Analysis of the Performance of Abandoned Oil Wells Converted To Geothermal Heat Exchangers for Energy Production

Analysis of the Performance of Abandoned Oil Wells Converted To Geothermal Heat Exchangers for Energy Production | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Systematic Review Analysis of the Performance of Abandoned Oil Wells Converted To Geothermal Heat Exchangers for Energy Production Yassine TAIBI, Benaoumeur AOUR, Mekki LARABI, Kaddour SADEK, Abdellatif OUDRANE This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7567829/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 12 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Geothermal energy is a promising technology that can harness an abundant and sustainable resource for large-scale energy generation. This study investigates the thermal behavior of a deep borehole heat exchanger (DBHE) with a depth of 3030 m, located in Algeria. The analysis is based on a numerical model developed using ANSYS-CFX to simulate fluid–soil heat transfer over long operating periods. The borehole is modeled as a U-tube heat exchanger inserted into a stratified geological formation with distinct thermophysical properties. Simulation results reveal that the soil temperature decreases gradually during the first years of operation, and the system reaches quasi-steady-state conditions after approximately five years, as the rate of temperature decline becomes negligible. The influence of flow velocity and inlet temperature on the thermal performance of the system is also investigated. Results demonstrate that increasing the flow velocity enhances heat extraction, while lower inlet temperatures significantly improve the long-term stability of the exchanger. A simulation with a 3030 m depth, 0.01 m diameter, 303.15 K inlet temperature, and 0.5 m/s inlet velocity predicted a 366 K outlet temperature after five years. This work highlights the potential of deep abandoned oil wells in Algeria to be repurposed for geothermal applications, contributing to the diversification of sustainable energy resources. Geothermal energy abandoned petroleum wells Finite volume Heat transfer Borehole heat exchanger Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 04 Jan, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 30 Dec, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 30 Dec, 2025 Reviews received at journal 22 Dec, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 22 Dec, 2025 Reviews received at journal 17 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 28 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 27 Oct, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 27 Oct, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 22 Oct, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 09 Sep, 2025 First submitted to journal 08 Sep, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7567829","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Systematic Review","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":538526082,"identity":"fc1f6e17-80e5-4483-a1d2-5ac837993723","order_by":0,"name":"Yassine TAIBI","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA6ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFACxjaGBBDNDMQfGCDsD/g08CBrYZwB0QKi8WlhYINzmHmI0WLPfrjtwcM2O3v5dt6Dj23b7PL42RsYmyvw2cKT2G6Q2JacuOEwX7JxbltysWTPAcbGM3gdltgmkdjGnGDAzGMmndvGnLjhRgL7wwZ8WvgfgrTU28s385j/tmyrB2lhbMSrRQJsy2HGhsM8ZsyMbYeJ0HLjYbtBwrnjQL/wGEv2ABkzew424tXC3p/+7OGPsmp7+f4zhh+AjMR+9uaDeLWAASMbCoORoAYg+IPBGAWjYBSMglGAAACm40+/UNfk3QAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"National Polytechnic School -Maurice Audin","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yassine","middleName":"","lastName":"TAIBI","suffix":""},{"id":538526083,"identity":"afd3a8d1-d86a-47ec-8cee-32ac5b8a14fe","order_by":1,"name":"Benaoumeur AOUR","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"National Polytechnic School -Maurice Audin","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Benaoumeur","middleName":"","lastName":"AOUR","suffix":""},{"id":538526084,"identity":"153c8c18-67f1-44fc-a73b-cda83187c36d","order_by":2,"name":"Mekki LARABI","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"National Polytechnic School -Maurice Audin","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mekki","middleName":"","lastName":"LARABI","suffix":""},{"id":538526085,"identity":"08cbb659-1982-4730-862f-898179704f39","order_by":3,"name":"Kaddour SADEK","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"National Polytechnic School -Maurice Audin","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Kaddour","middleName":"","lastName":"SADEK","suffix":""},{"id":538526086,"identity":"642e1a9d-dab3-4e6f-a053-f0a83b78a997","order_by":4,"name":"Abdellatif OUDRANE","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Ahmed Draia University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Abdellatif","middleName":"","lastName":"OUDRANE","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-09-08 23:08:06","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7567829/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7567829/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":95314972,"identity":"585a4c2c-f988-4468-8dd3-dbdf2052a015","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-06 15:53:34","extension":"docx","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":11436353,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Taibietalpaper.