Comparative Biology and Life Tables of Sugarcane Aphid Melanaphis Sacchari (Hemiptera: Aphididae) From Guanajuato, Mexico, at Different Temperatures

Comparative Biology and Life Tables of Sugarcane Aphid Melanaphis Sacchari (Hemiptera: Aphididae) From Guanajuato, Mexico, at Different Temperatures | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Comparative Biology and Life Tables of Sugarcane Aphid Melanaphis Sacchari (Hemiptera: Aphididae) From Guanajuato, Mexico, at Different Temperatures Rebeca Peña-Martínez, J. Refugio Lomeli-Flores, Rafael Bujanos-Muñiz, and 6 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2694454/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 29 Feb, 2024 Read the published version in Phytoparasitica → Version 1 posted 8 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The Sugarcane aphid, Melanaphis sacchari (Zehntner, 1897) is the most important pest in sorghum crops of USA and Mexico. In northern Mexico and other regions, as Guanajuato and Morelos, reduced over 30% of the cultivated area of sorghum between 2016 and 2019. This study provides basic information that supports the Integrated Management of this insect. Research used biological material (parthenogenetic forms) from Guanajuato, Mexico; reared in foliar agar-disc of Sorghum bicolor VAR. UPM-219, at bioclimatic chamber under different temperatures: 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40°C. The highest mortalities occurred in extremes temperatures: 5°C (35%), 35°C (45%) and 40°C (100%). At low temperature (5°C) there was no reproduction and the pre-reproductive period continued 62.5 days, allowing the insects to survive on average 88.2 days. At the highest temperature (40°C), nymph 1 died in 0.9 days. While at 20°C, M. sacchari produced a supernumerary N5 stage that prolonged the development to 7.1 days. The longest reproductive period was 33.2 days (0.6 nymphs/day) to 10°C, in contrast to 4.1 days (0.4 nymphs/day) to 35°C; the longest post-reproductive period (22.4 days) was obtained at 10°C and the smallest (4.2 days) at 35°C. Highest average fertility (79.06 nymphs) was reached at 25°C. Theoretical thermal thresholds was 2.0° and 40°C; and the heat units t required for each generation were 158.9. Population parameters show that 25°C is the optimal temperature for this aphid Ro (79.06) and Rm (0.44) T (10.01) DT (1.59 and λ (1.55). biology reproduction heat units Sorghum Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Introduction Melanaphis sacchari (Zehntner, 1897) is the most important pest of sorghum crop [ Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] in USA (Bowling et al., 2016 ) and Mexico (Rodríguez del Bosque, 2015). The damages in a region of Texas, from the emergence (2013) to the valuation period (2015), estimated at 40.95 million dollars (Zapata et al., 2018 ); while in Guanajuato, Mexico recorded losses per plot close to 60% and 40% of production during 2015 and 2016, respectively, and in some cases total loss (Quijano et al., 2017). The genetic diversity of aphids is a relevant factor that may be related to the severity of crop damage (Bournoville et al., 2000 ). In Guanajuato, M . sacchari populations have obligate parthenogenesis, although there are also populations with sexual forms, which can coexist (Peña-Martínez et al., 2016 , 2018b ,c), which seems to happen in the affected areas of the United States. The population parameters of these insects may vary according to biotic factors inherent to the plant used: species, variety, host alternating (Du et al., 2018 ) and aphid characteristics such as physiology, biotype, and even certain symbiont (Blackman & Eastop, 2018 ; Simon & Peccaud, 2018); besides abiotic conditions, such as photoperiod and temperature (Wu et al., 2018 ). The latter factor is key to physiology, survival, fertility, and population density. Therefore, laboratory studies at constant temperatures provide significant information to understand its biology, population dynamics and the limitations for its establishment in defined geographical areas, which affects on the development of MIP (De Souza et al., 2018 ). With this intention, studies have been carried out with U.S. clones (Da Silva, 2014; Hinson, 2017 ; de Souza et al., 2018 ; Du et al., 2018 ) also not yet developed in Mexico; however, the field data suggest different characteristics of clones (Ibarra et al., 2016 ; Quijano et al., 2017; Peña-Martínez et al., 2018a , b ). Therefore, this study focuses on evaluating the effect of temperature on the life parameters of female M. sacchari viviparous from the state of Guanajuato at constant temperatures of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40°C on a tolerant variety of Sorghum bicolor . Material And Methods The breeding and experiments were developed with the sorghum variety of UPM-219; in addition, M. sacchari colonies came from Juventino Rosas municipality (20 ° 33 ‘and 20 ° 49’ N, 100 51 ‘and 101° 08’ W, altitude 1700). These populations of aphids have obligated and cyclical parthenogenesis, morphologically indistinguishable in their viviparous aptera phase (Peña-Martínez et al . 2018). Rearing began on July 28, 2017, at the Bajío Agricultural Experimental Field (INIFAP), in Celaya, Guanajuato. A part of the colony moved to greenhouses of the Colegio de Postgraduados in Texcoco, State of Mexico. The experiment presented eight treatments, which comprised different temperatures: 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40°C kept in rearing chambers (Shellab Model LI15) conditioned with light tubes and 12/12 photoperiod, and a relative humidity (RH) of 60 ± 10%. Each treatment had 20 repetitions. In addition, the entire experiment was replicated a second time (n = 40). The experimental unit was a petri dish with a leaf disk (circular cuts of S . bicolor plants from 20 to 25 days old) and agar-agar at the bottom (Li & Akimoto, 2018 ; Salas-Monzón et al., 2018 ). An adult female was placed in each container, and after four hours withdrew to get newborn nymphs I. Then, nymphs were moved at one device to get one nymph 1 per experimental sand. Recording twice a day (9:00 and 16:00) the nymphal (presence of exuviae) and adult stage (genital plate appeared and the complete development of the cauda), that forming the pre-reproductive period. Recording later the reproductive period, by days with oviposition per female, total fertility, and the average number of nymphs / days; and finally, the post-reproductive period (the end of reproduction until the moment of death). Longevity was the sum of all the periods mentioned. Some aphids of the colony studied was processed to slides micro-assembly with the Blackman and Eastop ( 2018 ) technique. And keeping the Voucher material was deposited at Aphidomorpha Collection of the Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala (FES-I), UNAM. Data Analysis Using Kruskal-Wallis’s test (p = 0.5) to compare per treatment: the pre-reproductive, reproductive, and post-reproductive periods, besides the daily and total fertility, and the longevity, since they did not comply with the assumptions of normality. With the inverse of the development data, the development rate was determined, applying a linear adjustment to get the minimum threshold development temperature at the point where this line intersects the X-axis. Heat units or degree-days required for development, were obtaining with the formula: (e.t – m.t.t) * (d.c) (e.t – m.t.t.) * (d.c.) Where (e.t) = evaluated temperature (m.t.t) = minimum threshold temperature (d. c.) = development cycle / female. Subsequently, the average of the degree days of development was got. The population parameters of M . sacchari at the different temperatures were calculated with the LifeTable package, including a comparison through a Jacknife estimate (Maia et al. 2000 ). Results Life table The evaluated individuals of M . sacchari completed their development at temperatures of 5 to 35°C, while at 40°C they died during the first day (0.9 d) of the experiment. Aphids showed differences in the pre-reproductive (χ = 141.17, p = 0.000), reproductive (χ = 128.66, p = 0.000) and post-reproductive (χ = 140.37, p = 0.000) periods. Low temperatures delayed the development of M . sacchari and lengthened the fertility period, which changed according to the thermal gradient (Table 1). Therefore, the shortest pre-reproductive period was at 35°C with 4.5 ± 13.7 days and the longest was at 5°C, in which the nymphs took 62.5 ± 8.1 days to reach adulthood and lived 25.7 days (88.2 ± 8.7 total days). The thermal extremes affected the aphid’s reproductive capacity (Fig. 2 ); at 35°C got the lowest fertility (1.7 nymphs / day), while at 5°C they were not fertile. Females developed at temperatures 20, 25 and 30 ºC presented in the second week 96.5, 