Thinness and Muscularity-Oriented Eating Disorder Symptoms: Investigating Body Image Concerns and the Moderating Role of Emotion Dysregulation in Cyclists

Thinness and Muscularity-Oriented Eating Disorder Symptoms: Investigating Body Image Concerns and the Moderating Role of Emotion Dysregulation in Cyclists | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Thinness and Muscularity-Oriented Eating Disorder Symptoms: Investigating Body Image Concerns and the Moderating Role of Emotion Dysregulation in Cyclists Jack Mazaraki, Kay Bussey, Mitchell Cunningham, Tom Jewell, Nora Trompeter This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3914058/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 21 Nov, 2024 Read the published version in Journal of Eating Disorders → Version 1 posted 9 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Objective A lean muscular body of low weight is often associated with performance for cyclists and can be difficult to achieve. In the pursuit of performance, eating disorder symptomatology may be experienced. Further, the training that some cyclists engage in may aid in the reduction and management of negative emotional states that arise from body dissatisfaction. While research in athlete populations has been substantial, eating disorder symptoms in cyclists remain a relatively under-explored topic. The current study examined whether shape and weight concern and drive for leanness were associated with thinness and muscularity-oriented eating disorder symptoms and whether these relations were moderated by emotion dysregulation. Interactions between these factors were also investigated. Method Participants were 139 Australian competitive cyclists (112 males, 27 females, aged 18–68 years) who completed a self-report questionnaire comprised of measures of shape and weight concern, drive for leanness, thinness-oriented eating, muscularity-oriented eating and emotion dysregulation variables. Results Shape and weight concern and drive for leanness both had a unique association with thinness-oriented and muscularity-oriented eating scores. Emotion dysregulation was found to have a unique association with thinness-oriented and muscularity-oriented eating scores when controlling for drive for leanness, but not when shape and weight concern was controlled. Additionally, emotion dysregulation moderated the association between shape and weight concern and muscularity-oriented eating scores, whereby the relationship was intensified at higher levels of emotion dysregulation. Discussion Our study has extended the literature by indicating that cyclists' desire to attain a lean muscular body of low weight is associated with eating disorder symptoms. Further, emotion dysregulation moderated this link, suggesting it could be a maintaining factor worth addressing. Athletes Cyclists Weight and shape concerns Drive for leanness Emotion dysregulation Figures Figure 1 Public significance statement Eating disorder symptoms are prevalent among athletes, especially those competing in endurance sports such as cycling. This study explored the relationship between body image concerns, emotion dysregulation and eating disorder symptoms (e.g., calorie restriction and excessive exercise) in cyclists. Results highlight how a desire for cyclists to be thin or lean is associated with the engagement of thinness and muscularity-oriented eating disorder symptoms. Additionally, the link between body image and muscularity-oriented eating disorder symptoms may be more pronounced amongst cyclists with higher emotion dysregulation. Introduction The physical demands of endurance sports such as long-distance running, swimming and road cycling create a scenario where a body shape of lean muscle and low weight can serve as a competitive advantage (Reardon et al., 2019). In pursuit of performance, endurance athletes may place an overvaluation on body shape and fitness. A dysfunctional evaluation of self-worth that is based on this overvaluation of a lean body is thought to be a mechanism for eating disorder symptoms and behaviours that change one’s body accordingly (Fairburn et al., 2003). Leanness is defined as toned, physically fit muscles with low body fat (Smolak & Murnen, 2008). Competing in endurance sports, where a lean body is associated with performance and success, has been identified as a potential precursor for eating disorder symptoms (Sundgot‐Borgen & Torstveit, 2010). Road cycling is an endurance sport where cyclists, from casual to world level, ride on paved roadways competitively or for training purposes multiple times a week. In Australia, across all forms of cycling, weekly participation has increased from 13.8% in 2019 to 18.0% in 2021 with 22.9% of males and 13.6% of females cycling (Munro & Bolton, 2021). It has been demonstrated that cyclists perceive leanness to be important for success (Schofield et al., 2020), and are likely to be dissatisfied with their current body weight (Haakonssen et al., 2015). Additionally, research has posited that athletes with a clinical eating disorder use exercise not only as a consistent strategy for weight control but also as a maladaptive strategy to avoid negative mood states and stress (Fairburn et al., 2003; Szabo et al., 2015). In this light, cycling may serve to achieve weight loss whilst also aiding in the reduction and management of negative emotional states. Thus, the emotional regulation skills of a cyclist may play a role in determining their likelihood of engaging in eating disorder symptoms that stem from feelings of body dissatisfaction. While there has been a large amount of research into eating disorders in athlete populations (Bratland-Sanda & Sundgot-Borgen, 2013), there has been limited research on cyclists, as well as the role of emotion dysregulation. To date, only four studies have specifically investigated eating disorder symptoms in cyclists. In a sample of 42 male high-performance cyclists, Ferrand and Brunet (2004) found that 57% of the sample were found to be at risk of developing an eating disorder. Furthermore, Riebl et al. (2007) found that among 124 male cyclists and non-cyclist, cyclists were more likely to self-report eating disorder symptoms. Additionally, Koppenburg et al. (2022) examined eating disorder symptoms in a sample of 122 elite female cyclists finding that 59.9% of respondents were at risk of developing an eating disorder, 13.2% had been treated for a clinical eating disorder and 70.0% had been pressured to lose weight at some point in their career. Finally, in a sample of 4037 Spanish cyclists and triathletes, Muros et al. (2020) found that 19.8% of cyclists were at risk of developing an eating disorder and more likely to meet the criteria for an eating disorder compared to triathletes of whom 15.6% were at risk[1]. These results demonstrate that cyclists may be at a higher risk for engaging in eating disorder symptoms when compared to other endurance athletes and community norms due to the added emphasis that the physical requirements of the sport place on a lean physique for optimal performance. Athletes typically experience risk factors that the general population are vulnerable to (i.e., weight stigma and body dissatisfaction), which are compounded with factors that are specific to sport (Stoyel et al., 2021). For cyclists, there is a widespread belief in the sport that a lower body weight equates to better performance (Haakonssen et al., 2015; Hoon et al., 2019). This desire for cyclists to maintain a high power-to-weight ratio by gaining musculature and efficiency as well as losing body weight, which is difficult to achieve, may further contribute to the development of eating disorder symptoms (Keay et al., 2019). The large weekly training volumes that many cyclists undertake (over 500km or 14 hours a week for professional cyclists; Sanchís-Gomar et al., 2011), result in high energy expenditure that is challenging to replenish through dietary intake (Schofield et al., 2020). Further, De Bruin and Oudejans (2018) reported that cyclists often decrease their food intake intending to create energy deficits. Thus, competitive cyclists may be especially susceptible to engaging in potentially harmful exercise and developing eating disorder symptoms. The transdiagnostic model of eating disorders (CBT-E model) postulates that the central underlying mechanism for eating pathologies is a dysfunctional evaluation of self-worth based on the overvaluation of weight, shape and eating (Fairburn et al., 2003). It is an overvaluation of a thin body ideal that underlies this model, which has been demonstrated extensively to be a risk factor for eating disorder symptoms (Stice, 2002; Lavender et al., 2017). Several studies found that athletes who competed in sports, where it was advantageous to be of a lighter weight, had a higher drive for thinness than athletes who competed in non-weight-sensitive sports and the general population (Herbrich et al., 2011; Rousselet et al., 2016). Accordingly, two studies examining elite female and male road cyclists found that cyclists were weight-conscious, likely to be dissatisfied with their current body weight and 77% of the male cyclists had attempted or were currently attempting to lower their body weight (Haakonssen et al., 2015; Hoon et al., 2019). For cyclists, the performance increases that come from the reduction of body weight have the potential to create an overvaluation of weight and a thin shape that may lead to engagement in eating disorder symptoms. Historically, the CBT-E model has focused on the presentation of pathological eating behaviours and symptoms among women (Lavender et al., 2017), whereby, the development and maintenance of eating disorder symptoms focus on an excessive drive for thinness (Murray et al., 2017). While this may capture traditional thinness-oriented eating disorder symptoms (i.e., fasting and fear of gaining weight), these criteria fail to accurately account for individuals whose eating pathology is centred around not being muscular or lean enough (Murray et al., 2016). It has been demonstrated that muscularity-oriented eating disorder symptoms are relevant, particularly for men, as well as athletes who compete in sports where strength or power output is important (Baghurst & Lirgg, 2009; Murray et al., 2017). Schofield and colleagues (2020) found that road cyclists perceived leanness to be vital for success highlighting the importance of examining leanness and muscularity-oriented symptoms when researching the sport. Furthermore, prior research on athletes has demonstrated that endurance athletes may also perceive a greater pressure to be lean, which is associated with higher levels of eating disorder symptoms (Byrne & McLean, 2002). Thus, for some cyclists, a desire to be lean may develop into and maintain unhealthy eating symptoms to achieve performance gains and an idealised lean body. To investigate this possibility and to comprehensively explore the full spectrum of eating disorder symptoms of cyclists this study will explore both thinness-oriented and leanness- and muscularity-oriented symptoms. Importantly, not all cyclists experience eating disorder symptoms. Therefore, it is pertinent to understand factors that may explain why some (and not other) cyclists are at risk of experiencing eating disorder symptoms. The CBT-E model proposes mood intolerance, an important aspect of emotion dysregulation, as a maintenance factor for eating disorder symptoms (Fairburn et al., 2003). Additionally, empirical evidence has highlighted the link between emotion dysregulation and the eating disorder-specific risk factors of body dissatisfaction, dietary restraint and driven exercise (Trompeter et al., 2021). While the relationship between emotion dysregulation and eating disorder symptoms in cyclists has not yet been explored, cyclists have been found to commonly display these eating disorder symptoms (Haakonssen et al., 2015; De Bruin & Oudejans, 2018; Mayolas-Pi et al., 2017). Hence, emotion dysregulation may be a key target for treatment in this potentially at-risk cohort. Emotion dysregulation refers to broader difficulties experienced when identifying one’s emotions and implementing adaptive regulatory strategies (Gratz & Roemer, 2008). It has been reported as an important transdiagnostic correlate of eating disorders, whereby people may use unhealthy eating and exercise behaviours to cope with negative emotions (Prefit et al., 2019; Trompeter et al., 2021). Additionally, research has demonstrated that emotion dysregulation is associated with body image concerns that stem around both thinness (Rufino et al., 2018), and muscle dysmorphia symptoms (Cunningham et al., 2020), further exhibiting the importance of measuring both thinness-oriented as well as leanness- and muscularity-oriented eating disorder symptoms simultaneously. Specifically, cyclists may experience feelings of body dissatisfaction in their pursuit for a lean physique. When coupled with poor emotional regulation skills, this combination may increase the likelihood of engaging in eating disorder symptoms, serving as a temporary escape or distraction from emotional distress related to body dissatisfaction. Furthermore, the transition from dietary restraint and driven exercise, which initially enhance performance, to potential eating disorder symptoms in cyclists may be influenced by the extent to which these behaviours serve as maladaptive strategies for coping with negative mood states and stress. Of the sparse literature on the role of emotion dysregulation and eating disorder symptoms in athletes, Shriver and colleagues (2016) found that female athletes who struggled to regulate their emotions had higher levels of eating disorder symptoms. Thus, emotion dysregulation may influence whether cyclists who experience body dissatisfaction engage in eating disorder symptoms. The Current Study The factors which are associated with pathological eating behaviours and symptoms in cyclists are under-researched. Investigating these factors may provide useful information on eating disorder prevention efforts in cyclists, as well as health promotion to encourage cyclists to engage in a lifestyle that is less likely to produce negative health outcomes. As such, the current study aimed to address a key gap in the literature. Based on previous literature, two sets of hypotheses were generated, First, for thinness-oriented eating scores: H1a - Shape and weight concern and emotion dysregulation will both have a unique association with thinness-oriented eating scores. H1b – Drive for leanness and emotion dysregulation will both have a unique association with thinness-oriented eating scores after. H1c – Emotion dysregulation will moderate the association between shape and weight concern and thinness-oriented eating