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7567829/v1/47ec4141c5878c26053404a1.docx"},{"id":95314783,"identity":"4e958a6c-b902-4ba8-912c-3c7feede15b7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-06 15:53:19","extension":"json","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":6538,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"68b40f52f1ff4356bb78c9e00f43ae36.json","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7567829/v1/b43e7e8de1e6b779712dbfa2.json"},{"id":95314887,"identity":"d013aefe-7b14-4120-aa68-6f343f908624","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-06 15:53:26","extension":"xml","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":120298,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"68b40f52f1ff4356bb78c9e00f43ae361enriched.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7567829/v1/4f9629128c07d07c833f6021.xml"},{"id":95308696,"identity":"b4f8d3f1-c36a-460e-8ee6-ee07cb20d5bb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-06 15:04:09","extension":"jpeg","order_by":3,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1074,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7567829/v1/c9ecc5507ca098df048bf250.jpeg"},{"id":95314893,"identity":"73f3f602-6da4-4ae4-bfcb-5956c8c20e22","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-06 15:53:26","extension":"jpeg","order_by":4,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1074,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7567829/v1/bb69278cc25133fb97c1f87e.jpeg"},{"id":95314740,"identity":"0b8c3dde-a5b2-432e-a161-f57e1a8ddc69","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-06 15:53:16","extension":"jpeg","order_by":5,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1074,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7567829/v1/afa705560f2fbeae1cf76ebf.jpeg"},{"id":95308699,"identity":"341e9ffe-d003-4982-adb2-30bc07cdf2f4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-06 15:04:09","extension":"jpeg","order_by":6,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1074,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7567829/v1/8ea132e84f658fa37fc46882.jpeg"},{"id":95308714,"identity":"1902d950-9e9d-41ab-9c74-bc4114f39fca","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-06 15:04:09","extension":"emf","order_by":7,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":97792,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage13.emf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7567829/v1/88e5ba9ac8fd7849af8c21c2.emf"},{"id":95523725,"identity":"bebfe065-e964-4aaa-a197-bd17be136704","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-10 10:00:24","extension":"jpeg","order_by":8,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":242335,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage14.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7567829/v1/ea1d5ccb30f3c5768df8aa89.jpeg"},{"id":95308702,"identity":"c2a5a3e2-92b6-449b-ae65-1a6c7c222b28","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-06 15:04:09","extension":"jpeg","order_by":9,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1074,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7567829/v1/4155bad0a21385b7eed8dcdc.jpeg"},{"id":95308700,"identity":"80c38120-aafd-430a-aad6-64592ba3acfb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-06 15:04:09","extension":"jpeg","order_by":10,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1074,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7567829/v1/102c1cb68006f88db3582d53.jpeg"},{"id":95314808,"identity":"da500d6e-223b-4cdb-a91a-9b52a710982a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-06 15:53:20","extension":"jpeg","order_by":11,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1074,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7567829/v1/3ee06e7aa7809229be6e44c6.jpeg"},{"id":95314937,"identity":"cb6c73fb-5bac-4be1-a8b7-e56f1bc7ba8a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-06 15:53:31","extension":"jpeg","order_by":12,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1074,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7567829/v1/9d6f2a3a4c0133fd5f058a52.jpeg"},{"id":95315099,"identity":"c379415b-0356-4655-b0cb-85417ef442ef","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-06 15:53:50","extension":"jpeg","order_by":13,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1074,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7567829/v1/9d83d3d866ebb417b80fae15.jpeg"},{"id":95315001,"identity":"7c748436-27b5-431f-8ea3-113901331783","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-06 15:53:38","extension":"jpeg","order_by":14,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":206575,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7567829/v1/7dbc730ddc07e2ab5fffe2bd.jpeg"},{"id":95315037,"identity":"f3359e5c-efc4-499d-95a3-7b6c94cec355","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-06 15:53:43","extension":"jpeg","order_by":15,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1074,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7567829/v1/5bece66e815b808692823e7c.jpeg"},{"id":95524062,"identity":"ef02a39b-2a29-4918-b042-7b54be8c9bc9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-10 