InSAR-Derived Source Characteristics of Iranian Blind Reverse-Fault Earthquakes and Their Implications for Seismic Hazard Evaluation

InSAR-Derived Source Characteristics of Iranian Blind Reverse-Fault Earthquakes and Their Implications for Seismic Hazard Evaluation | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article InSAR-Derived Source Characteristics of Iranian Blind Reverse-Fault Earthquakes and Their Implications for Seismic Hazard Evaluation Nematollah Ghayournajarkar, Yo Fukushima, Hisashi Nakahara This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-1407313/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Investigating fault characteristics is necessary for seismic hazard evaluation and can provide useful insights for municipalities to optimize their investments in safer buildings and more resilient infrastructure. The location and the geometry of the faults, especially their relationship with sedimentary layer thickness, and the amount of stress drop are critical components when evaluating strong ground motions caused by earthquakes. Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) is a powerful tool for accurately determining fault parameters of shallow inland earthquakes and investigating their characteristics in terms of seismic hazards. In this study, based on our earlier results from InSAR data inversions conducted on five Iranian shallow blind reverse-fault earthquakes, we particularly exploited the resolving power of InSAR to investigate fault characteristics and discussed their implications for seismic hazard evaluation in Iran. For all studied Iranian earthquakes, the InSAR-derived fault was deeper than the sedimentary layer. This may indicate that these earthquakes did not rupture the entire seismogenic layer, likely leaving a significant seismic potential. Moreover, the average stress drop of the Iranian earthquakes was relatively large (13.4 MPa), which might be related to their immature blind reverse faults, leading to a possibility of generating stronger short-period ground motions, which should receive greater consideration in future seismic hazard analyses. As InSAR data can be easily accessed, this study presents a cost-effective method to provide fault parameters that can be used for the evaluation of strong ground motions caused by earthquakes, even in countries where observation networks of strong ground motions are not well developed. InSAR Seismic hazards Iran Blind reverse-fault earthquakes Sedimentary layer Stress drop Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 1. Introduction Fundamental components of ground motion evaluation at the sites of interest are the location and geometry of the source, level of seismicity, and structural models (e.g., Parvez et al. 2003 ). Investigating the fault characteristics in terms of seismic hazards using accurate source models can provide useful insights for municipalities to optimize their investments in safer buildings and more resilient infrastructure. Hence, the seismic risk of a given area, such as property losses and damages to buildings, can be accurately assessed with an accurate estimate of seismic hazard, which can be used for various purposes, including building codes for standard buildings, designing larger buildings and infrastructure projects, land use planning, and determining insurance rates. The Arabian plate is moving in a N13°E direction at a rate of approximately 31 mm yr -1 relative to the Eurasian plate at a longitude of 52 ° E (Vernant et al. 2004 ). As a result of the convergent geodynamics in the region, Iran is one of the most seismically active countries in the world and has suffered many deaths and losses of livelihood throughout human history due to catastrophic earthquakes. From 1900 to the present day, the United States Geological Survey (USGS) database has recorded more than 100 earthquakes with M ≥ 6 in Iran and adjacent areas (Fig. 1 ). Raeesi et al. ( 2017 ) noted that since 2000 BC, more than 50 major earthquakes with M ≥ 7 have struck the Iranian plateau and these events along with large and moderate earthquakes have caused more than 1,936,000 fatalities the country. Notably, for some recent earthquakes in Iran, earthquake hazard assessments have failed to correctly predict actual ground motions and intensities (Zare 2017 ). These facts highlight the importance of improving the seismic hazard evaluation system in the country. In many countries, presence of sedimentary layer prevents accurate seismic hazard evaluation. There are several reasons for the difficulty in evaluating seismic hazards in Iran. Firstly, due to sparse seismic stations in Iran, the characterization of faulting using seismic data cannot be precisely performed. Secondly, reverse faults dominate the tectonic of Iran (Berberian and Yeats 1999 ), which are usually overlaid by sediment layer and have not been well studied. Lastly, reverse faults have a low probability of surface rupturing because rock and overlying sediments can sustain compression more than tension (Ambraseys and Jackson 1998 ; Moss and Ross 2011 ). Radiguet et al. ( 2009 ) noted that both a blind fault and an immature fault would strengthen the ground motions. Moreover, it has been well known that the sedimentary layer greatly amplifies ground motions associated with earthquakes (e.g., Aoi et al. 2008 ). Most regions of Iran are covered by sedimentary layer (Fig. 2 b); hence, the relation between the fault depth and sedimentary layer thickness is an important factor for accurately evaluating earthquake ground motions. One of the key strengths of Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) is its detectability and high spatial resolution in the epicentral area of shallow inland earthquakes, which can often provide the ground truth for fault parameters of shallow moderate magnitude earthquakes (Ghayournajarkar and Fukushima 2022 ). Moreover, InSAR is particularly useful for such purpose in countries with sparse seismic stations, such as Iran, because of the public availability of the InSAR data. In this study, based on our earlier results from InSAR data inversions conducted on five Iranian shallow blind reverse-fault earthquakes (Ghayournajarkar and Fukushima 2022 ), we exploit the resolving power of InSAR for investigating the fault characteristics and discussed their implications for seismic hazard evaluation in Iran. We specifically focus on the depth of the top of the rupture and on the stress drop, as these are key components for predicting earthquake ground motions. 2. Studied Earthquakes Table 1 lists the studied earthquakes. These earthquakes, Mw 5.9–7.3 and focal depth 9.0–19.0 km, caused clear InSAR signals, and were all associated with blind reverse faulting. The earthquakes occurred in the north (2017 Sefid Sang), south (2005 Qeshm and 2008 Dargahan), west (2017 Kermanshah), and center (2017 Hojedk) of Iran (Fig. 2 ). Table 1 USGS-derived location, depth, and moment magnitude of the studied Iranian earthquakes Earthquake Date (yyyymmdd) Latitude (°N ) Longitude (°E ) Depth (km) Magnitude (Mw ) Qeshm 20051127 26.774 55.858 10.0 5.9 Dargahan 20080910 26.743 55.828 12.0 6.1 Sefid Sang 20170405 35.776 60.436 13.0 6.1 Kermanshah 20171112 34.911 45.959 19.0 7.3 Hojedk 20171201 30.746 57.307 9.0 6.1 The 2005 Qeshm earthquake struck Qeshm island, located in the southeastern part of the Zagros fold-and-thrust belt. This is one of the most seismically active belts in the world. This region has been struck by moderate to large magnitude earthquakes with general focal mechanisms of reverse faulting and with focal depths of 10–20 km (Arian 2015 ). This earthquake destroyed the village of Tonban, located in the central part of the island, and caused 13 deaths and injured approximately 100 people (Nissen et al. 2007 ). The Global Centroid Moment Tensor (GCMT)-derived focal mechanism of the earthquake suggested that the main shock involved a predominantly reverse fault motion that is consistent with the mechanism of the faults in the region. The 2008 Dargahan earthquake also struck Qeshm island, which caused seven deaths and injured 30 people (Sorbi et al. 2012 ). The focal mechanism determined by the USGS indicated an oblique reverse faulting. The 2017 Sefid Sang earthquake struck northeastern Iran, approximately 90 km southeast of Mashhad city with a population of more than three million. This region contains the Kopeh Dagh fold-and-thrust belt, which generates low to moderate magnitude earthquakes with focal mechanisms of dextral strike-slip faulting and thrusting (Arian 2015 ). The focal mechanism solutions of the 2017 Sefid Sang earthquake showed that the earthquake ruptured an oblique reverse fault (Aflaki et al. 2019 ; Ghayournajarkar and Fukushima 2020 ), which is consistent with the regional transpressional stress regime (Shabanian et al. 2010 ). The 2017 Kermanshah earthquake struck the Iran-Iraq border with a USGS-derived epicenter located approximately 50 km northeast of Sarpol-e Zahab city. This earthquake occurred in the northern margin of the Zagros fold-and-thrust belt along the northeastern part of the Arabian plate. This region has experienced not only moderate to large magnitude earthquakes of shallow depths but also relatively deep earthquakes (depths exceeding 70 km), which is an indication of the initial stages of thick-skinned tectonics (Arian 2015 ). The 2017 Kermanshah earthquake was the strongest instrumentally recorded earthquake in the region and caused at least 530 deaths (Feng et al. 2018 ). The focal mechanism determined by the European Mediterranean Seismological Center (EMSC) indicated an oblique reverse faulting. The 2017 Hojedk earthquake struck the eastern part of the village of Hojedk, approximately 50 km north of Kerman city. The western part of the Tabas-Minab seismotectonic province, where the earthquakes occurred, has experienced moderate to large magnitude earthquakes exhibiting focal mechanisms of dominantly reverse faulting with dextral strike-slip (Arian 2015 ). This earthquake did not cause too much destruction because it occurred in a remote region with a sparse population, but its occurrence suggests the presence of an unknown fault, and hence, potential seismic hazards for much larger neighboring settlements, such as Kerman with a population of approximately 800,000 (Savidge et al. 2019 ). The earthquake exhibited a predominantly reverse fault mechanism. 3. Data And Fault Modeling This study uses the fault models obtained by Ghayournajarkar and Fukushima (2022). The data and method for determining these fault models are summarized in this section. We used ascending and descending interferograms of the Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS-2), Environmental Satellite (ENVISAT), and Sentinel-1A satellite to map the co-seismic deformation caused by the earthquakes (Table 2). Table 2 Interferograms used to study the Iranian earthquakes (Ghayournajarkar and Fukushima 2022) Earthquake Satellite Track *a Primary (yyyymmdd) Secondary (yyyymmdd) B *b (m) Incidence Angle Qeshm 2005 ENVISAT 328A 20050105 20051221 -26.3 40.6 435D 20051124 20051229 -186.8 22.1 Dargahan 2008 ENVISAT 328A 20060125 20081001 -539.9 40.9 435D 20080417 20081009 -81.2 22.0 Sefid Sang 2017 ALOS-2 171A 20170121 20170624 -1.1 36.2 64D 20170315 20170524 -376.7 32.5 Sentinel-1A 13A 20170324 20170405 -63.0 33.8 93D 20170330 20170411 36.4 33.8 Kermanshah 2017 ALOS-2 179A 20171012 20171123 65.9 34.3 72D 20160523 20180521 147.2 40.4 Sentinel-1A 72A 20171111 20171123 -29.3 41.5 6D 20171107 20171119 13.5 46.6 ALOS-2 173A 20171121 20171205 -112.5 38.5 Hojedk 2017 Sentinel-1A 57A 2017112 20171204 125.0 45.7 166D 20171130 20171212 -27.4 33.7 a A and D correspond to ascending and descending orbits, respectively. b Perpendicular baseline. We assumed a layered-structure model containing sediment and crystalline crust layers obtained from the CRUST1.0 model (Laske et al. 2013). The CRUST1.0 model is a database of crustal thickness obtained from the compilation of multiple studies defined on a one-degree grid. In each one-degree cell, the boundary depth, compressional and shear-wave velocities, and density are given. To calculate the crustal deformation using the layered-structure model, we used the EDGRN/EDCMP software (Wang et al. 2003). The layered-structure velocity model used in the fault slip inversions was obtained from the CRUST1.0 model (Fig. S1 and S2). We inverted the unwrapped interferograms to solve for the fault parameters, consisting of the horizontal location of the top side of the fault, length, width, depth of the top side of the fault, dip angle, strike angle, rake angle, and slip. The model parameters were solved using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) (Kennedy and Eberhart 1995). As the focal mechanism solutions of the earthquakes indicated two candidates of fault planes with different dipping directions, a set of two inversions was conducted for each earthquake by assuming each of the two possible fault dipping directions. Basically, by investigating on the data fit, we selected our preferred fault model for the studied Iranian blind reverse-fault earthquakes. We further confirmed that the selection of the model did not affect the conclusion of our study. 