99.4 and 99.4% of their total fertility, respectively; under these same temperatures, getting a total fertility values per female of 77.5, 76.5 and 77.5 respectively, without difference between these (χ 2 = 0.908, gl = 2, p = 0.635). The longest reproductive period was at 10°C with 33.2 days (0.67 nymphs / day), and the shortest at 35°C with 4.1 days and 0.41 nymphs / day. The minimum longevity with reproduction capacity was 8.3 days at 35°C; in contrast, the maximum longevity was 113 days at 10°C. The latter data corresponded to a single specimen that had fertility records for 33 days, but with values of 0.5 0.1 nymphs per day. While the cohort developed at 15 ºC took 43 days to register 50% survival, followed by organisms developed at 20 ºC (35 days), 25 ºC (30 days) and 30 ºC (23 days). The minimum threshold projected was 2°C, with an estimate of 158.9 heat units required for its development (Fig. 1 ). The population parameters of M. sacchari varied between temperatures; Except for the reproductive rate (Ro), where the treatments from 20 to 35ºC were similar. The organisms that developed at a temperature of 10ºC had the lowest values in all the estimated parameters, in contrast to those that were evaluated at 30ºC (Table 2). Outliers During the development of the experiments, recording some biological events for this species. In the 20°C treatment, a supernumerary nymphal stage 5 was presented with a pre-reproductive stage of 7.1 days, reproductive rate of 16.2, fecundity 77.5, 4.78 nymphs / day and longevity 40.9 days. In addition, the treatments from 10 to 35°C, got some cases of spontaneous abortion, a phenomenon already registered in ACS populations in Mexico (Peña Martínez et al., 2018b). The presence of females that give rise to sexual forms (sexuparae) was detected in September at a temperature of 15°C and recording two males in early September and 3 eggs in November. Besides photographic evidence of an ambiphasic female (with embryos and eggs inside) in autumn-winter colonies; and oviparous specimen at 10°C in December. During the period of bioassays, recording males in colonies from Guanajuato and Querétaro kept in the greenhouse. There was a color variation, probably related to temperature, in the treatments of 5, 10 and 15°C, these colorations varied from brown to grayish yellow, besides a tendency to develop pigmented dorsal sclerites and with males, their nymphs were purplish purple. While from 20 to 40°C, intense yellow colorations predominated in most of the stages. In all treatments, old or senile females turn purplish. Discussion The influence of temperature and host plants on the basic biology of M . sacchari was early made in Japan (Setokuchi, 1973 ; 1974 ; 1975 ). These papers coincide with method and results of the present study at the next points: Period of rearing and bioassays (June to October), use of sorghum leaves and treatments temperatures of 15, 20, 25 and 30°C). Setokuchi results finding optimal fertility records at 20°C and slightly lower at 25 and 30°C, besides the presence of sexual forms. Comparison with more recent studies conducted with populations from Oklahoma, USA. (OKL) and developed by De Souza et al. ( 2018 ), presents similarity to 20°C, in the pre-reproductive period and fertility; However, it also presents tacit differences in some biological aspects (Fig. 3 ): Only in the populations of Guanajuato, Mexico (GTO.), sexual forms (Peña-Martínez et al., 2016 ), as well as spontaneous abortion records (Peña-Martínez et al., 2018b ); GTO organisms at 5°C present longevity ten times greater than those of OKL, at 10°C it is 61% greater, at 15°C it is 16% greater, at 20°C it is 25% greater, at 25°C it is 9% higher, at 30°C it is 33% higher; However, at 35°C, longevity is 5% less than OKL, who did not report fertility and consider this temperature as lethal. In those of GTO at 20°C a fifth nymphal stage, supernumerary, similar to that reported for Rhopalosiphum nymphaea (L.) at 18.3°C (Ballou et al. 1986 ); even, Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko ex Kurdjumov) registered up to a sixth nymphal instar at different temperatures (Nowerski, 1995). Regarding fertility, the GTO clones registered values 6 times higher at 10°C than those of OKL; They were also higher at 20°C (21%), at 25°C (12%) and 30°C (47%). Regarding 35°C, the GTO clones exhibited a pre-reproductive period of 5.9 days and reproduced at a minimum level of 1.7 on average, with spontaneous abortion; while in the OKL the pre-reproductive was 8.7 days and they do not reproduce, being considered a lethal temperature, while the lethal temperature for the GTO was 40°C, where most die in less than 24 hours. Abortions are rare events in aphids, it is unknown if this characteristic prevails in clones from other parts of the world or in a species of the same genus. These events are likely to occur and go unnoticed, an example of which is the abortion of Melanaphis pyraria (Passerini) recorded of Chaubet since 2010 in a digital image, but unnoticed by the author and editors of the website Encyclop’Aphid (Hullé et al., 2020 ). The heat units required for the development of M . sacchari (158.9 UC) are slightly higher than that reported for the green aphid, Schizaphis graminum Rondani. (133.33 UC), on barley in Iran (Tofangsazi et al., 2010 ). Global warming also influences the thermal limits, and so far the aphid does not survive at 40ºC, the limits at low temperatures are still unknown for many species, but it is generally recorded at 4°C (Hullé et al., 2010 ); the theoretical threshold got in M . sacchari (2.0°C) exceeded the preliminary estimates known for this species 8.7°C (Quijano et al., 2016) and 3.5°C (Peña-Martínez et al., 2018a ) made with populations from Guanajuato. In Oklahoma populations, it was estimated that its freezing point (super-cooling) is between − 22 and − 25°C (De Souza et al., 2018 ). Population Parameters The Rm parameter integrates the development and fertility values, so it is a relevant element to estimate the biotic potential of a pest species (Anjali et al., 2017 ). The Rm values of the present study are similar to Rhopalosiphum maidis at 27°C in sorghum, higher than species such as S . graminum , at 27°C in Barley (Tofangsazi, 2010) and Aphis ( Toxoptera ) citricida , at 25°C, in citrus (Tang et al., 1999 ); it only approximates the records of M . sacchari in De Souza et al. ( 2018 ), at 30°C. But they are lower than those of Aphis glycines Matsumura in soybeans at 25°C in Minnesota USA (McCornack et al., 2004 ), and for Aphis gossypii Glover in Cucurbita pepo L. (Aldyhim & Kahlil, 1993). The comparison of the values obtained in the population parameters is difficult with other works because of the variation in temperatures and hosts, for example, Da Silva et al. (2014), in Brazil, studied M . sacchari in sorghum and sugarcane at (24°C ± 1°C, 70% RH, 14:10 photophase), in both cases the value of (Ro) was lower than those registered for ACS in Guanajuato, except for the generation time (T), which was slightly higher in sorghum, compared to the results obtained at 25°C in our study. While Du et al. ( 2018 ), in Fengyang, China, used petri dish foliar disc, with seedlings of 4 varieties of sorghum and 3 of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. x Sorghum sudanense (P.) Staph., finding only 24°C Ro higher than ours (79.06 at 25°C) with the highest rate of increase Ro 86.14 and 90.95 for a variety of S. x S. sudanense var Gaodan D, the highest Rm (0.352) was for sorghum of cultivar Wancao No.4. The authors attribute these results to different nutritional quality or secondary substances (metabolites) in plants. The data obtained also have similarities with other aphids, such as R . maidis fed with sorghum (Anjali et al., 2017 ); besides S . graminum fed on barley (Tofangsazi et al., 2010 ), oats (Vasicek et al., 2010 ), wheat (La Rossa et al., 2014 ) and biotypes of wheat and sorghum (Royer et al., 2015 ). The review by Royer et al. ( 2015 ) mention that the abundance of populations in the field is fluctuating because of mortality and emigration influenced by natural enemies, the conditions of the host plant, and by climate. The results indicate that SCA is probably better adapted to population growth to a wider range of high temperatures in warm regions, which also occurs in R . maidis (Anjali et al., 2017 ). The results of the present work, regarding those of other authors, show differences that could be explained by different methodologies, host plants (Vasicek et al., 2010 ), varieties (Du et al . 