10:02:05","extension":"jpeg","order_by":16,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1074,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7567829/v1/6e26ef2b82aa11fb80e5c542.jpeg"},{"id":95314753,"identity":"fb3bd1dd-137b-48e9-a43e-2e45ef4320f3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-06 15:53:18","extension":"jpeg","order_by":17,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1074,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7567829/v1/95129a2fc9a6b019d9556825.jpeg"},{"id":95308719,"identity":"f6de9759-73be-4f6a-8388-8757910e8aa2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-06 15:04:09","extension":"emf","order_by":18,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":81152,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage7.emf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7567829/v1/812b0c40a42bfe33cd03f03e.emf"},{"id":95308726,"identity":"db632a96-26cc-4cc2-aa19-c414fbea1b99","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-06 15:04:10","extension":"emf","order_by":19,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":42644,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage8.emf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7567829/v1/2a7b4fe26408b64deaa65544.emf"},{"id":95315013,"identity":"f04aea3a-086d-4429-810b-348b99d52e83","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-06 15:53:40","extension":"jpeg","order_by":20,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1074,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7567829/v1/11f316067a5795af14893070.jpeg"},{"id":95308706,"identity":"f5a8af50-385b-4afe-90c2-73a7b9cf56e4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-06 15:04:09","extension":"jpeg","order_by":21,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":46730,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"groupimage1.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7567829/v1/10d50380ab981d4789a3832b.jpeg"},{"id":95315029,"identity":"a9ee7aa4-fffd-49c4-93a9-ea7382bc792b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-06 15:53:43","extension":"jpeg","order_by":22,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":58106,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"groupimage10.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7567829/v1/17d9596482a68e3865bcc6a0.jpeg"},{"id":95315008,"identity":"0f856f8e-15ba-4164-805e-2f3bcaf29f2c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-06 15:53:40","extension":"jpeg","order_by":23,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":70296,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"groupimage11.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7567829/v1/5b5413b99872830a5556ea1e.jpeg"},{"id":95314663,"identity":"0b780404-8efa-4393-a36b-de409b080757","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-06 15:53:10","extension":"jpeg","order_by":24,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":51265,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"groupimage12.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7567829/v1/51407113e67e1b916a625ebc.jpeg"},{"id":95314951,"identity":"45866a6b-9c03-486b-b244-5447decd9bde","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-06 15:53:32","extension":"jpeg","order_by":25,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":58287,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"groupimage13.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7567829/v1/ec928f1ac639a7ca6b891c9d.jpeg"},{"id":95314961,"identity":"b2935eb9-d250-453b-b87c-d8b24f155eb7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-06 15:53:33","extension":"jpeg","order_by":26,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":48310,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"groupimage14.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7567829/v1/4d99ec10064f06b170eeee31.jpeg"},{"id":95314778,"identity":"9140efb2-4681-49b0-adbd-f328bb692878","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-06 15:53:19","extension":"jpeg","order_by":27,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":262843,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"groupimage2.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7567829/v1/fba18d9f717f379211134030.jpeg"},{"id":95314650,"identity":"41920046-67f3-4469-bf4d-2263b4ebbe02","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-06 15:53:09","extension":"jpeg","order_by":28,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":23953,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"groupimage3.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7567829/v1/3ca9ee069a8a059f63dd2112.jpeg"},{"id":95315036,"identity":"fc81623d-b591-453c-9223-751c77b2e42f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-06 15:53:43","extension":"jpeg","order_by":29,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":57095,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"groupimage4.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7567829/v1/b56cbdcebc716fe4550e571b.jpeg"},{"id":95308740,"identity":"4f3eb1b0-596f-4fc0-8822-b62acaddd6f8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-06 15:04:10","extension":"jpeg","order_by":30,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":30106,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"groupimage5.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7567829/v1/aaaf20adeb1ab146dc1efea0.jpeg"},{"id":95308720,"identity":"f5033ef6-eeac-49fb-aa53-deecc4aaeb34","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-06 15:04:09","extension":"jpeg","order_by":31,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":52226,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"groupimage6.