Association between nutrient patterns and odds of irritable bowel syndrome in adults

Association between nutrient patterns and odds of irritable bowel syndrome in adults | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Association between nutrient patterns and odds of irritable bowel syndrome in adults Glareh Koochakpoor, Asma Salari-Moghaddam, Omid Sadeghi, Ammar Hassanzadeh Keshteli, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8110825/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 14 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background Despite several strategies to manage irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), medical interventions have yet to be discovered. Observational studies identify the most effective nutrients in reducing IBS symptoms, however, individuals do not consume isolated nutrients. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the association between nutrient patterns and IBS symptoms in Iranian adults. Methods In this cross-sectional study, dietary intakes of 3,362 Iranian adults were examined using a validated dish-based 106-item Semi-quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire (DS-FFQ). Daily intakes of 41 nutrients for each participant were calculated using the US Department of Agriculture’s (USDA) national nutrient databank to identify nutrient patterns. Factor analysis, followed by a varimax rotation, was applied to derive major nutrient patterns. IBS was assessed using a modified Persian version of Rome III questionnaire. Results Based on factor analysis, three major nutrient patterns were identified: ( 1 ) The first pattern (NP1) was high in thiamin, folate, carbohydrates, iron, selenium, niacin, manganese, energy, calcium, riboflavin, dietary fiber, magnesium, copper, pantothenic acid, sodium, phosphorous, zinc, vitamin B6, protein, potassium, and sugar; ( 2 ) the second pattern (NP2) was high in manganese, energy, magnesium, pantothenic acid, sodium, phosphorous, cholesterol, MUFAs, vitamin E, PUFAs, SFAs, vitamin B12, CLA, Choline, zinc, phytosterols, vitamin B6, protein, vitamin D, trans fatty acids, vitamin A, potassium, and lycopene; ( 3 ) the third pattern (NP3) was high in dietary fiber, magnesium, copper, phytosterols, vitamin B6, vitamin C, beta-carotene, vitamin K, Lutein/zeaxanthin, Beta-cryptoxanthin, vitamin A, potassium, sugar, and Lycopene. We found a significant inverse association between adherence to the NP3 and odds of IBS in the whole population (OR: 0.73; 95% CI: 0.57–0.93). However, there was no significant association between adherence to the NP1 and NP2 and odds of IBS in the whole population. When we conducted analyses stratified by sex and BMI, we observed that greater adherence to the NP3 was associated with lower odds of IBS among females and subjects with BMI < 25 kg/m 2 . Furthermore, those with greater adherence to the NP3 had lower odds of IBS-C and IBS-M. Conclusion We found a significant inverse association between adherence to the NP3 and odds of IBS. Nutrient pattern Irritable Bowel Syndrome IBS INTRODUCTION Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is the most commonly diagnosed gastrointestinal condition characterized by altered bowel habits and abdominal pain in the absence of detectable and obvious abnormalities ( 1 ). Due to variety in diagnostic criteria, populations and cultures, prevalence of IBS differs internationally, both between and within countries ( 2 ). It is estimated that IBS affects 9 to 23% of the world's population ( 3 ). Altered gastrointestinal motility, visceral hypersensitivity, post infectious reactivity, brain-gut interactions, altered microbiome, bacterial overgrowth, food hypersensitivity, carbohydrate malabsorption, and intestinal immune activation have been implicated in the pathogenesis of IBS ( 4 ). Despite several strategies to manage IBS, medical interventions have yet to be discovered. Therefore, a symptom-directed treatment approach used to reduce the signs and symptoms for the comfort and well-being of patients ( 5 ). Taking dietary supplements with specific nutrient compositions might be effective in managing symptoms of IBS. In a randomized clinical trial, symptoms severity in patients with diarrhea-predominant IBS was significantly reduced after taking vitamin D supplements ( 6 ). In addition, a systematic review of randomized controlled trials revealed that vitamin D and probiotics co-supplementation yielded greater health benefits than comparators in IBS patients ( 7 ). Zinc and vitamin A supplementation has also been shown to be effective in reducing the duration and severity of diarrhea ( 8 , 9 ). On the other hand, high consumption of some nutrients such as lactose, fructose, sorbitol, and dietary fats might aggravate IBS symptoms ( 10 – 12 ). To identify the most effective nutrients in reducing IBS symptoms, observational studies must first be performed to examine the relationship between patterns of nutrients intake and symptoms of IBS. Since individuals do not consume isolated nutrients, investigation of cumulative synergistic or interactive effects of nutrients on each other through creating nutrient patterns could be a proper approach. Therefore, identifying the relationship between nutrient patterns and IBS can be helpful both in treatment of symptoms as well as in developing new dietary supplements for IBS patients. The aim of this study was to determine the association between nutrient patterns and IBS symptoms in Iranian adults. METHODS AND MATERIALS Participants : This cross-sectional study was conducted within the framework of the Study on the Epidemiology of Psychological, Alimentary Health and Nutrition (SEPAHAN) project which was done to assess the epidemiological aspects of functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) and their association with lifestyle and psychological factors. Detailed information on the study design, participants’ recruitment, and study implementation has already been published ( 13 ). In summary, this study was performed on Iranian adults working in 50 different health centers affiliated to Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (IUMS) in Isfahan province. The study was performed in 2 separate phases between April 2010 and May 2010. In the first stage, 10,087 self-administered questionnaires on demographic information, medical history, anthropometric measures, lifestyle, and dietary intakes were distributed and 8,691 questionnaires were completed and returned (response rate: 86.16%). In the second stage, a set of questionnaires related to gastrointestinal health was distributed and 6,239 returned the completed questionnaires (response rate: 64.6%). After merging data from both phases, we had information on 4,763 subjects, who provided complete information on diet and functional gastrointestinal disorders. In the present study, we excluded individuals with total daily energy intake outside the range of 800–4200 kcal per day, as under- and over-reporting of energy intake. Individuals with missing data on any relevant variables were also excluded. Therefore, data from 3,362 subjects were included in the current analysis. Informed written consents were obtained from all participants. The study protocol was ethically approved by the regional committee of bioethics of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. Dietary intakes assessment : A self-administered, Willett-format, Dish-based, 106- item Semi-quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire (DS-FFQ), was used to assess dietary intakes. The questionnaire was designed and validated for use in Iranian adults. Details on design, foods included, and the validity of this questionnaire has been reported elsewhere ( 14 ). Briefly, we provided a comprehensive list of foods and dishes commonly consumed by Iranian adults. Then, those foods that were nutrient-rich, often consumed, or contributed to between-person variation were selected. Eventually, this process led to remaining of the 106 food items in 5 various categories in the questionnaire: ( 1 ) mixed dishes (cooked or canned, 29 items); ( 2 ) grains (different types of bread, biscuits, cakes and potato, 10 items); ( 3 ) dairy products (dairy, butter and cream, 9 items); ( 4 ) fruits and vegetables (22 items); and ( 5 ) miscellaneous food items and beverages (including fast foods, nuts, sweets, desserts and beverages, 36 items). In order to provide precise and accurate estimates, the portion size of foods and mixed dishes as a unit with the same perception were given to all people. Nine multiple choice frequency response categories ranging from “never or < 1/month” to “≥ 12/day” were provided for reporting dietary intakes of participants. The number of response categories for the food list varied from 6 to 9 choices. For foods consumed infrequently, we omitted the high-frequency categories, while the number of multiple-choice categories increased for common foods with a high intake. Finally, daily intake of all food items was computed and then converted to grams per day using household measures. Finally, to convert the food items into grams, we computed the amount of each portion size based on the of “household measures” booklet ( 15 ) and then computed the amount consumed by considering the frequency of consumption of each food item. Daily intakes of 41 nutrients for each participant were calculated using the US Department of Agriculture’s (USDA) national nutrient databank ( 16 ). In the current analysis, we used thiamin, folate, carbohydrates, iron, selenium, niacin, manganese, energy, calcium, riboflavin, dietary fiber, magnesium, copper, pantothenic acid, sodium, phosphorus, fluoride, cholesterol, fats, monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), vitamin E, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), saturated fatty acids (SFAs), vitamin B12, Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA), choline, zinc, phytosterols, vitamin B6, protein, vitamin D, trans fatty acids (TFAs), beta-carotene, vitamin K, lutein/zeaxanthin, beta-cryptoxanthin, vitamin A, potassium, total sugars, and lycopene to identify nutrient patterns. The validity of DS-FFQ was examined in a subgroup of 200 participants randomly selected for the SEPAHAN project. All participants in the validation study completed the DS-FFQ at study baseline and 6 months later. During this validation study, participants provided three detailed dietary records that were used as the gold standard. As shown in earlier studies, it seems that this questionnaire provides reasonably valid measures of long-term dietary intakes ( 14 ). Assessment of IBS : A modified Persian version of the Rome III questionnaire, as part of the main comprehensive questionnaire, was used to assess IBS ( 17 ). Since the descriptors used in the original version of Rome III questionnaire (never, 1 day/week, and every day) were difficult to be discriminated by most participants during the validation of the questionnaire, we modified the descriptors to only 4 item rating scale (i.e., never or rarely, sometimes, often, and always). Participants were also asked about the presence of each symptom in the past 3 months. According to the Rome III criteria, IBS is a condition characterized by recurrent abdominal pain or discomfort at least sometimes in the previous 3 months along with 2 or more of the following criteria: improvement with defecation, pain with a change in stool frequency, and pain with a change in form (appearance) of stool. IBS with constipation was defined as having IBS and both of the following criteria: 1) hard or lumpy stools at least sometimes and 2) lack of loose, mushy or watery stools. IBS with diarrhea was defined as having IBS and both of the following criteria: 1) lack of hard or lumpy stools and 2) loose, mushy or watery stools at least sometimes. Assessment of other variables : Required information on other variables including age, sex, smoking status, medication use, and disease history (diabetes and colitis) was obtained from demographic and medical history questionnaires. Data on height, weight and waist circumference (WC) were collected using a self-reported questionnaire. Physical activity was assessed using the General Practice Physical Activity Questionnaire ( 18 ), and participants were classified into two categories: physically active (≥ 1 h/week) and physically inactive (< 1 h/week). Data on diet-related practices including meal regularity (often or always/never or occasionally), chewing efficiency (a lot/not a lot), breakfast skipping (skipper/non-skipper), and intra-meal fluid intake ( 5 teeth”. Anthropometric measures including weight, height, and waist circumference were assessed using a self-administered questionnaire. The validity of self-reported values of weight, height, and waist circumferences (WC) was examined in a pilot study on 200 participants from the same population. In the validation study, self-reported values of anthropometric indices were compared with actually measured values. The correlation coefficients for self-reported weight, height, and WC versus corresponding measured values were 0.95 ( P < 0.001), 0.83 ( P < 0.001), and 0.60 ( P < 0.001), respectively. Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated by dividing weight (kg) to height (m 2 ). The correlation coefficient for computed BMI from self-reported values, and the one from measured values was 0.70 ( P < 0.001). Statistical analysis General characteristics of study participants across tertiles of nutrient patterns were presented as means ± SDs for continuous variables and percentages for categorical variables. To examine the differences across tertiles, we used ANOVA for continuous variables and chi-square test for categorical variables. We used binary logistic regression to estimate ORs and 95% CIs for the presence of IBS and its subtypes across tertiles of nutrient patterns in crude and multivariable-adjusted models. The trend of ORs across tertiles of nutrient patterns was determined by considering tertiles of nutrient patterns as ordinal variables in the logistic regression analysis. In these analyses, age, sex (male/female), energy intake (continuous), BMI (continuous), physical activity (< 1 h/week/≥1 h/week), smoking status (non-smoker/former smokers and current smokers), medication use (yes/no), self-reported diabetes (yes/no) and colitis (yes/no), psychological distress (yes/no), meal regularity (often or always/never or occasionally), chewing sufficiency (a lot/not a lot), intra-meal fluid consumption ( 5 teeth) were adjusted for in the multivariable model. All statistical analyses were done using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (version 20; SPSS Inc.). P < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. RESULTS Overall, 22.2% of study participants had IBS ( n = 748). Based on factor analysis, three major nutrient patterns were identified (Table 1 ) . The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin value was 0.84 indicating good sampling adequacy. The first nutrient pattern (NP1) was characterized by high amounts of thiamin, folate, carbohydrates, iron, selenium, niacin, manganese, energy, calcium, riboflavin, dietary fiber, magnesium, copper, pantothenic acid, sodium, phosphorous, zinc, vitamin B6, protein, potassium, and sugar. The second nutrient pattern (NP2) was greatly loaded with manganese, energy, magnesium, pantothenic acid, sodium, phosphorous, cholesterol, MUFAs, vitamin E, PUFAs, SFAs, vitamin B12, CLA, Choline, zinc, phytosterols, vitamin B6, protein, vitamin D, trans fatty acids, vitamin A, potassium, and lycopene. In addition, the third nutrient pattern (NP3) was rich in dietary fiber, magnesium, copper, phytosterols, vitamin B6, vitamin C, beta-carotene, vitamin K, Lutein/zeaxanthin, Beta-cryptoxanthin, vitamin A, potassium, sugar, and Lycopene. Overall, these three major nutrient patterns explained 77.71% of the variance. Table 1 Factor-loading matrix of nutrients used in the nutrient pattern analysis NP1 NP2 NP3 Thiamin 0.962 Folate 0.911 Carbohydrates 0.895 Iron 0.894 Selenium 0.871 Niacin 0.836 Manganese 0.807 0.440 Energy 0.759 0.559 Calcium 0.750 Riboflavin 0.748 Dietary fiber 0.717 0.516 Magnesium 0.714 0.431 0.463 Copper 0.685 0.519 Pantothenic acid 0.683 0.570 Sodium 0.682 0.585 Phosphorous 0.635 0.578 Fluoride Cholesterol 0.870 Fats 0.853 Monounsaturated fatty acids 0.851 Vitamin E 0.807 Polyunsaturated fatty acids 0.792 Saturated fatty acids 0.770 Vitamin B12 0.757 CLA 0.744 Choline 0.738 Zinc 0.621 0.691 Phytosterols 0.669 0.522 Vitamin B6 0.473 0.668 0.485 Protein 0.640 0.667 Vitamin D 0.662 Trans fatty acids 0.656 Vitamin C 0.893 Beta-carotene 0.854 Vitamin K 0.817 Lutein/zeaxanthin 0.771 Beta-cryptoxanthin 0.744 Vitamin A 0.498 0.726 Potassium 0.473 0.482 0.651 Sugar 0.446 0.619 Lycopene 0.422 0.539 General characteristics of study participants across tertiles of nutrient patterns scores are shown in Table 2 . Compared with those in the bottom tertile of NP1, those in the top tertile were more likely to be older, physically active, breakfast skippers, had lower BMI, and less likely to be female, drink intra-meal fluids, had regular meal pattern, have all teeth, and skip breakfast. Participants in the highest tertile of NP2 were more likely to be younger, male, physically active, had lower BMI, drink more intra-meal fluids, skip breakfast, and less likely to had regular meal pattern. Finally, participants in the third tertile of NP3 were more likely to be older, female, had regular meal pattern and more chewing sufficiency, and less likely to be breakfast skippers. Table 2 General characteristics of study participants across tertiles of nutrient patterns scoresa NP1 P-value b NP2 P-value b NP3 P-value b T 1 T 3 T 1 T 3 T 1 T 3 Age (y) 36.2 ± 7.9 36.7 ± 7.8 0.03 36.7 ± 7.8 36.3 ± 7.9 0.03 35.5 ± 7.4 36.7 ± 8.1 0.002 BMI (kg/m 2 ) 25.2 ± 3.9 24.7 ± 3.6 0.003 25.1 ± 3.8 24.8 ± 3.8 0.06 24.8 ± 3.8 25.01 ± 3.8 0.49 Female (%) 60.4 54.3 0.005 65.1 48.7 < 0.001 51.8 63.3 < 0.001 Married (%) 83.0 81.1 0.49 81.3 83.0 0.49 81.5 80.3 0.27 Physically active (≥ 1 h/week) (%) 12.3 14.3 0.37 11.3 17.0 < 0.001 11.5 14.3 0.12 Disease history (%) 3.2 2.8 0.82 2.4 3.6 0.27 2.9 3.4 0.53 Medication use (%) 7.2 5.4 0.16 6.7 5.6 0.54 5.9 5.5 0.35 Regular meal pattern (%) < 0.001 0.009 < 0.001 Often or always 54.4 66.3 62.7 56.7 56.3 66.3 Never or occasionally 45.6 33.7 37.3 43.3 43.7 33.7 Chewing sufficiency (%) 0.49 0.95 0.007 A lot 13.2 13.8 13.1 13.1 10.7 15.2 Not a lot 86.8 86.2 89.6 86.9 89.3 84.8 Fluid consumption (%) 0.21 0.02 0.65 <3 glasses 96.9 97.4 97.6 95.6 97.2 96.5 ≥3 glasses 3.1 2.6 2.4 4.4 2.8 3.5 Breakfast skipping (≥ 4 times/week) (%) 8.6 5.4 0.008 6.3 6.8 0.03 8.2 5.8 0.07 Tooth loss (%) 0.13 0.07 0.41 Have all 33.1 31.7 33.1 32.4 32.3 35.4 Lost 1–5 teeth 58.2 60.4 58.8 58.3 59.0 57.6 Lost > 5 teeth 8.7 7.9 8.1 9.2 8.7 7.0 a All values are mean ± SD, unless indicated b ANOVA for continuous variables and chi-squared test for categorical variables Dietary intakes of study participants across tertiles of nutrient patterns was shown in Table 3 . Greater adherence to the NP1 was associated with higher intakes of grains, dairy, carbohydrate, fiber, calcium, folate, and energy and lower intakes of fruits, vegetables, red meat, white meat, processed meat, legumes, vitamin D, protein, and fat. Individuals in the top tertile of NP2 had higher intakes of fruits, grains, carbohydrates, dietary fiber, calcium, and folate and lower intakes of vegetables, dairy products, red meat, white meat, processed meat, legumes, energy, protein, fat, and vitamin D than those in the first tertile. Greater adherence to the NP3 was associated with higher intakes of fruits, vegetables, dairy, red meat, white meat, legumes, energy, protein, fat, carbohydrate, dietary fiber, and folate and lower intakes of processed meat, refined grain, calcium, and vitamin D. Table 3 Dietary intakes of participants across tertiles of nutrient patternsa NP1 P-value b NP2 P-value b NP3 P-value b T 1 T 2 T 3 T 1 T 2 T 3 T 1 T 2 T 3 Food groups (g/d) Fruits 304.1 ± 8.9 346.2 ± 7.1 302.8 ± 8.9 < 0.001 406.1 ± 7.4 310.5 ± 6.9 235.4 ± 7.6 < 0.001 161.6 ± 5.9 286.9 ± 5.7 500.6 ± 5.8 < 0.001 Vegetables 281.1 ± 4.5 248 ± 3.6 189.3 ± 4.5 < 0.001 220.2 ± 3.9 232.5 ± 3.6 265.3 ± 4.07 < 0.001 164.1 ± 3.2 231.6 ± 3.1 320 ± 3.2 < 0.001 Dairy 278.2 ± 10 334.2 ± 8 332.5 ± 10 < 0.001 291.7 ± 8.6 334.5 ± 8.0 319.4 ± 8.9 < 0.001 266.3 ± 8.1 303.1 ± 7.9 374.7 ± 8.08 < 0.001 Red meat 104.6 ± 1.4 83.8 ± 1.1 47.5 ± 1.4 < 0.001 49.5 ± 1.1 72.1 ± 1.0 114.4 ± 1.1 0.001 75.2 ± 1.30 81.8 ± 1.26 78.4 ± 1.29 0.001 White meat 77.0 ± 1.66 70.3 ± 1.3 43.5 ± 1.66 < 0.001 47.1 ± 1.4 60.4 ± 1.3 83.4 ± 1.4 < 0.001 58.5 ± 1.40 64.3 ± 1.36 67.7 ± 1.38 < 0.001 Processed meat 8.92 ± 0.36 6.70 ± 0.28 1.80 ± 0.36 < 0.001 2.56 ± 0.3 4.83 ± 0.2 10.0 ± 0.31 < 0.001 7.12 ± 0.30 5.89 ± 0.29 4.38 ± 0.30 < 0.001 Whole grains 13.1 ± 2.88 33.8 ± 2.29 80.2 ± 2.88 < 0.001 64.0 ± 2.5 41.7 ± 2.3 21.6 ± 2.50 < 0.001 39.5 ± 2.44 43.4 ± 2.37 44.6 ± 2.42 0.32 Refined grains 330.6 ± 6.21 361.3 ± 4.94 485.7 ± 6.21 < 0.001 440.9 ± 5.3 411.9 ± 5.0 324.8 ± 5.5 < 0.001 480.2 ± 4.85 391.4 ± 4.71 309.2 ± 4.81 < 0.001 Legumes, nuts and soy 55.3 ± 1.32 52.6 ± 1.05 43.2 ± 1.32 < 0.001 42.9 ± 1.1 48.4 ± 1.0 59.9 ± 1.1 < 0.001 44.06 ± 1.08 51.6 ± 1.05 55.2 ± 1.07 < 0.001 Nutrients Energy (kcal/d) 1656.3 ± 17.8 2363.2 ± 17.6 3117.2 ± 17. 6 < 0.001 1914.9 ± 22 2296.9 ± 22 2943.3 ± 22 < 0.001 2168.6 ± 25.3 2309.5 ± 24 2663.7 ± 24 < 0.001 Protein (g/d) 91.5 ± 0.53 88.8 ± 0.42 84.4 ± 0.53 < 0.001 81.7 ± 0.4 87.2 ± 0.4 95.9 ± 0.4 < 0.001 87.2 ± 0.44 88.4 ± 0.43 89.0 ± 0.43 0.02 Fat (g/d) 115.5 ± 0.58 102.9 ± 0.46 77.4 ± 0.58 < 0.001 80.3 ± 0.4 95.8 ± 0.3 119.8 ± 0.42 < 0.001 96.5 ± 0.59 99.9 ± 0.57 99.2 ± 0.59 < 0.001 Carbohydrate (g/d) 253.1 ± 1.59 284.4 ± 1.27 343.9 ± 1.59 < 0.001 342.3 ± 1.0 300.9 ± 0.9 238 ± 1.09 < 0.001 295.2 ± 1.55 290.3 ± 1.51 296.6 ± 1.54 0.009 Dietary fiber (g/d) 20.9 ± 0.22 22.2 ± 0.17 24.6 ± 0.22 < 0.001 25.3 ± 0.1 22.3 ± 0.1 20.06 ± 0.18 < 0.001 19.7 ± 0.16 22.2 ± 0.16 25.8 ± 0.16 < 0.001 Calcium (mg/d) 792.6 ± 15.8 910.3 ± 12.6 1235 ± 15.8 < 0.001 1136.2 ± 13 1025.6 ± 12 776.4 ± 14.1 < 0.001 1030.7 ± 13.6 939.4 ± 13.2 972 ± 13.5 < 0.001 Vitamin D (µg/d) 49.4 ± 0.80 37.4 ± 0.64 23.6 ± 0.80 < 0.001 23.3 ± 0.6 34.7 ± 0.6 52.4 ± 0.66 < 0.001 37.5 ± 0.69 37.4 ± 0.67 35.3 ± 0.69 0.04 Folate (µg/d) 490.5 ± 4.09 538.8 ± 3.26 695.8 ± 4.09 < 0.001 661.3 ± 3.4 584.4 ± 3.2 479.3 ± 3.6 < 0.001 595.6 ± 3.89 568.5 ± 3.78 562.8 ± 3.86 < 0.001 a All values are means ± standard error (SE); energy intake is adjusted for age and sex, all other values are adjusted for age, sex, and energy intake b Obtained from ANCOVA Crude and multivariable adjusted ORs and 95% CIs for IBS across tertiles of nutrient patterns are shown in Table 4 . There was no significant association between adherence to the NP1 (OR: 1.20; 95% CI: 0.86–1.68) and NP2 (OR: 0.83; 95% CI: 0.63–1.09) and odds of IBS in the whole population. However, we observed a significant inverse association between adherence to the NP3 and odds of IBS (OR: 0.73; 95% CI: 0.57–0.93). When we conducted analyses stratified by gender, we observed that greater adherence to the NP3 was associated with 33% lower odds of IBS among females (OR: 0.67; 95% CI: 0.50–0.91). In addition, we found a significant inverse association between adherence to the NP3 and odds of IBS among subjects with BMI < 25 kg/m 2 (OR: 0.70; 95% CI: 0.50–0.99). In terms of NP1 and NP2, no significant association was found. Table 4 Crude and multivariable-adjusted ORs and 95% CIs for IBS according to tertiles of nutrient patternsa NP1 P-trend NP2 P-trend NP3 P-trend T 1 T 3 T 1 T 3 T 1 T 3 Whole population Crude 1.00 0.92 (0.76–1.13) 0.47 1.00 0.86 (0.71–1.06) 0.16 1.00 0.74 (0.61–0.91) 0.004 Multivariable-adjusted b 1.00 1.20 (0.86–1.68) 0.27 1.00 0.83 (0.63–1.09) 0.20 1.00 0.73 (0.57–0.93) 0.01 Male Crude 1.00 0.85 (0.61–1.18) 0.32 1.00 1.07 (0.76–1.50) 0.75 1.00 0.77 (0.55–1.09) 0.18 Multivariable-adjusted c 1.00 0.89 (0.49–1.62) 0.72 1.00 0.98 (0.62–1.55) 0.93 1.00 0.87 (0.57–1.34) 0.67 Female Crude 1.00 1.01 (0.79–1.30) 0.90 1.00 0.85 (0.66–1.10) 0.20 1.00 0.66 (0.51–0.86) 0.002 Multivariable-adjusted c 1.00 1.40 (0.93–2.11) 0.10 1.00 0.78 (0.55–1.10) 0.15 1.00 0.67 (0.50–0.91) 0.01 BMI < 25 (kg/m 2 ) Crude 1.00 0.65 (0.48–0.86) 0.004 1.00 0.76 (0.57-1.00) 0.05 1.00 0.65 (0.48–0.86) 0.004 Multivariable-adjusted d 1.00 1.17 (0.74–1.84) 0.49 1.00 0.81 (0.55–1.17) 0.26 1.00 0.70 (0.50–0.99) 0.04 BMI ≥ 25 (kg/m 2 ) Crude 1.00 0.79 (0.59–1.07) 0.13 1.00 0.99 (0.74–1.34) 0.99 1.00 0.79 (0.59–1.07) 0.13 Multivariable-adjusted d 1.00 1.20 (0.72-2.00) 0.46 1.00 0.94 (0.63–1.40) 0.82 1.00 0.82 (0.57–1.16) 0.27 a Values are OR (95% CIs) b Adjusted for age, sex, energy, BMI, physical activity, smoking status, medication use, disease history (diabetes, colitis), regular meal pattern, chewing sufficiency, fluid consumption, breakfast skipping and dental status c Adjusted for age, energy, BMI, physical activity, smoking status, medication use, disease history (diabetes, colitis), regular meal pattern, chewing sufficiency, fluid consumption, breakfast skipping and dental status d Adjusted for age, sex, energy, physical activity, smoking status, medication use, disease history (diabetes, colitis), regular meal pattern, chewing sufficiency, fluid consumption, breakfast skipping and dental status Multivariable-adjusted ORs and 95% CIs for the IBS subtypes across tertiles of nutrient patterns scores are presented in Table 5 . We found that adherence to the NP3 was significantly associated with lower odds of IBS-C (OR: 0.67; 95% CI: 0.46–0.99). In addition, there was a significant inverse association between adherence to the NP3 and odds of IBS-M (OR: 0.50; 95% CI: 0.29–0.83). No significant association was observed between adherence to the NP1 and NP2 and IBS subtypes. Table 5 Crude and multivariable-adjusted ORs and 95% CIs for IBS subtypes across tertiles of nutrient patternsa NP1 P-trend NP2 P-trend NP3 P-trend T 1 T 3 T 1 T 3 T 1 T 3 IBS-C Crude 1.00 1.06 (0.77–1.46) 0.69 1.00 0.78 (0.57–1.07) 0.12 1.00 0.74 (0.54–1.02) 0.07 Multivariable-adjusted b 1.00 1.40 (0.83–2.37) 0.20 1.00 0.65 (0.42–1.01) 0.05 1.00 0.67 (0.46–0.99) 0.04 IBS-D Crude 1.00 1.08 (0.72–1.62) 0.69 1.00 0.85 (0.57–1.26) 0.41 1.00 0.90 (0.60–1.34) 0.61 Multivariable-adjusted b 1.00 1.63 (0.83–3.18) 0.15 1.00 0.89 (0.52–1.52) 0.70 1.00 1.07 (0.66–1.72) 0.76 IBS-M Crude 1.00 0.95 (0.61–1.46) 0.82 1.00 0.95 (0.61–1.47) 0.82 1.00 0.58 (0.37–0.89) 0.01 Multivariable-adjusted b 1.00 1.44 (0.71–2.92) 0.31 1.00 0.80 (0.44–1.44) 0.54 1.00 0.50 (0.29–0.83) 0.006 IBS-U Crude 1.00 0.72 (0.51–1.02) 0.06 1.00 1.02 (0.73–1.43) 0.86 1.00 0.90 (0.64–1.28) 0.59 Multivariable-adjusted b 1.00 0.62 (0.34–1.12) 0.11 1.00 1.21 (0.76–1.93) 0.48 1.00 0.98 (0.64–1.50) 0.94 a Values are OR (95% CIs) b Adjusted for age, sex, energy, BMI, physical activity, smoking status, medication use, disease history (diabetes, colitis), regular meal pattern, chewing sufficiency, fluid consumption, breakfast skipping and dental status DISCUSSION In this cross-sectional study, we found a significant inverse association between adherence to the NP3 and odds of IBS in the whole population. However, no significant relationship was seen between NP1 and NP2 and odds of IBS in the whole population. When we conducted analyses stratified by gender and BMI status, adherence to the NP3 was associated with a lower odds of IBS among females and normal weight subjects (BMI < 25 kg/m 2 ). In addition, adherence to the NP3 was significantly associated with lower odds of IBS-C and IBS-M. In this study, we observed no significant association between adherence to the NP1 and odds of IBS. NP1, a pattern with a high amount of dietary fiber, was not associated with odds of IBS, while, lower intakes of fiber intake has been proposed as the main cause of IBS in previous study ( 19 ). In order to justify this contradiction, it should be mentioned that in our study, the most amount of fiber in NP1 is supplied through the consumption of grains. This is despite the results of previous studies have showed that in some people consuming grain by causing visceral sensitivity may be effective in worsening the symptoms in 55% of IBS patients ( 20 , 21 ). The mechanism of these adverse reactions to wheat could be related to the gluten or fructan level in wheat ( 22 ). In such a way that it seems that there is an unknown connection between celiac disease and IBS. In our study, adherence to the NP2 with a high amount of fat was not associated with the odds of IBS. Inhibition of small bowel motility, impairment in intestinal gas clearance and increasing perception of rectal distension after fat consumption are among the mechanisms by which high fats intake might aggravate the symptoms of IBS ( 23 , 24 ). However, there are other nutrients in this pattern such as PUFAs and cholin that can moderate this adverse effect of fat to some extent. PUFAs can prevent tight junction destruction (a prime feature of IBS) by reducing the activity of mast cells ( 25 ). In another study, choline had clear clinical beneficial effects on patients with IBS in terms of bowel movement, abdominal pain and bloating ( 26 ). In justifying the results of our study regarding the effectiveness of NP3 in reducing the odds of IBS in female and normal-weight subjects (BMI < 25 kg/m 2 ), we can point to the role of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in the pathogenesis of this disease. Mete et al. reported that malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) concentrations are significantly higher in IBS patients than in controls ( 27 ). NO is a strong inhibitor of smooth muscle contraction, and a high concentration of NO is effective in creating of toxic mega colon ( 28 ). Therefore, high NO concentrations plays an important role in the pathogenesis of IBS. These results suggest that strengthen antioxidant status against ROS is an important tool in reducing the risk of IBS. However, in response to the question why this protective effect is observed only in female and normal-weight subjects in our study, it can be hypothesized that the effective dose and type of antioxidants may differ between women and normal-weight individuals compared with men and obese subjects. We failed to find any significant association between any of three nutrient patterns and odds of two subtypes of IBS (IBS-D and IBS- U). It must be noted that number of people with IBS-C and IBS-U in this study was low and most of them had mild to moderate IBS symptoms. Therefore, this might partly justify these findings. This study has several strengths. Being the first study examining the association of nutrient patterns and odds of IBS in general population and considering the wide range of potential confounders in statistical analyses are among the strengths of the study. However, some limitations must be considered. The cross-sectional design of the study does not allow us to confer casual relationships between nutrient patterns and odds of IBS. Although we used valid self-reported questionnaires to assess the exposure and outcome, misclassification of study participants in terms of exposure and outcome might be occurred. In conclusion, the present study showed a significant inverse association between NP3 and odds of IBS in the whole population, as well as among females and normal weight subjects. In addition, we found that this protective effect of NP3 is more impressive in the case of IBS-C and IBS-U. Declarations Competing Interests The authors declare no conflicts of interest. Competing Interests The authors declare no conflicts of interest. Ethical Approval and consent participants The study protocol was ethically approved by the Regional Bioethics Committee of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. All participants provided written informed consent forms. All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guideline and regulations. Competing Interests The authors declare no conflicts of interest. Authors' Contributions GK and ASM contributed to the search, statistical analyses, data interpretation and manuscript drafting. OS contributed to the statistical analyses, data interpretation and manuscript drafting. AHK, and PA contributed to the conception, design and manuscript drafting. AE contributed to the conception, design, statistical analyses, data interpretation and manuscript drafting. AE supervised the study. All authors approved the final manuscript for submission. Funding The authors received no specific funding for this study. Acknowledgments We wish to thank all participants for their commitment to this study. Consent to publish declaration Not applicable. Data availability No datasets were generated or analysed during the current study. Ethics approval and consent to participate The National Research Ethics Committee of the Iranian Ministry of Health and Medical Education and the Research Ethics Committee of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (IR.MUI.REC.1395.1.149). Also, the informed consent was obtained from all participants in this research. References Drossman A. Rome III The functional gastrointestinal disorders. Gastroenterology. 2006;130:1377–556. Sperber AD, Dumitrascu D, Fukudo S, Gerson C, Ghoshal UC, Gwee KA, et al. The global prevalence of IBS in adults remains elusive due to the heterogeneity of studies: a Rome Foundation working team literature review. Gut. 2017;66(6):1075–82. Saha L. Irritable bowel syndrome: Pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and evidence-based medicine. World J Gastroenterol. 2014;20(22):6759–73. Horwitz BJ, Fisher RS. The irritable bowel syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2001;344(24):1846–50. Occhipinti K, Smith JW. Irritable bowel syndrome: a review and update. Clin Colon Rectal Surg. 2012;25(1):46–52. Khalighi Sikaroudi M, Mokhtare M, Shidfar F, Janani L, Faghihi Kashani A, Masoodi M, et al. Effects of vitamin D3 supplementation on clinical symptoms, quality of life, serum serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), 5-hydroxy-indole acetic acid, and ratio of 5-HIAA/5-HT in patients with diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome: A randomized clinical trial. EXCLI J. 2020;19:652–67. Abboud M, Rizk R, AlAnouti F, Papandreou D, Haidar S, Mahboub N. The Health Effects of Vitamin D and Probiotic Co-Supplementation: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials. Nutrients. 2020;13(1). Zou T-t, Mou J, Zhan X. Zinc supplementation in acute diarrhea. Indian J Pediatr. 2015;82(5):415–20. Fischer Walker CL, Black RE. Micronutrients and diarrheal disease. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;45(Suppl 1):S73–7. Beyer PL, Caviar EM, McCallum RW. Fructose intake at current levels in the United States may cause gastrointestinal distress in normal adults. J Am Diet Assoc. 2005;105(10):1559–66. Shepherd SJ, Parker FC, Muir JG, Gibson PR. Dietary triggers of abdominal symptoms in patients with irritable bowel syndrome: randomized placebo-controlled evidence. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008;6(7):765–71. Gibson PR, Shepherd SJ. Evidence-based dietary management of functional gastrointestinal symptoms: The FODMAP approach. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010;25(2):252–8. Adibi P, Keshteli AH, Esmaillzadeh A, Afshar H, Roohafza H, Bagherian-Sararoudi R, et al. The study on the epidemiology of psychological, alimentary health and nutrition (SEPAHAN): overview of methodology. J Res Med Sci. 2012;17(5):S292–8. Keshteli A, Esmaillzadeh A, Rajaie S, Askari G, Feinle-Bisset C, Adibi P. A Dish-based Semi-quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire for Assessment of Dietary Intakes in Epidemiologic Studies in Iran: Design and Development. Int J Prev Med. 2014;5(1):29–36. Ghaffarpour M, Houshiar-Rad A, Kianfar H. The manual for household measures, cooking yields factors and edible portion of food. Tehran: Nashre Olume Keshavarzy; 1999. pp. 1–40. Kimura Y, Wada T, Okumiya K, Ishimoto Y, Fukutomi E, Kasahara Y, et al. Eating alone among community-dwelling Japanese elderly: association with depression and food diversity. J Nutr Health Aging. 2012;16(8):728–31. Lacy BE, Patel NK. Rome Criteria and a Diagnostic Approach to Irritable Bowel Syndrome. J Clin Med. 2017;6(11). Department of Health. The general practice physical activity questionnaire. London: Department of Health; 2009. Ford AC, Talley NJ, Spiegel BM, Foxx-Orenstein AE, Schiller L, Quigley EM, et al. Effect of fibre, antispasmodics, and peppermint oil in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ (Clinical Res ed). 2008;337:a2313. Francis CY, Whorwell PJ. Bran and irritable bowel syndrome: time for reappraisal. Lancet (London England). 1994;344(8914):39–40. Miller V, Lea R, Agrawal A, Whorwell PJ. Bran and irritable bowel syndrome: the primary-care perspective. Dig Liver Dis. 2006;38(10):737–40. Leeds JS, Sanders DS. Is there an association between coeliac disease and irritable bowel syndrome? Gut. 2007;56(9):1326–7. Salvioli B, Serra J, Azpiroz F, Malagelada JR. Impaired small bowel gas propulsion in patients with bloating during intestinal lipid infusion. Am J Gastroenterol. 2006;101(8):1853–7. Simrén M, Abrahamsson H, Björnsson ES. Lipid-induced colonic hypersensitivity in the irritable bowel syndrome: the role of bowel habit, sex, and psychologic factors. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007;5(2):201–8. Camilleri M, Lasch K, Zhou W. Irritable bowel syndrome: methods, mechanisms, and pathophysiology. The confluence of increased permeability, inflammation, and pain in irritable bowel syndrome. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2012;303(7):G775–85. Bărboi OB, Chirilă I, Ciortescu I, Anton C, Drug VL, Inulin. Choline and Silymarin in the Treatment of Irritable Bowel Syndrome with Constipation-Randomized Case-Control Study. J Clin Med. 2022;11(8). Mete R, Tulubas F, Oran M, Yılmaz A, Avci BA, Yildiz K, et al. The role of oxidants and reactive nitrogen species in irritable bowel syndrome: a potential etiological explanation. Med Sci Monit. 2013;19:762–6. Cao W, Vrees MD, Kirber MT, Fiocchi C, Pricolo VE. Hydrogen peroxide contributes to motor dysfunction in ulcerative colitis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2004;286(5):G833–43. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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09:54:50","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1165458,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8110825/v1/1bdc8795-e3a4-4df0-a923-8b20023e0ba2.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Association between nutrient patterns and odds of irritable bowel syndrome in adults","fulltext":[{"header":"INTRODUCTION","content":"\u003cp\u003eIrritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is the most commonly diagnosed gastrointestinal condition characterized by altered bowel habits and abdominal pain in the absence of detectable and obvious abnormalities (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). Due to variety in diagnostic criteria, populations and cultures, prevalence of IBS differs internationally, both between and within countries (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). It is estimated that IBS affects 9 to 23% of the world's population (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). Altered gastrointestinal motility, visceral hypersensitivity, post infectious reactivity, brain-gut interactions, altered microbiome, bacterial overgrowth, food hypersensitivity, carbohydrate malabsorption, and intestinal immune activation have been implicated in the pathogenesis of IBS (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). Despite several strategies to manage IBS, medical interventions have yet to be discovered. Therefore, a symptom-directed treatment approach used to reduce the signs and symptoms for the comfort and well-being of patients (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTaking dietary supplements with specific nutrient compositions might be effective in managing symptoms of IBS. In a randomized clinical trial, symptoms severity in patients with diarrhea-predominant IBS was significantly reduced after taking vitamin D supplements (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). In addition, a systematic review of randomized controlled trials revealed that vitamin D and probiotics co-supplementation yielded greater health benefits than comparators in IBS patients (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e). Zinc and vitamin A supplementation has also been shown to be effective in reducing the duration and severity of diarrhea (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e). On the other hand, high consumption of some nutrients such as lactose, fructose, sorbitol, and dietary fats might aggravate IBS symptoms (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR11\" citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e). To identify the most effective nutrients in reducing IBS symptoms, observational studies must first be performed to examine the relationship between patterns of nutrients intake and symptoms of IBS. Since individuals do not consume isolated nutrients, investigation of cumulative synergistic or interactive effects of nutrients on each other through creating nutrient patterns could be a proper approach. Therefore, identifying the relationship between nutrient patterns and IBS can be helpful both in treatment of symptoms as well as in developing new dietary supplements for IBS patients. The aim of this study was to determine the association between nutrient patterns and IBS symptoms in Iranian adults.