Correlation study on knowledge concealment behavior, self-transcendence and innovation ability among nurses in Changsha City: A cross-sectional survey

Correlation study on knowledge concealment behavior, self-transcendence and innovation ability among nurses in Changsha City: A cross-sectional survey | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Correlation study on knowledge concealment behavior, self-transcendence and innovation ability among nurses in Changsha City: A cross-sectional survey Ping Zhang, Ruoyi Liao, Rong Wu, Tingyao Nie This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6137375/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 5 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background: Exploring the relationship between nurses' innovativeness and knowledge-concealing behaviors and self-transcendence in teaching hospitals in Changsha City,Further analysis of the mediating role of knowledge hiding behavior in self-transcendence and innovativeness，informing the development of interventions to promote innovativeness among nurses in Changsha City. Methods: This study used cross-sectional design, by convenience sampling method from January to May 2024.445 nurses from six teaching hospitals in Changsha City were selected for the study.The questionnaire survey was conducted by using general information questionnaire, nurses' innovative ability scale, knowledge hiding behavior scale and self-transcendence scale. Results: The total scores of nurses' innovative ability, knowledge hiding behavior and self-transcendence behavior in teaching hospitals in Changsha City were 46.00 (42.00,53.00), 24.00 (18.00,27.00), and 147.00 (129.00,157.00) points, respectively.The total score of nurses' innovative ability was negatively correlated with the total score of knowledge concealment ( r =-0.329, P ＜0.01), and the total score of innovative ability was positively correlated with the total score of self-transcendence ( r =0.533, P ＜0.01).Self-transcendence has a direct effect on innovation ability ( P < 0.05), the mediating effect of knowledge concealment is a partial mediating effect, the total effect value of self-transcendence on innovation ability is 1.5969, the direct effect value is 1.4450, which accounted for 90.48% of the total effect ( P < 0.001), the indirect effect value is 0.1519, which accounted for 9.51% of the total effect ( P < 0.01), the 95% CI = (0.0287 to 0.2966), ( P < 0.05). Conclusion: Knowledge Hiding Behaviors of Nurses in Teaching Hospitals in Changsha City play a partial mediating role between Innovative capabilities and self-transcendence.It is suggested that nursing managers should pay attention to the influence of knowledge hiding behavior on innovation ability, reduce nurses' knowledge hiding behavior and improve their self-transcendence level by creating a harmonious working atmosphere and giving nurses care and encouragement, so as to improve their innovation ability. Nurses Knowledge hiding behavior Self transcendence Innovative ability A cross-sectional survey. Introduction With the continuous improvement of people's health demand and the transformation of "bio-psychological-social" medical model, clinical nurses should not only pay attention to clinical professional ability, but also develop their clinical innovation ability, so as to improve the quality of medical services [ 1 ].The innovative ability of nurses refers to the ability of clinical nurses to actively seek and develop new methods, technologies and appliances in order to promote health, prevent diseases and improve the quality of patients' care, and apply innovation to their work through teamwork and reasonable support channels [ 2 , 3 ].Under the background of innovation-driven development, the generation, promotion and implementation of innovative ideas of clinical nurses are very important to the development of medical and health fields. The innovative ability of nurses can not only effectively improve the quality of nursing service and the utilization rate of medical resources, but also bring benefits such as professional title promotion, economic reward and honor to nurses [ 4 , 5 ]. Knowledge concealment refers to the behavior that knowledge members in the team deliberately conceal or conceal when facing other individuals' knowledge requests, covering three dimensions: rationalization, pretending to be deaf and avoiding[ 6 ].In the information age of resource sharing, knowledge concealment is not conducive to the popularization of social knowledge and affects the development of innovation ability. Self-transcendence refers to the process in which individuals seek the meaning of life by constantly expanding their self-boundaries and personal skills, adjusting their personal views and life goals, so as to re-recognize life and realize high-level self-cognition[ 7 , 8 ], which is one of the comprehensive psychological evaluation indicators for individuals in the face of negative events in daily life.Reed[ 9 ], a professor at the School of Nursing at the University of Arizona, pointed out that personal spiritual strength is the core of self-transcendence. There are few reports on the correlation between nurses' innovation ability, knowledge hiding, and self transcendence.Therefore, this study takes nurses from tertiary hospitals in Changsha as the research object, explores the correlation between their innovation ability and knowledge hiding and self transcendence, and further analyzes the mediating role of self transcendence between innovation ability and knowledge hiding, in order to provide theoretical basis for nursing managers to develop intervention measures to promote the innovation ability of nurses in Changsha. Methods Study design This study usde cross-sectional design, nurses from six teaching hospitals in Changsha City were selected from January to May 2024 for the survey. Participants Inclusion criteria: (1) Registered nurses on the job; (2) Obtain my informed consent and participate voluntarily. Exclusion criteria: (1) Nurses studying and practicing; (2) Nurses who were not on duty during the investigation. This study was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, and the ethical approval number was HN-LL-SWST-03. All the subjects were informed and agreed. Sample size and setting According to the descriptive study of KENDALL sample size rough estimation method: take 5 ~ 10 times of the number of variables as the sample size, and consider that there are invalid questionnaires in the survey, and increase the sample size by 20%. There are 40 variables in this study, so the sample size is taken as an example, that is, 450 cases. Instrument General Information Survey Form Through literature review and self-designed,Including 14 general information such as gender, age, marital status, highest education level, years of work experience, monthly night shifts, monthly income, and whether one enjoys nursing work. Clinical Nurses' Innovation Ability Evaluation Scale This scale was developed by Jianjun Yan et al[10] to evaluate the innovation ability of nursing staff in China, and it contains 4 dimensions and 41 entries, the 4 dimensions are the innovation subject, the innovation process, the innovation environment and pressure, and the innovation product. A Likert 5-point scale was used, with 1 point indicating “strongly disagree” and 5 points indicating “strongly agree”. The total score ranged from 41 to 205, with higher scores indicating higher innovation ability of nursing staff, and a total score of 168 being excellent[11]. The content validity of the scale was 0.953, the Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.938, and the retest reliability was 0.675. Knowledge Hiding Behavior Questionnaire A knowledge hiding behavior questionnaire consisting of three dimensions and four options, namely avoidance, rationalization, and deaf mute knowledge hiding behavior, adapted by Weiwei Li [12], was used for the survey, applying the Likert 5-level scoring method, scoring according to the score of 1 to 5 from very non-compliant to very compliant with the total score of 12-60 points, and the higher the score of the nurses indicated the existence of more prominent knowledge concealment behavior. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient for this questionnaire was 0.941 and the total Cronbach's alpha coefficient for this scale in this study was 0.953. Self-transcendence scale The self transcendence scale developed by Reed[13] and localized by Chen et al. [14] was used for evaluation. The Likert 4-point scoring method was applied, with scores ranging from 1 to 4 for non conformity, only partial conformity, multiple partial conformity, and very conformity, with a total score of 15 to 60 points. The higher the score, the higher the level of self transcendence. According to local research, the Cronbach's α coefficient of internal consistency of the scale was 0.892[15], and the Cronbach's α coefficient of each dimension of the scale in this study was 0.951. Data collection and ethical considerations Data collection method This study was conducted with the help of questionnaire star, using online form to collect data. Before the survey, first through the nursing department of each hospital's support for this study, each hospital arranged for one investigator, and the researcher pushed the electronic questionnaire QR code to the investigator, explaining the inclusion and exclusion criteria of the research subjects, the precautions for distributing the questionnaire and the anonymity of the survey. (1) All questions are mandatory and cannot be submitted without completing them; (2) Each IP address can be filled in only once; (3) Excluding questionnaires that took <3min to fill out, obvious contradictions between previous and subsequent answers, and obvious inconsistencies in personal information. A total of 450 questionnaires were returned, 15 regular questionnaires were excluded, and 435 valid questionnaires were finally obtained, with an effective recovery rate of 96.66%. Statistics methods Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 26.0 software.Count data were described using frequencies and percentages;Measures that conform to a normal distribution are described using ; Skewed distribution information using median（Median）(lower quartile P 25 , upper quartile P 75 ),Hereafter abbreviated as M (P 25 , P 75 ).Comparisons between groups were made using two independent samples t-test or one-way ANOVA;Pearson correlation analysis was used to explore the correlation between innovative behavior and knowledge hiding and self-transcendence;Mediation effect analysis was performed using the Process plug-in in SPSS software, and differences were considered statistically significant at P < 0.05. Results Nurses' innovativeness, knowledge hiding and self-transcendence scores in teaching hospitals in Changsha city. The total score of innovative ability of nurses in teaching hospitals in Changsha is 147.00(129.00,157.00), Of the 4 dimensions, highest mean score for entries was 60.00 (52.00,66.00) for innovation subjects and the lowest was 