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7567829/v1/ce68c5ec5b63ebe4a99a5381.jpeg"},{"id":95308722,"identity":"39121f69-e2ba-4347-be5d-604bf4faffbc","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-06 15:04:09","extension":"jpeg","order_by":32,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":67052,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"groupimage7.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7567829/v1/a1fdd06507c0df56b7c64ce8.jpeg"},{"id":95314865,"identity":"f682b4ef-4593-492e-9cda-980ccdcbd143","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-06 15:53:25","extension":"jpeg","order_by":33,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":50906,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"groupimage8.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7567829/v1/a7f8a2abbc5acaafcc8de045.jpeg"},{"id":95314994,"identity":"6a1cbccc-e6a6-4f41-bbd9-9903bcea56c6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-06 15:53:37","extension":"jpeg","order_by":34,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":53043,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"groupimage9.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7567829/v1/266c3b721ea7b8fdd43804bd.jpeg"},{"id":95308759,"identity":"e99b3354-36da-4157-aca9-b1274096600d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-06 15:04:11","extension":"wmf","order_by":35,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1476,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image10.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7567829/v1/7667265e9e4757603e8a65f6.wmf"},{"id":95314581,"identity":"101bb3bc-df0e-4e17-85f5-4ebadc91db7a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-06 15:53:03","extension":"wmf","order_by":36,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":774,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image11.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7567829/v1/68a7bbbd2524849424bfb010.wmf"},{"id":95308724,"identity":"d8d42d9e-ed7d-400b-83c9-a9b3a0af794a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-06 15:04:10","extension":"wmf","order_by":37,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1904,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image12.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7567829/v1/ae681e8dc9a8a57741569c92.wmf"},{"id":95308723,"identity":"106e63d7-db9d-49b1-b2a2-7ca6529af3ae","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-06 15:04:10","extension":"wmf","order_by":38,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1206,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image13.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7567829/v1/d2d6e339322eb2d34e1f8e14.wmf"},{"id":95315052,"identity":"c2bfe7bb-07fb-4457-929b-32194b2c69a7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-06 15:53:45","extension":"wmf","order_by":39,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":866,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image14.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7567829/v1/39ee2b7dcdac74ffd24c8ce8.wmf"},{"id":95314554,"identity":"edc845a7-31a9-459c-83fe-f01f96a9c631","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-06 15:53:00","extension":"wmf","order_by":40,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":2156,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image15.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7567829/v1/31ce322d092bc611cbdcbcfe.wmf"},{"id":95315091,"identity":"2dd7ae73-73f7-472f-a585-8a096b4bcfa3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-06 15:53:48","extension":"wmf","order_by":41,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":714,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image16.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7567829/v1/a188072c2ef993d054641536.wmf"},{"id":95308767,"identity":"26d82666-f1fa-4d71-b005-1acc759e1e35","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-06 15:04:11","extension":"wmf","order_by":42,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":2424,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image17.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7567829/v1/ddea6280fbd8be97def6a238.wmf"},{"id":95314882,"identity":"99365b9a-91c1-4478-b8af-a91cd888a982","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-06 15:53:26","extension":"wmf","order_by":43,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1418,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image18.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7567829/v1/d80a115b7213cd15d4248a22.wmf"},{"id":95314927,"identity":"09750a5a-513c-4c95-adbe-d0cc7e61b59f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-06 15:53:30","extension":"wmf","order_by":44,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":948,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image35.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7567829/v1/42bc223f739d74396915fb46.wmf"},{"id":95308725,"identity":"c0c096bf-e395-4bdc-8eb0-3d9ef14f4198","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-06 15:04:10","extension":"wmf","order_by":45,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1182,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image40.