Distributed MEMS Sensors using Plasmonic Antenna Array Embedded Sagnac Interferometer

Distributed MEMS Sensors using Plasmonic Antenna Array Embedded Sagnac Interferometer | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Distributed MEMS Sensors using Plasmonic Antenna Array Embedded Sagnac Interferometer Anita Garhwal, Arumona Edward Arumona, Phichai Youplao, Kanad Ray, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-478714/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 4 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract A micro Sagnac interferometer is proposed for electron cloud distributed sensors formed by an integrated (micro-electro-mechanical systems) MEMS resonator structure. The Sagnac interferometer consists of four microring probes integrated into a Sagnac loop. Each of the microring probes is embedded with the silver bars to form the plasmonic wave oscillation. The polarized light of 1.50µm wavelength is input into the interferometer, which is polarized randomly into upstream and downstream directions. The polarization outputs can be controlled by the space-time input at the Sagnac port. Electrons are trapped and oscillated by the whispering gallery modes (WGMs), where the plasmonic antennas are established and applied for wireless fidelity (WiFi) and light fidelity (LiFi) sensing probes, respectively. Four antenna gains are 2.59dB, 0.93dB, 1.75dB, and 1.16dB, respectively. In manipulation, the sensing probe electron densities are changed by input source power variation. When the electron cloud is excited by the microscopic medium, where the change in electron density is obtained and reflected to the required parameters. Such a system is a novel device that can be applied for brain-device interfering with the dual-mode sensing probes. The obtained WGM sensors are 1.35µm -2 , 0.90µm -2 , 0.97µm -2 and, 0.81µm -2 , respectively. The WGMs behave as a four-point probe for the electron cloud distributed sensors, where the electron cloud sensitivities of 2.31prads -1 mm 3 (electrons) -1 , 2.27prads -1 mm 3 (electrons) -1 , 2.22prads -1 mm 3 (electrons) -1 , 2.38prads -1 mm 3 (electrons) -1 are obtained, respectively. Plasma and Fluids Scientific Communication Technical Communication Integrated MEMS resonator Sagnac interferometer Microring resonator Electron cloud sensors Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Full Text Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Reviews received at journal 16 Sep, 2021 Reviewers invited by journal 17 May, 2021 Editor assigned by journal 03 May, 2021 First submitted to journal 30 Apr, 2021 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-478714","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":27636622,"identity":"ac0d00b1-226e-4295-ace3-1339304257f6","order_by":0,"name":"Anita Garhwal","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Amity University Rajasthan: Amity University - Jaipur Campus","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Anita","middleName":"","lastName":"Garhwal","suffix":""},{"id":27636623,"identity":"d3e60ffe-26ba-421f-8394-516d89e7c5a0","order_by":1,"name":"Arumona Edward Arumona","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Ton Duc Thang University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Arumona","middleName":"Edward","lastName":"Arumona","suffix":""},{"id":27636624,"identity":"fa19e2be-8a7e-4316-ad93-1c74143561d9","order_by":2,"name":"Phichai Youplao","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Ton Duc Thang University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Phichai","middleName":"","lastName":"Youplao","suffix":""},{"id":27636625,"identity":"f459d129-2fc3-4c0b-bd63-f51dd6141f13","order_by":3,"name":"Kanad Ray","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Amity University Rajasthan: Amity University - Jaipur Campus","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Kanad","middleName":"","lastName":"Ray","suffix":""},{"id":27636626,"identity":"3770abc3-ed6d-47c9-8ace-db43c320bf72","order_by":4,"name":"Preecha Yupapin","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5257-4351","institution":"Ton Duc Thang University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Preecha","middleName":"","lastName":"Yupapin","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2021-04-30 10:21:38","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-478714/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-478714/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":9352125,"identity":"cbfb55a8-ea61-4435-9079-bfe3a6558c9c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-05-19 18:13:57","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":348896,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"The device fabricated/ simulated structure of proposed work, where (a) micro-electron cloud sensors network system; Ein, Eth, Edr, E add are electric fields at input, throughput, drop and add ports, respectively. κ is coupling constants. PBS: Polarizing beamsplitter, PD: photodetector. The polarized electron cloud components can be obtained, (b) an equivalent sensing probe circuit. The micro rings are embedded with silver (Ag) nano bars. The optical isolator is applied to project the feedback to the laser source.","description":"","filename":"1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-478714/v1/9c2aa87305fb2277879a704c.jpg"},{"id":9352403,"identity":"416500ef-86ba-448d-8ca5-35c7ba4259e7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-05-19 18:16:57","extension":"jpg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":527283,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"The Optiwave graphical results, where (a) WGMs formation; (b) plasmons propagating in the system. Input source is a polarized laser with of wavelength 1.50 µm. The used parameters of simulation are given in Table 1, where z is the propagation axis.","description":"","filename":"2.