4. Analysis And Results Of Fault Parameter Estimation The method used to achieve the purpose of the present study, that is, revealing the characteristics related to the seismic hazard of the studied Iranian blind reverse-fault earthquakes, consists of two investigation approaches as follows: (1) As the seismic hazard in the immediate vicinity of an earthquake strongly depends on the rupture extent in the seismogenic layer, we compared the depth of the bottom of the sediment layer obtained from the CRUST1.0 model and previous local studies with the InSAR-derived depth of the top of the rupture. (2) A larger stress drop leads to the radiation of strong short-period ground motions. The stress drop is a key parameter for the estimation of strong ground motions caused by earthquake ruptures (e.g., Miyakoshi et al. 2020; Soghrat et al. 2012). We compared the stress drops of the studied Iranian earthquakes with those of the Japanese earthquakes obtained from our earlier study (Ghayournajarkar and Fukushima 2022) and other studies. Tables S1 and S2 list the fault parameters of the preferred models derived from the inversions of InSAR data for the studied Iranian and Japanese earthquakes (Ghayournajarkar and Fukushima 2022). The InSAR-derived depths of the upper limit of the fault ruptures ranged between 4.5 and 14.8 km. The comparison between the InSAR-derived depth of the top of the rupture and the depth of the bottom of the sedimentary layer shows that there is a systematic gap between the depth of the top of the rupture and that of the bottom of the sedimentary layer for all the studied Iranian earthquakes (Table 3 and Fig. 3). Table 3 Comparison of the InSAR-derived depth of the top of the rupture of the preferred fault model and the thickness of the sedimentary layer for the studied Iranian earthquakes Earthquake This study Top Fault CRUST1.0 Sediments Previous local studies Sediments Depth (km) Thickness (km) Thickness (km) Type of the study Qeshm 2005 6.0 5.0 3.0 Rayleigh wave dispersion (Shirzad and Yaminifard 2020) Dargahan 2008 5.7 5.0 3.0 Rayleigh wave dispersion (Shirzad and Yaminifard 2020) Sefid Sang 2017 5.4 0.9 1.2 Stratigraphy (Poursoltani 2017) Kermanshah 2017 14.8 0.5 8.0 Stratigraphy (Nissen et al. 2019) Hojedk 2017 4.5 2.0 1.0 Stratigraphy (Poole and Ataabadi 2005) The uncertainties in the InSAR-derived depth of the top of the rupture range between 0.2-1.0 km, which is smaller than the gap for most cases. Although the uncertainties in the sedimentary layer thickness from previous studies vary and are not necessarily estimated, the consistent gap exists for results derived from both the CRUST1.0 model and previous local studies, supporting the actual presence of the gaps. Next, we calculated the stress drops of our analyzed Iranian and Japanese earthquakes, according to the following relation (Kanamori and Anderson 1975): where M 0 is the seismic moment in Nm, calculated assuming a shear modulus of 30 GPa, and S is the rupture area in M 2 . Strictly speaking, the factor is used for circular faults. For rectangular faults, such factors depend on the aspect ratio and have only been numerically calculated for some specific aspect ratios. Hence, we opted for Equation (1) in this study. According to Noda et al. (2013), the factors for rectangular faults are slightly larger than the factor for circular faults, and consequently our estimates of stress drop when using Equation (1) are expected to be slightly smaller. Table 4 lists the parameters derived from the fault models of the studied Iranian earthquakes (Ghayournajarkar and Fukushima 2022), including their seismic moment, rupture area, stress drop, and moment magnitude. The calculated stress drops range from 9.6 to 17.1 MPa. Table 4 Parameters derived from the fault models of the Iranian earthquakes Iranian Earthquakes Seismic moment (Nm) Rupture area Stress drop (MPa) Magnitude Qeshm 2005 1.22E+18 34.5 14.6 5.99 Dargahan 2008 1.28E+18 47.1 9.6 6.00 Sefid Sang 2017 1.21E+18 36.4 13.5 5.99 Kermanshah 2017 7.79E+19 629.1 12.0 7.19 Hojedk 2017 1.17E+18 30.3 17.1 5.98 5. Discussion 5.1 Systematic gap between depth of the top of the rupture and that of the bottom of the sedimentary layer Seismic hazards in the immediate vicinity of an earthquake are usually assumed to have been reduced after the rupture of a continental fault. However, this is only realized if the entire seismogenic layer ruptures during the event (Elliott et al. 2011). The systematic gap between the depth of the top of the rupture and that of the bottom of the sedimentary layer for the studied earthquakes indicates either of the following. 1) The earthquakes did not rupture the entire seismogenic layer, 2) the sedimentary layer thickness results were not accurate enough, and 3) the layer immediately beneath the sedimentary layer (the gap) was not seismogenic. The third possibility cannot be excluded, but the consistency of the presence of the systematic gap in results derived from both the CRUST1.0 model and previous local studies indicates that the effect of the uncertainty in the estimation of the sedimentary layer is limited. It has been known that reverse-fault earthquakes even with moderate magnitude have seismogenic potential to rupture the sedimentary layer and reach the ground surface. Ritz et al. (2020) pointed out that the 2019 Le Teil reverse-fault earthquake ( 4.9) in France ruptured shallow depths in the Mesozoic sediments up to the ground surface. Furthermore, although the sense of rupture was normal faulting, the 2011 and 2016 events in Japan provide another intriguing case where a significant portion of rupture occurred shallower than 5 km above the upper limit depth of the aftershocks (Fukushima et al. 2018). These earthquakes could have spontaneously ruptured the uppermost part of the seismogenic layer and passively ruptured the sedimentary layer above it simultaneously. Thus, we anticipate such surface-breaking ruptures above the studied Iranian blind reverse-fault earthquakes. It would be important in future studies to clarify whether the shallow zones are seismic or aseismic by investigating slip deficit. 5.2 High stress drops of the Iranian earthquakes A larger stress drop leads to radiation of strong short-period ground motions; therefore, stress drop is commonly a key parameter in estimating these ground motions ( e . g ., Soghrat et al. 2012). Knowledge regarding the general characteristics of the stress drop is therefore important for understanding the seismic hazards in the region. Ghayournajarkar and Fukushima (2022), conducted fault slip inversions on Japanese earthquakes as well using the identical method applied to the studied Iranian earthquakes described in section 3. Here, we calculated the stress drops of these earthquakes using Equation (1), ranging from 3.7 to 5.8 MPa (Table 5). Table 5 Parameters derived from the fault models of the Japanese earthquakes Japanese Earthquakes Seismic moment (Nm) Rupture area Stress drop (MPa) Magnitude Iwate-Miyagi 2008 3.01E+19 729.9 3.7 6.92 Nagano 2014 4.72E+18 157.5 5.8 6.38 Tottori 2016 2.52E+18 117.0 4.8 6.20 Ibaraki 2016 5.18E+17 42.8 4.5 5.74 The average stress drops of the studied Iranian and Japanese earthquakes are 13.4 and 4.7 MPa, respectively (Tables 4 and 5). The larger stress drops of the studied Iranian earthquakes indicate that the strength of their causative faults is larger than that of the studied Japanese faults, and also indicate that the studied Iranian earthquakes can generate strong short-period seismic waves, which should be considered when evaluating the seismic hazards in the region. Our results are consistent with the scaling law of the seismic moment and the rupture area as proposed by Kanamori and Anderson (1975) (Fig. 4). The stress drops recently obtained by Miyakoshi et al. (2020) are also plotted in Figure 4, again showcasing the systematic tendency of larger stress drops for the Iranian earthquakes, although the values estimated by Miyakoshi et al. (2020) were obtained via seismic waveform inversion analyses, which can lead to different results (which was the case for the 2014 Nagano earthquake). Manighetti et al. (2007) pointed out that the earthquake stress drop has a strong relationship with the structural maturity of the ruptured fault. Similarly, Wen et al. (2014) suggested that the large stress drops of blind reverse-fault earthquakes may be related to their immature faults. Our results suggest that the studied Iranian earthquakes caused rupturing of immature blind faults. In the future, the stress drops should be assessed for more earthquakes in order to build a database that will enable to derive different scaling laws for different slip senses (strike-slip, reverse, or normal). 6. Conclusions We have investigated the fault characteristics of five blind reverse-fault earthquakes that occurred in Iran using InSAR data and discussed their implications for seismic hazard evaluation. The conclusions derived from these investigations are summarized as follows: (1) For all studied Iranian earthquakes, the InSAR-derived depth of the top of the rupture was systematically deeper than the bottom of the sedimentary layer. This may indicate that the earthquakes did not rupture the entire seismogenic layer, likely leaving a seismogenic potential to rupture the sedimentary layer and reach the ground surface. The risks of such surface-rupturing events and associated hazards should not be ignored. (2) The causative blind reverse faults of the studied Iranian earthquakes had larger stress drops than the Japanese earthquakes, leading to the possibility of generating strong short-period ground motions. The larger stress drops of these earthquakes might be related to immature blind faults, which should be considered in future earthquake scenarios to mitigate future seismic hazards. Using appropriate values of stress drop and assuming faults not only along the mapped active faults but also in the possible areas surrounding them, provides useful insights for engineers to construct safer buildings and more resilient infrastructure. In the future, the stress drop estimates can be improved with details by analyzing more events and deriving different scaling laws for different slip senses (strike-slip, reverse, or normal). As InSAR data can be easily accessed, this study presents a cost-effective method to provide fault parameters that can be used for evaluation of strong ground motions caused by earthquakes even in countries where observation networks of strong ground motions are not well developed. Declarations Funding The authors declare that no funds, grants, or other support were received during the preparation of this manuscript. Competing Interests The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose. Author contribution s Figures and tables preparation, data collection, and analysis were performed by Nematollah Ghayournajarkar. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Nematollah Ghayournajarkar and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Availability of data and materials ENVISAT and Sentinel-1A SAR data are available from the European Space Agency (ESA). The processed results can be shared upon request to the authors. References Aflaki M, Mousavi Z, Ghods A, Shabanian E, Vajedian S, Akbarzadeh M (2019) The 2017 Mw 6 Sefid Sang earthquake and its implication for the geodynamics of NE Iran. Geophys J Int 218:1227–1245. doi: 10.1093/gji/ggz172 Ambraseys NN, Jackson JA (1998) Faulting associated with historical and recent earthquakes in the eastern Mediterranean region. Geophys J Int 133:390–406 Aoi S, Honda R, Morikawa N, Sekiguchi H, Suzuki H, Hayakawa Y, Kunugi T, Fujiwara H (2008) Three-dimensional finite difference simulation of long-period ground motions for the 2003 Tokachi-oki, Japan, earthquake. J Geophys Res Solid Earth 113. doi: 10.1029/2007jb005452 Arian M (2015) Seismotectonic-Geologic Hazards Zoning of Iran. Earth Sci Res J 19:7–13 Berberian M, Yeats RS (1999) Patterns of historical earthquake rupture in the Iranian plateau. Bull Seismol Soc Am 89:120–139 Elliott JR, Parsons B, Jackson JA, Shan X, Sloan RA, Walker RT (2011) Depth segmentation of the seismogenic continental crust: The 2008 and 2009 Qaidam earthquakes. Geophys Res Lett 38. doi: 10.1029/2011gl046897 Feng WP, Samsonov S, Almeida R, Yassaghi A, Li JH, Qiu Q, Li P, Zheng WJ (2018) Geodetic Constraints of the 2017 M(w)7.3 Sarpol Zahab, Iran Earthquake, and Its Implications on the Structure and Mechanics of the Northwest Zagros Thrust-Fold Belt. Geophys Res Lett 45:6853–6861. doi: 10.1029/2018gl078577 Fukushima Y, Toda S, Miura S, Ishimura D, Fukuda J, Demachi T, Tachibana K (2018) Extremely early recurrence of intraplate fault rupture following the Tohoku-Oki earthquake. Nat Geosci 11:777–781. doi: 10.1038/s41561-018-0201-x Ghayournajarkar N, Fukushima Y (2020) Determination of the dipping direction of a blind reverse fault from InSAR: case study on the 2017 Sefid Sang earthquake, northeastern Iran. Earth Planet Space 72. doi: 10.1186/s40623-020-01190-6 Ghayournajarkar N, Fukushima Y (2022) Using InSAR for evaluating the accuracy of locations and focal mechnism soultions of local eartrhquake catalogues. Geophys J Int. doi: 10.1093/gji/ggac072 Kanamori H, Anderson DL (1975) Theoretical Basis of Some Empirical Relations in Seismology. Bull Seismol Soc Am 65:1073–1095 Kennedy J, Eberhart R (1995) Particle swarm optimization. 1995 Ieee International Conference on Neural Networks Proceedings, Vols 1–6:1942–1948. doi: 10.1109/icnn.1995.488968 Laske G, Masters G, Ma Z, Pasyanos M (2013) Update on CRUST1.0 - A 1-degree Global Model of Earth's Crust.Geophys. Res. Abstracts, 15, Abstract EGU2013-2658 Manighetti I, Campillo M, Bouley S, Cotton F (2007) Earthquake scaling, fault segmentation, and structural maturity. Earth Planet Sci Lett 253:429–438. doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2006.11.004 Miyakoshi K, Somei K, Yoshida K, Kurahashi S, Irikura K, Kamae K (2020) Scaling Relationships of Source Parameters of Inland Crustal Earthquakes in Tectonically Active Regions. Pure Appl Geophys 177:1917–1929. doi: 10.1007/s00024-019-02160-0 Moss RES, Ross ZE (2011) Probabilistic Fault Displacement Hazard Analysis for Reverse Faults. Bull Seismol Soc Am 101:1542–1553. doi: 10.1785/0120100248 Nissen E, Ghods A, Karasozen E, Elliott JR, Barnhart WD, Bergman EA, Hayes GP, Jamal-Reyhani M, Nemati M, Tan FZ, Abdulnaby W, Benz HM, Shahvar MP, Talebian M, Chen L (2019) The 12 November 2017 Mw 7.3 Ezgeleh-Sarpolzahab (Iran) Earthquake and Active Tectonics of the Lurestan Arc. J Geophys Res Solid Earth 124:2124–2152. doi: 10.1029/2018jb016221 Nissen E, Ghorashi M, Jackson J, Parsons B, Talebian M (2007) The 2005 Qeshm Island earthquake (Iran) - a link between buried reverse faulting and surface folding in the Zagros Simply Folded Belt ? Geophys J Int 171:326–338. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2007.03514.x Noda H, Lapusta N, Kanamori H (2013) Comparison of average stress drop measures for ruptures with heterogeneous stress change and implications for earthquake physics. Geophys J Int 193:1691–1712. doi: 10.1093/gji/ggt074 Parvez IA, Vaccari F, Panza GF (2003) A deterministic seismic hazard map of India and adjacent areas. Geophys J Int 155:489–508. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-246X.2003.02052.x Poole I, Ataabadi MM (2005) Conifer woods of the Middle Jurassic Hojedk Formation (Kerman Basin) Central Iran. IAWA J 26:489–505. doi: 10.1163/22941932-90000130 Poursoltani MR (2017) Sea-level change and deep sea sequence stratigraphy: A Middle Jurassic siliciclastic strata (Kashafrud Formation), NE Iran. Iran J Earth Sci 9:17–30 Radiguet M, Cotton F, Manighetti I, Campillo M, Douglas J (2009) Dependency of Near-Field Ground Motions on the Structural Maturity of the Ruptured Faults. Bull Seismol Soc Am 99:2572–2581. doi: 10.1785/0120080340 Raeesi M, Zarifi Z, Nilfouroushan F, Boroujeni SA, Tiampo K (2017) Quantitative Analysis of Seismicity in Iran. Pure Appl Geophys 174:793–833. doi: 10.1007/s00024-016-1435-4 Ritz JF, Baize S, Ferry M, Larroque C, Audin L, Delouis B, Mathot E (2020) Surface rupture and shallow fault reactivation during the 2019 Mw 4.9 Le Teil earthquake, France. Commun Earth Environ 1. doi: 10.1038/s43247-020-0012-z Savidge E, Nissen E, Nemati M, Karasözen E, Hollingsworth J, Talebian M, Bergman E, Ghods A, Ghorashi M, Kosari E, Rashidi A, Rashidi A (2019) The December 2017 Hojedk (Iran) earthquake triplet-sequential rupture of shallow reverse faults in a strike-slip restraining bend. Geophys J Int 217:909–925. doi: 10.1093/gji/ggz053 Shabanian E, Bellier O, Abbassi MR, Siame L, Farbod Y (2010) Plio-Quaternary stress states in NE Iran: Kopeh Dagh and Allah Dagh-Binalud mountain ranges. Tectonophysics 480:280–304. doi: 10.1016/j.tecto.2009.10.022 Shirzad T, Yaminifard F (2020) High resolution upper crustal velocity structure beneath Qeshm Island (SE Zagros) from surface wave, first arrival, and interevent interferometry tomography methods. Phys Earth Planet Inter 308. doi: 10.1016/j.pepi.2020.106569 Soghrat MR, Khaji N, Zafarani H (2012) Simulation of strong ground motion in northern Iran using the specific barrier model. Geophys J Int 188:645–679. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2011.05287.x Sorbi MR, Nilfouroushan F, Zamani A (2012) Seismicity patterns associated with the September 10th, 2008 Qeshm earthquake, South Iran. Int J Earth Sci (Geol Rundsch) 101:2215–2223. doi: 10.1007/s00531-012-0771-6 Vernant P, Nilforoushan F, Hatzfeld D, Abbassi MR, Vigny C, Masson F, Nankali H, Martinod J, Ashtiani A, Bayer R, Tavakoli F, Chéry J (2004) Present-day crustal deformation and plate kinematics in the Middle East constrained by GPS measurements in Iran and northern Oman. Geophys J Int 157:381–398. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2004.02222.x Wang RJ, Martin FL, Roth F (2003) Computation of deformation induced by earthquakes in a multi-layered elastic crust - FORTRAN programs EDGRN/EDCMP. Comput Geosci 29:195–207. doi: 10.1016/S0098-3004(02)00111-5 Wen Y-Y, Miyake H, Yen Y-T, Irikura K, Ching K-E (2014) Rupture Directivity Effect and Stress Heterogeneity of the 2013 Nantou Blind-Thrust Earthquakes, Taiwan. Bull Seismol Soc Am 104:2933–2942. doi: 10.1785/0120140109 Wessel P, Smith WHF (1995) New version of the generic mapping tools released. EOS, Trans Am Geophys Un 76:329 Zare M (2017) Contribution to the study of the seismicity, strong motion catalogues and seismic hazard assessment of the Middle East earthquakes. Thesis of Habilitation for Direction of Researches Supplementary Files GhayournajarkarNHAZsupplementarymaterial.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-1407313","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":88575157,"identity":"8b5289c6-9fee-48d1-ac31-bb73dde2469f","order_by":0,"name":"Nematollah Ghayournajarkar","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA5UlEQVRIie3QuwrCMBiG4U+FTpGslYLewi+BSvFmFMGOCi6OglAXL6CDt+DqXAnEJeDaTcFVpOAiuHgcxCHVTTDvkgM85ADYbD8ZewwccIDksaCPSCX6mpB6IcYafL48sqHsic1YbTMtwScJBn0DCeJDx2NaBgvlhPU4lXB1CyI2EEo1eeVIkq+Y77FMAikgmJmI842I6ElquWQ99e+nkHMj14tR/inMD2Y6JFd1u5VYh6yu2yPzW9ZapPthk/hYKjdTzWp1JZUw/RjcFoqv17jOC5EwCfAEhdPbXmlnJDabzfZvXQBIW0w5APiqPQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7983-1242","institution":"Tohoku University: Tohoku Daigaku","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Nematollah","middleName":"","lastName":"Ghayournajarkar","suffix":""},{"id":88575158,"identity":"25b621bb-a627-43b7-af41-5deb0334e19b","order_by":1,"name":"Yo Fukushima","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Tohoku University: Tohoku Daigaku","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yo","middleName":"","lastName":"Fukushima","suffix":""},{"id":88575159,"identity":"fac35f06-fab2-40b8-a957-f9e27c73fdca","order_by":2,"name":"Hisashi Nakahara","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Tohoku University: Tohoku Daigaku","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hisashi","middleName":"","lastName":"Nakahara","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2022-03-01 09:33:11","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-1407313/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1407313/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":18986731,"identity":"0b245d44-6783-4255-a395-23b83066d9c4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-03-08 15:41:38","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":8933285,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSeismicity of Iran and adjacent areas from 1900 to present superposed on a relief map. Colored circles represent epicenters located by the USGS. Red lines denote faults from the USGS World Energy Project (https://catalog.data.gov/dataset/major-faults-in-iran-flt2cg). White line with bars denotes the collision boundary between the Arabian and Eurasian plates. Black arrow shows the convergence rate of the Arabian plate toward the Eurasian plate. White line with triangles represents the Makran subduction boundary, where the oceanic lithosphere of Oman sea subducts northward beneath southeast Iran. Dashed white line denotes the transition boundary between the collision and subduction zones. The major seismotectonic provinces of Iran, including Azerbaijan, Alborz, Central Iran, East Iran Mountains, Kopeh Dagh, Lut, Makran, and Zagros are also indicated\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1407313/v1/6635b0b351d4b3846336f8d5.png"},{"id":18986730,"identity":"3de88934-af3b-4119-bf3f-6992b28ae266","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-03-08 15:41:38","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1399941,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e(a) USGS-derived locations and focal mechanisms of the studied Iranian earthquakes superposed on a relief map. (b) Thickness of the sedimentary layer in Iran is plotted using data obtained from the CRUST1.0 model (Laske et al., 2013)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1407313/v1/8c7ce5c8ae2b9ab8c0f29d4d.png"},{"id":18986733,"identity":"8d0320f2-fe57-430d-b7e9-1ce93ac6e10a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-03-08 15:41:38","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":125092,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eComparison of the InSAR-derived depth of the top of the rupture of the preferred fault model and the thickness of the sedimentary layer for the studied Iranian earthquakes. (a) The 2005 Qeshm earthquake, (b) 2008 Dargahan earthquake, (c) 2017 Sefid Sang earthquake, (d) 2017 Kermanshah earthquake, and (e) 2017 Hojedk earthquake. Rectangles represent the depths of our preferred fault models. Red dashed lines denote the bottom of the sedimentary layer obtained from the CRUST1.0 model. Blue dashed lines denote the bottom of the sedimentary layer obtained from previous local studies including (Shirzad and Yaminifard 2020) in panels (a) and (b), (Poursoltani 2017) in panel (c), (Nissen et al. 2019) in panel (d), and (Poole and Ataabadi 2005) in panel (e)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1407313/v1/2069213bb122aba6c8b1db10.png"},{"id":18986734,"identity":"2137bc12-e32b-4cc9-853d-447cd5a692f2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-03-08 15:41:38","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":189361,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFault scaling relationships. Black dots represent 22 Japanese earthquakes studied by Miyakoshi et al. (2020). Red and blue dots represent our analyzed Iranian and Japanese earthquakes, respectively. Black lines denote the fault scaling law proposed by Kanamori and Anderson (1975). The 2008 Iwate-Miyagi and 2014 Nagano earthquakes, indicated by arrows, are common between our study and that by Miyakoshi et al. (2020)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1407313/v1/f782aee26a36a17ad4eb682b.png"},{"id":24291289,"identity":"441e547f-b86d-46c3-8ed0-2dacffe35aa5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-07-25 14:23:49","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2906791,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1407313/v1/a5ef197a-c06d-4810-b5c5-32602cd44ef8.pdf"},{"id":18986927,"identity":"bb6508d9-dcfc-4898-b14e-e9fabf8b9c3a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-03-08 15:44:38","extension":"docx","order_by":14,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":767805,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"GhayournajarkarNHAZsupplementarymaterial.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1407313/v1/55471812740759fb7bf1c46e.docx"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eInSAR-Derived Source Characteristics of Iranian Blind Reverse-Fault Earthquakes and Their Implications for Seismic Hazard Evaluation\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eFundamental components of ground motion evaluation at the sites of interest are the location and geometry of the source, level of seismicity, and structural models (e.g., Parvez et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e). Investigating the fault characteristics in terms of seismic hazards using accurate source models can provide useful insights for municipalities to optimize their investments in safer buildings and more resilient infrastructure. Hence, the seismic risk of a given area, such as property losses and damages to buildings, can be accurately assessed with an accurate estimate of seismic hazard, which can be used for various purposes, including building codes for standard buildings, designing larger buildings and infrastructure projects, land use planning, and determining insurance rates.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Arabian plate is moving in a N13\u0026deg;E direction at a rate of approximately 31 mm yr\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e-1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e relative to the Eurasian plate at a longitude of 52\u003cspan style='color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: \"Times New Roman\"; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; display: inline !important; float: none;'\u003e\u0026deg;\u003c/span\u003eE (Vernant et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e). As a result of the convergent geodynamics in the region, Iran is one of the most seismically active countries in the world and has suffered many deaths and losses of livelihood throughout human history due to catastrophic earthquakes. From 1900 to the present day, the United States Geological Survey (USGS) database has recorded more than 100 earthquakes with M \u0026ge; 6 in Iran and adjacent areas (Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). Raeesi et al. (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e) noted that since 2000 BC, more than 50 major earthquakes with M \u0026ge; 7 have struck the Iranian plateau and these events along with large and moderate earthquakes have caused more than 1,936,000 fatalities the country. Notably, for some recent earthquakes in Iran, earthquake hazard assessments have failed to correctly predict actual ground motions and intensities (Zare \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). These facts highlight the importance of improving the seismic hazard evaluation system in the country.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn many countries, presence of sedimentary layer prevents accurate seismic hazard evaluation. There are several reasons for the difficulty in evaluating seismic hazards in Iran. Firstly, due to sparse seismic stations in Iran, the characterization of faulting using seismic data cannot be precisely performed. Secondly, reverse faults dominate the tectonic of Iran (Berberian and Yeats \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1999\u003c/span\u003e), which are usually overlaid by sediment layer and have not been well studied. Lastly, reverse faults have a low probability of surface rupturing because rock and overlying sediments can sustain compression more than tension (Ambraseys and Jackson \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1998\u003c/span\u003e; Moss and Ross \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRadiguet et al. (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e) noted that both a blind fault and an immature fault would strengthen the ground motions. Moreover, it has been well known that the sedimentary layer greatly amplifies ground motions associated with earthquakes (e.g., Aoi et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e). Most regions of Iran are covered by sedimentary layer (Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003eb); hence, the relation between the fault depth and sedimentary layer thickness is an important factor for accurately evaluating earthquake ground motions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOne of the key strengths of Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) is its detectability and high spatial resolution in the epicentral area of shallow inland earthquakes, which can often provide the ground truth for fault parameters of shallow moderate magnitude earthquakes (Ghayournajarkar and Fukushima \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Moreover, InSAR is particularly useful for such purpose in countries with sparse seismic stations, such as Iran, because of the public availability of the InSAR data. In this study, based on our earlier results from InSAR data inversions conducted on five Iranian shallow blind reverse-fault earthquakes (Ghayournajarkar and Fukushima \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), we exploit the resolving power of InSAR for investigating the fault characteristics and discussed their implications for seismic hazard evaluation in Iran. We specifically focus on the depth of the top of the rupture and on the stress drop, as these are key components for predicting earthquake ground motions.