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7567829/v1/0bf0b0e4ef1361de512a5eb7.wmf"},{"id":95308727,"identity":"39fb05b9-5f26-4ac0-ba55-bb9e683c97d3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-06 15:04:10","extension":"wmf","order_by":46,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":702,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image43.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7567829/v1/d9eb90e1dffa125d8efead3b.wmf"},{"id":95308773,"identity":"6a23b89f-27ea-4712-80d3-92985ab5f937","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-06 15:04:11","extension":"png","order_by":47,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":935,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7567829/v1/ee4568e64a93a9605d453cbb.png"},{"id":95308750,"identity":"2f7c1a1a-7a1e-4e07-98a1-9c85b99de694","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-06 15:04:10","extension":"png","order_by":48,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":935,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7567829/v1/54686c7e005bd5a2358cfbf5.png"},{"id":95308737,"identity":"7bc36e4b-c93d-4a8d-8c13-8b3b94dd1f3c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-06 15:04:10","extension":"png","order_by":49,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":935,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7567829/v1/bb828d1ff0213212bce585c7.png"},{"id":95308728,"identity":"f03476c6-9cfd-4523-8678-7ce2a953b25a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-06 15:04:10","extension":"png","order_by":50,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":935,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7567829/v1/f14daf68cf4ca70bcbe05aca.png"},{"id":95315005,"identity":"4765d84b-1dde-4015-bac9-bdb9498fcbfd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-06 15:53:39","extension":"png","order_by":51,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":6982,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage13.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7567829/v1/d44474754f3cfdd8d7e04f56.png"},{"id":95308730,"identity":"f5a3dc2f-fb5c-4c44-b751-14194dcada2e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-06 15:04:10","extension":"png","order_by":52,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":39118,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage14.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7567829/v1/a14485aa279471ac7411ddef.png"},{"id":95308757,"identity":"a5646da9-df93-4d6c-9cf3-c61dfa6ba6c7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-06 15:04:11","extension":"png","order_by":53,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":935,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7567829/v1/b63077894fc4f7a27f1562e6.png"},{"id":95308744,"identity":"71ad2db1-b6e5-45f6-bbb4-ded09a270faa","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-06 15:04:10","extension":"png","order_by":54,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":935,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7567829/v1/502c5dea68eadd34f742c795.png"},{"id":95308747,"identity":"84b560b8-0cec-4c1e-adc8-b46a283acafe","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-06 15:04:10","extension":"png","order_by":55,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":935,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7567829/v1/d1bfa55660dfaa4c2ee4e50c.png"},{"id":95314737,"identity":"649e36f0-e265-49ee-b029-2acc1ee6e318","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-06 15:53:16","extension":"png","order_by":56,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":935,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7567829/v1/817d5e65d25dc2800085f342.png"},{"id":95314933,"identity":"c0b8e373-ceb2-475b-a9f6-926d767f2fab","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-06 15:53:31","extension":"png","order_by":57,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":935,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7567829/v1/42b6073978387868b6d55e18.png"},{"id":95308765,"identity":"e7f01024-1b7e-43d9-8423-31a9b4c43280","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-06 15:04:11","extension":"png","order_by":58,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":34092,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7567829/v1/6c56fba35ff6cf04dea9ec21.png"},{"id":95314562,"identity":"37e659c6-a589-48b5-b339-3da46aa80fb4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-06 15:53:01","extension":"png","order_by":59,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":935,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7567829/v1/8ac206142adf30862233baf7.png"},{"id":95314846,"identity":"28ebe14c-bace-445a-8065-fb1a45d6fdf3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-06 15:53:23","extension":"png","order_by":60,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":935,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7567829/v1/4fb30f3e913e82c9a3e1e24a.png"},{"id":95314984,"identity":"1299e42c-650c-44ea-963b-f3ee14730edd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-06 15:53:36","extension":"png","order_by":61,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":935,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7567829/v1/4d5bbc340d3105aff985651c.png"},{"id":95315019,"identity":"fdeeb24d-2c29-4140-9439-53916d0ab4a6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-06 