Characterization of Cutaneous Melanoma: Carcinogenesis Beyond Ultraviolet Light

Melanoma is the most aggressive type of skin cancer due to its metastatic potential, and its incidence has increased considerably in recent decades. Sun exposure to ultraviolet A and B rays remains the main risk factor for the development of this type of cancer, however, other factors involved are family history, artificial tanning, melanocytic nevi, low phototype and melanin photosensitization by visible light (VL). Through early diagnostic detection of the malignant lesion, it is possible to initiate therapy in an early and curative way, increasing survival with a subsequent decrease in the overall mortality rate. Advances in immunotherapy and targeted therapy have changed treatment paradigms and improved the prognosis of late-stage disease. Due to the high prevalence of the disease worldwide, the objective was to review the main aspects described in the literature regarding the etiology, pathophysiology, clinic, diagnosis, and management of the pathology, with special emphasis on cutaneous melanoma upon VL exposure.