17.00 (15.00,20.00) for innovation products.Total knowledge cloaking score is 24.00(18.00,27.00), Self-Transcendence Total Score 46.00(42.00,53.00).As shown in Table 1 . Table 1 Self-Transcendence, Knowledge Hiding, and Innovation ability and Entry Scores(n = 435) Items Entry Dimensionality score Entry average score Sort entries evenly Self-transcendence 15 46.00(42.00, 53.00) 3.07(2.80,3.53) Knowledge Hiding 24.00(18.00, 27.00) 2.00(1.50,2.25) Evasive 4 8.00( 6.00, 9.00) 2.00(1.50,2.05) 2 Deaf type 4 8.00(5.00, 8.00) 2.00(1.25,2.00) 3 Rational expression 4 8.00(7.00, 10.00) 2.00(1.75,2.50) 1 Innovation ability 147.00(129.00, 157.00) 3.59(3.15,3.83) Innovation agents 17 60.00( 52.00, 66.00) 3.53(3.06,3.88) 3 Innovation process 12 44.00( 37.00, 48.00) 3.67(3.08,4.00) 2 Innovation environment 7 26.00( 23.00, 28.00) 3.71(3.29,4.00) 1 Innovative products 5 17.00( 15.00, 20.00) 3.40(3.00,4.00) 4 Score of innovation ability of nurses with different characteristics in teaching hospitals in Changsha city The clinical nurses in this group were compared by gender, age, years of experience, health status, marital status, education, title, position, average monthly income, department, and their total innovative behavior scores.The results showed statistically significant differences in nurses' innovativeness scores in terms of years of work experience, technical title, education, marital status, number of patents for inventions, number of papers, number of projects chaired, and number of training sessions on innovativeness( P <0.05). As shown in Table 2 . Table 2 .Single Factor analysis affecting innovation ability (n = 435) Items Innovation score Z/F score P value Age 51.088 0.000 35 years old 156.00 (142.75, 162.00) Years of service 40.363 0.000 < 2 years 137.00 (121.00, 150.00) 2–5 years 139.50 (126.75, 147.75) ≥5 years 152.50 (136.00, 161.00) Technical title 19.218 0.001 Nurse 138.00 (123.00, 155.00) Nurse practitioner 147.00 (132.00, 157.00) Supervisor nurse and above 153.00 (137.00, 164.00) Academic Qualifications 23.038 0.001 College and below 144.00 (128.00, 161.75) Bachelor 146.00 (127.50, 156.00) Graduate students and above 171.00 (147.00, 189.00) Patent certificate 18.210 0.001 no 144.00(126.00,157.00) 1–2 items 152.00 (139.50, 166.50) 3–5 items 161.00 (148.00, 166.00) Thesis 69.476 0.000 no 139.00 (123.00, 153.25) 1–2 articles 153.00 (141.00, 162.00) 3–5 articles 162.00 (144.50, 182.00) 6–10 articles 196.50 (191.00, 202.00) The Subject 22.431 0.001 no 144.00 (124.00, 156.00) 1–2 items 153.00 (138.75, 166.00) 3–5 items 191.00 (147.00, 202.00) Innovation ability training 68.379 0.000 no 136.00 (123.00, 148.00) One or two times 148.00 (129.50, 157.00) 3–5 times 156.00 (142.00, 164.00) 5 + times 161.00 (123.00, 191.00) Correlation analysis of nurses' innovation ability with knowledge concealment and self-transcendence in teaching hospitals in Changsha city. There is a negative correlation between the total score of innovative ability and the total score of knowledge hiding among nurses in teaching hospitals in Changsha city. ( r =-0.329, P < 0.01 ), and a positive correlation between the total score of innovative ability and the total score of self transcendence ( r = 0.533, P < 0.01 ).As shown in Table 3 . Table 3 Correlation of innovation ability with knowledge concealment and self-transcendence Innovation ability Knowledge hiding Self-transcendence Correlation coefficient -0.329 0.533 P values 0.000 0.001 Multiple linear regression analysis of factors affecting nurses' innovation ability in teaching hospitals in Changsha city. Multiple linear regression analysis was conducted with the total score of innovation ability as the dependent variable, 10 variables with statistically significant one-way analysis, the total score of knowledge concealment, and the total score of self-transcendence as the independent variables.The independent variable assignment method is shown in Table 4 .The results showed that age, technical title, marital status, number of papers, knowledge hiding behavior and self-transcendence behavior were the main factors influencing nurses' innovativeness( P <0.01), Explains 51.2% of the total variation.As shown in Table 4 – 5 . Table 4 Assignment of argument variables Variables Assignment method Age 35 = 4 Years of work 5 years = 3 Technical title Nurse = 1; Nurse = 2; Supervisor nurse = 3 Education College degree and above = 1; Bachelor's = 2; Graduate and above = 3 Patent Certificate None = 1; Items 1–2 = 2; 3–5 items = 3 Essay None = 1; 1–2 articles = 2; 3–5 articles = 3; 6–10 articles = 4 subject None = 1; Items 1–2 = 2; 3–5 items = 3 Nursing innovation competency training None = 1; 1–2 times = 2; 3–5 reps = 3; More than 5 times = 4 Total score of Knowledge Hiding Original value entry Self-transcendence total score Original value entry Table 5 Analysis of multiple factors affecting innovation ability Projects Unstandardized coefficient Normalized coefficient β t P value B SE age 4.400 1.540 0.190 2.857 0.004 Years of work 1.655 1.858 0.061 0.891 0.374 Technical title -4.969 1.529 -0.154 -3.250 0.001 Academic qualifications 3.591 2.604 0.056 1.379 0.169 Patent certificate 1.024 2.053 0.020 0.499 0.618 Thesis 4.545 1.701 0.130 2.671 0.008 Project 1.801 2.125 0.037 0.848 0.397 Nursing innovation ability training 2.616 1.170 0.095 2.235 0.026 Total score of Knowledge Hiding -0.346 0.106 -0.128 -3.275 0.001 Self-transcendence total score 1.208 0.102 0.485 11.829 0.001 Mediating Effects of Knowledge Hiding Behavior between Self-Transcendence and Innovative Ability among Nurses in Teaching Hospitals in Changsha City. The Return of Self-Transcendence to Knowledge Hiding The R-value of the model was 0.3810 when knowledge concealment was used as the outcome variable, which was statistically significant at P < 0.001, and the path regression equation for self-transcendence-knowledge concealment was:Knowledge concealment = 40.2807–0.3492* self-transcendence, regression coefficient a (self-transcendence vs. knowledge concealment) = -0.3492, P < 0.001, 95% CI (-0.4665, -0.2320), suggesting that there is a negative correlation of self-transcendence as an independent variable on the mediator variable knowledge concealment. Self-Transcendence, Knowledge Hiding-Return of Innovative ability When innovation ability is taken as the result variable, the R value of the model is 0.6463, P < 0.001, indicating that the model has statistical significance. The path regression equation of self-transcendence, knowledge concealment innovation ability is as follows: Innovation capability = 88.0915 + 1.4450* self-transcendence − 0.4349* knowledge concealment, partial regression coefficient b (knowledge concealment on innovation capability) =-0.4349, P = 0.0074, 95%CI (-0.7517, -0.1181). Partial regression coefficient c '(direct effect of self-transcendence on innovation ability) = 1.4450, P < 0.001, 95%CI (1.1547, 1.7354). Both a and b are significant, so it can be concluded that knowledge concealment plays a mediating role. According to the above conclusion, c '(the direct effect of self-transcendence on innovation ability) is significant. When knowledge concealment is added to the model, self-transcendence is still significant on innovation ability, indicating that the mediating effect of knowledge concealment is partly mediating. The total effect value of self-transcendence on innovation ability was 1.5969, the direct effect value was 1.4450, accounting for 90.48% of the total effect ( P < 0.001), and the indirect effect value was 0.1519, accounting for 9.51% of the total effect ( P < 0.01). Among them, the Bootstrap95%CI was 0.0287 ~ 0.2966, excluding 0, indicating that the difference was statistically significant ( P < 0.05). As shown in Table 6 . Table 6 The mediating effect of knowledge hiding on self-transcendence and innovation ability Regression coefficient t P LLCI ULCI a -0.3492 -5.8716 < 0.001 -0.4665 -0.2320 b -0.4349 -2.7070 0.0074 -0.7517 -0.1181 c 1.4450 9.8128 < 0.001 1.1547 1.7354 Discussion Current situation of nurses' innovation ability, knowledge concealment and self-transcendence in teaching hospitals in Changsha city. The study showed that the score of nurses' innovation ability in teaching hospitals in Changsha city was 147.00 (129.00,157.00), indicating a moderate level. This finding is consistent with the results of Jianjun Yan et al. [ 7 , 14 ] in their research evaluating innovation capability among clinical nursing staff. It may be related to the cultural level of nurses, nurses are usually mostly with college undergraduate degrees, and do not receive systematic training in scientific research and innovative thinking, so the level of innovation is average.Among the dimensions of innovation ability, the dimension with the highest score is the innovation subject and the dimension with the lowest score is the innovation product.The high score of innovative subjects may be because the survey was conducted on nurses in teachinghospitals in the capital city of the province, and the administrators pay attention to the cultivation of nurses' scientific research and innovation ability, and carry out regular training courses on new technologies and methods; and carry out regular mutual exchanges and learning among different departments to inspire nurses to innovate;Research competitions are held annually and rewarded accordingly, while nurses have the opportunity to be selected and sent abroad for further training and study, all of which promote the development of innovative behavior of nurses, while nurses are under the pressure of title promotion and actively participate in a variety of academic exchanges, so that the innovative ability of nursing staff is enhanced.Low scores on innovative products indicate the existence of difficulties in translating research innovations, and insufficient resources for nursing innovation and insufficient organizational support may contribute to the difficulties in translating nursing innovative products.It is suggested that hospitals and nursing administrators can support innovative product transformation through special training on innovative product transformation, setting up an innovative product transformation fund, developing effective intrinsic incentive mechanisms and providing a platform for the integration of industry, academia and research [ 17 , 18 , 19 ]. Individual differences in clinical nurses' ability to innovate. The results of univariate analysis showed statistically significant differences in nurses' innovativeness scores for age, years of experience, technical title, education, number of patents for inventions, number of papers, number of projects chaired, and number of trainings on innovativeness(P<0.05). This study revealed that nurses with greater age, longer work experience, higher educational qualifications, and senior professional titles exhibited significantly stronger innovation capability compared to their younger counterparts with shorter tenure, lower educational attainment, and junior technical ranks. These findings are consistent with the research by Ruiyun Chen et al. [ 15 ] on the relationship between