15:53:41","extension":"png","order_by":62,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":4671,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7567829/v1/e37e46e1c90489d7ab812d09.png"},{"id":95315010,"identity":"bd4c52b1-85df-44ab-9b87-3f8cdfcb9470","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-06 15:53:40","extension":"png","order_by":63,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":5290,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7567829/v1/ff6f5c174d1d10eebdcca83c.png"},{"id":95308781,"identity":"39b726e3-83d2-4f83-977e-d6541d5f1620","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-06 15:04:11","extension":"png","order_by":64,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":935,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7567829/v1/a67f8e467c367e223a624d04.png"},{"id":95314553,"identity":"612c3ec3-4530-485e-b7c6-e2ed907a26cd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-06 15:53:00","extension":"png","order_by":65,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":14513,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinegroupimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7567829/v1/26f62bf6faa1d0cbfb936c75.png"},{"id":95314935,"identity":"83053e6d-5c92-4cac-b390-c4f86179e225","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-06 15:53:31","extension":"png","order_by":66,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":10709,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinegroupimage10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7567829/v1/b355c7c6147e86bc575877f0.png"},{"id":95314828,"identity":"ec430cb5-5efe-41a9-8334-5046fa205abe","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-06 15:53:22","extension":"png","order_by":67,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":14706,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinegroupimage11.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7567829/v1/e1eb50562fa0905b9c28cece.png"},{"id":95315014,"identity":"59cde086-c2f2-4479-9ffb-2cda46d917e3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-06 15:53:40","extension":"png","order_by":68,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":13031,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinegroupimage12.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7567829/v1/4a9d0f614b69cb39b3928912.png"},{"id":95315024,"identity":"4b42a85a-0ea0-4af8-a5ed-d2276663c978","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-06 15:53:42","extension":"png","order_by":69,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":12198,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinegroupimage13.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7567829/v1/47a8e9e20707c502ffea2bd2.png"},{"id":95314730,"identity":"14e66962-b3bc-4cb8-bb1c-c57c28a17564","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-06 15:53:16","extension":"png","order_by":70,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":9274,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinegroupimage14.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7567829/v1/e5caacbb44174aa3fe49058d.png"},{"id":95315012,"identity":"43c465a1-2d8c-40cf-b4f8-ebc45e59fe6f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-06 15:53:40","extension":"png","order_by":71,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":124037,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinegroupimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7567829/v1/784ec8f44d2c396ecf69c792.png"},{"id":95308785,"identity":"bb9c9609-9034-4220-86f3-f57137e3db5e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-06 15:04:11","extension":"png","order_by":72,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":4973,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinegroupimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7567829/v1/de80d0f6c0a596811a52e16a.png"},{"id":95308764,"identity":"f5e15204-2b19-41e1-a423-4f3aa168f696","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-06 15:04:11","extension":"png","order_by":73,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":17278,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinegroupimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7567829/v1/89d3ae82f22996b75a93ee1b.png"},{"id":95308758,"identity":"b096dcc9-69aa-48f4-aa8e-42ac69dc1380","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-06 15:04:11","extension":"png","order_by":74,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":6381,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinegroupimage5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7567829/v1/21d40cf0a1ae6051a50905cf.png"},{"id":95314625,"identity":"79ba696f-b078-4049-b8c7-f70bc8892bfe","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-06 15:53:07","extension":"png","order_by":75,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":11784,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinegroupimage6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7567829/v1/6101d742fe71334a71b3e146.png"},{"id":95314659,"identity":"7cb965d4-e8a7-4eca-b3c4-d728a81203ce","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-06 15:53:09","extension":"png","order_by":76,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":16642,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinegroupimage7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7567829/v1/48804ea5247e82165be120ca.png"},{"id":95315080,"identity":"efa5920e-750a-4e3b-8efa-029b9891a527","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-06 