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"METHODS AND MATERIALS","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eParticipants\u003c/b\u003e: This cross-sectional study was conducted within the framework of the Study on the Epidemiology of Psychological, Alimentary Health and Nutrition (SEPAHAN) project which was done to assess the epidemiological aspects of functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) and their association with lifestyle and psychological factors. Detailed information on the study design, participants\u0026rsquo; recruitment, and study implementation has already been published (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e). In summary, this study was performed on Iranian adults working in 50 different health centers affiliated to Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (IUMS) in Isfahan province. The study was performed in 2 separate phases between April 2010 and May 2010. In the first stage, 10,087 self-administered questionnaires on demographic information, medical history, anthropometric measures, lifestyle, and dietary intakes were distributed and 8,691 questionnaires were completed and returned (response rate: 86.16%). In the second stage, a set of questionnaires related to gastrointestinal health was distributed and 6,239 returned the completed questionnaires (response rate: 64.6%). After merging data from both phases, we had information on 4,763 subjects, who provided complete information on diet and functional gastrointestinal disorders. In the present study, we excluded individuals with total daily energy intake outside the range of 800\u0026ndash;4200 kcal per day, as under- and over-reporting of energy intake. Individuals with missing data on any relevant variables were also excluded. Therefore, data from 3,362 subjects were included in the current analysis. Informed written consents were obtained from all participants. The study protocol was ethically approved by the regional committee of bioethics of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDietary intakes assessment\u003c/b\u003e: A self-administered, Willett-format, Dish-based, 106- item Semi-quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire (DS-FFQ), was used to assess dietary intakes. The questionnaire was designed and validated for use in Iranian adults. Details on design, foods included, and the validity of this questionnaire has been reported elsewhere (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e). Briefly, we provided a comprehensive list of foods and dishes commonly consumed by Iranian adults. Then, those foods that were nutrient-rich, often consumed, or contributed to between-person variation were selected. Eventually, this process led to remaining of the 106 food items in 5 various categories in the questionnaire: (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e) mixed dishes (cooked or canned, 29 items); (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e) grains (different types of bread, biscuits, cakes and potato, 10 items); (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e) dairy products (dairy, butter and cream, 9 items); (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e) fruits and vegetables (22 items); and (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e) miscellaneous food items and beverages (including fast foods, nuts, sweets, desserts and beverages, 36 items). In order to provide precise and accurate estimates, the portion size of foods and mixed dishes as a unit with the same perception were given to all people. Nine multiple choice frequency response categories ranging from \u0026ldquo;never or \u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;1/month\u0026rdquo; to \u0026ldquo;\u0026ge; 12/day\u0026rdquo; were provided for reporting dietary intakes of participants. The number of response categories for the food list varied from 6 to 9 choices. For foods consumed infrequently, we omitted the high-frequency categories, while the number of multiple-choice categories increased for common foods with a high intake. Finally, daily intake of all food items was computed and then converted to grams per day using household measures. Finally, to convert the food items into grams, we computed the amount of each portion size based on the of \u0026ldquo;household measures\u0026rdquo; booklet (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e) and then computed the amount consumed by considering the frequency of consumption of each food item. Daily intakes of 41 nutrients for each participant were calculated using the US Department of Agriculture\u0026rsquo;s (USDA) national nutrient databank (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e). In the current analysis, we used thiamin, folate, carbohydrates, iron, selenium, niacin, manganese, energy, calcium, riboflavin, dietary fiber, magnesium, copper, pantothenic acid, sodium, phosphorus, fluoride, cholesterol, fats, monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), vitamin E, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), saturated fatty acids (SFAs), vitamin B12, Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA), choline, zinc, phytosterols, vitamin B6, protein, vitamin D, trans fatty acids (TFAs), beta-carotene, vitamin K, lutein/zeaxanthin, beta-cryptoxanthin, vitamin A, potassium, total sugars, and lycopene to identify nutrient patterns.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe validity of DS-FFQ was examined in a subgroup of 200 participants randomly selected for the SEPAHAN project. All participants in the validation study completed the DS-FFQ at study baseline and 6 months later. During this validation study, participants provided three detailed dietary records that were used as the gold standard. As shown in earlier studies, it seems that this questionnaire provides reasonably valid measures of long-term dietary intakes (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAssessment of IBS\u003c/b\u003e: A modified Persian version of the Rome III questionnaire, as part of the main comprehensive questionnaire, was used to assess IBS (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e). Since the descriptors used in the original version of Rome III questionnaire (never, \u0026lt; 1 day/month, 1 day/month, 2\u0026ndash;3 days/month, 1 day/week, \u0026gt;1 day/week, and every day) were difficult to be discriminated by most participants during the validation of the questionnaire, we modified the descriptors to only 4 item rating scale (i.e., never or rarely, sometimes, often, and always). Participants were also asked about the presence of each symptom in the past 3 months. According to the Rome III criteria, IBS is a condition characterized by recurrent abdominal pain or discomfort at least sometimes in the previous 3 months along with 2 or more of the following criteria: improvement with defecation, pain with a change in stool frequency, and pain with a change in form (appearance) of stool. IBS with constipation was defined as having IBS and both of the following criteria: 1) hard or lumpy stools at least sometimes and 2) lack of loose, mushy or watery stools. IBS with diarrhea was defined as having IBS and both of the following criteria: 1) lack of hard or lumpy stools and 2) loose, mushy or watery stools at least sometimes.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAssessment of other variables\u003c/b\u003e: Required information on other variables including age, sex, smoking status, medication use, and disease history (diabetes and colitis) was obtained from demographic and medical history questionnaires. Data on height, weight and waist circumference (WC) were collected using a self-reported questionnaire. Physical activity was assessed using the General Practice Physical Activity Questionnaire (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e), and participants were classified into two categories: physically active (\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;1 h/week) and physically inactive (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;1 h/week). Data on diet-related practices including meal regularity (often or always/never or occasionally), chewing efficiency (a lot/not a lot), breakfast skipping (skipper/non-skipper), and intra-meal fluid intake (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;3 glasses/\u0026ge;3 glasses) were also assessed through the use of pretested questionnaires. Dental status was also examined and subjects were categorized as \u0026ldquo;having all teeth\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;lost 1\u0026ndash;5 teeth\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;lost\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;5 teeth\u0026rdquo;. Anthropometric measures including weight, height, and waist circumference were assessed using a self-administered questionnaire. The validity of self-reported values of weight, height, and waist circumferences (WC) was examined in a pilot study on 200 participants from the same population. In the validation study, self-reported values of anthropometric indices were compared with actually measured values. The correlation coefficients for self-reported weight, height, and WC versus corresponding measured values were 0.95 (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), 0.83 (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), and 0.60 (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), respectively. Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated by dividing weight (kg) to height (m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e). The correlation coefficient for computed BMI from self-reported values, and the one from measured values was 0.70 (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStatistical analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cp\u003eGeneral characteristics of study participants across tertiles of nutrient patterns were presented as means\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SDs for continuous variables and percentages for categorical variables. To examine the differences across tertiles, we used ANOVA for continuous variables and chi-square test for categorical variables. We used binary logistic regression to estimate ORs and 95% CIs for the presence of IBS and its subtypes across tertiles of nutrient patterns in crude and multivariable-adjusted models. The trend of ORs across tertiles of nutrient patterns was determined by considering tertiles of nutrient patterns as ordinal variables in the logistic regression analysis. In these analyses, age, sex (male/female), energy intake (continuous), BMI (continuous), physical activity (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;1 h/week/\u0026ge;1 h/week), smoking status (non-smoker/former smokers and current smokers), medication use (yes/no), self-reported diabetes (yes/no) and colitis (yes/no), psychological distress (yes/no), meal regularity (often or always/never or occasionally), chewing sufficiency (a lot/not a lot), intra-meal fluid consumption (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;3 glasses/\u0026ge;3 glasses), breakfast skipping (skipper/non-skipper), and dental status (have all teeth/lost 1\u0026ndash;5 teeth/lost\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;5 teeth) were adjusted for in the multivariable model. All statistical analyses were done using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (version 20; SPSS Inc.). P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 was considered as statistically significant.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"RESULTS","content":"\u003cp\u003eOverall, 22.2% of study participants had IBS (\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;748). Based on factor analysis, three major nutrient patterns were identified (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin value was 0.84 indicating good sampling adequacy. The first nutrient pattern (NP1) was characterized by high amounts of thiamin, folate, carbohydrates, iron, selenium, niacin, manganese, energy, calcium, riboflavin, dietary fiber, magnesium, copper, pantothenic acid, sodium, phosphorous, zinc, vitamin B6, protein, potassium, and sugar. The second nutrient pattern (NP2) was greatly loaded with manganese, energy, magnesium, pantothenic acid, sodium, phosphorous, cholesterol, MUFAs, vitamin E, PUFAs, SFAs, vitamin B12, CLA, Choline, zinc, phytosterols, vitamin B6, protein, vitamin D, trans fatty acids, vitamin A, potassium, and lycopene. In addition, the third nutrient pattern (NP3) was rich in dietary fiber, magnesium, copper, phytosterols, vitamin B6, vitamin C, beta-carotene, vitamin K, Lutein/zeaxanthin, Beta-cryptoxanthin, vitamin A, potassium, sugar, and Lycopene. Overall, these three major nutrient patterns explained 77.71% of the variance.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFactor-loading matrix of nutrients used in the nutrient pattern analysis\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNP1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNP2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNP3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThiamin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.962\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFolate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.911\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCarbohydrates\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.895\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIron\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.894\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSelenium\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.871\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNiacin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.836\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eManganese\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.807\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.440\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEnergy\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.759\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.559\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCalcium\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.750\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRiboflavin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.748\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDietary fiber\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.717\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.516\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMagnesium\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.714\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.431\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.463\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCopper\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.685\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.519\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePantothenic acid\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.683\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.570\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSodium\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.682\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.585\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePhosphorous\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.635\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.578\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFluoride\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCholesterol\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.870\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFats\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.853\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMonounsaturated fatty acids\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.851\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVitamin E\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.807\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePolyunsaturated fatty acids\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.792\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSaturated fatty acids\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.770\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVitamin B12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.757\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCLA\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.744\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCholine\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.738\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eZinc\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.621\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.691\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePhytosterols\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.669\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.522\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVitamin B6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.473\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.668\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.485\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eProtein\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.640\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.667\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVitamin D\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.662\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTrans fatty acids\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.656\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVitamin C\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.893\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBeta-carotene\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.854\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVitamin K\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.817\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLutein/zeaxanthin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.771\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBeta-cryptoxanthin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.744\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVitamin A\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.498\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.726\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePotassium\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.473\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.482\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.651\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSugar\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.446\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.619\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLycopene\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.422\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.539\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGeneral characteristics of study participants across tertiles of nutrient patterns scores are shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. Compared with those in the bottom tertile of NP1, those in the top tertile were more likely to be older, physically active, breakfast skippers, had lower BMI, and less likely to be female, drink intra-meal fluids, had regular meal pattern, have all teeth, and skip breakfast. Participants in the highest tertile of NP2 were more likely to be younger, male, physically active, had lower BMI, drink more intra-meal fluids, skip breakfast, and less likely to had regular meal pattern. Finally, participants in the third tertile of NP3 were more likely to be older, female, had regular meal pattern and more chewing sufficiency, and less likely to be breakfast skippers.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGeneral characteristics of study participants across tertiles of nutrient patterns scoresa\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNP1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP-value\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNP2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP-value\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNP3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP-value\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAge (y)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBMI (kg/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.01\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFemale (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e60.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e54.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.005\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e65.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e48.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e51.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e63.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMarried (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e83.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e81.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e81.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e83.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e81.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e80.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.27\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePhysically active (\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;1 h/week) (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.37\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDisease history (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.82\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.27\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.53\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMedication use (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.54\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRegular meal pattern (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.009\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOften or always\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e54.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e66.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e62.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e56.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e56.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e66.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNever or occasionally\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e45.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e43.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e43.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChewing sufficiency (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.95\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.007\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eA lot\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNot a lot\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e86.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e86.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e89.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e86.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e89.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e84.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFluid consumption (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.65\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;3 glasses\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e96.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e97.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e97.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e95.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e97.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e96.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;3 glasses\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBreakfast skipping (\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;4 times/week) (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.008\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTooth loss (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.41\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHave all\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLost 1\u0026ndash;5 teeth\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e58.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e60.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e58.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e58.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e59.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e57.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLost\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;5 teeth\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"10\"\u003e\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003eAll values are mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD, unless indicated\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"10\"\u003e\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003eANOVA for continuous variables and chi-squared test for categorical variables\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDietary intakes of study participants across tertiles of nutrient patterns was shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e. Greater adherence to the NP1 was associated with higher intakes of grains, dairy, carbohydrate, fiber, calcium, folate, and energy and lower intakes of fruits, vegetables, red meat, white meat, processed meat, legumes, vitamin D, protein, and fat. Individuals in the top tertile of NP2 had higher intakes of fruits, grains, carbohydrates, dietary fiber, calcium, and folate and lower intakes of vegetables, dairy products, red meat, white meat, processed meat, legumes, energy, protein, fat, and vitamin D than those in the first tertile. Greater adherence to the NP3 was associated with higher intakes of fruits, vegetables, dairy, red meat, white meat, legumes, energy, protein, fat, carbohydrate, dietary fiber, and folate and lower intakes of processed meat, refined grain, calcium, and vitamin D.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDietary intakes of participants across tertiles of nutrient patternsa\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"13\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c13\" colnum=\"13\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNP1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP-value\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNP2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP-value\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNP3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP-value\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFood groups (g/d)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFruits\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e304.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e346.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e302.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e406.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e310.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e235.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e161.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e286.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e500.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVegetables\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e281.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e248\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e189.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e220.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e232.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e265.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.07\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e164.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e231.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e320\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDairy\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e278.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e334.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e332.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e291.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e334.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e319.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e266.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e303.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e374.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRed meat\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e104.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e83.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e47.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e49.