self-transcendence and innovation capability among ICU specialist nurses, as well as the study by Yuanhui Zhang et al. [ 16 ] on the innovation capability of clinical nursing staff in tertiary hospitals in Zhengzhou. It may be that with increasing age and working years, rich clinical experience lays the foundation for nurses to innovate, nurses with higher education are better at utilizing the existing research tools and conditions to carry out innovations, and nurses with higher technical titles have rich clinical knowledge, working experience, and ability to innovate[ 22 ]. It is recommended that nursing managers pay attention to the innovation needs of nurses with long working years, high education and high technical titles as well as the backbone of the department, create a favorable innovation environment for them, and provide sufficient innovation resources as well as opportunities for scientific research and learning, and at the same time, encourage nurses with shorter working years, lower education and technical titles to participate in innovation activities, cultivate their innovative thinking, and strengthen their scientific research knowledge, so as to improve the overall innovation ability of the nursing team. Innovation ability[ 23 ]. The higher the number of invention patents, the number of papers, the number of projects hosted, and the higher the number of training sessions on innovation ability the higher the innovation ability of the nurses, indicating that the innovation ability is affected by the scientific research experience, and the richer the scientific research experience is, the stronger the innovation ability is, and with the emergence of the scientific research papers and the innovative products, the nurses feel a sense of fulfillment in the aspect of innovation, which can further stimulate their enthusiasm for innovation.Nursing administrators can encourage nurses to be motivated to innovate in a variety of ways, such as writing papers and applying for patents, to increase the intrinsic motivation to innovate[ 24 ]. Correlation of nurse innovativeness with knowledge hiding behavior and self-transcendence level. The results of this study showed that the knowledge hiding behavior of nurses in Changsha City Teaching Hospital was negatively correlated with innovation ability (r = -0.329, P < 0.01 ), which is consistent with the study of Xin Kang et al. [ 25 ]. It may be due to the fact that the act of knowledge hiding buries some of the individual's ideas in their respective hearts and does not bring them out for brainstorming to form creative ideas.Positive correlation between level of self-transcendence and innovativeness( r = 0.533, P <0.01), This is consistent with the study by Wenjun Li et al. [ 26 ].The reason may be that nurses with a high level of self-transcendence are more active in their thinking, are happy to communicate and learn from their neighboring colleagues, grow in sharing, sublimate in growth, and continue to transcend themselves and gain inspiration.Therefore, nursing managers should take measures to correct nurses' knowledge hiding behavior, actively encourage the sharing of new knowledge and new methods to achieve knowledge sharing, and should pay attention to improving their self-transcendence awareness and level to promote the continuous improvement of their innovation ability. Mediating Role between Knowledge Hiding Behavior, Self-Transcendence and Innovative Ability of Nurses in teaching hospitals in Changsha City. Clinical nurses' knowledge-hiding behavior is an independent risk factor for their level of self-transcendence and has a positive impact on their innovation capability [ 27 , 28 ]. The results of this study show that among nurses in teaching hospitals in Changsha, knowledge-hiding behavior plays a partial negative mediating role between self-transcendence and innovation capability, accounting for 25.9% of the mediating effect (P < 0.01) . Self-transcendence has a direct effect on innovation capability (P < 0.05) , with a total effect value of 1.59. The direct effect value is 1.44, contributing to 90.48% of the total effect (P < 0.001) , while the indirect effect value is 0.15, accounting for 9.51% of the total effect (P < 0.01) , with a 95% CI = (0.02–0.29) (P < 0.05) . Knowledge-hiding behavior is negatively correlated with self-transcendence, indicating that self-transcendence not only directly influences nurses' innovation capability but also indirectly affects it through the mediating role of knowledge-hiding.At the hospital level, fostering a positive environment and increasing opportunities for learning and communication can enhance nurses' self-transcendence, thereby reducing knowledge-hiding behavior [ 19 ]. Clinical nursing managers should optimize external support systems by continuously guiding and inspiring nurses to break free from traditional thinking patterns. By adopting a goal-oriented approach, nurses can fully leverage their initiative and role functions, achieving personal growth and self-transcendence in stages. This promotes the development of their innovation capability, allowing them to fully play a leading role in innovation, continuously improve the quality of nursing services, and advance the development of the nursing discipline [ 29 ]. Limitations This study has several limitations. First, as a cross-sectional study, we were unable to establish a causal model to clarify the aforementioned correlations, which may compromise the objectivity and authenticity of the results. Future research should incorporate longitudinal models to confirm the conclusions of this study. Second, we only explored the correlations between self-transcendence, knowledge-hiding, and innovation capability. Psychological assessment tools should also be used to understand the impact of internal and external factors on nurses' knowledge-hiding behavior and innovation capability. Finally, this study relied on subjective scales for evaluation, which may introduce some bias into the results. Implications for Practice Despite these limitations, this study provides new insights: it identifies knowledge-hiding behavior as a novel influencing factor for nurses' innovation capability and reveals the correlations between knowledge-hiding behavior, self-transcendence, and nurses' innovation capability. Additionally, self-transcendence not only directly but also indirectly influences nurses' innovation capability through knowledge-hiding. These findings offer a new foundation for effectively implementing measures to enhance nurses' innovative behaviors. Conclusion In summary, the innovation ability of nurses in teaching hospitals in Changsha City is at an average level. Knowledge hiding behavior has a partially negative mediating effect on the innovation ability of clinical nurses, and self-transcendence ability can directly or indirectly affect the innovation ability of nurses in iteaching hospitals. This suggests that nursing administrators and healthcare-related departments should pay attention to creating an innovative organizational climate to cultivate clinical nurses' innovation ability and reduce the occurrence of knowledge hiding behavior. On the basis of improving the organizational climate of innovation, positive psychological interventions can be carried out to improve the self-transcendence ability of nurses, to comprehensively enhance the innovation ability of clinical nurses, and to promote the development of the nursing profession. Declarations • Ethics approval All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. The Ethics Committee of The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine approved all experimental protocols. Informed consent was obtained from all subjects. • Informed consent Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the article. • Consent for publication Not applicable. • Availability of data and materials All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article. • Competing interests The authors confirmed that they have no competing interests. • Funding This work was supported by the Clinical Research Fund of Scientific Research Project of Hunan Provincial Health Commission (D202314058305), Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation (2025JJ80961), Teaching Reform Research Project of Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (2022-JG048). The authors alone are responsible for the design, writing, and content of this paper. The funding body was not involved in the decision to submit this research for publication. • Authors' contributions Ping Zhang have made substantial contributions to the conception and design, or acquisition of data, or analysis and interpretation of data. Ping Zhang, Ruoyi Liao, Rong Wu and Tingyao Nie were involved in drafting the manuscript or revising it critically for important intellectual content. Ping Zhang, Ruoyi Liao, Rong Wu and Tingyao Nie gave final approval for the version to be published. Ping Zhang, Ruoyi Liao, Rong Wu and Tingyao Nie agreed to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved. • Acknowledgement Not applicable. References National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China. (2022). National Nursing Development Plan (2021-2025). Chinese Nursing Management, 22(6), 801-804. 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Nursing Research,37(22), 4142-4146. Yang, L., Ye, H., & Sun, Q.(2022). Analysis of the current status and influencing factors of innovative behavior among 1,386 clinical nurses. Journal of Nursing, 29(2), 57-61. Chen, R.Y., Lv, X.X., & Zhang,H.M.(2019). Analysis on the status quo and influencing factors of innovation ability of clinical nursing staff in tertiary hospitals of Zhengzhou . Chinese Journal of Nursing Management, 20 (1):73-77. Zhang,Y.H., Hu,C.Y.,& Tang,L.(2017). Research on the correlation between self-transcendence and innovation ability of ICU nurses . Nursing Research,31(8):951-954. [22]Klimova,B., Zamborova, K.,& Cierniak-emerych,A.(2022).University students and their ability to perform self-regulated online learning under the COVID-19 pandemic. Frontiers in Psychol-ogy, 13:781715. Luo, L.（2023) .A study on the correlation between nurses' online deep learning status and online learning self-efficacy. Modern Nurse (Second Monthly Issue),30(7), 102-105. Fan, Q., Shu, Y., & Guo, F.A study on the current status of clinical nurses' regulatory focus and its relationship with innovative behavior[J]. Journal of Nursing Science, 2024,39(18), 62-65. Kang, X. Z., & Dan, N.(2020). Knowledge potential difference, knowledge hiding and knowledge Evolution: the moderating role of organizational inertia . Science and Technology Progress and Countermeasures. Li,W. J., Li,X.,& Lou,N.(2019). Investigation on the status quo of innovation ability and self-transcendence of nursing staff in intensive care medicine Department and correlation analysis between them . Southwest Military Medical Journal, 22(05):470-473. Zhang,P.,Nie,T.Y.,& Zeng,W.Z.(2022).Knowledge concealment behavior and self-transcendence among nurses in second class hospital: status quo and correlation analysis . Chinese Journal of Contemporary Medicine,29(34):175-178. Peng,H.Z.,Zhao,W.L.,& Zhang,H.M.