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Studied Earthquakes","content":"\u003cp\u003eTable \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e lists the studied earthquakes. These earthquakes, \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eMw\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e 5.9\u0026ndash;7.3 and focal depth 9.0\u0026ndash;19.0 km, caused clear InSAR signals, and were all associated with blind reverse faulting. The earthquakes occurred in the north (2017 Sefid Sang), south (2005 Qeshm and 2008 Dargahan), west (2017 Kermanshah), and center (2017 Hojedk) of Iran (Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 1 USGS-derived location, depth, and moment magnitude of the studied Iranian earthquakes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" width=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"27.902946273830157%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;Earthquake\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"16.291161178509533%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eDate\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(yyyymmdd)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.17157712305026%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eLatitude\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(\u0026deg;N\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.731369150779896%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eLongitude\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(\u0026deg;E\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.43847487001733%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eDepth\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(km)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"16.464471403812826%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eMagnitude\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(Mw\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"27.902946273830157%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eQeshm\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"16.291161178509533%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20051127\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.17157712305026%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.774\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.731369150779896%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.858\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.43847487001733%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"16.464471403812826%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"27.902946273830157%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDargahan\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"16.291161178509533%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20080910\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.17157712305026%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.743\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.731369150779896%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.828\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.43847487001733%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"16.464471403812826%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"27.902946273830157%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSefid Sang\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"16.291161178509533%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20170405\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.17157712305026%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.776\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.731369150779896%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.436\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.43847487001733%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"16.464471403812826%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"27.902946273830157%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKermanshah\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"16.291161178509533%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20171112\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.17157712305026%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.911\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.731369150779896%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.959\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.43847487001733%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"16.464471403812826%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"27.902946273830157%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHojedk\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"16.291161178509533%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20171201\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.17157712305026%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.746\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.731369150779896%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57.307\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.43847487001733%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"16.464471403812826%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/br\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe 2005 Qeshm earthquake struck Qeshm island, located in the southeastern part of the Zagros fold-and-thrust belt. This is one of the most seismically active belts in the world. This region has been struck by moderate to large magnitude earthquakes with general focal mechanisms of reverse faulting and with focal depths of 10\u0026ndash;20 km (Arian \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). This earthquake destroyed the village of Tonban, located in the central part of the island, and caused 13 deaths and injured approximately 100 people (Nissen et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e). The Global Centroid Moment Tensor (GCMT)-derived focal mechanism of the earthquake suggested that the main shock involved a predominantly reverse fault motion that is consistent with the mechanism of the faults in the region. The 2008 Dargahan earthquake also struck Qeshm island, which caused seven deaths and injured 30 people (Sorbi et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). The focal mechanism determined by the USGS indicated an oblique reverse faulting.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe 2017 Sefid Sang earthquake struck northeastern Iran, approximately 90 km southeast of Mashhad city with a population of more than three million. This region contains the Kopeh Dagh fold-and-thrust belt, which generates low to moderate magnitude earthquakes with focal mechanisms of dextral strike-slip faulting and thrusting (Arian \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). The focal mechanism solutions of the 2017 Sefid Sang earthquake showed that the earthquake ruptured an oblique reverse fault (Aflaki et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Ghayournajarkar and Fukushima \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e), which is consistent with the regional transpressional stress regime (Shabanian et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe 2017 Kermanshah earthquake struck the Iran-Iraq border with a USGS-derived epicenter located approximately 50 km northeast of Sarpol-e Zahab city. This earthquake occurred in the northern margin of the Zagros fold-and-thrust belt along the northeastern part of the Arabian plate. This region has experienced not only moderate to large magnitude earthquakes of shallow depths but also relatively deep earthquakes (depths exceeding 70 km), which is an indication of the initial stages of thick-skinned tectonics (Arian \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). The 2017 Kermanshah earthquake was the strongest instrumentally recorded earthquake in the region and caused at least 530 deaths (Feng et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). The focal mechanism determined by the European Mediterranean Seismological Center (EMSC) indicated an oblique reverse faulting.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe 2017 Hojedk earthquake struck the eastern part of the village of Hojedk, approximately 50 km north of Kerman city. The western part of the Tabas-Minab seismotectonic province, where the earthquakes occurred, has experienced moderate to large magnitude earthquakes exhibiting focal mechanisms of dominantly reverse faulting with dextral strike-slip (Arian \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). This earthquake did not cause too much destruction because it occurred in a remote region with a sparse population, but its occurrence suggests the presence of an unknown fault, and hence, potential seismic hazards for much larger neighboring settlements, such as Kerman with a population of approximately 800,000 (Savidge et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). The earthquake exhibited a predominantly reverse fault mechanism.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3. Data And Fault Modeling","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study uses the fault models obtained by Ghayournajarkar and Fukushima (2022). The data and method for determining these fault models are summarized in this section.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe used ascending and descending interferograms of the Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS-2), Environmental Satellite (ENVISAT), and Sentinel-1A satellite to map the co-seismic deformation caused by the earthquakes (Table 2).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 2 Interferograms used to study the Iranian earthquakes (Ghayournajarkar and Fukushima 2022)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" width=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"23.5202492211838%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eEarthquake\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.641744548286605%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eSatellite\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.280373831775702%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eTrack\u003csup\u003e*a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.797507788161994%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003ePrimary\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(yyyymmdd)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.641744548286605%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eSecondary\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(yyyymmdd)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.878504672897197%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eB\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003csup\u003e*b\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(m)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.2398753894081%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eIncidence\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;Angle\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"23.5202492211838%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eQeshm 2005\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.641744548286605%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eENVISAT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.280373831775702%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e328A\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.797507788161994%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20050105\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.641744548286605%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20051221\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.878504672897197%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-26.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.2398753894081%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"19.144602851323828%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.441955193482688%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e435D\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"19.34826883910387%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20051124\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"19.144602851323828%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20051229\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.608961303462321%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-186.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.311608961303463%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"23.5202492211838%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDargahan 2008\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.641744548286605%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eENVISAT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.280373831775702%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e328A\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.797507788161994%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20060125\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.641744548286605%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20081001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.878504672897197%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-539.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.2398753894081%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"19.144602851323828%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.441955193482688%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e435D\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"19.34826883910387%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20080417\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"19.144602851323828%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20081009\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.608961303462321%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-81.