15:53:48","extension":"png","order_by":77,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":12330,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinegroupimage8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7567829/v1/9ab63cad876ddf255c4bbe6a.png"},{"id":95314565,"identity":"08c643ec-38dd-4c41-a947-093cdf321dc7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-06 15:53:01","extension":"png","order_by":78,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":27455,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinegroupimage9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7567829/v1/4e646788066fdee0dae42034.png"},{"id":95314942,"identity":"93cf6f02-a4cb-4d61-be22-8efcece430f9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-06 15:53:32","extension":"png","order_by":79,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1160,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7567829/v1/7feba82431944f479d37befe.png"},{"id":95308777,"identity":"69b5d909-835d-4568-bd65-52fa63810285","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-06 15:04:11","extension":"png","order_by":80,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":446,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage11.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7567829/v1/0d3c0633dcc3980c251cc938.png"},{"id":95315030,"identity":"ef6fea2e-c868-47c7-aa0e-18d633a46fa6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-06 15:53:43","extension":"png","order_by":81,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":2537,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage12.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7567829/v1/b0584097741187f950dd5a3e.png"},{"id":95308787,"identity":"c642529f-2ce4-4f5a-9b29-709c0595f9cf","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-06 15:04:12","extension":"png","order_by":82,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1550,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage13.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7567829/v1/bbbb736e57a391a637cc1ca7.png"},{"id":95308789,"identity":"c7c45d83-ff89-4c0c-aab8-f14b41da591f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-06 15:04:12","extension":"png","order_by":83,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":661,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage14.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7567829/v1/30c87370c5f8e9ee5645f607.png"},{"id":95314861,"identity":"ebe1118c-0629-44f4-98ae-67b9c8f9a5cb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-06 15:53:25","extension":"png","order_by":84,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":2191,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage15.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7567829/v1/4ef53e1f9a25844bd507c30d.png"},{"id":95523720,"identity":"4d29a719-2d16-4c86-bae7-ef57f72a7289","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-10 10:00:20","extension":"png","order_by":85,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":307,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage16.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7567829/v1/d93f441c233ba245f0c8536d.png"},{"id":95314940,"identity":"5da64ef8-041d-4c95-b7bb-5932e98239c4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-06 15:53:32","extension":"png","order_by":86,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":2559,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage17.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7567829/v1/1de569a63460440eb9825460.png"},{"id":95314997,"identity":"844287c0-d74f-40cd-bbde-dd24470c40a4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-06 15:53:37","extension":"png","order_by":87,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":845,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage18.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7567829/v1/54e1a1aaaedde3e404ceabf6.png"},{"id":95308771,"identity":"11d73220-45a7-4630-8f11-bd779b1e5321","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-06 15:04:11","extension":"png","order_by":88,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":652,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage35.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7567829/v1/14c25487e4852e853f8e75ff.png"},{"id":95308754,"identity":"55def9b7-e5a6-4e3a-9ebd-9a6114214aa9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-06 15:04:11","extension":"png","order_by":89,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1146,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage40.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7567829/v1/db37627dc2edc3b60ce56598.png"},{"id":95314790,"identity":"04cdd0e4-10f7-41fc-a12b-99b9535965ef","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-06 15:53:20","extension":"png","order_by":90,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":339,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage43.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7567829/v1/75b90127515f66b99165bcac.png"},{"id":95314832,"identity":"c0699c90-f249-4f20-90f2-bba62447794c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-06 15:53:22","extension":"xml","order_by":91,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":118469,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"68b40f52f1ff4356bb78c9e00f43ae361structuring.