scores, and these associations will be stronger at higher levels of emotion dysregulation. H1d - Emotion dysregulation will moderate the association between drive for leanness and thinness-oriented eating scores, and these associations will be stronger at higher levels of emotion dysregulation. Second, for muscularity-oriented eating scores: H2a - Shape and weight concern and emotion dysregulation will both have a unique association with muscularity-oriented eating scores. H2b – Drive for leanness and emotion dysregulation will both have a unique association with muscularity-oriented eating scores. H2c - Emotion dysregulation will moderate the association between shape and weight concern and muscularity-oriented eating scores, and these associations will be stronger at higher levels of emotion dysregulation. H2d - Emotion dysregulation will moderate the association between drive for leanness and muscularity-oriented eating scores, and these associations will be stronger at higher levels of emotion dysregulation. Method Open Science Principles Both the study design and data analysis plan were pre-registered ( https://osf.io/jwzhg/?view_only=e92f3ffdfc054bf998d360989cd7bcc ). All deviations from this plan are explicitly noted in the relevant sections below. Participants Australian residents over the age of 18 years were eligible to participate. Participants were recruited through Australian cycling clubs, social media including Facebook cycling pages and groups, and the Macquarie University research participation pool. While we originally planned to compare the eating disorder symptom levels and associations of interest between a cyclist and non-cyclist group, this was not possible due to significant differences in sociodemographic variables between the groups (differences between the two groups can be found in Supplementary 1). Respondents included 112 men and 27 women aged between 18–68 years ( M = 38.66, SD = 11.87). Of the cyclist respondents 21 (15.1%) were recruited through the Macquarie University research pool and 118 (84.9%) were recruited from community outlets. The level of events in which the cyclists competed were World (n = 4, 2.9%), National (n = 13, 9.3%), State (n = 21, 15.1%), Local (n = 61, 43.8%), and Casual (n = 40, 28.7%) riders. The sample consisted predominantly of competitive riders who rode in organised cycling events. All participants cycled for health and training purposes and did not cycle purely as a means of transportation (i.e., commuting to work). On average per week, cyclists rode for 10 hours and completed 90 minutes of resistance training. Measures Shape and Weight Concern. Participants’ shape and weight concern were assessed using the combined Shape Concern and Weight Concern subscales of the EDE-Q (Fairburn et al., 2008 ). Participants were asked to rate the frequency/severity of their body image perceptions (e.g., “Have you had a definite desire to have a totally flat stomach?”) on a 7-point response scale (0 = No days/Not at all to 6 = Everyday/Markedly ). Previous factor analyses indicated that the two subscales can be combined into one factor due to their substantial overlap (Hilbert et al., 2012 ). The combined measure includes 12 items regarding body image concerns over the past 28 days. Items on the subscale were averaged to provide a total score across the 12 items, whereby higher scores indicate greater shape and weight concern. While the subscale has demonstrated good internal consistency in community samples (van Zutven et al., 2014 ), it has yet to be validated in an athlete sample. In the present study, the scale demonstrated excellent internal consistency ( α = .93). Drive for Leanness Scale . Participants' preferences toward a lean body were evaluated with the 6-item Drive for Leanness Scale (Smolak & Murnen, 2008 ). The scales items (e.g., “It is important to have well-defined abs”) were measured on a 6-point response scale (1 = Never to 6 = Always ). Higher mean scores indicate a greater drive for leanness. Evidence supports good internal consistency in community samples (Smolak & Murnen, 2008 ), and athletes (Hartmann et al., 2018 ). In the present study, the scale demonstrated good internal consistency ( α = .87). Emotion Dysregulation. Emotion dysregulation was evaluated using the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale – Short Form (Kaufman et al., 2015 ). The measure is a shortened 18-item version of the original Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (Gratz & Roemer, 2004 ). As with the original scale, the measure assesses six factors of emotion dysregulation, those being nonacceptance of emotional responses, difficulty engaging in goal-directed behaviour, impulse control difficulties, lack of emotional awareness, limited access to emotion regulation strategies, and lack of emotional clarity. Participants rated how often the statements apply to them on a 5-point response scale (1 = Almost Never to 5 = Almost Always ). A total score was obtained from a mean score of all items, where higher scores indicate greater difficulties in emotion regulation. Evidence supports good internal consistency in community samples (Kaufman et al., 2015 ), and athletes (Hut et al., 2021 ). In the present study, the scale demonstrated good internal consistency ( α = .89). Thinness Oriented Eating. Specific items were taken from the Restraint subscale of Fairburn et al.’s ( 2008 ) EDE-Q to calculate a thinness-oriented eating scores, as certain items in the EDE-Q were considered to not sufficiently differentiate between thinness-oriented or leanness-oriented eating disorder beliefs and symptoms. For example, the item “ Have you tried to follow definite rules regarding your eating in order to influence your shape or weight?” may map well onto both individuals who are dissatisfied that their shape is not thin enough and individuals who are dissatisfied that they are not lean or muscular enough. As such, the score consisted of the two items from the Restraint subscale that strictly measured thinness-oriented eating symptoms. Those being “Have you been deliberately trying to limit the amount of food you eat to influence your shape or weight (whether or not you have succeeded)?” and “Have you gone for long periods of time (8 waking hours or more) without eating anything at all in order to influence your shape or weight?” Items were averaged to provide a total score across the two items, whereby higher scores indicate greater thinness-oriented eating. In the present study, the correlation of the two items was moderate, indicating a good overlap between the two items, r (298) = .57, p = < .001. Muscularity Oriented Eating. Participants’ attitudes and behaviours concerning leanness and muscularity-oriented eating were assessed with the 27-item Eating for Muscularity scale (Cooper et al., 2020 ). The Eating for Muscularity scale assesses eating disorder attitudes and symptoms that are motivated by the pursuit of a lean, muscular body ideal. Participants were asked to rate the frequency/severity of their eating for muscularity symptoms (e.g., “I have used dieting methods to become more muscular”) on a 7-point response scale (0 = No days/Not at all to 6 = Everyday/Markedly ). A total score was obtained by averaging all items, with higher scores indicating greater eating disorder symptoms. The Eating for Muscularity scale has demonstrated high internal consistency (Cooper et al., 2020 ), but has not yet been validated in an athlete population. In the present study, the scale demonstrated excellent internal consistency ( α = .92) Procedure The project was approved by the authors' Human Research Ethics Committee. All study materials were completed through a secure online interface Qualtrics. Participants provided informed consent and confirmed eligibility before responding to demographic questions and the study measures. The completion time for the survey was approximately 15 minutes. Participants entered a raffle draw for one of three $ 50 gift vouchers. To ensure data quality 159 suspected bot respondents were screened and excluded from the survey. Data Analytic Plan Analyses were conducted with STATA version 17. Due to significant differences in sociodemographic variables between the cyclists and non-cyclists, we proceeded by focusing on the cyclist group and did not examine the Multivariate Analysis of Covariance to examine group differences, as was presented in the pre-registration. Due to their association with eating disorder characteristics, gender, age, and body mass index (BMI) were controlled for (Hay et al., 2015 ). For Hypotheses 1a – 2d, to examine the unique association between shape and weight concern and drive for leanness with emotion dysregulation on each outcome variable (thinness-oriented eating and muscularity-oriented eating scores), four separate hierarchical regression analyses were conducted. For each regression model, the control variables (gender, age, and BMI) were entered in step 1. Secondly, emotion dysregulation and shape and weight concern/drive for leanness were entered in step 2. Finally, the interaction term (emotion dysregulation x shape and weight concern/drive for leanness) was added in step 3. First, descriptive statistics were calculated for the variables of interest. Assumptions were then tested to assess the distributions of the variables. While the assumption for multicollinearity was met, the assumption of normality was not met. We used Spearman’s correlation analysis, as well as bias-corrected bootstrapping based on 1000 resamples for each regression model to account for these violations. Bootstrapping analyses were carried out to provide 95% confidence intervals. This approach has been argued to provide robust results when the assumption of normality is violated and is considered more favourable compared to other methods like transformations or relying on the robustness of F-tests and t-tests (Field & Wilcox, 2017 ). Significant interaction terms were probed using simple slope analysis at low (-1 SD), average and high levels (+ 1 SD) of the variables of interest. Five per cent of participants’ responses were missing and were considered missing at random (Little MCAR test: χ2 (44) = 51.05, p = .216). Therefore, listwise deletion was applied across analyses (Tabachnick et al., 2018 ). Results Sample Characteristics Means and standard deviations of measures among cyclists are presented in Table 1 . In the current study, 26% of cyclists scored above the EDE-Q global gender unique clinical cutoff (> 2.3 for women and > 1.68 for men; Mond et al., 2004 , Schaefer et al., 2018 ) for likelihood of eating disorder. Correlations Table 2 presents the correlations between study variables. For cyclists, thinness-oriented eating scores had a significant positive association with both shape and weight concern and drive for leanness, and a non-significant association with emotion dysregulation. Additionally, muscularity-oriented eating scores had a significant positive association with shape and weight concern, drive for leanness and emotion dysregulation. Regression Analysis Thinness-Oriented Eating (Outcome Criterion) – Associations with Shape and Weight Concern and Emotion Dysregulation. As can be seen in Table 3 , higher levels of shape and weight concern were associated with higher levels of thinness-oriented eating. Additionally, emotion dysregulation was not significantly related to thinness-oriented eating. Table 1 Means and Standard Deviations of Demographic Variables and Study Measures Variables M ( SD ) Gender (% female) 19.4 Age (in years) 38.66 (11.87) Body Mass Index 24.58 (3.93) Shape and weight concern 1.66 (1.31) Drive for leanness 3.57 (0.70) Emotion dysregulation 2.08 (0.56) Thinness-oriented eating 1.51 (1.42) Muscularity-oriented eating 0.90 (0.84) Thus, Hypothesis 1a was partially supported. Additionally, the interaction between emotion dysregulation and shape and weight concern was not significant. Therefore, Hypothesis 1c was not supported. Thinness-Oriented Eating (Outcome Criterion) – Associations with Drive for Leanness and Emotion Dysregulation. As can be seen in Table 4 , regarding thinness-oriented eating and Hypothesis 1b, both main effects were significant, whereby higher levels of drive for leanness, as well as emotion dysregulation, were associated with higher levels of thinness-oriented eating. Thus, Hypothesis 1b was fully supported. Additionally, to test Hypothesis 1d, the significance of the interaction term between emotion dysregulation and drive for leanness on thinness-oriented eating was assessed. The results revealed that the interaction was not significant and therefore Hypothesis 1d was not supported. Table 2 Spearman’s Correlations between Key Study Variables 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1. Shape and weight concern - 2. Drive for leanness .26** - 3. Emotion Dysregulation .30** − .03 - 4. Thinness-oriented eating .62** .31** .20 - 5. Muscularity-oriented eating .48** .47** .22* .64** - 6. Age (in years) − .01 − .07 − .22* − .01 − .02 - 7. Body Mass Index .26** .01 − .19 .14 − .04 .02 - Note. Significant correlations are bolded. *p < .05, ** p < .01 Muscularity-Oriented Eating (Outcome Criterion) – Associations with Shape and Weight Concern and Emotion Dysregulation. As can be seen in Table 3 , regarding muscularity-oriented eating scores and Hypothesis 2a, only shape and weight concern had a significant main effect, whereby higher levels of shape and weight concern were associated with higher levels of muscularity-oriented eating scores. Thus, Hypothesis 2a was partially supported. Additionally, to test Hypothesis 2c, the significance of the interaction term between emotion dysregulation and shape and weight concern on muscularity-oriented eating scores was assessed. The results revealed that the interaction term between emotion dysregulation and shape and weight concern emerged as significant, whereby emotion dysregulation intensified the relationship. Simple slopes revealed that the association between shape and weight concern and muscularity-oriented eating scores was significant at low levels (β = .64, p = .007), average levels (β = .74, p < .001), and high levels (β = .84, p < .001) of emotion dysregulation (see Fig. 1). Thus, Hypothesis 2c was fully supported. Table 3 Thinness-Oriented Eating and Muscularity-Oriented Eating Scores Regressed on Shape and Weight Concern and Emotion Dysregulation for Cyclists Thinness-Oriented Eating Scores Muscularity-Oriented Eating Scores β σ 95% CI β σ 95% CI Step 1 Age .01 .01 [-.03, .02] − .01 .01 [-.02, .01] Gender .44 .38 [-.28, 1.14] .24 .19 [-.12, .60] BMI .02 .03 [-.03, .08] − .01 − .02 [-.04, .03] \({R}^{2}\) adjusted .000 .010 Step 2 Shape and Weight Concern .71 .09 [.54, .89]** .40 .07 [.25, .51]** Emotion Dysregulation .00 .25 [-.42, .52] .15 .14 [-.12, .42] \({R}^{2}\) change .343 .360 Step 3 SWC x Emotion Dysregulation .06 .19 [-.25, .37] .18 .07 [.00, .30]* \({R}^{2}\) change .000 .041 Total \({R}^{2}\) adjusted .343 .401 Note . Shape and weight concern = SWC; Confidence Interval = CI; Bias corrected beta coefficients are reported (β). Bootstrap standard error (σ). Bootstrap bias-corrected confidence values are reported. Reference category for gender was ‘Male’. Significant associations are bolded. *p < .05, **p < .01 Table 4 Thinness-Oriented Eating and Muscularity-Oriented Eating Scores Regressed on Drive for Leanness and Emotion Dysregulation for Cyclists Thinness-Oriented Eating Scores Muscularity-Oriented Eating Scores β σ 95% CI β σ 95% CI Step 2 Drive For Leanness .66 .18 [.32, 1.03]** .38 .09 [.21, .55]** Emotion Dysregulation .70 .25 [.16, 1.20]* .50 .13 [.26, .76]** \({R}^{2}\) change .144 .205 Step 3 DFL x Emotion Dysregulation .41 .37 [-.31, 1.15] .07 .18 [-.20, .52] \({R}^{2}\) change .004 − .005 Total \({R}^{2}\) adjusted .148 .210 Note . DFL = Drive for Leanness; Confidence Interval = CI; Bias corrected beta coefficients are reported (β). Bootstrap standard error (σ). Bootstrap bias-corrected confidence values are reported. Reference category for gender was ‘Male’. Significant associations are bolded. *p < .05, **p < .01 As can be seen in Table 4 , regarding muscularity-oriented eating and Hypothesis 2b, both the main effect of drive for leanness and emotion dysregulation on muscularity-oriented eating scores were significant, whereby higher levels of drive for leanness, as well as emotion dysregulation, were associated with higher levels of muscularity-oriented eating scores. Thus, Hypothesis 2b was fully supported. Additionally, to test Hypothesis 2d, the significance of the interaction term between emotion dysregulation and drive for leanness on muscularity-oriented eating was assessed. The results revealed that the interaction was not significant and therefore Hypothesis 2d was not supported. Discussion The present study investigated both thinness- and muscularity-oriented disordered eating in relation to body concerns of cyclists, and the moderating role of emotion dysregulation. Previous studies have explored eating disorder symptoms in athletes and cyclists specifically, however, none have assessed the full spectrum of eating disorder symptoms that athletes may experience (Murray et al., 2016 ). Given the limited research on eating disorder symptoms in cycling despite its growing popularity, it is important to better understand what factors may be contributing to the development of and engagement in eating disorder symptoms in the sport. The hypotheses that shape and weight concern, drive for leanness, and emotion dysregulation would be uniquely associated with thinness-oriented and leanness- and muscularity-oriented eating were partially supported. While shape and weight concern and drive for leanness both had unique positive associations with thinness-oriented eating, emotion dysregulation was found to only have a unique positive association with thinness-oriented eating when drive for leanness was held constant but not shape and weight concern. The results were consistent for both thinness-oriented and muscularity-oriented eating. These findings further support the CBT-E model, underscoring the importance of overvaluation of shape and weight in eating disorder pathology, whether it is a concern with being too large or not lean enough (Fairburn et al., 2003 ). Further, the present study sought to examine the moderating effect of emotion dysregulation with shape and weight concern regarding muscularity-oriented eating disorder symptoms. Findings demonstrated that emotion dysregulation moderated the association between shape and weight concern and muscularity-oriented eating. Specifically, the strongest association between shape and weight concern and muscularity-oriented eating scores was observed among cyclists with the highest levels of emotion dysregulation. This highlights that emotion dysregulation and shape and weight concern may have a multiplicative effect on muscularity-oriented eating scores and represents a novel finding for engagement in muscularity-oriented eating disorder symptoms. These results are in line with dimensional frameworks of psychopathology that suggest symptoms arise from a combination of syndrome-specific moderators and transdiagnostic risk factors, in this case, shape and weight concern and emotion dysregulation (Forbes et al., 2016 ; Nolen-Hoeksema & Watkins, 2011 ). For cyclists, whose body composition is intrinsically linked to performance, these findings suggest that any perceived shortcomings of body shape may be experienced particularly negatively and result in the engagement of muscularity-oriented eating symptoms to bring about desirable body changes. These findings are in line with that of Racine et al. ( 2017 ) who established that among adolescent and young women, eating disorder symptoms (i.e., body dissatisfaction, appearance pressures) moderated the association between the transdiagnostic factor of negative urgency (impulsive behaviour in response to distress, which has been closely linked to emotion dysregulation; Juarascio et al., 2020 ) and binge eating. Furthermore, these findings extend upon prior research by Murray et al. ( 2012 ) and Murray et al. (2013) that demonstrated difficulty in emotion regulation was related to muscularity-oriented eating disorder symptoms, highlighting that high levels of body dissatisfaction may intensify the relationship. Moreover, the present study sought to examine the moderating effect of emotion dysregulation with shape and weight concern in regard to thinness-oriented eating. Findings revealed that emotion dysregulation did not moderate the association between shape and weight concern and thinness-oriented eating symptoms. The difference in the moderating role of emotion dysregulation between muscularity-oriented eating and thinness-oriented eating scores may be due to the sample being comprised predominantly of males. Past research has identified that males endorse a focus on gaining leanness and muscularity over a desire to be thin (Lavender et al., 2017 ). Therefore, the variance that could be accounted for by thinness-oriented eating symptoms in the sample may have been limited and highlights the need to use multiple measures to assess eating disorder symptoms. The hypotheses that emotion dysregulation would moderate the association between shape and weight concern and drive for leanness with thinness-oriented eating were not supported. Findings tentatively suggest that rather than having a multiplicative effect, emotion dysregulation and drive for leanness each had unique, additive associations with thinness-oriented eating disorder symptoms. Further, they revealed that when emotion dysregulation and shape and weight concern are examined together, only shape and weight concern had a unique positive association with thinness-oriented eating disorder symptoms. These results align with the CBT-E model, which posits that shape and weight concerns are a core factor of all eating disorder behaviours. In contrast, emotion dysregulation is associated only with purging and binge eating which were not specifically measured in the present study (Fairburn et al., 2003 ). These findings are in line with the research of Trompeter et al. ( 2022 ) that examined the interaction of shape and weight concern and emotion dysregulation in adolescents, finding that shape and weight concern had a unique association with engaging in fasting and driven exercise while emotion dysregulation had no unique association with these eating disorder symptoms. Thus, highlighting the suitability of replicating the investigation of the role of emotion dysregulation and eating disorder symptoms in this sample of cyclists. The combined shape and weight concern scale measured in this study broadly encompasses multiple aspects of shape- and weight-related attitudes, including an over-valuation of shape and weight, and fear of weight gain (Fairburn et al., 2008 ). In contrast, drive for leanness does not emphasize extreme thinness or muscularity exclusively and instead represents an athletic body composition that is low in body fat with toned muscles (Smolak & Murnen, 2008 ). In the present study, differences in the association of emotion dysregulation and eating disorder symptoms, when controlling for shape and weight concern or drive for leanness, suggest that a lean body ideal may not be related to emotion dysregulation when explaining eating disorder symptoms. There appear to be two potential reasons for this finding. First, negative emotions that arise for cyclists may stem more from body dissatisfaction that is oriented towards not being thin enough rather than not being lean enough. Thus, explaining the unique variance that arose for emotion dysregulation and drive for leanness. However, this is contrary to prior findings that demonstrated individuals who have a desire for a lean muscular body show the same risk of exhibiting unhealthy behavioural (i.e., compulsive exercise, fasting) and psychological (i.e., negative emotional states) outcomes as those with a desire to be thin (Uhlmann et al., 2018 ). Secondly, questions asked in the Shape and Weight Concern scale explicitly assess the relationship between body dissatisfaction and negative emotions (i.e., “How uncomfortable have you felt seeing your body?”). On the other hand, questions asked in the Drive for Leanness scale are more oriented towards lean body ideal preferences (i.e., “I think the best looking bodies are well-toned”) and not how an inability to attain such ideals influences emotions. Therefore, disparities in how the two separate constructs are measured may instead be influencing why their relationship with emotion dysregulation differs. Ultimately, however, these results highlight that a drive for a lean muscular body may play a role in the domain of eating disorder psychopathology and particularly for athletes. The findings from the present study have important implications for prevention and intervention programs aimed at reducing eating disorder symptoms among cyclists. First, our study extends upon prior eating disorder symptom research as well as the CBT-E model indicating that in addition to shape and weight concern, a well-established disorder-specific risk factor (Fairburn et al., 2003 ), emotion dysregulation and drive for leanness may play an important role in the engagement of eating disorder symptoms for competitive road cyclists. In pursuit of performance increases, cyclists may engage in training methods (i.e., exercise, caloric restriction) that can indistinguishably turn into eating disorder symptoms. As argued in previous research on eating disorder symptoms in athletes, certain training and eating behaviours may reflect a rational response to achieving a lean body composition rather than psychopathology (Byrne & McLean, 2001 ). However, with this lean ideal regularly being portrayed in society and the sport as a benchmark of physical health and peak performance it is important that cyclists are aware of the potential risks of having a desire for a thin or lean body (Tiggemann & Zacarrdo, 2016). This is especially true when feelings of body dissatisfaction are motivating the desire to alter body shape and size. Furthermore, it is important that cyclists and coaches are cognisant of when training is being used to deal with negative emotions that arise from feelings of body dissatisfaction or other facets of life. Therefore, prevention programs for cyclists may benefit from targeting these variables, focusing on the development of better emotional coping skills and promoting positive body image in the sport. Additionally, the current study has important theoretical implications. Traditionally, etiological models of the psychopathology of eating disorders, such as the CBT-E model, have focussed on the overvaluation of a thin body ideal in underpinning eating disorder symptoms (Fairburn et al., 2003 ). However, in line with recent research, the present study demonstrated how an overvaluation of a muscular and lean body may also underpin eating disorder symptoms in cyclists (Murray et al., 2016 ). These results provide further evidence for the need to modify traditional eating disorder conceptualizations and prevention approaches to better address and mitigate eating disorder pathology that is oriented towards leanness and muscularity. While also highlighting the importance of looking at different forms of eating disorder symptoms (i.e., thinness and muscularity oriented) in research. Furthermore, our findings exhibited how emotion dysregulation was uniquely associated with both thinness and muscularity-oriented eating disorder symptoms. Therefore, the present findings suggest that similar development and maintenance factors may extend to muscular-oriented eating symptoms and warrant further investigation. While the present study had several strengths, including measuring both thinness and muscularity-oriented eating disorder symptoms simultaneously, several limitations should also be considered. First, the current study relied on cross-sectional data. Albeit the variables in the study displayed significant associations with each other, no inferences can be made regarding the temporal and casual nature of the relationships studied here. Additionally, a two-item measure was used to measure fear of weight gain. As such, the thinness-oriented eating score may not fully capture the complexity of this construct. In saying this, the use of a reduced EDE-Q Restraint subscale or a single item to assess fear of weight gain has been employed in several prior studies to gauge thinness-oriented eating (Levinson et al., 2020 ; Messer et al., 2022 ). Furthermore, the global indicator of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale – Short Form was utilised and not the sub-scales (i.e., non-acceptance of emotional responses, lack of emotional awareness). As such, future research should look at potential sub-scale relations for cyclists to thinness-oriented and muscularity-oriented eating symptoms. Additionally, due to the necessity to omit the non-cyclist control group that arose from significant differences in sociodemographic variables, we were unable to determine how the relationships evidenced here differed between cyclists and non-cyclists. It is important then that future research investigates if selection effects were present in the current study. This may allow for more accurate information on how prevention and education programs are utilised to encourage cyclists to engage in a lifestyle and training that is less likely to produce negative health outcomes. Moreover, research