2019), photoperiod (Wu et al., 2018 ), forms (David & Shandu, 1976 ), and clones or geographic biotypes (Nibouche et al., 2014 , De Souza et al., 2018 ), among other factors that have been worked with in other times and places. Interactions of aphids with biotic and abiotic factors are multiple and their biological responses can vary depending on each one of them. The importance of experimentally checking the population parameters in local populations is highlighted (Vorburger, 2006 ; Nibouche et al., 2014 ; 2015 ; Simon & Peccoud, 2018 ). Although it is considered that there is a predominant M . sacchari clone in the world (Nibouche et al., 2014 ), there are records that detect probable differences in genomic sequences in ACS populations in Mexico and suggest that the clones from the states of Querétaro and Guanajuato could be a particular biotype (Ibarra et al., 2016 ). Therefore, a more detailed molecular study is required, since, so far, global tests on this species did not include samples from these regions. This is supported by various authors who mention that evolutionary changes can arise in populations even without genetic recombination (Vorburger, 2006 ; Nibouche et al., 2015 ; Simon & Peccoud, 2018 ). Conclusions Temperature is a factor that directly affects the development and reproductive process of M . sacchari . The optimal temperatures for development and reproduction are 20, with great similarity regarding 25 and 30°C. Which means a high potential for its development in spring-summer, the period where crops are developed in the study region. The longevity of M . sacchari at low temperatures (5, 10 and 15°C) of 10 to 4 weeks, and a fifth instar at 20°C represents a great capacity for survival, not previously recognized for this species. This information is expected to provide a scientific basis for developing population models applicable not only to local but also regional and national climatic conditions, to optimize integrated management actions. Declarations Acknowledgments The authors appreciate all the logistical support of the technical staff of Guanajuato’s State Committee for Plant Health (CESAVEG). Ethics approval Authors declare that they comply with the ethical and scientific standards. The present study does not include results of studies involving animals or humans. Consent for publication The authors grant all the consents to publish the manuscript Competing interests The authors declare they have no conflicts of interest Authors' contributions All authors conceived the research. R.P.M. Research project leader J.R.L.F. Laboratory Experiment supervisor. R.B.M. Field work A.L.M.V. Manuscript Concept. R.S.M. Laboratory work. O.E.H.T. Laboratory work. A.M.J. Field work J.M.V.R Data Analysis, Figures and Tables. All authors reviewed the manuscript. Funding This work was supported by Fundación Guanajuato Produce Availability of Data and Material Not applicable. References Aldyhim, Y. N., & Khalil, A. F. (1993). Influence of temperature and daylength on population development of Aphis gossypii on Cucurbita pepo. Entomololgy Experimentia et Applicata . 67 : 167-172. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1570-7458.1993.tb01665.x Anjali, S.C.A., Sridevi, G., Prabhakar, M., Kalpana, M., & Pushpavathi, B. (2017). 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Environental Entomology 24 (5):1284-1290. https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/24.5.1284 Peña-Martínez, R., Muñoz-Viveros, A. L., Bujanos-Muñiz, R., Luévano-Borroel, J., Tamayo-Mejía, F., & Cortez-Mondaca, E. (2016). Formas sexuales del complejo Pulgón Amarillo del Sorgo (Hemiptera: Aphididae) en México. Southwestern Entomologist 41 (1):127-131. https://doi.org/10.3958/059.041.0114 Peña-Martínez, R., Lomeli-Flores, J. R., Bujanos-Muñiz, R., Muñoz-Viveros, A. L., Vanegas-Rico, J. M., Salas-Monzón, R., Hernández-Torres, O. E., Marín-Jarillo, A., & Ibarra, J. E., (2018a). Pulgón amarillo del sorgo, (SCA), Melanaphis sacchari (Zehntner, 1897), interrogantes biológicas y tablas de vida. Fundación Guanajuato Produce, AC. Peña-Martínez R., Muñoz-Viveros, A. L., Marín-Jarillo, A., Bujanos-Muñiz, R., Luévano-Borroel, J., Sánchez-Segura, L., & Ibarra J. E.. (2018b). Spontaneously aborted embryos in the Sugarcane Aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) Annals of the Entomological Society of America 111 (6):312–318 https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/say020 Royer, T. A., Pendleton, B. B., Elliott N. C., & K. L. Giles. (2015). Greenbug (Hemiptera: Aphididae) Biology, Ecology, and Management in Wheat and Sorghum. Journal of Integrated Pest Management 6 (1): 1-10; https://doi.org/10.1093/jipm/pmv018 Quijano-Carranza, J. A., Vázquez-Ortega, A., Juan Diego-García, L. B., Cuéllar-Zambrano, C., Cerrito-Arellano, R., & Yáñez-López, R. (2016). Sistema de monitoreo del pulgón amarillo del sorgo, Melanaphis sacchari (Zehntner). In: Yáñez-López, R. (Ed.). Proceedings, Symposium: Avances en la investigación del Manejo integrado del Pulgón amarillo del Sorgo en Guanajuato pp.140-148. Quijano-Carranza, J. A., Pecina-Quintero, V., Bujanos-Muñiz, R., Marín-Jarillo, A. & Yañez-López, R. (2017). Guía para el manejo del pulgón amarillo del sorgo. Comité técnico de pulgón amarillo del sorgo en Guanajuato. Folleto para productores No. 1. Fundación Guanajuato Produce A.C. 36pp. Salas-Monzón, R., Hernández-Torres, O. E., Lomeli-Flores, J. R., Peña-Martínez, R., Muñoz-Viveros, A.L. & Vanegas-Rico, J. M. (2018). Metodología para el estudio del desarrollo de Melanaphis sacchari (Zehntner) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) bajo condiciones de laboratorio. Folia Entomológica Mexicana. (n.s), 4 (3): 85−90, 2018. SAS INSTITUTE, Versión 9. SAS/STAT . Setokuchi, O. (1973). Ecology of Longiunguis sacchari (Zehntner) (Aphididae) infesting sorghum SCA I. Nymphal period and fecundity of apterous viviparous female Proccedings of Association of Plant Protection of Kyushu 19 :95-97. Setokuchi, O. (1974). Ecology of Longiunguis sacchari (Zehntner) (Aphididae) infesting sorghum SCA. II. Observations on the oviposition Proccedings of Association of Plant Protection of Kyushu (20):26-27. Setokuchi, O. (1975). The hibernation of Longiunguis sacchari (Zehntner) on sorghum SCA. Kagoshima Agricultural Experimerntal Station, Kushira, Kagoshima 893 (16) :296-297. Simon, J. C., & Peccoud, J. (2018). Rapid evolution of aphid pests in agricultural environments Current Opinion in Insect Science 26 :1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cois.2017.12.009 Singh, B. U., Padmaja, P. G. & Seetharama, N. (2004). Biology and management of the sugarcane aphid, Melanaphis sacchari (Zehntner) (Homoptera: Aphididae), in Sorghum : A review. Crop Protection 23 : 739–755. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2004.01.004 Tang, Y. Q., Lapointe, S. L., Brown, L. G., & Hunter, W. B. (1999). Effects of host plant and temperature on the biology of Toxoptera citricida Homoptera: Aphididae) Environmental Entomology 28(5): 895-900. https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/28.5.895 Tofangsazi, N., Kheradmand, K., Shahrokhi, S., & Tayebi, A.A. (2010). Temperature-dependent life history of Schizaphis graminum on barley. Bulletin of Insectology 63 (1): 79-84. Vasicek, A., La Rossa, F., Paglioni, A. & López, M. C. (2010). Estadísticos biológicos y demográficos de Diuraphis noxia (Mordv.), Metopolophium dirhodum (Wlk.), Rhopalosiphum padi (L.), Schizaphis graminum (Rond.) y Sipha maydis (SCAs.) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) sobre diferentes cultivares de Avena sativa L. en condiciones controladas. B oletín de la Sociedad Entomológica Aragonesa 6 : 591−596. Vorburger, C. (2006). Temporal dynamics of genotypic diversity reveal strong clonal selection in the aphid Myzus persicae. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 19 (1):97–107. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1420-01.2005. 00985 Walgenbach D.D., Elliott, N. C., & Kieckhefer, R. W. (1988). Constant and fluctuating temperature effects on developmental rates and life table statistics of the greenbug (Homoptera: Aphididae) Journal of Economic Entomology 81 (2): 50-507. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/81.2.501 Wu D. G., Zhan, Q. W., Huang, B. H., Wang, Z. X., Huang, W. D., Bi., Y. L., Liu C. Z., & Du, J. L. (2018). Effects of photoperiod on the population parameters of the sugarcane aphid, Melanaphis sacchari (Hemiptera: Aphididae) Acta Entomologica Sinica 61 (4):511-518. https://doi.org/10.16380/j.kcxb.2018.04.014 Zapata, S. D., Dudensing, R., Sekula, D., Esparza-Díaz, G., and Villanueva, R. (2018). Economic impact of the sugarcane aphid outbreak in South Texas. Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics. 50 (1), 104-128. https://doi.org/10.1017/aae.2017.24 tables Tables 1 and 2 are available in the Supplementary Files section. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files Table1LifeCycleMelanaphis.pdf Table 1. M . sacchari life table at different constant temperatures in the brood chamber. Apterae viviparous females on Sorghum bicolor variety UPM219. * Extra molt, fifth stage. Table2LifeTableMelanaphis.pdf Table 2. Population parameters of Melanaphis sacchari rearing at different temperatures. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 29 Feb, 2024 Read the published version in Phytoparasitica → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Major revision 20 Jun, 2023 Reviews received at journal 20 Jun, 2023 Reviews received at journal 05 Apr, 2023 Reviewers agreed at journal 27 Mar, 2023 Reviewers invited by journal 24 Mar, 2023 Editor assigned by journal 18 Mar, 2023 Submission checks completed at journal 17 Mar, 2023 First submitted to journal 15 Mar, 2023 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-2694454","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":184231226,"identity":"4fc200d9-1414-4ee9-849c-9ff1f47733e3","order_by":0,"name":"Rebeca Peña-Martínez","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Instituto Politécnico Nacional","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Rebeca","middleName":"","lastName":"Peña-Martínez","suffix":""},{"id":184231228,"identity":"f4542bf8-c1e5-40a8-aa08-46e84f2c2dda","order_by":1,"name":"J. Refugio Lomeli-Flores","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Colegio de Postgraduados","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"J.","middleName":"Refugio","lastName":"Lomeli-Flores","suffix":""},{"id":184231230,"identity":"8626a096-f8d5-4635-b12c-d1ac15339f5b","order_by":2,"name":"Rafael Bujanos-Muñiz","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales Agrícolas y Pecuarias","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Rafael","middleName":"","lastName":"Bujanos-Muñiz","suffix":""},{"id":184231232,"identity":"9688deaf-4d27-4c9c-8787-b05edfed299a","order_by":3,"name":"Raquel Salas-Monzón","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Colegio de Postgraduados","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Raquel","middleName":"","lastName":"Salas-Monzón","suffix":""},{"id":184231234,"identity":"d0b7e427-a930-4b94-befc-2727b6caa963","order_by":4,"name":"Oscar Eduardo Hernández-Torres","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Colegio de Postgraduados","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Oscar","middleName":"Eduardo","lastName":"Hernández-Torres","suffix":""},{"id":184231236,"identity":"1f902b47-32f5-4926-a904-c8deefad31b1","order_by":5,"name":"Antonio Marín-Jarillo","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales Agrícolas y Pecuarias","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Antonio","middleName":"","lastName":"Marín-Jarillo","suffix":""},{"id":184231239,"identity":"83e21e4e-1465-41f3-b2a8-4f7dd90eaf8e","order_by":6,"name":"Jorge E. Ibarra","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jorge","middleName":"E.","lastName":"Ibarra","suffix":""},{"id":184231242,"identity":"1a865858-1ac1-4c34-a058-a487d4fdda52","order_by":7,"name":"Juan Manuel Vanegas-Rico","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"National Autonomous University of Mexico","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Juan","middleName":"Manuel","lastName":"Vanegas-Rico","suffix":""},{"id":184231244,"identity":"2a6c42fb-2dfd-403d-8081-30c4ccb5d668","order_by":8,"name":"Ana Lilia Muñoz-Viveros","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAnklEQVRIiWNgGAWjYPACCzmStUgYk64lsYFotbozcg8+/FEjkb7hdvPTDYw5hwlrMbuRl2wgcUwid8OdY2Y3GLelEaMlx0zCgA2o5UYCSIsNkVoS/kmkG9xI/wbUIkGkloNtEgkGQAaRtpx5Y2zY2CdhOPNGTtmNRKL8cjzH8OGPbzbyfDfSt934uI2IEEMFCaRqGAWjYBSMglGAHQAAh/Q6+BKYsJIAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"National Autonomous University of Mexico","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ana","middleName":"Lilia","lastName":"Muñoz-Viveros","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2023-03-15 05:14:19","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2694454/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2694454/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12600-024-01152-8","type":"published","date":"2024-02-29T15:01:59+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":34588183,"identity":"b2a856ac-2f6e-4573-ad96-7add623933dd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-03-21 14:24:42","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":68639,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eM. sacchari\u003c/em\u003e development rate, with a linear fit for the experimental data of aphid development at different temperatures in the brood chamber. Aptera viviparous females on S. bicolor var. UPM-219. The threshold temperature is estimated at 2 °C.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig1temperature.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2694454/v1/9836d6129bd1c84f26230a9d.jpg"},{"id":34588184,"identity":"f8e56f20-df26-48a2-a552-865256977bb9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-03-21 14:24:42","extension":"jpg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":225187,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eM. sacchari\u003c/em\u003e’s population parameters. Survivor rate (lx) and fecundity (mx) at different constant temperatures (5 to 35°C). Viviparous aptera female in breeding cage, inside petri dish with foliar disk of Sorghum bicolor var. UPM 219.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig2LxMx.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2694454/v1/3ae24a6384c5a1073443eade.jpg"},{"id":34588185,"identity":"d44fe236-9230-48e3-a8eb-5ffc19a2449f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-03-21 14:24:42","extension":"jpg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":56246,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eComparative longevity and fecundity result of \u003cem\u003eMelanaphis sacchari \u003c/em\u003eresearch by De Souza \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e. (2018) and our own study.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig3Comparative.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2694454/v1/93cf53f4600ab0479edc78e0.jpg"},{"id":51958330,"identity":"9708da78-b122-4134-873c-45fa9e76f800","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-04 15:15:19","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":444686,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2694454/v1/e742a3bd-6d27-48a7-8499-0a7b02d7939b.pdf"},{"id":34589672,"identity":"d13fde3d-f8a5-4f27-8b19-e984be68500c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-03-21 14:32:42","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":138048,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eTable 1. \u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cem\u003esacchari\u003c/em\u003e life table at different constant temperatures in the brood chamber. Apterae viviparous females on Sorghum bicolor variety UPM219. * Extra molt, fifth stage.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Table1LifeCycleMelanaphis.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2694454/v1/8986f42fc628f7a6efd49f86.pdf"},{"id":34588187,"identity":"c53ca684-73dc-4c17-99e6-065315006127","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-03-21 14:24:42","extension":"pdf","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":110620,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eTable 2. Population parameters of \u003cem\u003eMelanaphis sacchari \u003c/em\u003erearing at different temperatures.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Table2LifeTableMelanaphis.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2694454/v1/ed5b2f4f2b39f3362ac9f3cb.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eComparative Biology and Life Tables of Sugarcane Aphid Melanaphis Sacchari (Hemiptera: Aphididae) From Guanajuato, Mexico, at Different Temperatures\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eMelanaphis sacchari\u003c/em\u003e (Zehntner, 1897) is the most important pest of sorghum crop [\u003cem\u003eSorghum bicolor\u003c/em\u003e (L.) Moench] in USA (Bowling et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e) and Mexico (Rodr\u0026iacute;guez del Bosque, 2015). The damages in a region of Texas, from the emergence (2013) to the valuation period (2015), estimated at 40.95\u0026nbsp;million dollars (Zapata et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e); while in Guanajuato, Mexico recorded losses per plot close to 60% and 40% of production during 2015 and 2016, respectively, and in some cases total loss (Quijano et al., 2017).