(2023).Research on innovation ability and self-transcendence of specialist nurses in interventional operating room in Henan Province and its correlation . Chinese Journal of General Medicine,21(02):345-349. Peng,H.H.,Zhao,W.L., & Zhang,H.M.(2023).A Study on the Current Status and Correlation Between Innovation Capability and Self-Transcendence Among Specialist Nurses in Interventional Operating Rooms in Henan Province .Chinese Journal of General Practice, 21(02): 345-349. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6137375","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":426557884,"identity":"2ebb8c21-0780-4c31-91d4-324cbccb9354","order_by":0,"name":"Ping Zhang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ping","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhang","suffix":""},{"id":426557885,"identity":"94ec2440-38ac-4176-a588-8d4848c4f7e0","order_by":1,"name":"Ruoyi Liao","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA6UlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACNvmDjQ8+VNjwMLY3Nj5IqKghrIVPgvmw4YwzaTLMPYebDR6cOUZYi5wEW5o0Z9thG/YZ6W2SD1uYiXCYdI+ZNAMbMw9vQ2JbRWIDGwN/e3cCfi0yZ4ytC3jYeCQbDrbdSNwhwyBx5uwG/FoYcgxvz5Dg4TFsbARqOcPGYCCRS1CLgTSPgQSP/WHGtoLENmYitEikJUnzJBjwMLYxtjEQp4XnMDCQDyTwMPYwNksknDnGQ9Av8qAY/Pjvvz3j/OcPP/6oqJHjb+/FrwUD8JCmfBSMglEwCkYBVgAAOoNKDXGoEB4AAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ruoyi","middleName":"","lastName":"Liao","suffix":""},{"id":426557886,"identity":"23d662ec-bf46-435d-a242-2d961b68cd10","order_by":2,"name":"Rong Wu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Rong","middleName":"","lastName":"Wu","suffix":""},{"id":426557887,"identity":"4b0aad72-88a3-4960-99de-d28c4224f5b0","order_by":3,"name":"Tingyao Nie","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Tingyao","middleName":"","lastName":"Nie","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-03-02 04:38:02","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6137375/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6137375/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":78380374,"identity":"cbffb04f-9ad3-4eb8-a414-31d74e69c2f8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-12 15:27:41","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1413761,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6137375/v1/9e033e5f-18e3-4d62-b3be-34f93b0ef351.pdf"},{"id":78378731,"identity":"a6895884-996f-4c98-92dd-6c510ab37648","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-12 15:11:40","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":1230612,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"funding32.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6137375/v1/08e445356d27382b4852c8e6.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Correlation study on knowledge concealment behavior, self-transcendence and innovation ability among nurses in Changsha City: A cross-sectional survey","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction ","content":"\u003cp\u003eWith the continuous improvement of people's health demand and the transformation of \"bio-psychological-social\" medical model, clinical nurses should not only pay attention to clinical professional ability, but also develop their clinical innovation ability, so as to improve the quality of medical services [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e].The innovative ability of nurses refers to the ability of clinical nurses to actively seek and develop new methods, technologies and appliances in order to promote health, prevent diseases and improve the quality of patients' care, and apply innovation to their work through teamwork and reasonable support channels [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e].Under the background of innovation-driven development, the generation, promotion and implementation of innovative ideas of clinical nurses are very important to the development of medical and health fields. The innovative ability of nurses can not only effectively improve the quality of nursing service and the utilization rate of medical resources, but also bring benefits such as professional title promotion, economic reward and honor to nurses [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKnowledge concealment refers to the behavior that knowledge members in the team deliberately conceal or conceal when facing other individuals' knowledge requests, covering three dimensions: rationalization, pretending to be deaf and avoiding[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e].In the information age of resource sharing, knowledge concealment is not conducive to the popularization of social knowledge and affects the development of innovation ability. Self-transcendence refers to the process in which individuals seek the meaning of life by constantly expanding their self-boundaries and personal skills, adjusting their personal views and life goals, so as to re-recognize life and realize high-level self-cognition[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e], which is one of the comprehensive psychological evaluation indicators for individuals in the face of negative events in daily life.Reed[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e], a professor at the School of Nursing at the University of Arizona, pointed out that personal spiritual strength is the core of self-transcendence.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere are few reports on the correlation between nurses' innovation ability, knowledge hiding, and self transcendence.Therefore, this study takes nurses from tertiary hospitals in Changsha as the research object, explores the correlation between their innovation ability and knowledge hiding and self transcendence, and further analyzes the mediating role of self transcendence between innovation ability and knowledge hiding, in order to provide theoretical basis for nursing managers to develop intervention measures to promote the innovation ability of nurses in Changsha.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStudy design\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study usde cross-sectional design, nurses from six teaching hospitals in Changsha City were selected from January to May 2024 for the survey.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eParticipants\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInclusion criteria: (1) Registered nurses on the job; (2) Obtain my informed consent and participate voluntarily. Exclusion criteria: (1) Nurses studying and practicing; (2) Nurses who were not on duty during the investigation.\u0026nbsp;This study was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, and the ethical approval number was HN-LL-SWST-03. All the subjects were informed and agreed.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSample size and setting\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to the descriptive study of KENDALL sample size rough estimation method: take 5 ~ 10 times of the number of variables as the sample size, and consider that there are invalid questionnaires in the survey, and increase the sample size by 20%. There are 40 variables in this study, so the sample size is taken as an example, that is, 450 cases.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInstrument\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eGeneral Information Survey Form\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThrough literature review and self-designed,Including 14 general information such as gender, age, marital status, highest education level, years of work experience, monthly night shifts, monthly income, and whether one enjoys nursing work.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eClinical Nurses\u0026apos; Innovation Ability Evaluation Scale\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis scale was developed by Jianjun Yan et al[10] to evaluate the innovation ability of nursing staff in China, and it contains 4 dimensions and 41 entries, the 4 dimensions are the innovation subject, the innovation process, the innovation environment and pressure, and the innovation product. A Likert 5-point scale was used, with 1 point indicating \u0026ldquo;strongly disagree\u0026rdquo; and 5 points indicating \u0026ldquo;strongly agree\u0026rdquo;. The total score ranged from 41 to 205, with higher scores indicating higher innovation ability of nursing staff, and a total score of 168 being excellent[11]. The content validity of the scale was 0.953, the Cronbach\u0026apos;s alpha coefficient was 0.938, and the retest reliability was 0.675.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eKnowledge Hiding Behavior Questionnaire\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA knowledge hiding behavior questionnaire consisting of three dimensions and four options, namely avoidance, rationalization, and deaf mute knowledge hiding behavior, adapted by Weiwei \u0026nbsp;Li [12], was used for the survey, applying the Likert 5-level scoring method, scoring according to the score of 1 to 5 from very non-compliant to very compliant with the total score of 12-60 points, and the higher the score of the nurses indicated the existence of more prominent knowledge concealment behavior. The Cronbach\u0026apos;s alpha coefficient for this questionnaire was 0.941 and the total Cronbach\u0026apos;s alpha coefficient for this scale in this study was 0.953.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eSelf-transcendence scale\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe self transcendence scale developed by Reed[13] and localized by Chen et al. [14] was used for evaluation. The Likert 4-point scoring method was applied, with scores ranging from 1 to 4 for non conformity, only partial conformity, multiple partial conformity, and very conformity, with a total score of 15 to 60 points. The higher the score, the higher the level of self transcendence. According to local research, the Cronbach\u0026apos;s \u0026alpha; coefficient of internal consistency of the scale was 0.892[15], and the Cronbach\u0026apos;s \u0026alpha; coefficient of each dimension of the scale in this study was 0.951.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData collection and ethical considerations\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData collection method This study was conducted with the help of questionnaire star, using online form to collect data. Before the survey, first through the nursing department of each hospital\u0026apos;s support for this study, each hospital arranged for one investigator, and the researcher pushed the electronic questionnaire QR code to the investigator, explaining the inclusion and exclusion criteria of the research subjects, the precautions for distributing the questionnaire and the anonymity of the survey.