has demonstrated that females may be averse to muscularity-oriented eating given the salient sociocultural ideals around slimness and a fit body which muscularity can contradict (Thompson et al., 2004 ). Given that the current study predominantly included male cyclists, future research should strive for gender balance. This approach will allow for the generalizability of results as well as an exploration of potential gender differences in eating disorder symptoms among cyclists. Additionally, future research would benefit from a larger sample size so that the analysis is appropriately powered to detect potential interaction effects at play as well as a sample with more female cyclists. In conclusion, this study advances the current literature by providing a detailed examination of the eating psychopathology of cyclists. Cyclists represent an understudied population, who due to their body-related performance motivations, are potentially at increased likelihood of engaging in eating disorder symptoms. These findings highlight how the pursuit of either a thin or lean body may lead to this engagement in eating disorder symptoms. Additionally, these results demonstrate how prevention programs may benefit from educating cyclists on emotion regulation skills, especially those with higher levels of shape and weight concern. Furthermore, the results offer important insight into how shape and weight concern, drive for leanness, and emotion dysregulation are associated with both thinness-oriented and leanness- and muscularity-oriented eating disorder symptoms in cyclists. Declarations Conflicts of Interest/Disclosures: Nora Trompeter was supported by an Australian Government Research Training Program Scholarship for part of the duration of this project. Data availability Statement: Deidentified data are available upon request from the lead author (J.M.), pertaining to approval from the author’s institutional ethics committee. Authors' contributions: Jack Mazaraki: Conceptualization, Methodology, Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing - Original Draft, Project administration; Kay Bussey: Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing - Review & Editing, Supervision; Mitchel Cunningham: Conceptualization, Writing - Review & Editing; Tom Jewell: Writing - Review & Editing; Nora Trompeter: Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing - Review & Editing, Supervision. Funding Declaration: not applicable Clinical Trial Number: not applicable References Baghurst, T., & Lirgg, C. D. (2009). 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Supplementary Files Supplementary1.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 21 Nov, 2024 Read the published version in Journal of Eating Disorders → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 24 Apr, 2024 Reviews received at journal 28 Mar, 2024 Reviews received at journal 23 Mar, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 03 Mar, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 01 Mar, 2024 Reviewers invited by journal 28 Feb, 2024 Submission checks completed at journal 27 Feb, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 27 Feb, 2024 First submitted to journal 31 Jan, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-3914058","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":275279140,"identity":"df7296d4-b646-4b54-bc46-72d0553f00b0","order_by":0,"name":"Jack Mazaraki","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABBUlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACxgYGZiiTjeHAhwobkFjjAaK1HJxxJg0shlcLECC0MPO2HQYz8Wphbj/82OhGTZ28efuxxMM8Z87brW0/DLSlxiYap8N60oyTc46xGc45k3bg4JyK28nbziQCtRxLy23A6Zcc5sM5bDyMMxjSGw68OXM72ewAUAtjw2HcWvrfALX8k7Cfwf+84QBv27lks/MPCWiZkcOcnNtmkDhDAugw3rYDdmY3CNky45mxcW5fQvIMiWcJwEBOTjC7AbQlAY9fDPuTH0vnfKuzncGfZvzhQ4Wdvdn59IcPPtTY4NaCLpEIFkjAoRwE5NEF7PEoHgWjYBSMghEKABPJakK25yeAAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Macquarie University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jack","middleName":"","lastName":"Mazaraki","suffix":""},{"id":275279141,"identity":"8bff5266-3621-435f-b610-d6c8258a1b67","order_by":1,"name":"Kay Bussey","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Macquarie University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Kay","middleName":"","lastName":"Bussey","suffix":""},{"id":275279142,"identity":"0868132d-deab-42a8-8898-ed49a0f0ba5a","order_by":2,"name":"Mitchell Cunningham","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"The University of Sydney","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mitchell","middleName":"","lastName":"Cunningham","suffix":""},{"id":275279143,"identity":"c77f5e18-3063-4038-a701-ff09dd90ca2d","order_by":3,"name":"Tom Jewell","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"King's College London","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Tom","middleName":"","lastName":"Jewell","suffix":""},{"id":275279144,"identity":"9dfb45b3-0403-4fb0-a3e5-52b9220b805f","order_by":4,"name":"Nora Trompeter","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University College London","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Nora","middleName":"","lastName":"Trompeter","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-01-31 14:05:13","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3914058/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3914058/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-024-01109-6","type":"published","date":"2024-11-21T15:57:33+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":51834768,"identity":"287a370e-9530-4692-bdac-3fbbf084dd4f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-02-29 20:22:04","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":34729,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eModeration of the Effect of Shape and Weight Concern and Emotion Dysregulation on Muscularity-Oriented Eating Scores\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNote\u003c/em\u003e. Muscularity-Oriented Eating Scores and Shape and Weight Concern Scales are from 0 (low) – 7 (high)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3914058/v1/bc0a0e1b1d20665e4d6bbd2c.jpg"},{"id":69834875,"identity":"1beb2681-d155-43d1-bcb2-7b7a509e9909","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-11-25 16:09:50","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":877811,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3914058/v1/310ccf4d-aaa6-4d54-8cbd-f89cd04f4e39.pdf"},{"id":51834769,"identity":"2196baff-80f6-4b3f-bbea-5fbda3a9a389","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-02-29 20:22:05","extension":"docx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":14551,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Supplementary1.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3914058/v1/e0871305ac95c53832873085.docx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Thinness and Muscularity-Oriented Eating Disorder Symptoms: Investigating Body Image Concerns and the Moderating Role of Emotion Dysregulation in Cyclists","fulltext":[{"header":"Public significance statement","content":"\u003cp\u003eEating disorder symptoms are prevalent among athletes, especially those competing in endurance sports such as cycling. This study explored the relationship between body image concerns, emotion dysregulation and eating disorder symptoms (e.g., calorie restriction and excessive exercise) in cyclists. Results highlight how a desire for cyclists to be thin or lean is associated with the engagement of thinness and muscularity-oriented eating disorder symptoms. Additionally, the link between body image and muscularity-oriented eating disorder symptoms may be more pronounced amongst cyclists with higher emotion dysregulation.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe physical demands of endurance sports such as long-distance running, swimming and road cycling create a scenario where a body shape of lean muscle and low weight can serve as a competitive advantage (Reardon et al., 2019). In pursuit of performance, endurance athletes may place an overvaluation on body shape and fitness. A dysfunctional evaluation of self-worth that is based on this overvaluation of a lean body is thought to be a mechanism for eating disorder symptoms and behaviours that change one\u0026rsquo;s body accordingly (Fairburn et al., 2003). Leanness is defined as toned, physically fit muscles with low body fat (Smolak \u0026amp; Murnen, 2008). Competing in endurance sports, where a lean body is associated with performance and success, has been identified as a potential precursor for eating disorder\u0026nbsp;symptoms\u0026nbsp;(Sundgot‐Borgen \u0026amp; Torstveit, 2010). Road cycling is an endurance sport where cyclists, from casual to world level, ride on paved roadways competitively or for training purposes multiple times a week. In Australia, across all forms of cycling, weekly participation has increased from 13.8% in 2019 to 18.0% in 2021 with 22.9% of males and 13.6% of females cycling (Munro \u0026amp; Bolton, 2021).\u0026nbsp;It has been demonstrated that cyclists perceive leanness to be important for success (Schofield et al., 2020), and are\u0026nbsp;likely to be dissatisfied with their current body weight (Haakonssen et al., 2015).\u0026nbsp;Additionally, research has posited that athletes with a clinical eating disorder use exercise not only as a consistent strategy for weight control but also\u0026nbsp;as a maladaptive strategy to avoid negative mood states and stress (Fairburn et al., 2003; Szabo et al., 2015). In this light, cycling may serve to achieve weight loss whilst also aiding in the reduction and management of negative emotional states. Thus, the emotional regulation\u0026nbsp;skills of a cyclist may play a role in determining their likelihood of engaging in eating disorder\u0026nbsp;symptoms\u0026nbsp;that stem from feelings of body dissatisfaction. While there has been a large amount of\u0026nbsp;research into eating disorders in athlete populations (Bratland-Sanda \u0026amp; Sundgot-Borgen, 2013), there has been limited research on cyclists, as well as the role of emotion dysregulation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo date, only four studies have specifically investigated eating disorder symptoms in cyclists. In a sample of 42 male high-performance cyclists, Ferrand and Brunet (2004) found that 57% of the sample were found to be at risk of developing an eating disorder. Furthermore, Riebl et al. (2007) found that among 124 male cyclists and non-cyclist, cyclists were more likely to self-report eating disorder symptoms. Additionally, Koppenburg et al. (2022) examined eating disorder symptoms in a sample of 122 elite female cyclists finding that 59.9% of respondents were at risk of developing an eating disorder, 13.2% had been treated for a clinical eating disorder and 70.0% had been pressured to lose weight at some point in their career. Finally, in a sample of 4037 Spanish cyclists and triathletes, Muros et al. (2020) found that 19.8% of cyclists were at risk of developing an eating disorder and more likely to meet the criteria for an eating disorder compared to triathletes of whom 15.6% were at risk[1]. These results demonstrate that cyclists may be at a higher risk for engaging in eating disorder symptoms when compared to other endurance athletes and community norms due to the added emphasis that the physical requirements of the sport place on a lean physique for optimal performance.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAthletes typically experience risk factors that the general population are vulnerable to (i.e., weight stigma and body dissatisfaction), which are compounded with factors that are specific to sport (Stoyel et al., 2021). For cyclists, there is a widespread belief in the sport that a lower body weight equates to better performance (Haakonssen et al., 2015; Hoon et al., 2019). This desire for cyclists to maintain a high power-to-weight ratio by gaining musculature and efficiency as well as losing body weight, which is difficult to achieve, may further contribute to the development of eating disorder symptoms (Keay et al., 2019). The large weekly training volumes that many cyclists undertake (over 500km or 14 hours a week for professional cyclists; Sanch\u0026iacute;s-Gomar et al., 2011), result in high energy expenditure that is challenging to replenish through dietary intake (Schofield et al., 2020). Further, De Bruin and Oudejans (2018) reported that cyclists often decrease their food intake intending to create energy deficits. Thus, competitive cyclists may be especially susceptible to engaging in potentially harmful exercise and developing eating disorder symptoms.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe transdiagnostic model of eating disorders (CBT-E model) postulates that the central underlying mechanism for eating pathologies is a dysfunctional evaluation of self-worth based on the overvaluation of weight, shape and eating (Fairburn et al., 2003). It is an overvaluation of a thin body ideal that underlies this model, which has been demonstrated extensively to be a risk factor for eating disorder symptoms (Stice, 2002; Lavender et al., 2017). Several studies found that athletes who competed in sports, where it was advantageous to be of a lighter weight, had a higher drive for thinness than athletes who competed in non-weight-sensitive sports and the general population (Herbrich et al., 2011; Rousselet et al., 2016). Accordingly, two studies examining elite female and male road cyclists found that cyclists were weight-conscious, likely to be dissatisfied with their current body weight and 77% of the male cyclists had attempted or were currently attempting to lower their body weight (Haakonssen et al., 2015; Hoon et al., 2019). For cyclists, the performance increases that come from the reduction of body weight have the potential to create an overvaluation of weight and a thin shape that may lead to engagement in eating disorder symptoms. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHistorically, the CBT-E model has focused on the presentation of pathological eating behaviours and symptoms among women (Lavender et al., 2017), whereby, the development and maintenance of eating disorder symptoms\u0026nbsp;focus on an excessive drive for thinness (Murray et al., 2017). While this may capture traditional thinness-oriented\u0026nbsp;eating disorder\u0026nbsp;symptoms (i.e., fasting and fear of gaining weight), these criteria fail to accurately account for individuals whose eating pathology is centred around not being muscular or lean enough (Murray et al., 2016). It has been demonstrated that muscularity-oriented eating disorder symptoms are relevant, particularly for men, as well as athletes who compete in sports where strength or power output is important (Baghurst \u0026amp; Lirgg, 2009; Murray et al., 2017). Schofield and colleagues (2020) found that road cyclists perceived leanness to be vital for success highlighting the importance of examining leanness and muscularity-oriented symptoms when researching the sport.