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe genetic diversity of aphids is a relevant factor that may be related to the severity of crop damage (Bournoville et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e). In Guanajuato, \u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cem\u003esacchari\u003c/em\u003e populations have obligate parthenogenesis, although there are also populations with sexual forms, which can coexist (Pe\u0026ntilde;a-Mart\u0026iacute;nez et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018b\u003c/span\u003e,c), which seems to happen in the affected areas of the United States.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe population parameters of these insects may vary according to biotic factors inherent to the plant used: species, variety, host alternating (Du et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e) and aphid characteristics such as physiology, biotype, and even certain symbiont (Blackman \u0026amp; Eastop, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Simon \u0026amp; Peccaud, 2018); besides abiotic conditions, such as photoperiod and temperature (Wu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). The latter factor is key to physiology, survival, fertility, and population density. Therefore, laboratory studies at constant temperatures provide significant information to understand its biology, population dynamics and the limitations for its establishment in defined geographical areas, which affects on the development of MIP (De Souza et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). With this intention, studies have been carried out with U.S. clones (Da Silva, 2014; Hinson, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; de Souza et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Du et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e) also not yet developed in Mexico; however, the field data suggest different characteristics of clones (Ibarra et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Quijano et al., 2017; Pe\u0026ntilde;a-Mart\u0026iacute;nez et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018a\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003eb\u003c/span\u003e). Therefore, this study focuses on evaluating the effect of temperature on the life parameters of female \u003cem\u003eM. sacchari\u003c/em\u003e viviparous from the state of Guanajuato at constant temperatures of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40\u0026deg;C on a tolerant variety of \u003cem\u003eSorghum bicolor\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Material And Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe breeding and experiments were developed with the sorghum variety of UPM-219; in addition, \u003cem\u003eM. sacchari\u003c/em\u003e colonies came from Juventino Rosas municipality (20 \u0026deg; 33 \u0026lsquo;and 20 \u0026deg; 49\u0026rsquo; N, 100 51 \u0026lsquo;and 101\u0026deg; 08\u0026rsquo; W, altitude 1700). These populations of aphids have obligated and cyclical parthenogenesis, morphologically indistinguishable in their viviparous aptera phase (Pe\u0026ntilde;a-Mart\u0026iacute;nez \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e. 2018). Rearing began on July 28, 2017, at the Baj\u0026iacute;o Agricultural Experimental Field (INIFAP), in Celaya, Guanajuato. A part of the colony moved to greenhouses of the Colegio de Postgraduados in Texcoco, State of Mexico.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe experiment presented eight treatments, which comprised different temperatures: 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40\u0026deg;C kept in rearing chambers (Shellab Model LI15) conditioned with light tubes and 12/12 photoperiod, and a relative humidity (RH) of 60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10%. Each treatment had 20 repetitions. In addition, the entire experiment was replicated a second time (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;40).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe experimental unit was a petri dish with a leaf disk (circular cuts of \u003cem\u003eS\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cem\u003ebicolor\u003c/em\u003e plants from 20 to 25 days old) and agar-agar at the bottom (Li \u0026amp; Akimoto, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Salas-Monz\u0026oacute;n et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). An adult female was placed in each container, and after four hours withdrew to get newborn nymphs I. Then, nymphs were moved at one device to get one nymph 1 per experimental sand. Recording twice a day (9:00 and 16:00) the nymphal (presence of exuviae) and adult stage (genital plate appeared and the complete development of the cauda), that forming the pre-reproductive period. Recording later the reproductive period, by days with oviposition per female, total fertility, and the average number of nymphs / days; and finally, the post-reproductive period (the end of reproduction until the moment of death). Longevity was the sum of all the periods mentioned. Some aphids of the colony studied was processed to slides micro-assembly with the Blackman and Eastop (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e) technique. And keeping the Voucher material was deposited at Aphidomorpha Collection of the Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala (FES-I), UNAM.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eData Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsing Kruskal-Wallis\u0026rsquo;s test (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.5) to compare per treatment: the pre-reproductive, reproductive, and post-reproductive periods, besides the daily and total fertility, and the longevity, since they did not comply with the assumptions of normality. With the inverse of the development data, the development rate was determined, applying a linear adjustment to get the minimum threshold development temperature at the point where this line intersects the X-axis.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeat units or degree-days required for development, were obtaining with the formula:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(e.t \u0026ndash; m.t.t) * (d.c) (e.t \u0026ndash; m.t.t.) * (d.c.)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhere (e.t)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;evaluated temperature (m.t.t)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;minimum threshold temperature (d. c.)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;development cycle / female. Subsequently, the average of the degree days of development was got.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe population parameters of \u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cem\u003esacchari\u003c/em\u003e at the different temperatures were calculated with the LifeTable package, including a comparison through a Jacknife estimate (Maia et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eLife table\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe evaluated individuals of \u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cem\u003esacchari\u003c/em\u003e completed their development at temperatures of 5 to 35\u0026deg;C, while at 40\u0026deg;C they died during the first day (0.9 d) of the experiment. Aphids showed differences in the pre-reproductive (\u0026chi;\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;141.17, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.000), reproductive (\u0026chi;\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;128.66, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.000) and post-reproductive (\u0026chi;\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;140.37, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.000) periods. Low temperatures delayed the development of \u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cem\u003esacchari\u003c/em\u003e and lengthened the fertility period, which changed according to the thermal gradient (Table\u0026nbsp;1). Therefore, the shortest pre-reproductive period was at 35\u0026deg;C with 4.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13.7 days and the longest was at 5\u0026deg;C, in which the nymphs took 62.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.1 days to reach adulthood and lived 25.7 days (88.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.7 total days).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe thermal extremes affected the aphid\u0026rsquo;s reproductive capacity (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e); at 35\u0026deg;C got the lowest fertility (1.7 nymphs / day), while at 5\u0026deg;C they were not fertile. Females developed at temperatures 20, 25 and 30 \u0026ordm;C presented in the second week 96.5, 99.4 and 99.4% of their total fertility, respectively; under these same temperatures, getting a total fertility values per female of 77.5, 76.5 and 77.5 respectively, without difference between these (\u0026chi;\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.908, gl\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.635). The longest reproductive period was at 10\u0026deg;C with 33.2 days (0.67 nymphs / day), and the shortest at 35\u0026deg;C with 4.1 days and 0.41 nymphs / day.