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(1) All questions are mandatory and cannot be submitted without completing them;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(2) Each IP address can be filled in only once;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(3) Excluding questionnaires that took \u0026lt;3min to fill out, obvious contradictions between previous and subsequent answers, and obvious inconsistencies in personal information. A total of 450 questionnaires were returned, 15 regular questionnaires were excluded, and 435 valid questionnaires were finally obtained, with an effective recovery rate of 96.66%.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStatistics methods\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStatistical analysis was performed using SPSS 26.0 software.Count data were described using frequencies and percentages;Measures that conform to a normal distribution are described using \u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,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\" style=\"width: 45px; height: 26.4286px;\" width=\"45\" height=\"26.4286\"\u003e; Skewed distribution information using median（Median）(lower quartile P\u003csub\u003e25\u003c/sub\u003e, upper quartile P\u003csub\u003e75\u003c/sub\u003e),Hereafter abbreviated as M (P\u003csub\u003e25\u003c/sub\u003e, P\u003csub\u003e75\u003c/sub\u003e).Comparisons between groups were made using two independent samples t-test or one-way ANOVA;Pearson correlation analysis was used to explore the correlation between innovative behavior and knowledge hiding and self-transcendence;Mediation effect analysis was performed using the Process plug-in in SPSS software, and differences were considered statistically significant at \u003cem\u003eP\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt; 0.05.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eNurses' innovativeness, knowledge hiding and self-transcendence scores in teaching hospitals in Changsha city.\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe total score of innovative ability of nurses in teaching hospitals in Changsha is 147.00(129.00,157.00), Of the 4 dimensions, highest mean score for entries was 60.00 (52.00,66.00) for innovation subjects and the lowest was 17.00 (15.00,20.00) for innovation products.Total knowledge cloaking score is 24.00(18.00,27.00), Self-Transcendence Total Score 46.00(42.00,53.00).As shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelf-Transcendence, Knowledge Hiding, and Innovation ability and Entry Scores(n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;435)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItems\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEntry\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDimensionality score\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEntry average score\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSort entries evenly\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelf-transcendence\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.00(42.00, 53.00)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.07(2.80,3.53)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKnowledge Hiding\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.00(18.00, 27.00)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.00(1.50,2.25)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEvasive\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.00( 6.00, 9.00)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.00(1.50,2.05)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDeaf type\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.00(5.00, 8.00)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.00(1.25,2.00)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRational\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eexpression\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.00(7.00, 10.00)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.00(1.75,2.50)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInnovation ability\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e147.00(129.00, 157.00)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.59(3.15,3.83)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInnovation agents\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.00( 52.00, 66.00)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.53(3.06,3.88)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInnovation process\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.00( 37.00, 48.00)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.67(3.08,4.00)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInnovation\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eenvironment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.00( 23.00, 28.00)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.71(3.29,4.00)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInnovative products\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.00( 15.00, 20.00)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.40(3.00,4.00)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eScore of innovation ability of nurses with different characteristics in teaching hospitals in Changsha city\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe clinical nurses in this group were compared by gender, age, years of experience, health status, marital status, education, title, position, average monthly income, department, and their total innovative behavior scores.The results showed statistically significant differences in nurses' innovativeness scores in terms of years of work experience, technical title, education, marital status, number of patents for inventions, number of papers, number of projects chaired, and number of training sessions on innovativeness(\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt;0.05). As shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.Single Factor analysis affecting innovation ability (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;435)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItems\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInnovation score\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eZ/F\u003c/em\u003e score\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAge\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.088\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;25 years old\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e136.00 (120.50, 150.00)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u0026ndash;30 years old\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e144.00 (131.00, 157.00)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAges 30\u0026ndash;35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e152.00 (138.00, 161.00)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;35 years old\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e156.00 (142.75, 162.00)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eYears of service\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.363\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;2 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e137.00 (121.00, 150.00)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u0026ndash;5 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e139.50 (126.75, 147.75)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;5 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e152.50 (136.00, 161.00)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTechnical title\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.218\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNurse\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e138.00 (123.00, 155.00)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNurse practitioner\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e147.00 (132.00, 157.00)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSupervisor nurse and above\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e153.00 (137.00, 164.00)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAcademic Qualifications\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.038\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCollege and below\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e144.00 (128.00, 161.75)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBachelor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e146.00 (127.50, 156.00)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGraduate students and above\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e171.00 (147.00, 189.00)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePatent certificate\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.210\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eno\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e144.00(126.00,157.00)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;2 items\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e152.00 (139.50, 166.50)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u0026ndash;5 items\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e161.00 (148.00, 166.00)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eThesis\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69.476\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eno\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e139.00 (123.00, 153.25)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;2 articles\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e153.00 (141.00, 162.00)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u0026ndash;5 articles\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e162.00 (144.50, 182.00)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u0026ndash;10 articles\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e196.50 (191.00, 202.00)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eThe Subject\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.431\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eno\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e144.00 (124.00, 156.00)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;2 items\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e153.00 (138.75, 166.00)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u0026ndash;5 items\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e191.00 (147.00, 202.00)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eInnovation ability training\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68.379\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eno\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e136.00 (123.00, 148.00)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOne or two times\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e148.00 (129.50, 157.00)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u0026ndash;5 times\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e156.00 (142.00, 164.00)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;times\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e161.00 (123.00, 191.00)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eCorrelation analysis of nurses' innovation ability with knowledge concealment and self-transcendence in teaching hospitals in Changsha city.