L, Lu H, Wang J, Chen X, Wang Q. Effect of fluoxetine on HIF-1\u0026alpha;- Netrin/VEGF cascade, angiogenesis and neuroprotection in a rat model of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. Exp Neurol. 2020;329:113312. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLo C-J, Lin J-G, Kuo J-S, Chiang S-Y, Chen S-C, Liao E-T, Hsieh C-L. Effect of salvia miltiorrhiza bunge on cerebral infarct in ischemia-reperfusion injured rats. Am J Chin Med. 2003;31:191\u0026ndash;200. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCheng C-Y, Ho T-Y, Hsiang C-Y, Tang N-Y, Hsieh C-L, Kao S-T, Lee Y-C. Angelica sinensis exerts angiogenic and anti-apoptotic effects against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury by activating p38MAPK/HIF-1[formula: see text]/VEGF-A signaling in rats. Am J Chin Med. 2017;45:1683\u0026ndash;708. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWang M, Yao M, Liu J, Takagi N, Yang B, Zhang M, Xu L, Ren J, Fan X, Tian F. Ligusticum chuanxiong exerts neuroprotection by promoting adult neurogenesis and inhibiting inflammation in the hippocampus of ME cerebral ischemia rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 2020;249:112385. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSemenza GL. Hypoxia-inducible factors in physiology and medicine. Cell. 2012;148:399\u0026ndash;408. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChen W, Ostrowski RP, Obenaus A, Zhang JH. Prodeath or prosurvival: two facets of hypoxia inducible factor-1 in perinatal brain injury. Exp Neurol. 2009;216:7\u0026ndash;15. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHe Q, Ma Y, Liu J, Zhang D, Ren J, Zhao R, Chang J, Guo Z-N, Yang Y. Biological functions and regulatory mechanisms of hypoxia-inducible factor-1\u0026alpha; in ischemic stroke. Front Immunol. 2021;12:801985. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePrabhakar NR, Semenza GL. Adaptive and maladaptive cardiorespiratory responses to continuous and intermittent hypoxia mediated by hypoxia-inducible factors 1 and 2. Physiol Rev. 2012;92:967\u0026ndash;1003. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLee J-C, Tae H-J, Kim IH, Cho JH, Lee T-K, Park JH, Ahn JH, Choi SY, Bai HC, Shin B-N, Cho G-S, Kim DW, Kang IJ, Kwon Y-G, Kim Y-M, Won M-H, Bae EJ. Roles of HIF-1\u0026alpha;, VEGF, and NF-\u0026kappa;B in ischemic preconditioning-mediated neuroprotection of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons against a subsequent transient cerebral ischemia. Mol Neurobiol. 2017;54:6984\u0026ndash;98. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eApte RS, Chen DS, Ferrara N. VEGF in signaling and disease: beyond discovery and development. Cell. 2019;176:1248\u0026ndash;64. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChen J, Lin X, Yao C, Bingwa LA, Wang H, Lin Z, Jin K, Zhuge Q, Yang S. Transplantation of Roxadustat‐preconditioned bone marrow stromal cells improves neurological function recovery through enhancing grafted cell survival in ischemic stroke rats. CNS Neurosci Ther. 2022;28:1519\u0026ndash;31. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLi X, Cui X-X, Chen Y-J, Wu T-T, Xu H, Yin H, Wu Y-C. Therapeutic potential of a prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor FG-4592 for parkinson\u0026rsquo;s diseases in vitro and in vivo: regulation of redox biology and mitochondrial function. Front Aging Neurosci. 2018;10:121. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFujimaki A, Ohuchi K, Takizawa S, Murakami T, Kurita H, Hozumi I, Wen X, Kitamura Y, Wu Z, Maekawa Y, Inden M. The neuroprotective effects of FG-4592, a hypoxia-inducible factor-prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor, against oxidative stress induced by alpha-synuclein in N2a cells. Sci Rep. 2023;13:15629.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWang K, Chen Z, Huang J, Huang L, Luo N, Liang X, Liang M, Xie W. Naringenin prevents ischaemic stroke damage via anti-apoptotic and anti-oxidant effects. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2017;44:862\u0026ndash;71.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRaza SS, Khan MM, Ahmad A, Ashafaq M, Islam F, Wagner AP, Safhi MM, Islam F. Neuroprotective effect of naringenin is mediated through suppression of NF-\u0026kappa;B signaling pathway in experimental stroke. Neuroscience. 2013;230:157\u0026ndash;71.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCao W, Feng S-J, Kan M-C. Naringin targets NFKB1 to alleviate oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation\u0026ndash;induced injury in PC12 cells via modulating HIF-1\u0026alpha;/AKT/mTOR-signaling pathway. J Mol Neurosci. 2021;71:101\u0026ndash;11. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChien M-Y, Chuang C-H, Chern C-M, Liou K-T, Liu D-Z, Hou Y-C, Shen Y-C. Salvianolic acid A alleviates ischemic brain injury through the inhibition of inflammation and apoptosis and the promotion of neurogenesis in mice. Free Radic Biol Med. 2016;99:508\u0026ndash;19. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZhang W, Song J-K, Zhang X, Zhou Q-M, He G-R, Xu X-N, Rong,Y, Zhou W-X, Du G-H. Salvianolic acid A attenuates ischemia reperfusion induced rat brain damage by protecting the blood brain barrier through MMP-9 inhibition and anti-inflammation. Chin J Nat Med. 2018;16:184\u0026ndash;93. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":true,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"chinese-medicine","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"cmed","sideBox":"Learn more about [Chinese Medicine](http://cmjournal.biomedcentral.com)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/cmed/default.aspx","title":"Chinese Medicine","twitterHandle":"@BioMedCentral","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC/SO AJ","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Shenma Jingfu Granule, cerebral ischemia, HIF-1α/VEGF pathway, angiogenesis","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3855475/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3855475/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eShenma Jingfu Granule, a traditional Chinese medicine formula, has been used clinically for the treatment of cerebral circulation insufficiency. However, the mechanism involved in alleviating cerebral ischemia has not yet been fully elucidated.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAn integrated approach involving network pharmacology and transcriptomics was utilized to clarify the potential mechanisms of SMJF Granule. Molecular docking and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) were employed to identify potential targets and ingredients of SMJF Granule. The anti-CI effect of SMJF Granule was determined on the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model by using hematoxylin-eosin (H\u0026amp;E) and Nisslʼs staining, as well as triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining, and the potential targets involved in the mechanisms were validated by RT-qPCR and western blotting.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntegrated analysis revealed the mechanism of SMJF Granule intervening in CI injury might be related to the HIF-1 signaling pathway and angiogenesis. Molecular docking and SPR assays demonstrated robust binding interactions between key compounds like salvianolic acid A and naringenin with the core target HIF-1α protein. The experiment confirmed that SMJF Granule lowered neurological scores, diminished infarct volume, and alleviated histopathological changes in vivo. The possible mechanism of SMJF Granule was due to regulating HIF-1 pathway, which contributed to up-regulating expression of VEGF and vWF in the penumbral region, showing a significant promotion of angiogenesis.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusion\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eSMJF Granule alleviated cerebral ischemia injury through the HIF-1α/VEGF pathway. In addition, our findings provide some evidence that SMJF Granule is a candidate compound for further investigation in treating CI in the clinical.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Compound Shenma Jingfu Granule alleviates cerebral ischemia via HIF-1α-mediated promotion of angiogenesis","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-01-24 18:59:56","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3855475/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Major revision","date":"2024-02-18T10:34:59+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2024-01-24T02:58:05+00:00","index":0,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2024-01-22T06:19:59+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-01-11T02:14:24+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Chinese Medicine","date":"2024-01-09T08:41:35+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"chinese-medicine","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"cmed","sideBox":"Learn more about [Chinese Medicine](http://cmjournal.biomedcentral.com)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/cmed/default.aspx","title":"Chinese Medicine","twitterHandle":"@BioMedCentral","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC/SO AJ","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"81db98ac-18b2-4075-a51b-afbc41e21bf0","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 24th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-04-15T15:03:07+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-3855475","link":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13020-024-00926-w","journal":{"identity":"chinese-medicine","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Chinese Medicine"},"publishedOn":"2024-04-10 15:00:35","publishedOnDateReadable":"April 10th, 2024"},"versionCreatedAt":"2024-01-24 18:59:56","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1186/s13020-024-00926-w","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13020-024-00926-w","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-3855475","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-3855475","identity":"rs-3855475","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"_2-kVJe1T_tPrBINL-cwx","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}