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7567829/v1/c5751410b07503f144094fd2.xml"},{"id":95315119,"identity":"d7898b0b-b642-4049-a1cc-aaed5c39f7f5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-06 15:53:53","extension":"html","order_by":92,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":130433,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7567829/v1/21b836f31c1a9c0849d66b53.html"},{"id":95530710,"identity":"0eeb447d-e42f-4c18-bb45-90e86ed313bd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-10 10:21:19","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1715118,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Taibietalpaper.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7567829/v1_covered_97658edc-5ebd-42ef-80ea-aa807dd52cc8.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Analysis of the Performance of Abandoned Oil Wells Converted To Geothermal Heat Exchangers for Energy Production","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"heat-and-mass-transfer","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"hamt","sideBox":"Learn more about [Heat and Mass Transfer](https://www.springer.com/journal/231)","snPcode":"231","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/231/3","title":"Heat and Mass Transfer","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Geothermal energy, abandoned petroleum wells, Finite volume, Heat transfer, Borehole heat exchanger","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7567829/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7567829/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eGeothermal energy is a promising technology that can harness an abundant and sustainable resource for large-scale energy generation. This study investigates the thermal behavior of a deep borehole heat exchanger (DBHE) with a depth of 3030 m, located in Algeria. The analysis is based on a numerical model developed using ANSYS-CFX to simulate fluid\u0026ndash;soil heat transfer over long operating periods. The borehole is modeled as a U-tube heat exchanger inserted into a stratified geological formation with distinct thermophysical properties. Simulation results reveal that the soil temperature decreases gradually during the first years of operation, and the system reaches quasi-steady-state conditions after approximately five years, as the rate of temperature decline becomes negligible. The influence of flow velocity and inlet temperature on the thermal performance of the system is also investigated. Results demonstrate that increasing the flow velocity enhances heat extraction, while lower inlet temperatures significantly improve the long-term stability of the exchanger. A simulation with a 3030 m depth, 0.01 m diameter, 303.15 K inlet temperature, and 0.5 m/s inlet velocity predicted a 366 K outlet temperature after five years. This work highlights the potential of deep abandoned oil wells in Algeria to be repurposed for geothermal applications, contributing to the diversification of sustainable energy resources.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Analysis of the Performance of Abandoned Oil Wells Converted To Geothermal Heat Exchangers for Energy Production","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-11-06 15:04:04","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7567829/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2026-01-04T09:08:21+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"84451954230144043096484318952884887986","date":"2025-12-30T17:01:25+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"226079617060804560507817382544761486172","date":"2025-12-30T15:30:47+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-12-22T14:26:55+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"54612609845990622710552071678668890286","date":"2025-12-22T09:29:56+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-11-17T06:10:52+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"137704297907002823284097056820003627701","date":"2025-10-28T05:00:38+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"301078853834918745629492721123077067733","date":"2025-10-27T15:48:15+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-10-27T15:44:11+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-10-22T13:10:03+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-09-09T05:52:47+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Heat and Mass Transfer","date":"2025-09-08T22:55:06+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"heat-and-mass-transfer","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"hamt","sideBox":"Learn more about [Heat and Mass Transfer](https://www.springer.com/journal/231)","snPcode":"231","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/231/3","title":"Heat and Mass Transfer","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"83d33c2e-0b7f-40ab-9bf2-b607dec6bf37","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 6th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-04-25T15:38:30+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-11-06 15:04:04","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7567829","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7567829","identity":"rs-7567829","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}