\u0026nbsp;Furthermore, prior research on athletes has demonstrated that endurance athletes may also perceive a greater pressure to be lean, which is associated with higher levels of\u0026nbsp;eating disorder symptoms\u0026nbsp;(Byrne \u0026amp; McLean, 2002). Thus, for some cyclists, a desire to be lean may develop into and maintain unhealthy eating symptoms to achieve performance gains and an idealised lean body. To investigate this possibility and to comprehensively explore the full spectrum of eating disorder symptoms of cyclists this study will explore both thinness-oriented and leanness- and muscularity-oriented symptoms.\u0026nbsp;Importantly, not all cyclists experience eating disorder symptoms. Therefore, it is pertinent to understand factors that may explain why some (and not other) cyclists are at risk of experiencing eating disorder symptoms.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe CBT-E model proposes mood intolerance, an important aspect of emotion dysregulation, as a maintenance factor for eating disorder symptoms (Fairburn et\u0026nbsp;al., 2003). Additionally, empirical evidence has highlighted the link between emotion dysregulation and the eating disorder-specific risk factors of body dissatisfaction, dietary restraint and driven exercise (Trompeter et al., 2021). While the relationship between emotion dysregulation and eating disorder\u0026nbsp;symptoms\u0026nbsp;in cyclists has not yet been explored, cyclists have been found to commonly display these eating disorder\u0026nbsp;symptoms\u0026nbsp;(Haakonssen et al., 2015;\u0026nbsp;De Bruin \u0026amp; Oudejans, 2018; Mayolas-Pi et al., 2017). Hence, emotion dysregulation may be a key target for treatment in this potentially at-risk cohort.\u0026nbsp;Emotion dysregulation refers to broader difficulties experienced when identifying one\u0026rsquo;s emotions and implementing adaptive regulatory strategies (Gratz \u0026amp; Roemer, 2008). It has been reported as an important transdiagnostic correlate of eating disorders, whereby people may use unhealthy eating and exercise behaviours to cope with negative emotions (Prefit et al., 2019; Trompeter et al., 2021). Additionally, research has demonstrated that emotion dysregulation is associated with body image concerns that stem around both thinness (Rufino et al., 2018), and\u0026nbsp;muscle dysmorphia symptoms\u0026nbsp;(Cunningham et al., 2020), further exhibiting the importance of measuring both thinness-oriented as well as leanness- and muscularity-oriented eating disorder symptoms simultaneously.\u0026nbsp;Specifically, cyclists may experience feelings of body dissatisfaction in their pursuit for a lean physique. When coupled with poor emotional regulation skills, this combination may increase the likelihood of engaging in eating disorder symptoms, serving as a temporary escape or distraction from emotional distress related to body dissatisfaction.\u0026nbsp;Furthermore, the transition from dietary restraint and driven exercise, which initially enhance performance, to potential eating disorder symptoms in cyclists may be influenced by the extent to which these behaviours serve as maladaptive strategies for coping with negative mood states and stress. Of the sparse literature on the role of emotion dysregulation and eating disorder\u0026nbsp;symptoms\u0026nbsp;in athletes, Shriver and colleagues (2016) found that female athletes who struggled to regulate their emotions had higher levels of eating disorder\u0026nbsp;symptoms. Thus, emotion dysregulation may influence whether cyclists who experience body dissatisfaction engage in eating disorder\u0026nbsp;symptoms.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe Current Study\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe factors which are associated with pathological eating behaviours and symptoms in cyclists are under-researched.\u0026nbsp;Investigating these factors may provide useful information on eating disorder prevention efforts in cyclists, as well as health promotion to encourage cyclists to engage in a lifestyle that is less likely to produce negative health outcomes.\u0026nbsp;As such, the current study aimed to address a key gap in the literature. Based on previous literature, two sets of hypotheses were generated, First, for thinness-oriented eating scores:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eH1a - Shape and weight concern and emotion dysregulation will both have a unique association with thinness-oriented eating scores.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eH1b \u0026ndash; Drive for leanness and emotion dysregulation will both have a unique association with thinness-oriented eating scores after.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eH1c \u0026ndash; Emotion dysregulation will moderate the association between\u0026nbsp;shape and weight concern\u0026nbsp;and thinness-oriented eating scores, and these associations will be stronger at higher levels of emotion dysregulation.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eH1d - Emotion dysregulation will moderate the association between\u0026nbsp;drive for leanness\u0026nbsp;and thinness-oriented eating scores, and these associations will be stronger at higher levels of emotion dysregulation.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSecond, for\u0026nbsp;muscularity-oriented eating\u0026nbsp;scores:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eH2a - Shape and weight concern and emotion dysregulation will both have a unique association with\u0026nbsp;muscularity-oriented eating\u0026nbsp;scores.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eH2b \u0026ndash; Drive for leanness and emotion dysregulation will both have a unique association with\u0026nbsp;muscularity-oriented eating\u0026nbsp;scores.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eH2c - Emotion dysregulation will moderate the association between\u0026nbsp;shape and weight concern\u0026nbsp;and\u0026nbsp;muscularity-oriented eating\u0026nbsp;scores, and these associations will be stronger at higher levels of emotion dysregulation.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eH2d - Emotion dysregulation will moderate the association between drive for leanness and muscularity-oriented eating scores, and these associations will be stronger at higher levels of emotion dysregulation.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e"},{"header":"Method","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eOpen Science Principles\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eBoth the study design and data analysis plan were pre-registered (\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://osf.io/jwzhg/?view_only=e92f3ffdfc054bf998d360989cd7bcc\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://osf.io/jwzhg/?view_only=e92f3ffdfc054bf998d360989cd7bcc\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e). All deviations from this plan are explicitly noted in the relevant sections below.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eParticipants\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAustralian residents over the age of 18 years were eligible to participate. Participants were recruited through Australian cycling clubs, social media including Facebook cycling pages and groups, and the Macquarie University research participation pool. While we originally planned to compare the eating disorder symptom levels and associations of interest between a cyclist and non-cyclist group, this was not possible due to significant differences in sociodemographic variables between the groups (differences between the two groups can be found in Supplementary 1).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRespondents included 112 men and 27 women aged between 18\u0026ndash;68 years (\u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;38.66, \u003cem\u003eSD\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;11.87). Of the cyclist respondents 21 (15.1%) were recruited through the Macquarie University research pool and 118 (84.9%) were recruited from community outlets. The level of events in which the cyclists competed were World (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4, 2.9%), National (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;13, 9.3%), State (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;21, 15.1%), Local (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;61, 43.8%), and Casual (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;40, 28.7%) riders. The sample consisted predominantly of competitive riders who rode in organised cycling events. All participants cycled for health and training purposes and did not cycle purely as a means of transportation (i.e., commuting to work). On average per week, cyclists rode for 10 hours and completed 90 minutes of resistance training.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eMeasures\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eShape and Weight Concern.\u003c/b\u003e Participants\u0026rsquo; shape and weight concern were assessed using the combined Shape Concern and Weight Concern subscales of the EDE-Q (Fairburn et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e). Participants were asked to rate the frequency/severity of their body image perceptions (e.g., \u0026ldquo;Have you had a definite desire to have a totally flat stomach?\u0026rdquo;) on a 7-point response scale (0\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u003cem\u003eNo days/Not at all\u003c/em\u003e to 6\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u003cem\u003eEveryday/Markedly\u003c/em\u003e). Previous factor analyses indicated that the two subscales can be combined into one factor due to their substantial overlap (Hilbert et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). The combined measure includes 12 items regarding body image concerns over the past 28 days. Items on the subscale were averaged to provide a total score across the 12 items, whereby higher scores indicate greater shape and weight concern. While the subscale has demonstrated good internal consistency in community samples (van Zutven et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR57\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e), it has yet to be validated in an athlete sample. In the present study, the scale demonstrated excellent internal consistency (\u003cem\u003eα\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.93).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eDrive for Leanness Scale\u003c/b\u003e. Participants' preferences toward a lean body were evaluated with the 6-item Drive for Leanness Scale (Smolak \u0026amp; Murnen, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e). The scales items (e.g., \u0026ldquo;It is important to have well-defined abs\u0026rdquo;) were measured on a 6-point response scale (1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u003cem\u003eNever\u003c/em\u003e to 6\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u003cem\u003eAlways\u003c/em\u003e). Higher mean scores indicate a greater drive for leanness. Evidence supports good internal consistency in community samples (Smolak \u0026amp; Murnen, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e), and athletes (Hartmann et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). In the present study, the scale demonstrated good internal consistency (\u003cem\u003eα\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.87).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eEmotion Dysregulation.\u003c/b\u003e Emotion dysregulation was evaluated using the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale \u0026ndash; Short Form (Kaufman et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). The measure is a shortened 18-item version of the original Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (Gratz \u0026amp; Roemer, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e). As with the original scale, the measure assesses six factors of emotion dysregulation, those being nonacceptance of emotional responses, difficulty engaging in goal-directed behaviour, impulse control difficulties, lack of emotional awareness, limited access to emotion regulation strategies, and lack of emotional clarity. Participants rated how often the statements apply to them on a 5-point response scale (1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u003cem\u003eAlmost Never\u003c/em\u003e to 5\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u003cem\u003eAlmost Always\u003c/em\u003e). A total score was obtained from a mean score of all items, where higher scores indicate greater difficulties in emotion regulation. Evidence supports good internal consistency in community samples (Kaufman et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e), and athletes (Hut et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). In the present study, the scale demonstrated good internal consistency (\u003cem\u003eα\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.89).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eThinness Oriented Eating.\u003c/b\u003e Specific items were taken from the Restraint subscale of Fairburn et al.\u0026rsquo;s (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e) EDE-Q to calculate a \u003cem\u003ethinness-oriented eating\u003c/em\u003e scores, as certain items in the EDE-Q were considered to not sufficiently differentiate between thinness-oriented or leanness-oriented eating disorder beliefs and symptoms. For example, the item \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003eHave you tried to follow definite rules regarding your eating in order to influence your shape or weight?\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e may map well onto both individuals who are dissatisfied that their shape is not thin enough and individuals who are dissatisfied that they are not lean or muscular enough. As such, the score consisted of the two items from the Restraint subscale that strictly measured thinness-oriented eating symptoms. Those being \u0026ldquo;Have you been deliberately trying to limit the amount of food you eat to influence your shape or weight (whether or not you have succeeded)?\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;Have you gone for long periods of time (8 waking hours or more) without eating anything at all in order to influence your shape or weight?