Transversal Fault Tolerant Distributed Quantum Computing Operations

Transversal Fault Tolerant Distributed Quantum Computing Operations | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Transversal Fault Tolerant Distributed Quantum Computing Operations Frank Mueller, Ming Wang, John Stack This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7633777/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Scalable quantum computing requires distributed architectures, but the performance of faulttolerant operations across noisy inter-module links remains poorly characterized. We present the first full-circuit simulations of two key distributed primitives: transversal non-local CNOT and logical teleportation using surface and bivariate-bicycle codes with imperfect inter-module links. Our results, enabled by a novel scalable library (TMCBS), demonstrate that both transversal operations outperform their lattice surgery counterparts. Notably, we find that the non-local CNOT achieves up to 100× lower logical error rates than teleportation at the same code distance and noise levels. We further show that a surface code distance of d ≈ 31 suffices to achieve logical error rates below 10^{−12} at practical physical error rates (p ∼ 10−3), enabling large-scale algorithms. These results provide critical guidance for architecture and code selection in distributed quantum computing. Physical sciences/Physics/Quantum physics/Quantum simulation Physical sciences/Mathematics and computing/Computer science Full Text Additional Declarations There is NO Competing Interest. Supplementary Files suppInfo.pdf SUPPLEMENTARY INFO Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7633777","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":516974113,"identity":"be88d5d5-d512-4f46-8c0b-a7f1d804c7c8","order_by":0,"name":"Frank Mueller","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAuElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBAC9gYg8aCAQQ7KZyashecAkEgwYDAmXUtiA/FaxM4YPkgwsEnfzn78mQRDhTVMLx4t0jnGBgkGabk7e3LMJBjOpBPWYi8NVJlgcDh3ww0eNgnGtsNE2WL+I8Hgf7rBDfZnEoz/iNNiBvT+gQSDGwxmEowNRGlJKwY6LNlww5kcY4uEY+nGRGhJ3vjhQ4WdvMHx4w9vfKixliWoBRUkkKZ8FIyCUTAKRgEuAAAJ+zln5hDkKgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"North Carolina State University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Frank","middleName":"","lastName":"Mueller","suffix":""},{"id":516974114,"identity":"aaf26ef7-f264-4632-b9c0-954d4c6e60c2","order_by":1,"name":"Ming Wang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"North Carolina State University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ming","middleName":"","lastName":"Wang","suffix":""},{"id":516974115,"identity":"acdd82e3-4fd5-4ed8-a091-69310b87857a","order_by":2,"name":"John Stack","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"North Carolina State University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"John","middleName":"","lastName":"Stack","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-09-16 21:05:17","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7633777/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7633777/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":91686400,"identity":"b9b4c258-5835-43a3-8e2a-0fc86056e6fe","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 07:43:22","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1392178,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Article File","description":"","filename":"main.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7633777/v1_covered_4793b077-77d2-4345-baf9-dce2eadc5888.pdf"},{"id":91685440,"identity":"e130ddb7-096b-419f-ad9a-7ec74e01903d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 07:35:19","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":233666,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"SUPPLEMENTARY INFO","description":"","filename":"suppInfo.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7633777/v1/1a6526ba296df69afaffcaf0.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"There is \u003cb\u003eNO\u003c/b\u003e Competing Interest.","formattedTitle":"Transversal Fault Tolerant Distributed Quantum Computing Operations","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"nature-portfolio","isNatureJournal":true,"hasQc":false,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Nature Portfolio","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":false,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"ejp","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7633777/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7633777/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"Scalable quantum computing requires distributed architectures, but the performance of faulttolerant\r\noperations across noisy inter-module links remains poorly characterized. We present the\r\nfirst full-circuit simulations of two key distributed primitives: transversal non-local CNOT and\r\nlogical teleportation using surface and bivariate-bicycle codes with imperfect inter-module links. Our\r\nresults, enabled by a novel scalable library (TMCBS), demonstrate that both transversal operations\r\noutperform their lattice surgery counterparts. Notably, we find that the non-local CNOT achieves\r\nup to 100× lower logical error rates than teleportation at the same code distance and noise levels.\r\nWe further show that a surface code distance of d ≈ 31 suffices to achieve logical error rates below\r\n10^{−12} at practical physical error rates (p ∼ 10−3), enabling large-scale algorithms. These results\r\nprovide critical guidance for architecture and code selection in distributed quantum computing.","manuscriptTitle":"Transversal Fault Tolerant Distributed Quantum Computing Operations","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-09-19 07:35:15","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7633777/v1","editorialEvents":[],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"nature-communications","isNatureJournal":true,"hasQc":false,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"NCOMMS","sideBox":"Learn more about [Nature Communications](http://www.nature.com/ncomms/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://mts-ncomms.nature.com/","title":"Nature Communications","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"ejp","reportingPortfolio":"Nature Communications","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"2b7ffbfc-59df-41ff-b4ec-ffab0b2c3018","owner":[],"postedDate":"September 19th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[{"id":54930963,"name":"Physical sciences/Physics/Quantum physics/Quantum simulation"},{"id":54930964,"name":"Physical sciences/Mathematics and computing/Computer science"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-04-28T22:15:25+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-09-19 07:35:15","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7633777","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7633777","identity":"rs-7633777","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}