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e72.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e114.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e75.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e81.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e78.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhite meat\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e77.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.66\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e70.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e43.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.66\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e47.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e60.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e83.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e58.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e64.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.36\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e67.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.38\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eProcessed meat\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.92\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.36\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.70\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.36\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.56\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.12\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.89\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhole grains\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.88\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e80.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.88\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e64.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e41.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.44\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e43.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.37\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e44.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.42\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRefined grains\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e330.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e361.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.94\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e485.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e440.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e411.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e324.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e480.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.85\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e391.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.71\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e309.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.81\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLegumes, nuts and soy\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e55.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e52.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e43.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e42.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e48.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e59.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e44.06\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e51.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e55.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.07\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNutrients\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEnergy (kcal/d)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1656.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;17.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2363.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;17.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3117.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;17. 6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1914.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2296.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2943.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2168.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;25.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2309.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2663.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eProtein (g/d)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e91.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.53\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e88.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.42\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e84.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.53\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e81.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e87.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e95.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e87.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.44\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e88.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.43\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e89.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.43\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFat (g/d)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e115.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.58\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e102.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.46\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e77.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.58\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e80.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e95.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e119.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.42\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e96.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.59\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e99.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.57\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e99.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.59\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCarbohydrate (g/d)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e253.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.59\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e284.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.27\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e343.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.59\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e342.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e300.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e238\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e295.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.55\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e290.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.51\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e296.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.54\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.009\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDietary fiber (g/d)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.06\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCalcium (mg/d)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e792.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;15.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e910.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1235\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;15.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1136.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1025.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e776.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;14.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1030.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e939.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e972\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVitamin D (\u0026micro;g/d)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e49.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.80\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.64\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.80\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e52.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.66\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.69\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.69\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFolate (\u0026micro;g/d)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e490.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e538.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e695.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e661.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e584.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e479.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e595.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.89\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e568.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.78\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e562.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.86\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"13\"\u003e\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003eAll values are means\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;standard error (SE); energy intake is adjusted for age and sex, all other values are adjusted for age, sex, and energy intake\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"13\"\u003e\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003eObtained from ANCOVA\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCrude and multivariable adjusted ORs and 95% CIs for IBS across tertiles of nutrient patterns are shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e. There was no significant association between adherence to the NP1 (OR: 1.20; 95% CI: 0.86\u0026ndash;1.68) and NP2 (OR: 0.83; 95% CI: 0.63\u0026ndash;1.09) and odds of IBS in the whole population. However, we observed a significant inverse association between adherence to the NP3 and odds of IBS (OR: 0.73; 95% CI: 0.57\u0026ndash;0.93). When we conducted analyses stratified by gender, we observed that greater adherence to the NP3 was associated with 33% lower odds of IBS among females (OR: 0.67; 95% CI: 0.50\u0026ndash;0.91). In addition, we found a significant inverse association between adherence to the NP3 and odds of IBS among subjects with BMI\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;25 kg/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e (OR: 0.70; 95% CI: 0.50\u0026ndash;0.99). In terms of NP1 and NP2, no significant association was found.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCrude and multivariable-adjusted ORs and 95% CIs for IBS according to tertiles of nutrient patternsa\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNP1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP-trend\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNP2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP-trend\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNP3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP-trend\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWhole population\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCrude\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.92 (0.76\u0026ndash;1.13)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.47\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.86 (0.71\u0026ndash;1.06)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.74 (0.61\u0026ndash;0.91)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMultivariable-adjusted\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.20 (0.86\u0026ndash;1.68)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.27\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.83 (0.63\u0026ndash;1.09)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.73 (0.57\u0026ndash;0.93)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMale\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCrude\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.85 (0.61\u0026ndash;1.18)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.07 (0.76\u0026ndash;1.50)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.75\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.77 (0.55\u0026ndash;1.09)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMultivariable-adjusted\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.89 (0.49\u0026ndash;1.62)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.72\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.98 (0.62\u0026ndash;1.55)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.93\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.87 (0.57\u0026ndash;1.34)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFemale\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCrude\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.01 (0.79\u0026ndash;1.30)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.90\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.85 (0.66\u0026ndash;1.10)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.66 (0.51\u0026ndash;0.86)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMultivariable-adjusted\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.40 (0.93\u0026ndash;2.11)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.78 (0.55\u0026ndash;1.10)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.67 (0.50\u0026ndash;0.91)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBMI\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;25 (kg/m\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCrude\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.65 (0.48\u0026ndash;0.86)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.76 (0.57-1.00)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.65 (0.48\u0026ndash;0.86)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMultivariable-adjusted\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.17 (0.74\u0026ndash;1.84)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.81 (0.55\u0026ndash;1.17)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.70 (0.50\u0026ndash;0.99)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBMI\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;25 (kg/m\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCrude\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.79 (0.59\u0026ndash;1.07)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.99 (0.74\u0026ndash;1.34)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.99\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.79 (0.59\u0026ndash;1.07)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMultivariable-adjusted\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.20 (0.72-2.00)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.46\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.94 (0.63\u0026ndash;1.40)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.82\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.82 (0.57\u0026ndash;1.16)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.27\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"10\"\u003e\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003eValues are OR (95% CIs)\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"10\"\u003e\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003eAdjusted for age, sex, energy, BMI, physical activity, smoking status, medication use, disease history (diabetes, colitis), regular meal pattern, chewing sufficiency, fluid consumption, breakfast skipping and dental status\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"10\"\u003e\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003eAdjusted for age, energy, BMI, physical activity, smoking status, medication use, disease history (diabetes, colitis), regular meal pattern, chewing sufficiency, fluid consumption, breakfast skipping and dental status\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"10\"\u003e\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003eAdjusted for age, sex, energy, physical activity, smoking status, medication use, disease history (diabetes, colitis), regular meal pattern, chewing sufficiency, fluid consumption, breakfast skipping and dental status\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMultivariable-adjusted ORs and 95% CIs for the IBS subtypes across tertiles of nutrient patterns scores are presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e. We found that adherence to the NP3 was significantly associated with lower odds of IBS-C (OR: 0.67; 95% CI: 0.46\u0026ndash;0.99). In addition, there was a significant inverse association between adherence to the NP3 and odds of IBS-M (OR: 0.50; 95% CI: 0.29\u0026ndash;0.83). No significant association was observed between adherence to the NP1 and NP2 and IBS subtypes.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCrude and multivariable-adjusted ORs and 95% CIs for IBS subtypes across tertiles of nutrient patternsa\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNP1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP-trend\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNP2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP-trend\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNP3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP-trend\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIBS-C\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCrude\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.06 (0.77\u0026ndash;1.46)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.69\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.78 (0.57\u0026ndash;1.07)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.74 (0.54\u0026ndash;1.02)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMultivariable-adjusted\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.40 (0.83\u0026ndash;2.37)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.65 (0.42\u0026ndash;1.01)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.67 (0.46\u0026ndash;0.99)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIBS-D\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCrude\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.08 (0.72\u0026ndash;1.62)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.69\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.85 (0.57\u0026ndash;1.26)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.41\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.90 (0.60\u0026ndash;1.34)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.61\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMultivariable-adjusted\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.63 (0.83\u0026ndash;3.18)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.89 (0.52\u0026ndash;1.52)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.70\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.07 (0.66\u0026ndash;1.72)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.76\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIBS-M\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCrude\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.95 (0.61\u0026ndash;1.46)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.82\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.95 (0.61\u0026ndash;1.47)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.82\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.58 (0.37\u0026ndash;0.89)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMultivariable-adjusted\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.44 (0.71\u0026ndash;2.92)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.80 (0.44\u0026ndash;1.44)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.54\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.50 (0.29\u0026ndash;0.83)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIBS-U\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCrude\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.72 (0.51\u0026ndash;1.02)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.02 (0.73\u0026ndash;1.43)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.86\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.90 (0.64\u0026ndash;1.28)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.59\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMultivariable-adjusted\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.62 (0.34\u0026ndash;1.12)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.21 (0.76\u0026ndash;1.93)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.48\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.98 (0.64\u0026ndash;1.50)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.94\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"10\"\u003e\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003eValues are OR (95% CIs)\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"10\"\u003e\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003eAdjusted for age, sex, energy, BMI, physical activity, smoking status, medication use, disease history (diabetes, colitis), regular meal pattern, chewing sufficiency, fluid consumption, breakfast skipping and dental status\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"DISCUSSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn this cross-sectional study, we found a significant inverse association between adherence to the NP3 and odds of IBS in the whole population. However, no significant relationship was seen between NP1 and NP2 and odds of IBS in the whole population. When we conducted analyses stratified by gender and BMI status, adherence to the NP3 was associated with a lower odds of IBS among females and normal weight subjects (BMI\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;25 kg/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e). In addition, adherence to the NP3 was significantly associated with lower odds of IBS-C and IBS-M.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn this study, we observed no significant association between adherence to the NP1 and odds of IBS. NP1, a pattern with a high amount of dietary fiber, was not associated with odds of IBS, while, lower intakes of fiber intake has been proposed as the main cause of IBS in previous study (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e). In order to justify this contradiction, it should be mentioned that in our study, the most amount of fiber in NP1 is supplied through the consumption of grains. This is despite the results of previous studies have showed that in some people consuming grain by causing visceral sensitivity may be effective in worsening the symptoms in 55% of IBS patients (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e). The mechanism of these adverse reactions to wheat could be related to the gluten or fructan level in wheat (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e). In such a way that it seems that there is an unknown connection between celiac disease and IBS.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn our study, adherence to the NP2 with a high amount of fat was not associated with the odds of IBS. Inhibition of small bowel motility, impairment in intestinal gas clearance and increasing perception of rectal distension after fat consumption are among the mechanisms by which high fats intake might aggravate the symptoms of IBS (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e). However, there are other nutrients in this pattern such as PUFAs and cholin that can moderate this adverse effect of fat to some extent. PUFAs can prevent tight junction destruction (a prime feature of IBS) by reducing the activity of mast cells (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e). In another study, choline had clear clinical beneficial effects on patients with IBS in terms of bowel movement, abdominal pain and bloating (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e). In justifying the results of our study regarding the effectiveness of NP3 in reducing the odds of IBS in female and normal-weight subjects (BMI\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;25 kg/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e), we can point to the role of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in the pathogenesis of this disease. Mete et al. reported that malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) concentrations are significantly higher in IBS patients than in controls (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e). NO is a strong inhibitor of smooth muscle contraction, and a high concentration of NO is effective in creating of toxic mega colon (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e). Therefore, high NO concentrations plays an important role in the pathogenesis of IBS. These results suggest that strengthen antioxidant status against ROS is an important tool in reducing the risk of IBS. However, in response to the question why this protective effect is observed only in female and normal-weight subjects in our study, it can be hypothesized that the effective dose and type of antioxidants may differ between women and normal-weight individuals compared with men and obese subjects.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWe failed to find any significant association between any of three nutrient patterns and odds of two subtypes of IBS (IBS-D and IBS- U). It must be noted that number of people with IBS-C and IBS-U in this study was low and most of them had mild to moderate IBS symptoms. Therefore, this might partly justify these findings.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study has several strengths. Being the first study examining the association of nutrient patterns and odds of IBS in general population and considering the wide range of potential confounders in statistical analyses are among the strengths of the study. However, some limitations must be considered. The cross-sectional design of the study does not allow us to confer casual relationships between nutrient patterns and odds of IBS. Although we used valid self-reported questionnaires to assess the exposure and outcome, misclassification of study participants in terms of exposure and outcome might be occurred.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn conclusion, the present study showed a significant inverse association between NP3 and odds of IBS in the whole population, as well as among females and normal weight subjects. In addition, we found that this protective effect of NP3 is more impressive in the case of IBS-C and IBS-U.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting Interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no conflicts of interest.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting Interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no conflicts of interest.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical Approval and consent participants\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study protocol was ethically approved by the Regional Bioethics Committee of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. All participants provided written informed consent forms. All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guideline and regulations.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting Interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no conflicts of interest.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026apos; Contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGK and ASM contributed to the search, statistical analyses, data interpretation and manuscript drafting. OS contributed to the statistical analyses, data interpretation and manuscript drafting. AHK, and PA contributed to the conception, design and manuscript drafting. AE contributed to the conception, design, statistical analyses, data interpretation and manuscript drafting. AE supervised the study. All authors approved the final manuscript for submission.