\u0026rdquo; Items were averaged to provide a total score across the two items, whereby higher scores indicate greater thinness-oriented eating. In the present study, the correlation of the two items was moderate, indicating a good overlap between the two items, \u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e (298)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.57, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eMuscularity Oriented Eating.\u003c/b\u003e Participants\u0026rsquo; attitudes and behaviours concerning leanness and muscularity-oriented eating were assessed with the 27-item Eating for Muscularity scale (Cooper et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). The Eating for Muscularity scale assesses eating disorder attitudes and symptoms that are motivated by the pursuit of a lean, muscular body ideal. Participants were asked to rate the frequency/severity of their eating for muscularity symptoms (e.g., \u0026ldquo;I have used dieting methods to become more muscular\u0026rdquo;) on a 7-point response scale (0\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u003cem\u003eNo days/Not at all\u003c/em\u003e to 6\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u003cem\u003eEveryday/Markedly\u003c/em\u003e). A total score was obtained by averaging all items, with higher scores indicating greater eating disorder symptoms. The Eating for Muscularity scale has demonstrated high internal consistency (Cooper et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e), but has not yet been validated in an athlete population. In the present study, the scale demonstrated excellent internal consistency (\u003cem\u003eα\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.92)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eProcedure\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e The project was approved by the authors' Human Research Ethics Committee. All study materials were completed through a secure online interface Qualtrics. Participants provided informed consent and confirmed eligibility before responding to demographic questions and the study measures. The completion time for the survey was approximately 15 minutes. Participants entered a raffle draw for one of three \u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e50 gift vouchers. To ensure data quality 159 suspected bot respondents were screened and excluded from the survey.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eData Analytic Plan\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnalyses were conducted with STATA version 17. Due to significant differences in sociodemographic variables between the cyclists and non-cyclists, we proceeded by focusing on the cyclist group and did not examine the Multivariate Analysis of Covariance to examine group differences, as was presented in the pre-registration.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDue to their association with eating disorder characteristics, gender, age, and body mass index (BMI) were controlled for (Hay et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). For Hypotheses 1a \u0026ndash; 2d, to examine the unique association between shape and weight concern and drive for leanness with emotion dysregulation on each outcome variable (thinness-oriented eating and muscularity-oriented eating scores), four separate hierarchical regression analyses were conducted. For each regression model, the control variables (gender, age, and BMI) were entered in step 1. Secondly, emotion dysregulation and shape and weight concern/drive for leanness were entered in step 2. Finally, the interaction term (emotion dysregulation x shape and weight concern/drive for leanness) was added in step 3.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFirst, descriptive statistics were calculated for the variables of interest. Assumptions were then tested to assess the distributions of the variables. While the assumption for multicollinearity was met, the assumption of normality was not met. We used Spearman\u0026rsquo;s correlation analysis, as well as bias-corrected bootstrapping based on 1000 resamples for each regression model to account for these violations. Bootstrapping analyses were carried out to provide 95% confidence intervals. This approach has been argued to provide robust results when the assumption of normality is violated and is considered more favourable compared to other methods like transformations or relying on the robustness of F-tests and t-tests (Field \u0026amp; Wilcox, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). Significant interaction terms were probed using simple slope analysis at low (-1 SD), average and high levels (+\u0026thinsp;1 SD) of the variables of interest.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFive per cent of participants\u0026rsquo; responses were missing and were considered missing at random (Little MCAR test: \u003cem\u003eχ2\u003c/em\u003e(44)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;51.05, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.216). Therefore, listwise deletion was applied across analyses (Tabachnick et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSample Characteristics\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeans and standard deviations of measures among cyclists are presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. In the current study, 26% of cyclists scored above the EDE-Q global gender unique clinical cutoff (\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;2.3 for women and \u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;1.68 for men; Mond et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e, Schaefer et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e) for likelihood of eating disorder.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCorrelations\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e presents the correlations between study variables. For cyclists, thinness-oriented eating scores had a significant positive association with both shape and weight concern and drive for leanness, and a non-significant association with emotion dysregulation. Additionally, muscularity-oriented eating scores had a significant positive association with shape and weight concern, drive for leanness and emotion dysregulation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eRegression Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eThinness-Oriented Eating (Outcome Criterion) \u0026ndash; Associations with Shape and Weight Concern and Emotion Dysregulation.\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs can be seen in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, higher levels of shape and weight concern were associated with higher levels of thinness-oriented eating. Additionally, emotion dysregulation was not significantly related to thinness-oriented eating.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMeans and Standard Deviations of Demographic Variables and Study Measures\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e (\u003cem\u003eSD\u003c/em\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGender (% female)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge (in years)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.66 (11.87)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBody Mass Index\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.58 (3.93)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eShape and weight concern\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.66 (1.31)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDrive for leanness\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.57 (0.70)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmotion dysregulation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.08 (0.56)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThinness-oriented eating\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.51 (1.42)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMuscularity-oriented eating\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.90 (0.84)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThus, Hypothesis 1a was partially supported. Additionally, the interaction between emotion dysregulation and shape and weight concern was not significant. Therefore, Hypothesis 1c was not supported.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eThinness-Oriented Eating (Outcome Criterion) \u0026ndash; Associations with Drive for Leanness and Emotion Dysregulation.\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs can be seen in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, regarding thinness-oriented eating and Hypothesis 1b, both main effects were significant, whereby higher levels of drive for leanness, as well as emotion dysregulation, were associated with higher levels of thinness-oriented eating. Thus, Hypothesis 1b was fully supported.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdditionally, to test Hypothesis 1d, the significance of the interaction term between emotion dysregulation and drive for leanness on thinness-oriented eating was assessed. The results revealed that the interaction was not significant and therefore Hypothesis 1d was not supported.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSpearman\u0026rsquo;s Correlations between Key Study Variables\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1. Shape and weight concern\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2. Drive for leanness\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e.26**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3. Emotion Dysregulation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e.30**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4. Thinness-oriented eating\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e.62**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e.31**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5. Muscularity-oriented eating\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e.48**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e.47**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e.22*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e.64**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6. Age (in years)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.22*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7. Body Mass Index\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e.26**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eNote.\u003c/em\u003e Significant correlations are bolded. *p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.05, ** p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.01\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eMuscularity-Oriented Eating (Outcome Criterion) \u0026ndash; Associations with Shape and Weight Concern and Emotion Dysregulation.\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs can be seen in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, regarding muscularity-oriented eating scores and Hypothesis 2a, only shape and weight concern had a significant main effect, whereby higher levels of shape and weight concern were associated with higher levels of muscularity-oriented eating scores. Thus, Hypothesis 2a was partially supported.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdditionally, to test Hypothesis 2c, the significance of the interaction term between emotion dysregulation and shape and weight concern on muscularity-oriented eating scores was assessed. The results revealed that the interaction term between emotion dysregulation and shape and weight concern emerged as significant, whereby emotion dysregulation intensified the relationship. Simple slopes revealed that the association between shape and weight concern and muscularity-oriented eating scores was significant at low levels (β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.64, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.007), average levels (β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.74, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001), and high levels (β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.84, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001) of emotion dysregulation (see Fig.\u0026nbsp;1). Thus, Hypothesis 2c was fully supported.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eThinness-Oriented Eating and Muscularity-Oriented Eating Scores Regressed on Shape and Weight Concern and Emotion Dysregulation for Cyclists\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThinness-Oriented Eating Scores\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMuscularity-Oriented Eating Scores\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eβ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eσ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95% CI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eβ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eσ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95% CI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStep 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[-.03, .02]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[-.02, .01]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[-.28, 1.14]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[-.12, .60]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBMI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[-.03, .08]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[-.04, .03]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({R}^{2}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e adjusted\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.010\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStep 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eShape and Weight Concern\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e[.54, .89]**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e[.25, .51]**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmotion Dysregulation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[-.42, .52]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[-.12, .42]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({R}^{2}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e change\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.343\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.360\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStep 3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSWC x Emotion Dysregulation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[-.25, .37]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e[.00, .30]*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({R}^{2}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e