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe minimum longevity with reproduction capacity was 8.3 days at 35\u0026deg;C; in contrast, the maximum longevity was 113 days at 10\u0026deg;C. The latter data corresponded to a single specimen that had fertility records for 33 days, but with values of 0.5 0.1 nymphs per day. While the cohort developed at 15 \u0026ordm;C took 43 days to register 50% survival, followed by organisms developed at 20 \u0026ordm;C (35 days), 25 \u0026ordm;C (30 days) and 30 \u0026ordm;C (23 days). The minimum threshold projected was 2\u0026deg;C, with an estimate of 158.9 heat units required for its development (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe population parameters of \u003cem\u003eM. sacchari\u003c/em\u003e varied between temperatures; Except for the reproductive rate (Ro), where the treatments from 20 to 35\u0026ordm;C were similar. The organisms that developed at a temperature of 10\u0026ordm;C had the lowest values in all the estimated parameters, in contrast to those that were evaluated at 30\u0026ordm;C (Table\u0026nbsp;2).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eOutliers\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDuring the development of the experiments, recording some biological events for this species. In the 20\u0026deg;C treatment, a supernumerary nymphal stage 5 was presented with a pre-reproductive stage of 7.1 days, reproductive rate of 16.2, fecundity 77.5, 4.78 nymphs / day and longevity 40.9 days. In addition, the treatments from 10 to 35\u0026deg;C, got some cases of spontaneous abortion, a phenomenon already registered in ACS populations in Mexico (Pe\u0026ntilde;a Mart\u0026iacute;nez et al., 2018b).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe presence of females that give rise to sexual forms (sexuparae) was detected in September at a temperature of 15\u0026deg;C and recording two males in early September and 3 eggs in November. Besides photographic evidence of an ambiphasic female (with embryos and eggs inside) in autumn-winter colonies; and oviparous specimen at 10\u0026deg;C in December. During the period of bioassays, recording males in colonies from Guanajuato and Quer\u0026eacute;taro kept in the greenhouse.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThere was a color variation, probably related to temperature, in the treatments of 5, 10 and 15\u0026deg;C, these colorations varied from brown to grayish yellow, besides a tendency to develop pigmented dorsal sclerites and with males, their nymphs were purplish purple. While from 20 to 40\u0026deg;C, intense yellow colorations predominated in most of the stages. In all treatments, old or senile females turn purplish.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe influence of temperature and host plants on the basic biology of \u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cem\u003esacchari\u003c/em\u003e was early made in Japan (Setokuchi, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1973\u003c/span\u003e; \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1974\u003c/span\u003e; \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1975\u003c/span\u003e). These papers coincide with method and results of the present study at the next points: Period of rearing and bioassays (June to October), use of sorghum leaves and treatments temperatures of 15, 20, 25 and 30\u0026deg;C). Setokuchi results finding optimal fertility records at 20\u0026deg;C and slightly lower at 25 and 30\u0026deg;C, besides the presence of sexual forms.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eComparison with more recent studies conducted with populations from Oklahoma, USA. (OKL) and developed by De Souza et al. (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e), presents similarity to 20\u0026deg;C, in the pre-reproductive period and fertility; However, it also presents tacit differences in some biological aspects (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e): Only in the populations of Guanajuato, Mexico (GTO.), sexual forms (Pe\u0026ntilde;a-Mart\u0026iacute;nez et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e), as well as spontaneous abortion records (Pe\u0026ntilde;a-Mart\u0026iacute;nez et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018b\u003c/span\u003e); GTO organisms at 5\u0026deg;C present longevity ten times greater than those of OKL, at 10\u0026deg;C it is 61% greater, at 15\u0026deg;C it is 16% greater, at 20\u0026deg;C it is 25% greater, at 25\u0026deg;C it is 9% higher, at 30\u0026deg;C it is 33% higher; However, at 35\u0026deg;C, longevity is 5% less than OKL, who did not report fertility and consider this temperature as lethal.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn those of GTO at 20\u0026deg;C a fifth nymphal stage, supernumerary, similar to that reported for \u003cem\u003eRhopalosiphum nymphaea\u003c/em\u003e (L.) at 18.3\u0026deg;C (Ballou et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1986\u003c/span\u003e); even, \u003cem\u003eDiuraphis noxia\u003c/em\u003e (Mordvilko ex Kurdjumov) registered up to a sixth nymphal instar at different temperatures (Nowerski, 1995). Regarding fertility, the GTO clones registered values 6 times higher at 10\u0026deg;C than those of OKL; They were also higher at 20\u0026deg;C (21%), at 25\u0026deg;C (12%) and 30\u0026deg;C (47%). Regarding 35\u0026deg;C, the GTO clones exhibited a pre-reproductive period of 5.9 days and reproduced at a minimum level of 1.7 on average, with spontaneous abortion; while in the OKL the pre-reproductive was 8.7 days and they do not reproduce, being considered a lethal temperature, while the lethal temperature for the GTO was 40\u0026deg;C, where most die in less than 24 hours.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAbortions are rare events in aphids, it is unknown if this characteristic prevails in clones from other parts of the world or in a species of the same genus. These events are likely to occur and go unnoticed, an example of which is the abortion of \u003cem\u003eMelanaphis pyraria\u003c/em\u003e (Passerini) recorded of Chaubet since 2010 in a digital image, but unnoticed by the author and editors of the website Encyclop\u0026rsquo;Aphid (Hull\u0026eacute; et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe heat units required for the development of \u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cem\u003esacchari\u003c/em\u003e (158.9 UC) are slightly higher than that reported for the green aphid, \u003cem\u003eSchizaphis graminum\u003c/em\u003e Rondani. (133.33 UC), on barley in Iran (Tofangsazi et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e). Global warming also influences the thermal limits, and so far the aphid does not survive at 40\u0026ordm;C, the limits at low temperatures are still unknown for many species, but it is generally recorded at 4\u0026deg;C (Hull\u0026eacute; et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e); the theoretical threshold got in \u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cem\u003esacchari\u003c/em\u003e (2.0\u0026deg;C) exceeded the preliminary estimates known for this species 8.7\u0026deg;C (Quijano et al., 2016) and 3.5\u0026deg;C (Pe\u0026ntilde;a-Mart\u0026iacute;nez et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018a\u003c/span\u003e) made with populations from Guanajuato. In Oklahoma populations, it was estimated that its freezing point (super-cooling) is between \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;22 and \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;25\u0026deg;C (De Souza et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003ePopulation Parameters\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Rm parameter integrates the development and fertility values, so it is a relevant element to estimate the biotic potential of a pest species (Anjali et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). The Rm values of the present study are similar to \u003cem\u003eRhopalosiphum maidis\u003c/em\u003e at 27\u0026deg;C in sorghum, higher than species such as \u003cem\u003eS\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cem\u003egraminum\u003c/em\u003e, at 27\u0026deg;C in Barley (Tofangsazi, 2010) and \u003cem\u003eAphis\u003c/em\u003e (\u003cem\u003eToxoptera\u003c/em\u003e) \u003cem\u003ecitricida\u003c/em\u003e, at 25\u0026deg;C, in citrus (Tang et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1999\u003c/span\u003e); it only approximates the records of \u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cem\u003esacchari\u003c/em\u003e in De Souza et al. (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e), at 30\u0026deg;C. But they are lower than those of \u003cem\u003eAphis glycines\u003c/em\u003e Matsumura in soybeans at 25\u0026deg;C in Minnesota USA (McCornack et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e), and for \u003cem\u003eAphis gossypii\u003c/em\u003e Glover in \u003cem\u003eCucurbita pepo\u003c/em\u003e L. (Aldyhim \u0026amp; Kahlil, 1993).