\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere is a negative correlation between the total score of innovative ability and the total score of knowledge hiding among nurses in teaching hospitals in Changsha city. (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e=-0.329, \u003cem\u003eP\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/em\u003e), and a positive correlation between the total score of innovative ability and the total score of self transcendence (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.533, \u003cem\u003eP\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/em\u003e).As shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCorrelation of innovation ability with knowledge concealment and self-transcendence\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInnovation ability\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKnowledge hiding\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelf-transcendence\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCorrelation coefficient\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.329\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.533\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e values\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eMultiple linear regression analysis of factors affecting nurses' innovation ability in teaching hospitals in Changsha city.\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMultiple linear regression analysis was conducted with the total score of innovation ability as the dependent variable, 10 variables with statistically significant one-way analysis, the total score of knowledge concealment, and the total score of self-transcendence as the independent variables.The independent variable assignment method is shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e.The results showed that age, technical title, marital status, number of papers, knowledge hiding behavior and self-transcendence behavior were the main factors influencing nurses' innovativeness(\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt;0.01), Explains 51.2% of the total variation.As shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAssignment of argument variables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAssignment method\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;25 years old\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1; 25\u0026ndash;30 years\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2; 30\u0026ndash;35\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3; \u0026gt; 35\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYears of work\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;2 years\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1; 2\u0026ndash;5 years\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2; \u0026gt; 5 years\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTechnical title\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNurse\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1; Nurse\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2; Supervisor nurse\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEducation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCollege degree and above =\u0026thinsp;1; Bachelor's\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2; Graduate and above =\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePatent Certificate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNone\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1; Items 1\u0026ndash;2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2; 3\u0026ndash;5 items\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEssay\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNone\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1; 1\u0026ndash;2 articles\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2; 3\u0026ndash;5 articles\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3; 6\u0026ndash;10 articles\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003esubject\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNone\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1; Items 1\u0026ndash;2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2; 3\u0026ndash;5 items\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNursing innovation competency training\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNone\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1; 1\u0026ndash;2 times\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2; 3\u0026ndash;5 reps\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3; More than 5 times\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal score of Knowledge Hiding\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOriginal value entry\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelf-transcendence total score\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOriginal value entry\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnalysis of multiple factors affecting innovation ability\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProjects\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnstandardized coefficient\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNormalized coefficient β\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003et\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.400\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.540\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.190\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.857\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYears of work\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.655\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.858\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.061\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.891\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.374\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTechnical title\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-4.969\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.529\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.154\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-3.250\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcademic qualifications\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.591\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.604\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.056\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.379\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.169\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePatent certificate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.024\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.053\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.020\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.499\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.618\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThesis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.545\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.701\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.130\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.671\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.008\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProject\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.801\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.125\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.037\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.848\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.397\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNursing innovation ability training\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.616\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.170\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.095\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.235\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.026\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal score of Knowledge Hiding\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.346\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.106\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.128\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-3.275\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelf-transcendence total score\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.208\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.102\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.485\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.829\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eMediating Effects of Knowledge Hiding Behavior between Self-Transcendence and Innovative Ability among Nurses in Teaching Hospitals in Changsha City.\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eThe Return of Self-Transcendence to Knowledge Hiding\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe R-value of the model was 0.3810 when knowledge concealment was used as the outcome variable, which was statistically significant at \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001, and the path regression equation for self-transcendence-knowledge concealment was:Knowledge concealment\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;40.2807\u0026ndash;0.3492* self-transcendence, regression coefficient a (self-transcendence vs. knowledge concealment) = -0.3492, \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001, 95% CI (-0.4665, -0.2320), suggesting that there is a negative correlation of self-transcendence as an independent variable on the mediator variable knowledge concealment.