Advancements in Indoor Floor-Level Detection: A Comprehensive Algorithm for Vertical Positioning in Multi-Building Environments

Advancements in Indoor Floor-Level Detection: A Comprehensive Algorithm for Vertical Positioning in Multi-Building Environments | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Advancements in Indoor Floor-Level Detection: A Comprehensive Algorithm for Vertical Positioning in Multi-Building Environments Rafał Marjasz, Krzysztof Grochla, Konrad Połys This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3878440/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 18 Jun, 2024 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted 10 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The proliferation of smartphones has catalysed diverse services, mainly focusing on indoor localization to determine users' and devices' positions within buildings. Despite decades of exploration, the seamless integration of wireless technologies in tracking devices and users has become pivotal in various sectors, including health, industry, disaster management, building operations, and surveillance. Extensive research in laboratory and industrial settings, particularly in wireless sensor networks and robotics, has informed indoor localization techniques. This paper, referencing surveys and original literature reviews, proposes an innovative indoor location system amalgamating GPS and barometer readings. GPS identifies entry through doors, while barometer readings facilitate accurate floor-level tracking. The integration promises continuous real-time location updates, enhancing security, navigation, and emergency response. Notably, the algorithm is infrastructure-independent, relying on the smartphone's barometer, and versatile, detecting elevator travel when Wi-Fi AP or LTE signals are available. Results indicate high accuracy, with building entry exceeding 93%, elevator recognition achieving 75% sensitivity and 97% specificity, and floor change detection surpassing 95% sensitivity and nearly 98% specificity. This comprehensive solution, emphasizing the critical role of precise vertical positioning, signifies an advancement in tracking within urban structures. Physical sciences/Mathematics and computing/Computational science Physical sciences/Mathematics and computing/Computer science Physical sciences/Mathematics and computing/Information technology Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 18 Jun, 2024 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 27 Feb, 2024 Reviews received at journal 24 Feb, 2024 Reviews received at journal 08 Feb, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 02 Feb, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 30 Jan, 2024 Reviewers invited by journal 30 Jan, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 30 Jan, 2024 Editor invited by journal 30 Jan, 2024 Submission checks completed at journal 30 Jan, 2024 First submitted to journal 19 Jan, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-3878440","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":270256873,"identity":"2917985b-76c9-4b5a-af3a-2604b1039b27","order_by":0,"name":"Rafał Marjasz","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAxElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYLACCSDmZ2ZsYEgAMviI1iLZzNjYANLCRrRNBgcYgNYQo8V82uFnHyxq6uyNjzO3P3jwhyGPoBaZ22nGMySOHWY2Owx0WGIbQzFBLRLSCcYMEmwH2CBaGhiAughqSf/MIPGvjscY7P0/RGnJMWaQbGOWMGAGaWEjTksxg2TfYQMJoMNmJLZJEOOX9M3MEt/q7Pn7jz/4+OOPTR4/IS0gwCyBZEQCMToYGD8gcYjTMgpGwSgYBSMKAAADfzb9QN33wAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Institute of Theoretical and Applied Informatics","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Rafał","middleName":"","lastName":"Marjasz","suffix":""},{"id":270256874,"identity":"d228a1f5-a359-44e5-9897-7c54255fb21b","order_by":1,"name":"Krzysztof Grochla","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Institute of Theoretical and Applied Informatics","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Krzysztof","middleName":"","lastName":"Grochla","suffix":""},{"id":270256875,"identity":"aa8162f4-93a9-4ddd-9098-c2bb18688b8f","order_by":2,"name":"Konrad Połys","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Institute of Theoretical and Applied Informatics","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Konrad","middleName":"","lastName":"Połys","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-01-19 10:29:14","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3878440/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3878440/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-64824-9","type":"published","date":"2024-06-18T15:15:37+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":58823054,"identity":"6b548c41-4126-4e0e-ae53-e9fd048fb3de","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-21 16:51:48","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1469206,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"scientificreportsmanuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3878440/v1_covered_067c0345-9ae6-43c4-bb9b-bd4a01624a7e.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Advancements in Indoor Floor-Level Detection: A Comprehensive Algorithm for Vertical Positioning in Multi-Building Environments","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3878440/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3878440/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"The proliferation of smartphones has catalysed diverse services, mainly focusing on indoor localization to determine users' and devices' positions within buildings. 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