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.311608961303463%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" width=\"23.5202492211838%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSefid Sang 2017\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.641744548286605%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eALOS-2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.280373831775702%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e171A\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.797507788161994%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20170121\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.641744548286605%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20170624\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.878504672897197%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.2398753894081%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"19.144602851323828%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.441955193482688%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64D\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"19.34826883910387%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20170315\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"19.144602851323828%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20170524\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.608961303462321%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-376.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.311608961303463%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"19.144602851323828%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSentinel-1A\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.441955193482688%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13A\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"19.34826883910387%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20170324\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"19.144602851323828%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20170405\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.608961303462321%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-63.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.311608961303463%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"19.144602851323828%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.441955193482688%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e93D \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"19.34826883910387%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20170330\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"19.144602851323828%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20170411\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.608961303462321%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.311608961303463%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" width=\"23.5202492211838%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKermanshah 2017\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.641744548286605%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eALOS-2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.280373831775702%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e179A\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.797507788161994%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20171012\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.641744548286605%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20171123\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.878504672897197%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.2398753894081%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"19.144602851323828%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.441955193482688%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72D\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"19.34826883910387%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20160523\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"19.144602851323828%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20180521\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.608961303462321%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e147.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.311608961303463%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"19.144602851323828%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSentinel-1A\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.441955193482688%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72A\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"19.34826883910387%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20171111\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"19.144602851323828%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20171123\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.608961303462321%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-29.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.311608961303463%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"19.144602851323828%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.441955193482688%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6D\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"19.34826883910387%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20171107\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"19.144602851323828%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20171119\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"11.608961303462321%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.311608961303463%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"23.5202492211838%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.641744548286605%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eALOS-2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.280373831775702%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e173A\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.797507788161994%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20171121\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.641744548286605%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20171205\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.878504672897197%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-112.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.2398753894081%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"23.5202492211838%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHojedk 2017\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.641744548286605%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSentinel-1A\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.280373831775702%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57A\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.797507788161994%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2017112\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.641744548286605%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20171204\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.878504672897197%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e125.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.2398753894081%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"23.5202492211838%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.641744548286605%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"10.280373831775702%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e166D\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.797507788161994%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20171130\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.641744548286605%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20171212\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"8.878504672897197%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-27.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.2398753894081%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003ea\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003eA and D correspond to ascending and descending orbits, respectively. \u003csup\u003eb\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003ePerpendicular baseline.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe assumed a layered-structure model containing sediment and crystalline crust layers obtained from the CRUST1.0 model (Laske et al. 2013). The CRUST1.0 model is a database of crustal thickness obtained from the compilation of multiple studies defined on a one-degree grid. In each one-degree cell, the boundary depth, compressional and shear-wave velocities, and density are given. To calculate the crustal deformation using the layered-structure model, we used the EDGRN/EDCMP software (Wang et al. 2003). The layered-structure velocity model used in the fault slip inversions was obtained from the CRUST1.0 model (Fig. S1 and S2). We inverted the unwrapped interferograms to solve for the fault parameters, consisting of the horizontal location of the top side of the fault, length, width, depth of the top side of the fault, dip angle, strike angle, rake angle, and slip. The model parameters were solved using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) (Kennedy and Eberhart 1995). As the focal mechanism solutions of the earthquakes indicated two candidates of fault planes with different dipping directions, a set of two inversions was conducted for each earthquake by assuming each of the two possible fault dipping directions. Basically, by investigating on the data fit, we selected our preferred fault model for the studied Iranian blind reverse-fault earthquakes. We further confirmed that the selection of the model did not affect the conclusion of our study.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"4. Analysis And Results Of Fault Parameter Estimation","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe method used to achieve the purpose of the present study, that is, revealing the characteristics related to the seismic hazard of the studied Iranian blind reverse-fault earthquakes, consists of two investigation approaches as follows:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(1) As the seismic hazard in the immediate vicinity of an earthquake strongly depends on the rupture extent in the seismogenic layer, we compared the depth of the bottom of the sediment layer obtained from the CRUST1.0 model and previous local studies with the InSAR-derived depth of the top of the rupture.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(2) A larger stress drop leads to the radiation of strong short-period ground motions. The stress drop is a key parameter for the estimation of strong ground motions caused by earthquake ruptures (e.g., Miyakoshi et al. 2020; Soghrat et al. 2012). We compared the stress drops of the studied Iranian earthquakes with those of the Japanese earthquakes obtained from our earlier study (Ghayournajarkar and Fukushima 2022) and other studies.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTables S1 and S2 list the fault parameters of the preferred models derived from the inversions of InSAR data for the studied Iranian and Japanese earthquakes (Ghayournajarkar and Fukushima 2022). The InSAR-derived depths of the upper limit of the fault ruptures ranged between 4.5 and 14.8 km. The comparison between the InSAR-derived depth of the top of the rupture and the depth of the bottom of the sedimentary layer shows that there is a systematic gap between the depth of the top of the rupture and that of the bottom of the sedimentary layer for all the studied Iranian earthquakes (Table 3 and Fig. 3).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 3 Comparison of the InSAR-derived depth of the top of the rupture of the preferred fault model and the thickness of the sedimentary layer for the studied Iranian earthquakes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" width=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"20.276497695852534%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eEarthquake\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"15.97542242703533%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;This study\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eTop Fault\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.357910906298002%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;CRUST1.0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;Sediments\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"46.39016897081413%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Previous local studies\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp; Sediments\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20.038535645472063%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Depth\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(km)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"21.772639691714836%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eThickness\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(km)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"16.377649325626205%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eThickness\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(km)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"41.811175337186896%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eType of the study\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20.276497695852534%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eQeshm 2005\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"15.97542242703533%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.357910906298002%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.056835637480798%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRayleigh wave dispersion\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(Shirzad and Yaminifard 2020)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20.276497695852534%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDargahan 2008\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"15.97542242703533%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.357910906298002%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.056835637480798%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRayleigh wave dispersion\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(Shirzad and Yaminifard 2020)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20.276497695852534%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSefid Sang 2017\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"15.97542242703533%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.357910906298002%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.056835637480798%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStratigraphy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(Poursoltani 2017)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20.276497695852534%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKermanshah 2017\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"15.97542242703533%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.357910906298002%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.056835637480798%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStratigraphy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(Nissen et al. 2019)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20.276497695852534%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHojedk 2017\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"15.97542242703533%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.357910906298002%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.056835637480798%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStratigraphy\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(Poole and Ataabadi 2005)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe uncertainties in the InSAR-derived depth of the top of the rupture range between 0.2-1.0 km, which is smaller than the gap for most cases. Although the uncertainties in the sedimentary layer thickness from previous studies vary and are not necessarily estimated, the consistent gap exists for results derived from both the CRUST1.0 model and previous local studies, supporting the actual presence of the gaps.