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSelf-Transcendence, Knowledge Hiding-Return of Innovative ability\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhen innovation ability is taken as the result variable, the R value of the model is 0.6463, P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001, indicating that the model has statistical significance. The path regression equation of self-transcendence, knowledge concealment innovation ability is as follows: Innovation capability\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;88.0915\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;1.4450* self-transcendence \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.4349* knowledge concealment, partial regression coefficient b (knowledge concealment on innovation capability) =-0.4349, P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0074, 95%CI (-0.7517, -0.1181). Partial regression coefficient c '(direct effect of self-transcendence on innovation ability)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.4450, P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001, 95%CI (1.1547, 1.7354). Both a and b are significant, so it can be concluded that knowledge concealment plays a mediating role. According to the above conclusion, c '(the direct effect of self-transcendence on innovation ability) is significant. When knowledge concealment is added to the model, self-transcendence is still significant on innovation ability, indicating that the mediating effect of knowledge concealment is partly mediating. The total effect value of self-transcendence on innovation ability was 1.5969, the direct effect value was 1.4450, accounting for 90.48% of the total effect (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), and the indirect effect value was 0.1519, accounting for 9.51% of the total effect (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01). Among them, the Bootstrap95%CI was 0.0287\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;0.2966, excluding 0, indicating that the difference was statistically significant (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). As shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe mediating effect of knowledge hiding on self-transcendence and innovation ability\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegression coefficient\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLLCI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eULCI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.3492\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-5.8716\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.4665\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.2320\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.4349\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.7070\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0074\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.7517\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.1181\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ec\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4450\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.8128\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1547\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7354\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eCurrent situation of nurses' innovation ability, knowledge concealment and self-transcendence in teaching hospitals in Changsha city.\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study showed that the score of nurses' innovation ability in teaching hospitals in Changsha city was 147.00 (129.00,157.00), indicating a moderate level. This finding is consistent with the results of Jianjun Yan et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e] in their research evaluating innovation capability among clinical nursing staff. It may be related to the cultural level of nurses, nurses are usually mostly with college undergraduate degrees, and do not receive systematic training in scientific research and innovative thinking, so the level of innovation is average.Among the dimensions of innovation ability, the dimension with the highest score is the innovation subject and the dimension with the lowest score is the innovation product.The high score of innovative subjects may be because the survey was conducted on nurses in teachinghospitals in the capital city of the province, and the administrators pay attention to the cultivation of nurses' scientific research and innovation ability, and carry out regular training courses on new technologies and methods; and carry out regular mutual exchanges and learning among different departments to inspire nurses to innovate;Research competitions are held annually and rewarded accordingly, while nurses have the opportunity to be selected and sent abroad for further training and study, all of which promote the development of innovative behavior of nurses, while nurses are under the pressure of title promotion and actively participate in a variety of academic exchanges, so that the innovative ability of nursing staff is enhanced.Low scores on innovative products indicate the existence of difficulties in translating research innovations, and insufficient resources for nursing innovation and insufficient organizational support may contribute to the difficulties in translating nursing innovative products.It is suggested that hospitals and nursing administrators can support innovative product transformation through special training on innovative product transformation, setting up an innovative product transformation fund, developing effective intrinsic incentive mechanisms and providing a platform for the integration of industry, academia and research [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eIndividual differences in clinical nurses' ability to innovate.\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results of univariate analysis showed statistically significant differences in nurses' innovativeness scores for age, years of experience, technical title, education, number of patents for inventions, number of papers, number of projects chaired, and number of trainings on innovativeness(P\u0026lt;0.05). This study revealed that nurses with greater age, longer work experience, higher educational qualifications, and senior professional titles exhibited significantly stronger innovation capability compared to their younger counterparts with shorter tenure, lower educational attainment, and junior technical ranks. These findings are consistent with the research by Ruiyun Chen et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e] on the relationship between self-transcendence and innovation capability among ICU specialist nurses, as well as the study by Yuanhui Zhang et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e] on the innovation capability of clinical nursing staff in tertiary hospitals in Zhengzhou. It may be that with increasing age and working years, rich clinical experience lays the foundation for nurses to innovate, nurses with higher education are better at utilizing the existing research tools and conditions to carry out innovations, and nurses with higher technical titles have rich clinical knowledge, working experience, and ability to innovate[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]. It is recommended that nursing managers pay attention to the innovation needs of nurses with long working years, high education and high technical titles as well as the backbone of the department, create a favorable innovation environment for them, and provide sufficient innovation resources as well as opportunities for scientific research and learning, and at the same time, encourage nurses with shorter working years, lower education and technical titles to participate in innovation activities, cultivate their innovative thinking, and strengthen their scientific research knowledge, so as to improve the overall innovation ability of the nursing team. Innovation ability[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e]. The higher the number of invention patents, the number of papers, the number of projects hosted, and the higher the number of training sessions on innovation ability the higher the innovation ability of the nurses, indicating that the innovation ability is affected by the scientific research experience, and the richer the scientific research experience is, the stronger the innovation ability is, and with the emergence of the scientific research papers and the innovative products, the nurses feel a sense of fulfillment in the aspect of innovation, which can further stimulate their enthusiasm for innovation.Nursing administrators can encourage nurses to be motivated to innovate in a variety of ways, such as writing papers and applying for patents, to increase the intrinsic motivation to innovate[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eCorrelation of nurse innovativeness with knowledge hiding behavior and self-transcendence level.\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results of this study showed that the knowledge hiding behavior of nurses in Changsha City Teaching Hospital was negatively correlated with innovation ability (r = -0.329, \u003cem\u003eP\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/em\u003e), which is consistent with the study of Xin Kang et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e]. It may be due to the fact that the act of knowledge hiding buries some of the individual's ideas in their respective hearts and does not bring them out for brainstorming to form creative ideas.Positive correlation between level of self-transcendence and innovativeness(\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.533, \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt;0.01), This is consistent with the study by Wenjun Li et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e].The reason may be that nurses with a high level of self-transcendence are more active in their thinking, are happy to communicate and learn from their neighboring colleagues, grow in sharing, sublimate in growth, and continue to transcend themselves and gain inspiration.Therefore, nursing managers should take measures to correct nurses' knowledge hiding behavior, actively encourage the sharing of new knowledge and new methods to achieve knowledge sharing, and should pay attention to improving their self-transcendence awareness and level to promote the continuous improvement of their innovation ability.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eMediating Role between Knowledge Hiding Behavior, Self-Transcendence and Innovative Ability of Nurses in teaching hospitals in Changsha City.\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClinical nurses' knowledge-hiding behavior is an independent risk factor for their level of self-transcendence and has a positive impact on their innovation capability [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e]. The results of this study show that among nurses in teaching hospitals in Changsha, knowledge-hiding behavior plays a partial negative mediating role between self-transcendence and innovation capability, accounting for 25.9% of the mediating effect \u003cem\u003e(P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01)\u003c/em\u003e. Self-transcendence has a direct effect on innovation capability \u003cem\u003e(P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05)\u003c/em\u003e, with a total effect value of 1.59. The direct effect value is 1.44, contributing to 90.48% of the total effect \u003cem\u003e(P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001)\u003c/em\u003e, while the indirect effect value is 0.15, accounting for 9.51% of the total effect \u003cem\u003e(P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01)\u003c/em\u003e, with a 95% CI = (0.02\u0026ndash;0.29) \u003cem\u003e(P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05)\u003c/em\u003e. Knowledge-hiding behavior is negatively correlated with self-transcendence, indicating that self-transcendence not only directly influences nurses' innovation capability but also indirectly affects it through the mediating role of knowledge-hiding.At the hospital level, fostering a positive environment and increasing opportunities for learning and communication can enhance nurses' self-transcendence, thereby reducing knowledge-hiding behavior [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]. Clinical nursing managers should optimize external support systems by continuously guiding and inspiring nurses to break free from traditional thinking patterns. By adopting a goal-oriented approach, nurses can fully leverage their initiative and role functions, achieving personal growth and self-transcendence in stages. This promotes the development of their innovation capability, allowing them to fully play a leading role in innovation, continuously improve the quality of nursing services, and advance the development of the nursing discipline [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eLimitations\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study has several limitations. First, as a cross-sectional study, we were unable to establish a causal model to clarify the aforementioned correlations, which may compromise the objectivity and authenticity of the results. Future research should incorporate longitudinal models to confirm the conclusions of this study. Second, we only explored the correlations between self-transcendence, knowledge-hiding, and innovation capability. Psychological assessment tools should also be used to understand the impact of internal and external factors on nurses' knowledge-hiding behavior and innovation capability. Finally, this study relied on subjective scales for evaluation, which may introduce some bias into the results.