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors received no specific funding for this study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe wish to thank all participants for their commitment to this study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent to publish declaration\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData availability\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo datasets were generated or analysed during the current study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe National Research Ethics Committee of the Iranian Ministry of Health and Medical Education and the Research Ethics Committee of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (IR.MUI.REC.1395.1.149). Also, the informed consent was obtained from all participants in this research.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDrossman A. Rome III The functional gastrointestinal disorders. Gastroenterology. 2006;130:1377\u0026ndash;556.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSperber AD, Dumitrascu D, Fukudo S, Gerson C, Ghoshal UC, Gwee KA, et al. The global prevalence of IBS in adults remains elusive due to the heterogeneity of studies: a Rome Foundation working team literature review. Gut. 2017;66(6):1075\u0026ndash;82.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSaha L. Irritable bowel syndrome: Pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and evidence-based medicine. World J Gastroenterol. 2014;20(22):6759\u0026ndash;73.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHorwitz BJ, Fisher RS. The irritable bowel syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2001;344(24):1846\u0026ndash;50.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eOcchipinti K, Smith JW. Irritable bowel syndrome: a review and update. Clin Colon Rectal Surg. 2012;25(1):46\u0026ndash;52.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKhalighi Sikaroudi M, Mokhtare M, Shidfar F, Janani L, Faghihi Kashani A, Masoodi M, et al. Effects of vitamin D3 supplementation on clinical symptoms, quality of life, serum serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), 5-hydroxy-indole acetic acid, and ratio of 5-HIAA/5-HT in patients with diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome: A randomized clinical trial. EXCLI J. 2020;19:652\u0026ndash;67.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAbboud M, Rizk R, AlAnouti F, Papandreou D, Haidar S, Mahboub N. The Health Effects of Vitamin D and Probiotic Co-Supplementation: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials. Nutrients. 2020;13(1).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eZou T-t, Mou J, Zhan X. Zinc supplementation in acute diarrhea. Indian J Pediatr. 2015;82(5):415\u0026ndash;20.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFischer Walker CL, Black RE. Micronutrients and diarrheal disease. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;45(Suppl 1):S73\u0026ndash;7.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBeyer PL, Caviar EM, McCallum RW. Fructose intake at current levels in the United States may cause gastrointestinal distress in normal adults. J Am Diet Assoc. 2005;105(10):1559\u0026ndash;66.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eShepherd SJ, Parker FC, Muir JG, Gibson PR. Dietary triggers of abdominal symptoms in patients with irritable bowel syndrome: randomized placebo-controlled evidence. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008;6(7):765\u0026ndash;71.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGibson PR, Shepherd SJ. Evidence-based dietary management of functional gastrointestinal symptoms: The FODMAP approach. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010;25(2):252\u0026ndash;8.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAdibi P, Keshteli AH, Esmaillzadeh A, Afshar H, Roohafza H, Bagherian-Sararoudi R, et al. The study on the epidemiology of psychological, alimentary health and nutrition (SEPAHAN): overview of methodology. J Res Med Sci. 2012;17(5):S292\u0026ndash;8.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKeshteli A, Esmaillzadeh A, Rajaie S, Askari G, Feinle-Bisset C, Adibi P. A Dish-based Semi-quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire for Assessment of Dietary Intakes in Epidemiologic Studies in Iran: Design and Development. Int J Prev Med. 2014;5(1):29\u0026ndash;36.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGhaffarpour M, Houshiar-Rad A, Kianfar H. The manual for household measures, cooking yields factors and edible portion of food. Tehran: Nashre Olume Keshavarzy; 1999. pp. 1\u0026ndash;40.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKimura Y, Wada T, Okumiya K, Ishimoto Y, Fukutomi E, Kasahara Y, et al. Eating alone among community-dwelling Japanese elderly: association with depression and food diversity. J Nutr Health Aging. 2012;16(8):728\u0026ndash;31.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLacy BE, Patel NK. Rome Criteria and a Diagnostic Approach to Irritable Bowel Syndrome. J Clin Med. 2017;6(11).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDepartment of Health. The general practice physical activity questionnaire. London: Department of Health; 2009.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFord AC, Talley NJ, Spiegel BM, Foxx-Orenstein AE, Schiller L, Quigley EM, et al. Effect of fibre, antispasmodics, and peppermint oil in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ (Clinical Res ed). 2008;337:a2313.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFrancis CY, Whorwell PJ. Bran and irritable bowel syndrome: time for reappraisal. Lancet (London England). 1994;344(8914):39\u0026ndash;40.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMiller V, Lea R, Agrawal A, Whorwell PJ. Bran and irritable bowel syndrome: the primary-care perspective. Dig Liver Dis. 2006;38(10):737\u0026ndash;40.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLeeds JS, Sanders DS. Is there an association between coeliac disease and irritable bowel syndrome? Gut. 2007;56(9):1326\u0026ndash;7.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSalvioli B, Serra J, Azpiroz F, Malagelada JR. Impaired small bowel gas propulsion in patients with bloating during intestinal lipid infusion. Am J Gastroenterol. 2006;101(8):1853\u0026ndash;7.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSimr\u0026eacute;n M, Abrahamsson H, Bj\u0026ouml;rnsson ES. Lipid-induced colonic hypersensitivity in the irritable bowel syndrome: the role of bowel habit, sex, and psychologic factors. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007;5(2):201\u0026ndash;8.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCamilleri M, Lasch K, Zhou W. Irritable bowel syndrome: methods, mechanisms, and pathophysiology. The confluence of increased permeability, inflammation, and pain in irritable bowel syndrome. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2012;303(7):G775\u0026ndash;85.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBărboi OB, Chirilă I, Ciortescu I, Anton C, Drug VL, Inulin. Choline and Silymarin in the Treatment of Irritable Bowel Syndrome with Constipation-Randomized Case-Control Study. J Clin Med. 2022;11(8).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMete R, Tulubas F, Oran M, Yılmaz A, Avci BA, Yildiz K, et al. The role of oxidants and reactive nitrogen species in irritable bowel syndrome: a potential etiological explanation. Med Sci Monit. 2013;19:762\u0026ndash;6.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCao W, Vrees MD, Kirber MT, Fiocchi C, Pricolo VE. Hydrogen peroxide contributes to motor dysfunction in ulcerative colitis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2004;286(5):G833\u0026ndash;43.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"journal-of-health-population-and-nutrition","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"johp","sideBox":"Learn more about [Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition](http://jhpn.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"41043","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/41043/3","title":"Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition","twitterHandle":"@BioMedCentral","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC/SO AJ","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Nutrient pattern, Irritable Bowel Syndrome, IBS","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8110825/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8110825/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eDespite several strategies to manage irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), medical interventions have yet to be discovered. Observational studies identify the most effective nutrients in reducing IBS symptoms, however, individuals do not consume isolated nutrients. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the association between nutrient patterns and IBS symptoms in Iranian adults.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn this cross-sectional study, dietary intakes of 3,362 Iranian adults were examined using a validated dish-based 106-item Semi-quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire (DS-FFQ). Daily intakes of 41 nutrients for each participant were calculated using the US Department of Agriculture\u0026rsquo;s (USDA) national nutrient databank to identify nutrient patterns. Factor analysis, followed by a varimax rotation, was applied to derive major nutrient patterns. IBS was assessed using a modified Persian version of Rome III questionnaire.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eBased on factor analysis, three major nutrient patterns were identified: (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e) The first pattern (NP1) was high in thiamin, folate, carbohydrates, iron, selenium, niacin, manganese, energy, calcium, riboflavin, dietary fiber, magnesium, copper, pantothenic acid, sodium, phosphorous, zinc, vitamin B6, protein, potassium, and sugar; (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e) the second pattern (NP2) was high in manganese, energy, magnesium, pantothenic acid, sodium, phosphorous, cholesterol, MUFAs, vitamin E, PUFAs, SFAs, vitamin B12, CLA, Choline, zinc, phytosterols, vitamin B6, protein, vitamin D, trans fatty acids, vitamin A, potassium, and lycopene; (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e) the third pattern (NP3) was high in dietary fiber, magnesium, copper, phytosterols, vitamin B6, vitamin C, beta-carotene, vitamin K, Lutein/zeaxanthin, Beta-cryptoxanthin, vitamin A, potassium, sugar, and Lycopene. We found a significant inverse association between adherence to the NP3 and odds of IBS in the whole population (OR: 0.73; 95% CI: 0.57\u0026ndash;0.93). However, there was no significant association between adherence to the NP1 and NP2 and odds of IBS in the whole population. When we conducted analyses stratified by sex and BMI, we observed that greater adherence to the NP3 was associated with lower odds of IBS among females and subjects with BMI\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;25 kg/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e. Furthermore, those with greater adherence to the NP3 had lower odds of IBS-C and IBS-M.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusion\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eWe found a significant inverse association between adherence to the NP3 and odds of IBS.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Association between nutrient patterns and odds of irritable bowel syndrome in adults","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-12-05 11:07:56","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8110825/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2026-02-19T19:53:22+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-02-05T21:33:03+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"35315637870796841363881874897340297097","date":"2026-01-29T17:18:07+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-01-25T00:25:24+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"267019658308880719556552531533460158732","date":"2026-01-09T21:57:03+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"50616376989175809135696762433329642835","date":"2026-01-08T23:39:06+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-01-02T14:06:43+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"315867051009851106852397765516603155241","date":"2025-12-25T10:56:56+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"95207033245838055913611043011084497788","date":"2025-12-21T19:58:31+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"313029651680313714142237784190667618472","date":"2025-12-03T12:26:36+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-12-03T12:16:04+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-11-20T07:28:31+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-11-19T15:27:46+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition","date":"2025-11-17T15:57:15+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"journal-of-health-population-and-nutrition","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"johp","sideBox":"Learn more about [Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition](http://jhpn.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"41043","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/41043/3","title":"Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition","twitterHandle":"@BioMedCentral","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC/SO AJ","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"050dd34f-3cce-423d-aa2c-62f8ec02a01d","owner":[],"postedDate":"December 5th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-04-25T07:38:13+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-12-05 11:07:56","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8110825","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8110825","identity":"rs-8110825","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}