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNext, we calculated the stress drops of our analyzed Iranian and Japanese earthquakes, according to the following relation\u0026nbsp;(Kanamori and Anderson 1975):\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"data:image/jpeg;base64,/9j/4AAQSkZJRgABAQEAYABgAAD/4RD6RXhpZgAATU0AKgAAAAgABAE7AAIAAAAQAAAISodpAAQAAAABAAAIWpydAAEAAAAgAAAQ0uocAAcAAAgMAAAAPgAAAAAc6gAAAAgAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAFNhY2hpbiBNYWhhcm51cgAABZADAAIAAAAUAAAQqJAEAAIAAAAUAAAQvJKRAAIAAAADODQAAJKSAAIAAAADODQAAOocAAcAAAgMAAAInAAAAAAc6gAAAAgAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAADIwMjI6MDM6MDggMTI6MjA6MzkAMjAyMjowMzowOCAxMjoyMDozOQAAAFMAYQBjAGgAaQBuACAATQBhAGgAYQByAG4AdQByAAAA/+ELImh0dHA6Ly9ucy5hZG9iZS5jb20veGFwLzEuMC8APD94cGFja2V0IGJlZ2luPSfvu78nIGlkPSdXNU0wTXBDZWhpSHpyZVN6TlRjemtjOWQnPz4NCjx4OnhtcG1ldGEgeG1sbnM6eD0iYWRvYmU6bnM6bWV0YS8iPjxyZGY6UkRGIHhtbG5zOnJkZj0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS8wMi8yMi1yZGYtc3ludGF4LW5zIyI+PHJkZjpEZXNjcmlwdGlvbiByZGY6YWJvdXQ9InV1aWQ6ZmFmNWJkZDUtYmEzZC0xMWRhLWFkMzEtZDMzZDc1MTgyZjFiIiB4bWxuczpkYz0iaHR0cDovL3B1cmwub3JnL2RjL2VsZW1lbnRzLzEuMS8iLz48cmRmOkRlc2NyaXB0aW9uIHJkZjphYm91dD0idXVpZDpmYWY1YmRkNS1iYTNkLTExZGEtYWQzMS1kMzNkNzUxODJmMWIiIHhtbG5zOnhtcD0iaHR0cDovL25zLmFkb2JlLmNvbS94YXAvMS4wLyI+PHhtcDpDcmVhdGVEYXRlPjIwMjItMDMtMDhUMTI6MjA6MzkuODM1PC94bXA6Q3JlYXRlRGF0ZT48L3JkZjpEZXNjcmlwdGlvbj48cmRmOkRlc2NyaXB0aW9uIHJkZjphYm91dD0idXVpZDpmYWY1YmRkNS1iYTNkLTExZGEtYWQzMS1kMzNkNzUxODJmMWIiIHhtbG5zOmRjPSJodHRwOi8vcHVybC5vcmcvZGMvZWxlbWVudHMvMS4xLyI+PGRjOmNyZWF0b3I+PHJkZjpTZXEgeG1sbnM6cmRmPSJodHRwOi8vd3d3LnczLm9yZy8xOTk5LzAyLzIyLXJkZi1zeW50YXgtbnMjIj48cmRmOmxpPlNhY2hpbiBNYWhhcm51cjwvcmRmOmxpPjwvcmRmOlNlcT4NCgkJCTwvZGM6Y3JlYXRvcj48L3JkZjpEZXNjcmlwdGlvbj48L3JkZjpSREY+PC94OnhtcG1ldGE+DQogICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgCiAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAKICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgIAogICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgCiAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAKICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgIAogICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgCiAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAKICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgIAogICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgCiAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAKICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgIAogICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgCiAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAKICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgIAogICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgCiAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAKICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgIAogICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgCiAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAKICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgIDw/eHBhY2tldCBlbmQ9J3cnPz7/2wBDAAcFBQYFBAcGBQYIBwcIChELCgkJChUPEAwRGBUaGRgVGBcbHichGx0lHRcYIi4iJSgpKywrGiAvMy8qMicqKyr/2wBDAQcICAoJChQLCxQqHBgcKioqKioqKioqKioqKioqKioqKioqKioqKioqKioqKioqKioqKioqKioqKioqKioqKir/wAARCABHAV8DASIAAhEBAxEB/8QAHwAAAQUBAQEBAQEAAAAAAAAAAAECAwQFBgcICQoL/8QAtRAAAgEDAwIEAwUFBAQAAAF9AQIDAAQRBRIhMUEGE1FhByJxFDKBkaEII0KxwRVS0fAkM2JyggkKFhcYGRolJicoKSo0NTY3ODk6Q0RFRkdISUpTVFVWV1hZWmNkZWZnaGlqc3R1dnd4eXqDhIWGh4iJipKTlJWWl5iZmqKjpKWmp6ipqrKztLW2t7i5usLDxMXGx8jJytLT1NXW19jZ2uHi4+Tl5ufo6erx8vP09fb3+Pn6/8QAHwEAAwEBAQEBAQEBAQAAAAAAAAECAwQFBgcICQoL/8QAtREAAgECBAQDBAcFBAQAAQJ3AAECAxEEBSExBhJBUQdhcRMiMoEIFEKRobHBCSMzUvAVYnLRChYkNOEl8RcYGRomJygpKjU2Nzg5OkNERUZHSElKU1RVVldYWVpjZGVmZ2hpanN0dXZ3eHl6goOEhYaHiImKkpOUlZaXmJmaoqOkpaanqKmqsrO0tba3uLm6wsPExcbHyMnK0tPU1dbX2Nna4uPk5ebn6Onq8vP09fb3+Pn6/9oADAMBAAIRAxEAPwD6RooooAKKKKACiiigAooooAKKKKAKmqapZ6Nps1/qc4gtYQC8hBOMkAcDJJJIGB61V0TxNpfiE3S6XNKZbNwlxBcW0tvLESMjdHIqsMjkHHNT61PfW2jXEulWb3t2q/u4I5UjZskA7Wf5QQMkbuCRg1y/w+0jWdOv9dutaguUS+mieGXUXhe9k2oVbzTATHtGF2hcYGcigDtqKKKACiiigAooooAKKKKACiiigAooooAKKKKACiiigAooooAKKKKACiiigAooooAKKKKACiiigAooooAKKKKACiikZlRSzkKqjJJOABQAtFc34I8d6N8QNJudR0AzeTb3LWzidArEgA7gAT8pDAg/yrpKACiiigAooooA4nWPG2vaRp9zfyeFk+zR3rWdusmobJrlvO8qMqnln75wRz0IPSumvtd0rSWjTV9UsbGWRdypcXKRkj1G4jI96wry2n1/4lWkc0EqaZ4fi+1BnQhLi7lBVMZ+8I495+sg7iuY8V+EtG1n4k3N5P4a/tVtP0qa8uGuLd5VuZyqpBAhbggKrnavG5gepoA67WNc0/U9Fml0TxJOrWrK8jaF5F1OwJ2hNjJIMEnPQHjqBmqvgy+kvtU1GGfXNfubmwCxXGn6vbWkflFwGRwYIlzkA4+Yjk5GcVhfDvw+3h/4UJL4R0S3t/EU1pGs0t7bNaiefG5i2V3FELsBwM7cDg5rd0CO/wDDOk6re61pqR7UW4klhna7ub2UAh2fCL2CKqquB0GBgAAXwl49XxNrniDS7nTjp0miy7Gka4EizrvlQupwMANCwOelL4G8eL46m1eSx02S307T7r7NFdySAm5OA2QmPlG1lPJz8w6VwmkeGtRlg0nUpoZYdJ1DQAfEDeSwkZ1meeSEREbyzvLIp4yV3Y5K1q+B9cPhn4WWmoTaZcPrOuatLiwkRoGe6nmYhCWHyqqAEtg8ISM9KAPVKK5zw14jvNV1fWdI1Wygtr7SJIlkNrOZYnWWPepBZVII5BBHoe9dHQAUUUUAFFFFABRRRQAUUUUAFFFFABRRRQAUUUUAFFFFABRRRQAUUUUAFFFFABRRRQAUVm6brMWr3VyLBPNtLaRoWut3yvKpwyIP4gpyCegIwMkHFPSfGOl614m1TQrJboXmlpG9z51u0SjzMlcbsE8DOcY9zQBvUVmDW4ovEC6Rexm3nnRpLRicpcqv3gD2dc5K+hBBPONOgArjviVdzP4ft/D1hIyX3iO5XTYmQ/NHGwJmk/4DErn64rsa878X6B4/uviDZa94Sfw21tZWL28EWrvOSjyMDI4EYwCQqqOemfWgChoNrD4I+PV9otsgg0zxJpcVzaRrwqzW48tkUeuz5j+FW9R8S+K/F3jDUfD/AIBntNKsdHcRahrN3B55MxGfKijyASB1J/TjOPqXhL4r+IPE/hzVdZk8GwnQ70XCPYvdLIyNgSR5ZWGGUY7dua6Kw8L+KPC954hj8LHSZrXW9Rl1Jbi+mlWS0llVQ48tUYSLlQR8ydcUAZPwpm8Y63d3moa945Op22m391ptzpw0mCJWljOAwlTkjBVuB3xzjnt/Fmp3ul6fDLp1z9ndpdrN/YtzqeRg8eXAysv+8eO3eo/A3hGDwT4Xi0mG4e7mMjz3V1IuGuJnOXcjtk9B2AHWuhoA82/4S7xB/wBBb/zH2rf/AB2u1j1eKy8JnWdYuNsNvaG5up/scsGFVdzN5LZkTgE7Tlh05NalFAHm3/DQfwx/6Gb/AMkLn/43R/w0H8Mf+hm/8kLn/wCN16TRQB5t/wANB/DH/oZv/JC5/wDjdH/DQfwx/wChm/8AJC5/+N16TRQB5t/w0H8Mf+hm/wDJC5/+N1l698YvhL4htbeK78UzQyWtwt1bT29lcrJDKoIDKTER0ZhggggmvS/EKwvoF0tzfz6fGwANxbzrDIDuGFV24UscL2+91HWuT+G91cNrXiawupNSg+yzwGPTNTu2u5bRGjPPnFn3ByCdodtuPegBnw48ZeAdXvrzSvBesS6lqEoa/vJLiGYSzHKoXZ5EUHGUUAcAYwABXoNFFABRRRQAUUUUAFFFFABRRRQAUUUUAFFFFABRRRQAUUUUAFFFFABRRRQAUUUUAFc58QtZn8PfDnXtVsyVuLaxlaFh/C+3Cn8CQfwro6yfFOhx+JvCWqaJKwRb+1kgDn+AspAb8Dg/hQBR+HdimnfDTw5bR87dNgZm/vOyBmb8WJP41i6CAPjx4uwMZ0ywJ9+Za1fhtdSzfD7S7S9Ux3+mQLp97E33o5oQEYH64DA9wwI4IrK0LQPF9p8UtW8RanbaKun6pBDbmKC/leWBYg21hmFQ5JY5GVxnqccgFT45XjaL4Hs/EcGRcaJqtteRlTgn5tjL9GVyCO4Nek1wPxU0xvFNno3hKBd51LUIprsdo7SE75HP47FHqXFd9QAUUUUAFFFFABRRRQAUUUUAFQm7therZm4iF00ZlWAuN5QEAsF64BYDPTJHrU1efQaTY6Z8foJLK2WOW68O3Mk8uSzyt9qgwWY5Jx0GTwOBxQB3N9qFlpdm93qd3BZ2yffmuJRGi/ViQBSzX1pb2LXtxdQxWqpvad5AsYX+9uPGPevNZJNb1v4teJnsYdOmbw3DaxWC6gzlEaWLzXdVGAGbO3fngLgDk1avpn+KXw90DU9J+ywagskGsJpd6+Y59hZTHJgZ2bicNjqqnFAHSXniDR9e0OX+yLWDxjau4intdOntZ1AIJy/mSKmMrjGSc446kJ4W8q032Fh4IufDNoFMmSlmkTNkDG2CVzuOc5IxweemeesNV8IX3w/1nxPrOlrpFvO/lazEXIzLA/l7NyEBxuG0EfeyAeuKk+Fw0Iz65P4eudNVLqSGd9M0qRZLewUoVVdyfu/MbYzOF6cdRhmAPQaKKKACiiigAooooAKKKKACiiigAooooAKKKKACiiigAooooAKKKKACiiigAooooAKKKKAIFs7dL57xIws8iBHdSRvA6ZHQkdieRk46mp6KKAIIbK2guprmKICefHmSnlmA6DJ7DJwOgyfU1PRRQAUUUUAFFFFABRRRQAUUUUAFcxL8PPD0/iT+35I9R/tTJxcLq92pVS24oAJcBM/wAbe2MUUUAWdW8F6FreoPfX9rMLmSIQyyW13NbmaME4STy3XzF5PDZHNRX/gHw3qM1rLLYSQSWdsLSBrK7mtSkP8Azz/dOvy+3SiigDY0vS7HRdNh0/SrWO0tIRiOKIYA5yfqSSST1JOat0UUAFFFFABRRRQAUUUUAFFFFABRRRQAUUUUAFFFFABRRRQAUUUUAFFFFABRRRQAUUUUAFFFFABRRRQAUUUUAf/Z\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ewhere \u003cem\u003eM\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u0026nbsp; is the seismic moment in Nm, calculated assuming a shear modulus of 30 GPa, and \u003cem\u003eS\u003c/em\u003e is the rupture area in \u003cem\u003eM\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/em\u003e. Strictly speaking, the factor \u003cimg src=\"data:image/jpeg;base64,/9j/4AAQSkZJRgABAQEAYABgAAD/4RD6RXhpZgAATU0AKgAAAAgABAE7AAIAAAAQAAAISodpAAQAAAABAAAIWpydAAEAAAAgAAAQ0uocAAcAAAgMAAAAPgAAAAAc6gAAAAgAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAFNhY2hpbiBNYWhhcm51cgAABZADAAIAAAAUAAAQqJAEAAIAAAAUAAAQvJKRAAIAAAADMjUAAJKSAAIAAAADMjUAAOocAAcAAAgMAAAInAAAAAAc6gAAAAgAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAADIwMjI6MDM6MDggMTI6MjE6MDYAMjAyMjowMzowOCAxMjoyMTowNgAAAFMAYQBjAGgAaQBuACAATQBhAGgAYQByAG4AdQByAAAA/+ELImh0dHA6Ly9ucy5hZG9iZS5jb20veGFwLzEuMC8APD94cGFja2V0IGJlZ2luPSfvu78nIGlkPSdXNU0wTXBDZWhpSHpyZVN6TlRjemtjOWQnPz4NCjx4OnhtcG1ldGEgeG1sbnM6eD0iYWRvYmU6bnM6bWV0YS8iPjxyZGY6UkRGIHhtbG5zOnJkZj0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS8wMi8yMi1yZGYtc3ludGF4LW5zIyI+PHJkZjpEZXNjcmlwdGlvbiByZGY6YWJvdXQ9InV1aWQ6ZmFmNWJkZDUtYmEzZC0xMWRhLWFkMzEtZDMzZDc1MTgyZjFiIiB4bWxuczpkYz0iaHR0cDovL3B1cmwub3JnL2RjL2VsZW1lbnRzLzEuMS8iLz48cmRmOkRlc2NyaXB0aW9uIHJkZjphYm91dD0idXVpZDpmYWY1YmRkNS1iYTNkLTExZGEtYWQzMS1kMzNkNzUxODJmMWIiIHhtbG5zOnhtcD0iaHR0cDovL25zLmFkb2JlLmNvbS94YXAvMS4wLyI+PHhtcDpDcmVhdGVEYXRlPjIwMjItMDMtMDhUMTI6MjE6MDYuMjUyPC94bXA6Q3JlYXRlRGF0ZT48L3JkZjpEZXNjcmlwdGlvbj48cmRmOkRlc2NyaXB0aW9uIHJkZjphYm91dD0idXVpZDpmYWY1YmRkNS1iYTNkLTExZGEtYWQzMS1kMzNkNzUxODJmMWIiIHhtbG5zOmRjPSJodHRwOi8vcHVybC5vcmcvZGMvZWxlbWVudHMvMS4xLyI+PGRjOmNyZWF0b3I+PHJkZjpTZXEgeG1sbnM6cmRmPSJodHRwOi8vd3d3LnczLm9yZy8xOTk5LzAyLzIyLXJkZi1zeW50YXgtbnMjIj48cmRmOmxpPlNhY2hpbiBNYWhhcm51cjwvcmRmOmxpPjwvcmRmOlNlcT4NCgkJCTwvZGM6Y3JlYXRvcj48L3JkZjpEZXNjcmlwdGlvbj48L3JkZjpSREY+PC94OnhtcG1ldGE+DQogICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgCiAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAKICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgIAogICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgCiAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAKICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgIAogICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgCiAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAKICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgIAogICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgCiAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAKICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgIAogICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgCiAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAKICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgIAogICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgCiAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAKICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgIAogICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgCiAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAKICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgIDw/eHBhY2tldCBlbmQ9J3cnPz7/2wBDAAcFBQYFBAcGBQYIBwcIChELCgkJChUPEAwRGBUaGRgVGBcbHichGx0lHRcYIi4iJSgpKywrGiAvMy8qMicqKyr/2wBDAQcICAoJChQLCxQqHBgcKioqKioqKioqKioqKioqKioqKioqKioqKioqKioqKioqKioqKioqKioqKioqKioqKir/wAARCAA4ACoDASIAAhEBAxEB/8QAHwAAAQUBAQEBAQEAAAAAAAAAAAECAwQFBgcICQoL/8QAtRAAAgEDAwIEAwUFBAQAAAF9AQIDAAQRBRIhMUEGE1FhByJxFDKBkaEII0KxwRVS0fAkM2JyggkKFhcYGRolJicoKSo0NTY3ODk6Q0RFRkdISUpTVFVWV1hZWmNkZWZnaGlqc3R1dnd4eXqDhIWGh4iJipKTlJWWl5iZmqKjpKWmp6ipqrKztLW2t7i5usLDxMXGx8jJytLT1NXW19jZ2uHi4+Tl5ufo6erx8vP09fb3+Pn6/8QAHwEAAwEBAQEBAQEBAQAAAAAAAAECAwQFBgcICQoL/8QAtREAAgECBAQDBAcFBAQAAQJ3AAECAxEEBSExBhJBUQdhcRMiMoEIFEKRobHBCSMzUvAVYnLRChYkNOEl8RcYGRomJygpKjU2Nzg5OkNERUZHSElKU1RVVldYWVpjZGVmZ2hpanN0dXZ3eHl6goOEhYaHiImKkpOUlZaXmJmaoqOkpaanqKmqsrO0tba3uLm6wsPExcbHyMnK0tPU1dbX2Nna4uPk5ebn6Onq8vP09fb3+Pn6/9oADAMBAAIRAxEAPwD6RopGYKpZiAAMkntWTD4t8OXNxHBb6/pcs0rBI4472NmdicAAA8kntQBr1geMI4pdKgSSfUFkNwPJtNOvltJr59jfuRIzJ2y+FZT8mc4BB36wfFccF1Zw2l94Rl8UWzsXaFUtXSJl6FluJEGTk4Iz0OccZAMv4XXs954Ql+2XlzczwX9zC0d1I0klriQ4gaRuZCgIG/Jz612VY3hub/Q2tIvDF14dtrYAQwzC2CMDnOxYJXAxjnOOoxnnGzQA2SNZYnjkGUdSrD1BrhY9LsdR+INjpOm2cMOleFIEmkEajBunQrDHnqdke5z7vGa7i3nFzaxTqrosqBwsilWXIzgg9D7VV0vRrLR/thsIijXt093OzMWLyP1JJ9gAB0AAA4FAHlPjPX/iBYa14imtfEum6Xp+j6d9vaCOwFxtUs6xRl2wS7iMk9AuQOetbU5n0nwHb3Hxb1WHVbiW6R7e1jRbRWkaPaIGG4K4BZyS2FGATjbXVXXgjRL631qG8gmmXW3R70tcPuYpjZtOcqFwMAYFaltpVnaWMdokPmRRkkeexlYknJYsxJJJJJJOaAOf+HFvb2nhRre01OHUVW7mYm2mMsNuWbf5Ebn7yIGCg+x4HQdZTIoo4U2QxrGvXai4FPoAzfEOjf8ACQaDcaZ/aWoaZ5+3/S9Nn8mePawb5XwcZxg8dCRXEf8ACm/+qj/ED/wef/YV6TVTUrS4vbMwWt9LYMxG6eFFZwvcLuBAPuQaAOB/4U3/ANVH+IH/AIPP/sKP+FN/9VH+IH/g8/8AsKl8HeJJtI+A6+ItUmn1CaytLq4keZ90kxSSQgFj3OAKj8I6+ItS0hvFCa0usa3CTBd3LFbKRivmNDFErkR4A4LorMF6k0AbfhTwB/wiuqyX3/CWeKNZ8yEw/Z9Y1L7REuWU7wu0Yb5cZ9CfWutoooAKqalDe3Fg8el3kdlcnG2aSDzgvr8uRn86KKAOW8O/D+TS/A9z4T1rV/7X0uaCSAf6KIJFWQsXywYg/e44GMd6k0/wNcpfaLNreuSanDoQJsYvsyw/Ps8sPIQTvYKSBgKMknFFFAHYUUUUAf/Z\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;is used for circular faults. For rectangular faults, such factors depend on the aspect ratio and have only been numerically calculated for some specific aspect ratios. Hence, we opted for Equation (1) in this study. According to Noda et al. (2013), the factors for rectangular faults are slightly larger than the factor for circular faults, and consequently our estimates of stress drop when using Equation (1) are expected to be slightly smaller.