change\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.041\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({R}^{2}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e adjusted\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.343\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.401\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eNote\u003c/em\u003e. Shape and weight concern\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;SWC; Confidence Interval\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;CI; Bias corrected beta coefficients are reported (β). Bootstrap standard error (σ). Bootstrap bias-corrected confidence values are reported. Reference category for gender was \u0026lsquo;Male\u0026rsquo;. Significant associations are bolded. *p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.05, **p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.01\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eThinness-Oriented Eating and Muscularity-Oriented Eating Scores Regressed on Drive for Leanness and Emotion Dysregulation for Cyclists\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThinness-Oriented Eating Scores\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMuscularity-Oriented Eating Scores\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eβ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eσ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95% CI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eβ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eσ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95% CI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStep 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDrive For Leanness\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e[.32, 1.03]**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e[.21, .55]**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmotion Dysregulation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e[.16, 1.20]*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e[.26, .76]**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({R}^{2}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e change\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.144\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.205\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStep 3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDFL x Emotion Dysregulation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[-.31, 1.15]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[-.20, .52]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({R}^{2}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e change\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.004\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.005\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({R}^{2}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e adjusted\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e.148\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e.210\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eNote\u003c/em\u003e. DFL\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Drive for Leanness; Confidence Interval\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;CI; Bias corrected beta coefficients are reported (β). Bootstrap standard error (σ). Bootstrap bias-corrected confidence values are reported. Reference category for gender was \u0026lsquo;Male\u0026rsquo;. Significant associations are bolded. *p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.05, **p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.01\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAs can be seen in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, regarding muscularity-oriented eating and Hypothesis 2b, both the main effect of drive for leanness and emotion dysregulation on muscularity-oriented eating scores were significant, whereby higher levels of drive for leanness, as well as emotion dysregulation, were associated with higher levels of muscularity-oriented eating scores. Thus, Hypothesis 2b was fully supported.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdditionally, to test Hypothesis 2d, the significance of the interaction term between emotion dysregulation and drive for leanness on muscularity-oriented eating was assessed. The results revealed that the interaction was not significant and therefore Hypothesis 2d was not supported.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe present study investigated both thinness- and muscularity-oriented disordered eating in relation to body concerns of cyclists, and the moderating role of emotion dysregulation. Previous studies have explored eating disorder symptoms in athletes and cyclists specifically, however, none have assessed the full spectrum of eating disorder symptoms that athletes may experience (Murray et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). Given the limited research on eating disorder symptoms in cycling despite its growing popularity, it is important to better understand what factors may be contributing to the development of and engagement in eating disorder symptoms in the sport.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe hypotheses that shape and weight concern, drive for leanness, and emotion dysregulation would be uniquely associated with thinness-oriented and leanness- and muscularity-oriented eating were partially supported. While shape and weight concern and drive for leanness both had unique positive associations with thinness-oriented eating, emotion dysregulation was found to only have a unique positive association with thinness-oriented eating when drive for leanness was held constant but not shape and weight concern. The results were consistent for both thinness-oriented and muscularity-oriented eating. These findings further support the CBT-E model, underscoring the importance of overvaluation of shape and weight in eating disorder pathology, whether it is a concern with being too large or not lean enough (Fairburn et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther, the present study sought to examine the moderating effect of emotion dysregulation with shape and weight concern regarding muscularity-oriented eating disorder symptoms. Findings demonstrated that emotion dysregulation moderated the association between shape and weight concern and muscularity-oriented eating. Specifically, the strongest association between shape and weight concern and muscularity-oriented eating scores was observed among cyclists with the highest levels of emotion dysregulation. This highlights that emotion dysregulation and shape and weight concern may have a multiplicative effect on muscularity-oriented eating scores and represents a novel finding for engagement in muscularity-oriented eating disorder symptoms. These results are in line with dimensional frameworks of psychopathology that suggest symptoms arise from a combination of syndrome-specific moderators and transdiagnostic risk factors, in this case, shape and weight concern and emotion dysregulation (Forbes et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Nolen-Hoeksema \u0026amp; Watkins, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e). For cyclists, whose body composition is intrinsically linked to performance, these findings suggest that any perceived shortcomings of body shape may be experienced particularly negatively and result in the engagement of muscularity-oriented eating symptoms to bring about desirable body changes. These findings are in line with that of Racine et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e) who established that among adolescent and young women, eating disorder symptoms (i.e., body dissatisfaction, appearance pressures) moderated the association between the transdiagnostic factor of negative urgency (impulsive behaviour in response to distress, which has been closely linked to emotion dysregulation; Juarascio et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) and binge eating. Furthermore, these findings extend upon prior research by Murray et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e) and Murray et al. (2013) that demonstrated difficulty in emotion regulation was related to muscularity-oriented eating disorder symptoms, highlighting that high levels of body dissatisfaction may intensify the relationship.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMoreover, the present study sought to examine the moderating effect of emotion dysregulation with shape and weight concern in regard to thinness-oriented eating. Findings revealed that emotion dysregulation did not moderate the association between shape and weight concern and thinness-oriented eating symptoms. The difference in the moderating role of emotion dysregulation between muscularity-oriented eating and thinness-oriented eating scores may be due to the sample being comprised predominantly of males. Past research has identified that males endorse a focus on gaining leanness and muscularity over a desire to be thin (Lavender et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). Therefore, the variance that could be accounted for by thinness-oriented eating symptoms in the sample may have been limited and highlights the need to use multiple measures to assess eating disorder symptoms.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe hypotheses that emotion dysregulation would moderate the association between shape and weight concern and drive for leanness with thinness-oriented eating were not supported. Findings tentatively suggest that rather than having a multiplicative effect, emotion dysregulation and drive for leanness each had unique, additive associations with thinness-oriented eating disorder symptoms. Further, they revealed that when emotion dysregulation and shape and weight concern are examined together, only shape and weight concern had a unique positive association with thinness-oriented eating disorder symptoms. These results align with the CBT-E model, which posits that shape and weight concerns are a core factor of all eating disorder behaviours. In contrast, emotion dysregulation is associated only with purging and binge eating which were not specifically measured in the present study (Fairburn et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e). These findings are in line with the research of Trompeter et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e) that examined the interaction of shape and weight concern and emotion dysregulation in adolescents, finding that shape and weight concern had a unique association with engaging in fasting and driven exercise while emotion dysregulation had no unique association with these eating disorder symptoms. Thus, highlighting the suitability of replicating the investigation of the role of emotion dysregulation and eating disorder symptoms in this sample of cyclists.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe combined shape and weight concern scale measured in this study broadly encompasses multiple aspects of shape- and weight-related attitudes, including an over-valuation of shape and weight, and fear of weight gain (Fairburn et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e). In contrast, drive for leanness does not emphasize extreme thinness or muscularity exclusively and instead represents an athletic body composition that is low in body fat with toned muscles (Smolak \u0026amp; Murnen, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e). In the present study, differences in the association of emotion dysregulation and eating disorder symptoms, when controlling for shape and weight concern or drive for leanness, suggest that a lean body ideal may not be related to emotion dysregulation when explaining eating disorder symptoms. There appear to be two potential reasons for this finding. First, negative emotions that arise for cyclists may stem more from body dissatisfaction that is oriented towards not being thin enough rather than not being lean enough. Thus, explaining the unique variance that arose for emotion dysregulation and drive for leanness. However, this is contrary to prior findings that demonstrated individuals who have a desire for a lean muscular body show the same risk of exhibiting unhealthy behavioural (i.e., compulsive exercise, fasting) and psychological (i.e., negative emotional states) outcomes as those with a desire to be thin (Uhlmann et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR56\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Secondly, questions asked in the Shape and Weight Concern scale explicitly assess the relationship between body dissatisfaction and negative emotions (i.e., \u0026ldquo;How uncomfortable have you felt seeing your body?\u0026rdquo;). On the other hand, questions asked in the Drive for Leanness scale are more oriented towards lean body ideal preferences (i.e., \u0026ldquo;I think the best looking bodies are well-toned\u0026rdquo;) and not how an inability to attain such ideals influences emotions. Therefore, disparities in how the two separate constructs are measured may instead be influencing why their relationship with emotion dysregulation differs. Ultimately, however, these results highlight that a drive for a lean muscular body may play a role in the domain of eating disorder psychopathology and particularly for athletes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe findings from the present study have important implications for prevention and intervention programs aimed at reducing eating disorder symptoms among cyclists. First, our study extends upon prior eating disorder symptom research as well as the CBT-E model indicating that in addition to shape and weight concern, a well-established disorder-specific risk factor (Fairburn et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e), emotion dysregulation and drive for leanness may play an important role in the engagement of eating disorder symptoms for competitive road cyclists. In pursuit of performance increases, cyclists may engage in training methods (i.e., exercise, caloric restriction) that can indistinguishably turn into eating disorder symptoms. As argued in previous research on eating disorder symptoms in athletes, certain training and eating behaviours may reflect a rational response to achieving a lean body composition rather than psychopathology (Byrne \u0026amp; McLean, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e). However, with this lean ideal regularly being portrayed in society and the sport as a benchmark of physical health and peak performance it is important that cyclists are aware of the potential risks of having a desire for a thin or lean body (Tiggemann \u0026amp; Zacarrdo, 2016). This is especially true when feelings of body dissatisfaction are motivating the desire to alter body shape and size. Furthermore, it is important that cyclists and coaches are cognisant of when training is being used to deal with negative emotions that arise from feelings of body dissatisfaction or other facets of life. Therefore, prevention programs for cyclists may benefit from targeting these variables, focusing on the development of better emotional coping skills and promoting positive body image in the sport.