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec19\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eImplications for Practice\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eDespite these limitations, this study provides new insights: it identifies knowledge-hiding behavior as a novel influencing factor for nurses' innovation capability and reveals the correlations between knowledge-hiding behavior, self-transcendence, and nurses' innovation capability. Additionally, self-transcendence not only directly but also indirectly influences nurses' innovation capability through knowledge-hiding. These findings offer a new foundation for effectively implementing measures to enhance nurses' innovative behaviors.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn summary, the innovation ability of nurses in teaching hospitals in Changsha City is at an average level. Knowledge hiding behavior has a partially negative mediating effect on the innovation ability of clinical nurses, and self-transcendence ability can directly or indirectly affect the innovation ability of nurses in iteaching hospitals. This suggests that nursing administrators and healthcare-related departments should pay attention to creating an innovative organizational climate to cultivate clinical nurses' innovation ability and reduce the occurrence of knowledge hiding behavior. On the basis of improving the organizational climate of innovation, positive psychological interventions can be carried out to improve the self-transcendence ability of nurses, to comprehensively enhance the innovation ability of clinical nurses, and to promote the development of the nursing profession.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e• \u0026nbsp; Ethics approval\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. The Ethics Committee of\u0026nbsp;The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine\u0026nbsp;approved all experimental protocols. Informed consent was obtained from all subjects.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e• \u0026nbsp; Informed consent\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInformed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the article.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e• \u0026nbsp; Consent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e• \u0026nbsp; Availability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e• \u0026nbsp; Competing interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors confirmed that they have no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e•\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis work was supported by the Clinical Research Fund of Scientific Research Project of Hunan Provincial Health Commission (D202314058305), Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation (2025JJ80961), Teaching Reform Research Project of Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (2022-JG048). The authors alone are responsible for the design, writing, and content of this paper. The funding body was not involved in the decision to submit this research for publication.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e• \u0026nbsp; Authors' contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePing Zhang have made substantial contributions to the conception and design, or acquisition of data, or analysis and interpretation of data.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePing Zhang,\u0026nbsp;Ruoyi Liao, Rong Wu\u0026nbsp;and\u0026nbsp;Tingyao Nie\u0026nbsp;were involved in drafting the manuscript or revising it critically for important intellectual content.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePing Zhang,\u0026nbsp;Ruoyi Liao, Rong Wu\u0026nbsp;and\u0026nbsp;Tingyao Nie gave final approval for the version to be published.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePing Zhang,\u0026nbsp;Ruoyi Liao, Rong Wu\u0026nbsp;and\u0026nbsp;Tingyao Nie\u0026nbsp;agreed to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e• \u0026nbsp; Acknowledgement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNational Health Commission of the People\u0026apos;s Republic of China. 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Chinese Journal of General Medicine,21(02):345-349.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePeng,H.H.,Zhao,W.L., \u0026amp; Zhang,H.M.(2023).A Study on the Current Status and Correlation Between Innovation Capability and Self-Transcendence Among Specialist Nurses in Interventional Operating Rooms in Henan Province .Chinese Journal of General Practice, 21(02): 345-349.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-nursing","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"nurs","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Nursing](http://bmcnurs.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/nurs/default.aspx","title":"BMC Nursing","twitterHandle":"@BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Nurses, Knowledge hiding behavior, Self transcendence, Innovative ability, A cross-sectional survey.","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6137375/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6137375/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground: \u003c/strong\u003eExploring the relationship between nurses' innovativeness and knowledge-concealing behaviors and self-transcendence in teaching hospitals in Changsha City,Further analysis of the mediating role of knowledge hiding behavior in self-transcendence and innovativeness，informing \u0026nbsp;the development of interventions to promote innovativeness among nurses in Changsha City.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods: \u003c/strong\u003eThis study used cross-sectional design, by convenience sampling method from January to May 2024.445 nurses from six teaching hospitals in Changsha City were selected for the study.The questionnaire survey was conducted by using general information questionnaire, nurses' innovative ability scale, knowledge hiding behavior scale and self-transcendence scale.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults: \u003c/strong\u003eThe total scores of nurses' innovative ability, knowledge hiding behavior and self-transcendence behavior in teaching hospitals in Changsha City were 46.00 (42.00,53.00), 24.00 (18.00,27.00), and 147.00 (129.00,157.00) points, respectively.The total score of nurses' innovative ability was negatively correlated with the total score of knowledge concealment (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e=-0.329, \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e＜0.01), and the total score of innovative ability was positively correlated with the total score of self-transcendence (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e=0.533, \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e＜0.01).Self-transcendence has a direct effect on innovation ability (\u003cem\u003eP \u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt; 0.05), the mediating effect of knowledge concealment is a partial mediating effect, the total effect value of self-transcendence on innovation ability is 1.5969, the direct effect value is 1.4450, which accounted for 90.48% of the total effect (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; 0.001), the indirect effect value is 0.1519, which accounted for 9.51% of the total effect (\u003cem\u003eP \u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt; 0.01), the 95% CI = (0.0287 to 0.2966), (\u003cem\u003eP \u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt; 0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusion: \u003c/strong\u003eKnowledge Hiding Behaviors of Nurses in Teaching Hospitals in Changsha City play a partial mediating role between Innovative capabilities and self-transcendence.It is suggested that nursing managers should pay attention to the influence of knowledge hiding behavior on innovation ability, reduce nurses' knowledge hiding behavior and improve their self-transcendence level by creating a harmonious working atmosphere and giving nurses care and encouragement, so as to improve their innovation ability.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Correlation study on knowledge concealment behavior, self-transcendence and innovation ability among nurses in Changsha City: A cross-sectional survey","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-03-12 15:11:36","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6137375/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-05-21T17:30:09+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-03-20T10:22:22+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-03-13T06:54:36+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-03-10T09:20:58+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Nursing","date":"2025-03-02T04:22:06+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-nursing","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"nurs","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Nursing](http://bmcnurs.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/nurs/default.aspx","title":"BMC Nursing","twitterHandle":"@BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"49b693d1-8395-46de-af25-2dbe00a7832b","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 12th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-03-12T15:11:36+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-03-12 15:11:36","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6137375","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6137375","identity":"rs-6137375","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}