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe comparison of the values obtained in the population parameters is difficult with other works because of the variation in temperatures and hosts, for example, Da Silva et al. (2014), in Brazil, studied \u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cem\u003esacchari\u003c/em\u003e in sorghum and sugarcane at (24\u0026deg;C\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1\u0026deg;C, 70% RH, 14:10 photophase), in both cases the value of (Ro) was lower than those registered for ACS in Guanajuato, except for the generation time (T), which was slightly higher in sorghum, compared to the results obtained at 25\u0026deg;C in our study. While Du et al. (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e), in Fengyang, China, used petri dish foliar disc, with seedlings of 4 varieties of sorghum and 3 of \u003cem\u003eSorghum bicolor\u003c/em\u003e (L.) Moench. x \u003cem\u003eSorghum sudanense\u003c/em\u003e (P.) Staph., finding only 24\u0026deg;C Ro higher than ours (79.06 at 25\u0026deg;C) with the highest rate of increase Ro 86.14 and 90.95 for a variety of \u003cem\u003eS.\u003c/em\u003e x \u003cem\u003eS. sudanense\u003c/em\u003e var Gaodan D, the highest Rm (0.352) was for sorghum of cultivar Wancao No.4. The authors attribute these results to different nutritional quality or secondary substances (metabolites) in plants. The data obtained also have similarities with other aphids, such as \u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cem\u003emaidis\u003c/em\u003e fed with sorghum (Anjali et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e); besides \u003cem\u003eS\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cem\u003egraminum\u003c/em\u003e fed on barley (Tofangsazi et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e), oats (Vasicek et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e), wheat (La Rossa et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e) and biotypes of wheat and sorghum (Royer et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe review by Royer et al. (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e) mention that the abundance of populations in the field is fluctuating because of mortality and emigration influenced by natural enemies, the conditions of the host plant, and by climate. The results indicate that SCA is probably better adapted to population growth to a wider range of high temperatures in warm regions, which also occurs in \u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cem\u003emaidis\u003c/em\u003e (Anjali et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe results of the present work, regarding those of other authors, show differences that could be explained by different methodologies, host plants (Vasicek et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e), varieties (Du \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e. 2019), photoperiod (Wu et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e), forms (David \u0026amp; Shandu, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1976\u003c/span\u003e), and clones or geographic biotypes (Nibouche et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e, De Souza et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e), among other factors that have been worked with in other times and places.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInteractions of aphids with biotic and abiotic factors are multiple and their biological responses can vary depending on each one of them. The importance of experimentally checking the population parameters in local populations is highlighted (Vorburger, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e; Nibouche et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Simon \u0026amp; Peccoud, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Although it is considered that there is a predominant \u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cem\u003esacchari\u003c/em\u003e clone in the world (Nibouche et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e), there are records that detect probable differences in genomic sequences in ACS populations in Mexico and suggest that the clones from the states of Quer\u0026eacute;taro and Guanajuato could be a particular biotype (Ibarra et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). Therefore, a more detailed molecular study is required, since, so far, global tests on this species did not include samples from these regions. This is supported by various authors who mention that evolutionary changes can arise in populations even without genetic recombination (Vorburger, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e; Nibouche et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Simon \u0026amp; Peccoud, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eTemperature is a factor that directly affects the development and reproductive process of \u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cem\u003esacchari\u003c/em\u003e. The optimal temperatures for development and reproduction are 20, with great similarity regarding 25 and 30\u0026deg;C. Which means a high potential for its development in spring-summer, the period where crops are developed in the study region. The longevity of \u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cem\u003esacchari\u003c/em\u003e at low temperatures (5, 10 and 15\u0026deg;C) of 10 to 4 weeks, and a fifth instar at 20\u0026deg;C represents a great capacity for survival, not previously recognized for this species. This information is expected to provide a scientific basis for developing population models applicable not only to local but also regional and national climatic conditions, to optimize integrated management actions.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors appreciate all the logistical support of the technical staff of Guanajuato\u0026rsquo;s State Committee for Plant Health (CESAVEG).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAuthors declare that they comply with the ethical and scientific standards. The present study does not include results of studies involving animals or humans.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors grant all the consents to publish the manuscript\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare they have no conflicts of interest\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026apos; contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll authors conceived the research. R.P.M. Research project leader J.R.L.F. Laboratory Experiment supervisor. R.B.M. Field work A.L.M.V. Manuscript Concept. R.S.M. Laboratory work. O.E.H.T. Laboratory work. A.M.J. Field work J.M.V.R Data Analysis, Figures and Tables. All authors reviewed the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis work was supported by Fundaci\u0026oacute;n Guanajuato Produce\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of Data and Material\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAldyhim, Y. N., \u0026amp; Khalil, A. F. (1993). Influence of temperature and daylength on population development of \u003cem\u003eAphis gossypii \u003c/em\u003eon \u003cem\u003eCucurbita pepo. Entomololgy Experimentia et Applicata\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cem\u003e67\u003c/em\u003e: 167-172. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1570-7458.1993.tb01665.x\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAnjali, S.C.A., Sridevi, G., Prabhakar, M., Kalpana, M., \u0026amp; Pushpavathi, B. (2017). Life table- parameters and morphometrics of the corn leaf aphid, \u003cem\u003eRhopalosiphum maidis \u003c/em\u003e(Fitch) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), reared on sorghum host plant. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Entomology and Zoology Studies\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003e5\u003c/em\u003e(5): 558-563.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBallou, J., Tsai, J., \u0026amp; Center, T. (1986). Effects of temperature on the development, natality, and longevity of \u003cem\u003eRhopalosiphum nymphaeae \u003c/em\u003eL. (Homoptera: Aphididae). Environmental Entomology 15(5):1096\u0026ndash;1099. https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/15.5.1096\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBlackman, R. L., \u0026amp; Eastop, V. F. (2018). Aphids on the World\u0026apos;s Plants. An Online Identification and Information Guide. http://www.aphidsonworldsplants.info.