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdditionally, the current study has important theoretical implications. Traditionally, etiological models of the psychopathology of eating disorders, such as the CBT-E model, have focussed on the overvaluation of a thin body ideal in underpinning eating disorder symptoms (Fairburn et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e). However, in line with recent research, the present study demonstrated how an overvaluation of a muscular and lean body may also underpin eating disorder symptoms in cyclists (Murray et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). These results provide further evidence for the need to modify traditional eating disorder conceptualizations and prevention approaches to better address and mitigate eating disorder pathology that is oriented towards leanness and muscularity. While also highlighting the importance of looking at different forms of eating disorder symptoms (i.e., thinness and muscularity oriented) in research. Furthermore, our findings exhibited how emotion dysregulation was uniquely associated with both thinness and muscularity-oriented eating disorder symptoms. Therefore, the present findings suggest that similar development and maintenance factors may extend to muscular-oriented eating symptoms and warrant further investigation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhile the present study had several strengths, including measuring both thinness and muscularity-oriented eating disorder symptoms simultaneously, several limitations should also be considered. First, the current study relied on cross-sectional data. Albeit the variables in the study displayed significant associations with each other, no inferences can be made regarding the temporal and casual nature of the relationships studied here. Additionally, a two-item measure was used to measure fear of weight gain. As such, the thinness-oriented eating score may not fully capture the complexity of this construct. In saying this, the use of a reduced EDE-Q Restraint subscale or a single item to assess fear of weight gain has been employed in several prior studies to gauge thinness-oriented eating (Levinson et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Messer et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Furthermore, the global indicator of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale \u0026ndash; Short Form was utilised and not the sub-scales (i.e., non-acceptance of emotional responses, lack of emotional awareness). As such, future research should look at potential sub-scale relations for cyclists to thinness-oriented and muscularity-oriented eating symptoms. Additionally, due to the necessity to omit the non-cyclist control group that arose from significant differences in sociodemographic variables, we were unable to determine how the relationships evidenced here differed between cyclists and non-cyclists. It is important then that future research investigates if selection effects were present in the current study. This may allow for more accurate information on how prevention and education programs are utilised to encourage cyclists to engage in a lifestyle and training that is less likely to produce negative health outcomes. Moreover, research has demonstrated that females may be averse to muscularity-oriented eating given the salient sociocultural ideals around slimness and a fit body which muscularity can contradict (Thompson et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e). Given that the current study predominantly included male cyclists, future research should strive for gender balance. This approach will allow for the generalizability of results as well as an exploration of potential gender differences in eating disorder symptoms among cyclists. Additionally, future research would benefit from a larger sample size so that the analysis is appropriately powered to detect potential interaction effects at play as well as a sample with more female cyclists.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn conclusion, this study advances the current literature by providing a detailed examination of the eating psychopathology of cyclists. Cyclists represent an understudied population, who due to their body-related performance motivations, are potentially at increased likelihood of engaging in eating disorder symptoms. These findings highlight how the pursuit of either a thin or lean body may lead to this engagement in eating disorder symptoms. Additionally, these results demonstrate how prevention programs may benefit from educating cyclists on emotion regulation skills, especially those with higher levels of shape and weight concern. Furthermore, the results offer important insight into how shape and weight concern, drive for leanness, and emotion dysregulation are associated with both thinness-oriented and leanness- and muscularity-oriented eating disorder symptoms in cyclists.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflicts of Interest/Disclosures:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNora Trompeter was supported by an Australian Government Research Training Program Scholarship for part of the duration of this project.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData availability Statement:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDeidentified data are available upon request from the lead author (J.M.), pertaining to approval from the author\u0026rsquo;s institutional ethics committee.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026apos; contributions:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eJack Mazaraki:\u003c/strong\u003e Conceptualization, Methodology, Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing - Original Draft, Project administration;\u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003eKay Bussey:\u003c/strong\u003e Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing - Review \u0026amp; Editing, Supervision;\u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003eMitchel Cunningham:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eConceptualization, Writing - Review \u0026amp; Editing;\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Tom Jewell:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eWriting - Review \u0026amp; Editing;\u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003eNora Trompeter:\u003c/strong\u003e Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing - Review \u0026amp; Editing, Supervision.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFunding Declaration: not applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eClinical Trial Number: not applicable\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBaghurst, T., \u0026amp; Lirgg, C. 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Emotion dysregulation across the span of eating disorder symptoms: Findings from a community sample of adolescents. \u003cem\u003eInternational Journal Of Eating Disorders\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e54\u003c/em\u003e(11), 1946-1955. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.23609\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTrompeter, N., Bussey, K., Forbes, M., Hay, P., Goldstein, M., \u0026amp; Thornton, C. et al. (2022). Emotion Dysregulation and Eating Disorder Symptoms: Examining Distinct Associations and Interactions in Adolescents. \u003cem\u003eResearch On Child And Adolescent Psychopathology\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e50\u003c/em\u003e(5), 683-694. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-022-00898-1\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eUhlmann, L., Donovan, C. L., Zimmer‐Gembeck, M. J., Bell, H., \u0026amp; Ramme, R. A. (2018). The fit beauty ideal: A healthy alternative to thinness or a wolf in sheep\u0026rsquo;s clothing? \u003cem\u003eBody Image\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e25\u003c/em\u003e, 23\u0026ndash;30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2018.01.005\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003evan Zutven, K., Mond, J., Latner, J., \u0026amp; Rodgers, B. (2014). Obesity and psychosocial impairment: mediating roles of health status, weight/shape concerns and binge eating in a community sample of women and men. \u003cem\u003eInternational Journal Of Obesity\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e39\u003c/em\u003e(2), 346-352. https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2014.100\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Footnotes","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003e Triathletes specialise in three endurance sports, those being swimming, running and cycling.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"journal-of-eating-disorders","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"joed","sideBox":"Learn more about [Journal of Eating Disorders](http://jeatdisord.biomedcentral.com)","snPcode":"40337","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/40337/3","title":"Journal of Eating Disorders","twitterHandle":"@JEatDisord","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC/SO AJ","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Athletes, Cyclists, Weight and shape concerns, Drive for leanness, Emotion dysregulation","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3914058/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3914058/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eObjective\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA lean muscular body of low weight is often associated with performance for cyclists and can be difficult to achieve. In the pursuit of performance, eating disorder symptomatology may be experienced. Further, the training that some cyclists engage in may aid in the reduction and management of negative emotional states that arise from body dissatisfaction. While research in athlete populations has been substantial, eating disorder symptoms in cyclists remain a relatively under-explored topic. The current study examined whether shape and weight concern and drive for leanness were associated with thinness and muscularity-oriented eating disorder symptoms and whether these relations were moderated by emotion dysregulation. Interactions between these factors were also investigated.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethod\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eParticipants were 139 Australian competitive cyclists (112 males, 27 females, aged 18\u0026ndash;68 years) who completed a self-report questionnaire comprised of measures of shape and weight concern, drive for leanness, thinness-oriented eating, muscularity-oriented eating and emotion dysregulation variables.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eShape and weight concern and drive for leanness both had a unique association with thinness-oriented and muscularity-oriented eating scores. Emotion dysregulation was found to have a unique association with thinness-oriented and muscularity-oriented eating scores when controlling for drive for leanness, but not when shape and weight concern was controlled. Additionally, emotion dysregulation moderated the association between shape and weight concern and muscularity-oriented eating scores, whereby the relationship was intensified at higher levels of emotion dysregulation.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eDiscussion\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eOur study has extended the literature by indicating that cyclists' desire to attain a lean muscular body of low weight is associated with eating disorder symptoms. Further, emotion dysregulation moderated this link, suggesting it could be a maintaining factor worth addressing.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Thinness and Muscularity-Oriented Eating Disorder Symptoms: Investigating Body Image Concerns and the Moderating Role of Emotion Dysregulation in Cyclists","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-02-29 20:22:00","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3914058/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2024-04-24T14:29:42+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-03-28T22:33:18+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-03-23T20:36:30+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"0b87aa05-d505-4f30-a19a-f7e211e5f20d","date":"2024-03-04T00:59:43+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"59c66c8b-bb8b-42a3-9ba5-4890d151ab95","date":"2024-03-01T20:25:22+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2024-02-29T02:50:30+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2024-02-27T23:00:50+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-02-27T23:00:50+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Journal of Eating Disorders","date":"2024-01-31T13:49:11+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"journal-of-eating-disorders","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"joed","sideBox":"Learn more about [Journal of Eating Disorders](http://jeatdisord.biomedcentral.com)","snPcode":"40337","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/40337/3","title":"Journal of Eating Disorders","twitterHandle":"@JEatDisord","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC/SO AJ","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"9386fd90-5511-4493-a86d-ff540e0f36f8","owner":[],"postedDate":"February 29th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-11-25T16:02:05+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-3914058","link":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-024-01109-6","journal":{"identity":"journal-of-eating-disorders","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Journal of Eating Disorders"},"publishedOn":"2024-11-21 15:57:33","publishedOnDateReadable":"November 21st, 2024"},"versionCreatedAt":"2024-02-29 20:22:00","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1186/s40337-024-01109-6","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-024-01109-6","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-3914058","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-3914058","identity":"rs-3914058","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}