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 4 lists the parameters derived from the fault models of the studied Iranian earthquakes (Ghayournajarkar and Fukushima 2022), including their seismic moment, rupture area, stress drop, and moment magnitude. The calculated stress drops range from 9.6 to 17.1 MPa.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 4\u0026nbsp;Parameters derived from the fault models of the Iranian earthquakes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" width=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"25.23191094619666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eIranian Earthquakes\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"21.335807050092765%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eSeismic moment\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(Nm)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.25417439703154%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eRupture area\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"15.027829313543599%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eStress drop\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(MPa)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"21.150278293135436%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eMagnitude\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"25.23191094619666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eQeshm 2005\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"21.335807050092765%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.22E+18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.25417439703154%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"15.027829313543599%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"21.150278293135436%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"25.23191094619666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDargahan 2008\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"21.335807050092765%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.28E+18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.25417439703154%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"15.027829313543599%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"21.150278293135436%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"25.23191094619666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSefid Sang 2017\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"21.335807050092765%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.21E+18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.25417439703154%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"15.027829313543599%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"21.150278293135436%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"25.23191094619666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKermanshah 2017\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"21.335807050092765%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.79E+19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.25417439703154%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e629.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"15.027829313543599%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"21.150278293135436%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"25.23191094619666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHojedk 2017\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"21.335807050092765%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.17E+18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.25417439703154%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"15.027829313543599%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"21.150278293135436%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e"},{"header":"5. Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5.1 Systematic gap between depth of the top of the rupture and\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ethat\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;of the\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ebottom of the sedimentary layer\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSeismic hazards in the immediate vicinity of an earthquake are usually assumed to have been reduced after the rupture of a continental fault. However, this is only realized if the entire seismogenic layer ruptures during the event (Elliott et al. 2011). The systematic gap between the depth of the top of the rupture and that of the bottom of the sedimentary layer for the studied earthquakes indicates either of the following. 1) The earthquakes did not rupture the entire seismogenic layer, 2) the sedimentary layer thickness results were not accurate enough, and 3) the layer immediately beneath the sedimentary layer (the gap) was not seismogenic. The third possibility cannot be excluded, but the consistency of the presence of the systematic gap in results derived from both the CRUST1.0 model and previous local studies indicates that the effect of the uncertainty in the estimation of the sedimentary layer is limited.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt has been known that reverse-fault earthquakes even with moderate magnitude have seismogenic potential to rupture the sedimentary layer and reach the ground surface. Ritz et al. (2020) pointed out that the 2019 Le Teil reverse-fault earthquake ( 4.9) in France ruptured shallow depths in the Mesozoic sediments up to the ground surface. Furthermore, although the sense of rupture was normal faulting, the 2011 and 2016 events in Japan provide another intriguing case where a significant portion of rupture occurred shallower than 5 km above the upper limit depth of the aftershocks (Fukushima et al. 2018). These earthquakes could have spontaneously ruptured the uppermost part of the seismogenic layer and passively ruptured the sedimentary layer above it simultaneously. Thus, we anticipate such surface-breaking ruptures above the studied Iranian blind reverse-fault earthquakes. It would be important in future studies to clarify whether the shallow zones are seismic or aseismic by investigating slip deficit.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5.2 High stress drops of the Iranian earthquakes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA larger stress drop leads to radiation of strong short-period ground motions; therefore, stress drop is commonly a key parameter in estimating these ground motions (\u003cem\u003ee\u003c/em\u003e.\u003cem\u003eg\u003c/em\u003e., Soghrat et al. 2012). Knowledge regarding the general characteristics of the stress drop is therefore important for understanding the seismic hazards in the region.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGhayournajarkar and Fukushima (2022), conducted fault slip inversions on Japanese earthquakes as well using the identical method applied to the studied Iranian earthquakes described in section 3. Here, we calculated the stress drops of these earthquakes using Equation (1), ranging from 3.7 to 5.8 MPa (Table 5).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 5 Parameters derived from the fault models of the Japanese earthquakes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" width=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"27.37226277372263%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eJapanese Earthquakes\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"19.525547445255473%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eSeismic moment\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(Nm)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.7007299270073%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eRupture area\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.598540145985401%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eStress drop\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(MPa)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20.802919708029197%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eMagnitude\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"27.37226277372263%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIwate-Miyagi 2008\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"19.525547445255473%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.01E+19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.7007299270073%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e729.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.598540145985401%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20.802919708029197%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"27.37226277372263%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNagano 2014\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"19.525547445255473%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.72E+18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.7007299270073%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e157.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.598540145985401%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20.802919708029197%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"27.37226277372263%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTottori 2016\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"19.525547445255473%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.52E+18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.7007299270073%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e117.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.598540145985401%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20.802919708029197%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"27.37226277372263%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIbaraki 2016\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"19.525547445255473%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.18E+17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.7007299270073%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.598540145985401%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20.802919708029197%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe average stress drops of the studied Iranian and Japanese earthquakes are 13.4 and 4.7 MPa, respectively (Tables 4 and 5). The larger stress drops of the studied Iranian earthquakes indicate that the strength of their causative faults is larger than that of the studied Japanese faults, and also indicate that the studied Iranian earthquakes can generate strong short-period seismic waves, which should be considered when evaluating the seismic hazards in the region.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOur results are consistent with the scaling law of the seismic moment and the rupture area as proposed by Kanamori and Anderson (1975) (Fig. 4). The stress drops recently obtained by Miyakoshi et al. (2020) are also plotted in Figure 4, again showcasing the systematic tendency of larger stress drops for the Iranian earthquakes, although the values estimated by Miyakoshi et al. (2020) were obtained via seismic waveform inversion analyses, which can lead to different results (which was the case for the 2014 Nagano earthquake).\u0026nbsp;Manighetti et al. (2007)\u0026nbsp;pointed out that the earthquake stress drop has a strong relationship with the structural maturity of the ruptured fault. Similarly,\u0026nbsp;Wen et al. (2014)\u0026nbsp;suggested that the large stress drops of blind reverse-fault earthquakes may be related to their immature faults. Our results suggest that the studied Iranian earthquakes caused rupturing of immature blind faults.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the future, the stress drops should be assessed for more earthquakes in order to build a database that will enable to derive different scaling laws for different slip senses (strike-slip, reverse, or normal).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"6. Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eWe have investigated the fault characteristics of five blind reverse-fault earthquakes that occurred in Iran using InSAR data and discussed their implications for seismic hazard evaluation. The conclusions derived from these investigations are summarized as follows:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(1) For all studied Iranian earthquakes, the InSAR-derived depth of the top of the rupture was systematically deeper than the bottom of the sedimentary layer. This may indicate that the earthquakes did not rupture the entire seismogenic layer, likely leaving a seismogenic potential to rupture the sedimentary layer and reach the ground surface. The risks of such surface-rupturing events and associated hazards should not be ignored.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(2) The causative\u0026nbsp;blind reverse faults of the studied Iranian earthquakes had larger stress drops than the Japanese earthquakes, leading to the possibility of generating strong short-period ground motions. The larger stress drops of these earthquakes might be related to immature blind faults, which should be considered in future earthquake scenarios to mitigate future seismic hazards. Using appropriate values of stress drop and assuming faults not only along the mapped active faults but also in the possible areas surrounding them, provides useful insights for engineers to construct safer buildings and more resilient infrastructure. In the future, the stress drop estimates can be improved with details by analyzing more events and deriving different scaling laws for different slip senses (strike-slip, reverse, or normal).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs InSAR data can be easily accessed, this study presents a cost-effective method to provide fault parameters that can be used for evaluation of strong ground motions caused by earthquakes even in countries where observation networks of strong ground motions are not well developed.