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBournoville, R., Simon, J. C., Badenhausser, I., Girousse, C., Guilloux, T., \u0026amp; Andre, S. (2000). Clones of pea aphid, \u003cem\u003eAcyrthosiphon pisum\u003c/em\u003e (Hemiptera: Aphididae) distinguished using genetic markers, differ in their damaging effect on a resistant alfalfa cultivar. \u003cem\u003eBulletin of Entomological Research 90\u003c/em\u003e (1), 33-39. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007485300000055\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBowling R. D., Brewer, M. J., Kerns, D. L., Gordy, J., Seiter, N., Elliott, N. E., Buntin, G. D., Way, M. O., Royer, T. A., Biles, S., Maxson, E. (2016). Sugarcane Aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae): A New Pest on \u003cem\u003eSorghum\u003c/em\u003e in North America. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Integrated Pest Management 7\u003c/em\u003e(1):1\u0026ndash;13. https://doi.org/10.1093/jipm/pmw011\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHull\u0026eacute; M., Chaubet, B., Turpeau, E., \u0026amp; Simon, J.C. (2020, March 21). 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Biology and management of the sugarcane aphid, \u003cem\u003eMelanaphis sacchari\u003c/em\u003e (Zehntner) (Homoptera: Aphididae), in \u003cem\u003eSorghum\u003c/em\u003e: A review. \u003cem\u003eCrop Protection 23\u003c/em\u003e: 739\u0026ndash;755. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2004.01.004\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTang, Y. Q., Lapointe, S. L., Brown, L. G., \u0026amp; Hunter, W. B. (1999). Effects of host plant and temperature on the biology of \u003cem\u003eToxoptera citricida \u003c/em\u003eHomoptera: Aphididae)\u003cem\u003e \u003c/em\u003eEnvironmental Entomology 28(5): 895-900. https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/28.5.895\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTofangsazi, N., Kheradmand, K., Shahrokhi, S., \u0026amp; Tayebi, A.A. (2010). 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Temporal dynamics of genotypic diversity reveal strong clonal selection in the aphid \u003cem\u003eMyzus persicae. \u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eJournal of Evolutionary Biology 19\u003c/em\u003e(1):97\u0026ndash;107. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1420-01.2005. 00985\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWalgenbach D.D., Elliott, N. C., \u0026amp; Kieckhefer, R. W. (1988). Constant and fluctuating temperature effects on developmental rates and life table statistics of the greenbug (Homoptera: Aphididae) \u003cem\u003eJournal of Economic Entomology 81\u003c/em\u003e(2): 50-507. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/81.2.501\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWu D. G., Zhan, Q. W., Huang, B. H., Wang, Z. X., Huang, W. D., Bi., Y. L., Liu C. Z., \u0026amp; Du, J. L. (2018). Effects of photoperiod on the population parameters of the sugarcane aphid, \u003cem\u003eMelanaphis sacchari \u003c/em\u003e(Hemiptera: Aphididae) \u003cem\u003eActa Entomologica Sinica\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003e61\u003c/em\u003e(4):511-518. https://doi.org/10.16380/j.kcxb.2018.04.014\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZapata, S. D., Dudensing, R., Sekula, D., Esparza-D\u0026iacute;az, G., and Villanueva, R. (2018). Economic impact of the sugarcane aphid outbreak in South Texas. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Agricultural and Applied Economics. 50\u003c/em\u003e(1), 104-128. https://doi.org/10.1017/aae.2017.24\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"tables","content":"\u003cp\u003eTables 1 and 2 are available in the Supplementary Files section.\u003c/p\u003e "}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"phytoparasitica","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"pypa","sideBox":"Learn more about [Phytoparasitica](http://link.springer.com/journal/12597)","snPcode":"12600","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/12600/3","title":"Phytoparasitica","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"biology, reproduction, heat units, Sorghum","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2694454/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2694454/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe Sugarcane aphid, \u003cem\u003eMelanaphis sacchari\u003c/em\u003e (Zehntner, 1897) is the most important pest in sorghum crops of USA and Mexico. In northern Mexico and other regions, as Guanajuato and Morelos, reduced over 30% of the cultivated area of sorghum between 2016 and 2019. This study provides basic information that supports the Integrated Management of this insect. Research used biological material (parthenogenetic forms) from Guanajuato, Mexico; reared in foliar agar-disc of \u003cem\u003eSorghum bicolor\u003c/em\u003e VAR. UPM-219, at bioclimatic chamber under different temperatures: 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40\u0026deg;C. The highest mortalities occurred in extremes temperatures: 5\u0026deg;C (35%), 35\u0026deg;C (45%) and 40\u0026deg;C (100%). At low temperature (5\u0026deg;C) there was no reproduction and the pre-reproductive period continued 62.5 days, allowing the insects to survive on average 88.2 days. At the highest temperature (40\u0026deg;C), nymph 1 died in 0.9 days. While at 20\u0026deg;C, \u003cem\u003eM. sacchari\u003c/em\u003e produced a supernumerary N5 stage that prolonged the development to 7.1 days. The longest reproductive period was 33.2 days (0.6 nymphs/day) to 10\u0026deg;C, in contrast to 4.1 days (0.4 nymphs/day) to 35\u0026deg;C; the longest post-reproductive period (22.4 days) was obtained at 10\u0026deg;C and the smallest (4.2 days) at 35\u0026deg;C. Highest average fertility (79.06 nymphs) was reached at 25\u0026deg;C. Theoretical thermal thresholds was 2.0\u0026deg; and 40\u0026deg;C; and the heat units t required for each generation were 158.9. Population parameters show that 25\u0026deg;C is the optimal temperature for this aphid Ro (79.06) and Rm (0.44) T (10.01) DT (1.59 and λ (1.55).\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Comparative Biology and Life Tables of Sugarcane Aphid Melanaphis Sacchari (Hemiptera: Aphididae) From Guanajuato, Mexico, at Different Temperatures","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2023-03-21 14:24:37","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2694454/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Major revision","date":"2023-06-20T18:37:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2023-06-20T16:35:41+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2023-04-05T15:37:59+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"184b58a8-3693-4b85-b779-ccd3231c63aa","date":"2023-03-27T11:21:37+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2023-03-24T12:11:13+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2023-03-18T23:13:20+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2023-03-17T05:56:34+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Phytoparasitica","date":"2023-03-15T05:01:31+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"phytoparasitica","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"pypa","sideBox":"Learn more about [Phytoparasitica](http://link.springer.com/journal/12597)","snPcode":"12600","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/12600/3","title":"Phytoparasitica","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"606da797-5bdf-4446-b1b8-5e8b2ae1ceda","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 21st, 2023","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-03-04T15:09:12+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-2694454","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12600-024-01152-8","journal":{"identity":"phytoparasitica","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Phytoparasitica"},"publishedOn":"2024-02-29 15:01:59","publishedOnDateReadable":"February 29th, 2024"},"versionCreatedAt":"2023-03-21 14:24:37","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s12600-024-01152-8","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12600-024-01152-8","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-2694454","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-2694454","identity":"rs-2694454","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"GqpaHPwrfC8PjnIFayRh5","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}