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that no funds, grants, or other support were received during the preparation of this manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting Interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor contribution\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003es\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFigures and tables preparation, data collection, and analysis were performed by Nematollah Ghayournajarkar. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Nematollah Ghayournajarkar and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eENVISAT and Sentinel-1A SAR data are available from the European Space Agency (ESA). The processed results can be shared upon request to the authors.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAflaki M, Mousavi Z, Ghods A, Shabanian E, Vajedian S, Akbarzadeh M (2019) The 2017 Mw 6 Sefid Sang earthquake and its implication for the geodynamics of NE Iran. Geophys J Int 218:1227\u0026ndash;1245. doi:\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1093/gji/ggz172\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAmbraseys NN, Jackson JA (1998) Faulting associated with historical and recent earthquakes in the eastern Mediterranean region. Geophys J Int 133:390\u0026ndash;406\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAoi S, Honda R, Morikawa N, Sekiguchi H, Suzuki H, Hayakawa Y, Kunugi T, Fujiwara H (2008) Three-dimensional finite difference simulation of long-period ground motions for the 2003 Tokachi-oki, Japan, earthquake. J Geophys Res Solid Earth 113. doi:\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1029/2007jb005452\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eArian M (2015) Seismotectonic-Geologic Hazards Zoning of Iran. Earth Sci Res J 19:7\u0026ndash;13\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBerberian M, Yeats RS (1999) Patterns of historical earthquake rupture in the Iranian plateau. Bull Seismol Soc Am 89:120\u0026ndash;139\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eElliott JR, Parsons B, Jackson JA, Shan X, Sloan RA, Walker RT (2011) Depth segmentation of the seismogenic continental crust: The 2008 and 2009 Qaidam earthquakes. Geophys Res Lett 38. doi:\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1029/2011gl046897\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFeng WP, Samsonov S, Almeida R, Yassaghi A, Li JH, Qiu Q, Li P, Zheng WJ (2018) Geodetic Constraints of the 2017 M(w)7.3 Sarpol Zahab, Iran Earthquake, and Its Implications on the Structure and Mechanics of the Northwest Zagros Thrust-Fold Belt. Geophys Res Lett 45:6853\u0026ndash;6861. doi:\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1029/2018gl078577\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFukushima Y, Toda S, Miura S, Ishimura D, Fukuda J, Demachi T, Tachibana K (2018) Extremely early recurrence of intraplate fault rupture following the Tohoku-Oki earthquake. Nat Geosci 11:777\u0026ndash;781. doi:\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1038/s41561-018-0201-x\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGhayournajarkar N, Fukushima Y (2020) Determination of the dipping direction of a blind reverse fault from InSAR: case study on the 2017 Sefid Sang earthquake, northeastern Iran. Earth Planet Space 72. doi:\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1186/s40623-020-01190-6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGhayournajarkar N, Fukushima Y (2022) Using InSAR for evaluating the accuracy of locations and focal mechnism soultions of local eartrhquake catalogues. Geophys J Int. doi:\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1093/gji/ggac072\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKanamori H, Anderson DL (1975) Theoretical Basis of Some Empirical Relations in Seismology. Bull Seismol Soc Am 65:1073\u0026ndash;1095\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKennedy J, Eberhart R (1995) Particle swarm optimization. 1995 Ieee International Conference on Neural Networks Proceedings, Vols 1\u0026ndash;6:1942\u0026ndash;1948. doi:\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1109/icnn.1995.488968\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLaske G, Masters G, Ma Z, Pasyanos M (2013) Update on CRUST1.0 - A 1-degree Global Model of Earth's Crust.Geophys. Res. Abstracts, 15, Abstract EGU2013-2658\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eManighetti I, Campillo M, Bouley S, Cotton F (2007) Earthquake scaling, fault segmentation, and structural maturity. Earth Planet Sci Lett 253:429\u0026ndash;438. doi:\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1016/j.epsl.2006.11.004\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMiyakoshi K, Somei K, Yoshida K, Kurahashi S, Irikura K, Kamae K (2020) Scaling Relationships of Source Parameters of Inland Crustal Earthquakes in Tectonically Active Regions. Pure Appl Geophys 177:1917\u0026ndash;1929. doi:\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1007/s00024-019-02160-0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMoss RES, Ross ZE (2011) Probabilistic Fault Displacement Hazard Analysis for Reverse Faults. Bull Seismol Soc Am 101:1542\u0026ndash;1553. doi:\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1785/0120100248\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNissen E, Ghods A, Karasozen E, Elliott JR, Barnhart WD, Bergman EA, Hayes GP, Jamal-Reyhani M, Nemati M, Tan FZ, Abdulnaby W, Benz HM, Shahvar MP, Talebian M, Chen L (2019) The 12 November 2017 Mw 7.3 Ezgeleh-Sarpolzahab (Iran) Earthquake and Active Tectonics of the Lurestan Arc. J Geophys Res Solid Earth 124:2124\u0026ndash;2152. doi:\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1029/2018jb016221\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNissen E, Ghorashi M, Jackson J, Parsons B, Talebian M (2007) The 2005 Qeshm Island earthquake (Iran) - a link between buried reverse faulting and surface folding in the Zagros Simply Folded Belt ? Geophys J Int 171:326\u0026ndash;338. doi:\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1111/j.1365-246X.2007.03514.x\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNoda H, Lapusta N, Kanamori H (2013) Comparison of average stress drop measures for ruptures with heterogeneous stress change and implications for earthquake physics. Geophys J Int 193:1691\u0026ndash;1712. doi:\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1093/gji/ggt074\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eParvez IA, Vaccari F, Panza GF (2003) A deterministic seismic hazard map of India and adjacent areas. Geophys J Int 155:489\u0026ndash;508. doi:\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1046/j.1365-246X.2003.02052.x\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePoole I, Ataabadi MM (2005) Conifer woods of the Middle Jurassic Hojedk Formation (Kerman Basin) Central Iran. IAWA J 26:489\u0026ndash;505. doi:\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1163/22941932-90000130\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePoursoltani MR (2017) Sea-level change and deep sea sequence stratigraphy: A Middle Jurassic siliciclastic strata (Kashafrud Formation), NE Iran. Iran J Earth Sci 9:17\u0026ndash;30\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRadiguet M, Cotton F, Manighetti I, Campillo M, Douglas J (2009) Dependency of Near-Field Ground Motions on the Structural Maturity of the Ruptured Faults. Bull Seismol Soc Am 99:2572\u0026ndash;2581. doi:\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1785/0120080340\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRaeesi M, Zarifi Z, Nilfouroushan F, Boroujeni SA, Tiampo K (2017) Quantitative Analysis of Seismicity in Iran. Pure Appl Geophys 174:793\u0026ndash;833. doi:\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1007/s00024-016-1435-4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRitz JF, Baize S, Ferry M, Larroque C, Audin L, Delouis B, Mathot E (2020) Surface rupture and shallow fault reactivation during the 2019 Mw 4.9 Le Teil earthquake, France. Commun Earth Environ 1. doi:\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1038/s43247-020-0012-z\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSavidge E, Nissen E, Nemati M, Karas\u0026ouml;zen E, Hollingsworth J, Talebian M, Bergman E, Ghods A, Ghorashi M, Kosari E, Rashidi A, Rashidi A (2019) The December 2017 Hojedk (Iran) earthquake triplet-sequential rupture of shallow reverse faults in a strike-slip restraining bend. Geophys J Int 217:909\u0026ndash;925. doi:\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1093/gji/ggz053\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eShabanian E, Bellier O, Abbassi MR, Siame L, Farbod Y (2010) Plio-Quaternary stress states in NE Iran: Kopeh Dagh and Allah Dagh-Binalud mountain ranges. Tectonophysics 480:280\u0026ndash;304. doi:\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1016/j.tecto.2009.10.022\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eShirzad T, Yaminifard F (2020) High resolution upper crustal velocity structure beneath Qeshm Island (SE Zagros) from surface wave, first arrival, and interevent interferometry tomography methods. Phys Earth Planet Inter 308. doi:\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1016/j.pepi.2020.106569\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSoghrat MR, Khaji N, Zafarani H (2012) Simulation of strong ground motion in northern Iran using the specific barrier model. Geophys J Int 188:645\u0026ndash;679. doi:\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1111/j.1365-246X.2011.05287.x\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSorbi MR, Nilfouroushan F, Zamani A (2012) Seismicity patterns associated with the September 10th, 2008 Qeshm earthquake, South Iran. Int J Earth Sci (Geol Rundsch) 101:2215\u0026ndash;2223. doi:\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1007/s00531-012-0771-6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eVernant P, Nilforoushan F, Hatzfeld D, Abbassi MR, Vigny C, Masson F, Nankali H, Martinod J, Ashtiani A, Bayer R, Tavakoli F, Ch\u0026eacute;ry J (2004) Present-day crustal deformation and plate kinematics in the Middle East constrained by GPS measurements in Iran and northern Oman. Geophys J Int 157:381\u0026ndash;398. doi:\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1111/j.1365-246X.2004.02222.x\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWang RJ, Martin FL, Roth F (2003) Computation of deformation induced by earthquakes in a multi-layered elastic crust - FORTRAN programs EDGRN/EDCMP. Comput Geosci 29:195\u0026ndash;207. doi:\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1016/S0098-3004(02)00111-5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWen Y-Y, Miyake H, Yen Y-T, Irikura K, Ching K-E (2014) Rupture Directivity Effect and Stress Heterogeneity of the 2013 Nantou Blind-Thrust Earthquakes, Taiwan. Bull Seismol Soc Am 104:2933\u0026ndash;2942. doi:\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1785/0120140109\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWessel P, Smith WHF (1995) New version of the generic mapping tools released. EOS, Trans Am Geophys Un 76:329\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eZare M (2017) Contribution to the study of the seismicity, strong motion catalogues and seismic hazard assessment of the Middle East earthquakes. Thesis of Habilitation for Direction of Researches\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"InSAR, Seismic hazards, Iran, Blind reverse-fault earthquakes, Sedimentary layer, Stress drop","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-1407313/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1407313/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eInvestigating fault characteristics is necessary for seismic hazard evaluation and can provide useful insights for municipalities to optimize their investments in safer buildings and more resilient infrastructure. The location and the geometry of the faults, especially their relationship with sedimentary layer thickness, and the amount of stress drop are critical components when evaluating strong ground motions caused by earthquakes. Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) is a powerful tool for accurately determining fault parameters of shallow inland earthquakes and investigating their characteristics in terms of seismic hazards. In this study, based on our earlier results from InSAR data inversions conducted on five Iranian shallow blind reverse-fault earthquakes, we particularly exploited the resolving power of InSAR to investigate fault characteristics and discussed their implications for seismic hazard evaluation in Iran. For all studied Iranian earthquakes, the InSAR-derived fault was deeper than the sedimentary layer. This may indicate that these earthquakes did not rupture the entire seismogenic layer, likely leaving a significant seismic potential. Moreover, the average stress drop of the Iranian earthquakes was relatively large (13.4 MPa), which might be related to their immature blind reverse faults, leading to a possibility of generating stronger short-period ground motions, which should receive greater consideration in future seismic hazard analyses. As InSAR data can be easily accessed, this study presents a cost-effective method to provide fault parameters that can be used for the evaluation of strong ground motions caused by earthquakes, even in countries where observation networks of strong ground motions are not well developed.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"InSAR-Derived Source Characteristics of Iranian Blind Reverse-Fault Earthquakes and Their Implications for Seismic Hazard Evaluation","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2022-03-08 15:41:36","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-1407313/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"1102dc80-d5c0-4beb-baaa-6c1c1b884a85","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 8th, 2022","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2022-07-25T14:23:44+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2022-03-08 15:41:36","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-1407313","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-1407313","identity":"rs-1407313","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"WrCJVZZCHTDjtuVLN7oU0","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}