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-478714/v1/094dc30f5dbcdc949f18b01b.jpg"},{"id":9352378,"identity":"23dcfd7b-f061-408a-bc5f-83a99a259ff5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-05-19 18:16:57","extension":"jpg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":148691,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"The plot of the input intensities and (a) frequency and (b) wavelength for all WGMs. The peak frequencies of WGM-1, WGM-2, WGM-3, and WGM-4 are 208.43THz, 198.18THz, 206.72 and, 196.47THz, respectively.\n\n","description":"","filename":"3.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-478714/v1/814e26fac947d584ae5b63ab.jpg"},{"id":9352127,"identity":"ecb88570-89f1-4c85-8026-a3b4ecec1fe8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-05-19 18:13:57","extension":"jpg","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":90170,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"The plot of antennas’ gains and input power. The input power varied from 10-15mW. The obtained gains are 2.59dB, 0.93dB, 1.75dB, and 1.16dB for antenna-1, antenna-2, antenna-3, and antenna-4, respectively.\n\n","description":"","filename":"4.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-478714/v1/52cdf1220052f4e4c3afa096.jpg"},{"id":9352438,"identity":"d0ccd6ea-b50c-4d20-a956-ba9d17fb9961","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-05-19 18:16:57","extension":"jpg","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":405737,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"The plot of directivities of antennas, where the obtained directivities are 16.31, 8.9, 12.51, and 9.39 for antenna-1, antenna-2, antenna-3, and antenna-4, respectively.","description":"","filename":"5.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-478714/v1/50baa821cf7a0bae6680292b.jpg"},{"id":9352132,"identity":"fac424ba-6420-4d99-8dfb-ac30c52e9290","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-05-19 18:13:57","extension":"jpg","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":185429,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"The plot of antenna profiles, where (a)WiFi band frequencies of antenna 1 to 4 are 208.43THz, 198.18THz, 206.72THz, and 196.47THz, respectively, (b)LiFi band wavelengths of antenna 1 to 4 are 1.43µm, 1.51µm, 1.45µm, 1.52µm, respectively.","description":"","filename":"6.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-478714/v1/0c40a4afb7b4590bbe13d5a3.jpg"},{"id":9352409,"identity":"d6fcf304-c6b0-4ea9-b344-b37ac2c7621c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-05-19 18:16:57","extension":"jpg","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":106761,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"The plot of the output intensities for all WGMs and input power which form the WGM sensors. The input power is varied from 10-15mW. The sensitivities of 1.35µm-2, 0.90µm-2, 0.97µm-2, and 0.81µm-2, are obtained, respectively.","description":"","filename":"7.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-478714/v1/06f4548f1c24c634eac4c9f5.jpg"},{"id":9352437,"identity":"dec17ded-0456-4e37-8882-ea861118dfdf","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-05-19 18:16:57","extension":"jpg","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":84998,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"The plot of the plasma frequency and electron density which form the electron cloud sensors. The sensitivities of 2.31prads-1mm3(electrons)-1, 2.27prads-1mm3(electrons)-1, 2.22prads-1mm3(electrons)-1, 2.38prads-1mm3(electrons)-1 are respectively obtained, where p is Pico (10-12).","description":"","filename":"8.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-478714/v1/3d94fc7ff7d70daf3d8aee75.jpg"},{"id":9352130,"identity":"5b397cf0-d7e4-4cde-b4f0-4bf7081a7b8d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-05-19 18:13:57","extension":"jpg","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":145332,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"The plot of the (a) change in electron density (normalized electron density) and input power. The sensitivities of 0.06mW-1, 0.04mW-1, 0.05mW-1, 0.03mW-1 are obtained respectively for WGM1-WGM4, (b) change in electron density (normalized electron density) and phase shift. The sensitivities of 0.005(o)-1, 0.003(o)-1, 0.004(o)-1, 0.002(o)-1 are obtained respectively for WGM1-WGM4. The self-calibration among four-point probes can be applied.","description":"","filename":"9.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-478714/v1/28c0059c03d9031370c488e6.jpg"},{"id":13635149,"identity":"7e5fd8f6-970b-4188-b798-18eabf3be84a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-09-17 08:35:43","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1946453,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"PLASD2100158Anita.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-478714/v1_covered.pdf"},{"id":9352448,"identity":"deea24c9-659b-4b52-887b-6832375c7490","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-05-19 18:17:09","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1942844,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"PLASD2100158Anita.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-478714/v1_covered.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Distributed MEMS Sensors using Plasmonic Antenna Array Embedded Sagnac Interferometer","fulltext":[{"header":"Full Text","content":"This preprint is available for \u003ca href='/article/rs-478714/latest.pdf' target='_blank'\u003edownload as a PDF\u003c/a\u003e."}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"plasmonics","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"plas","sideBox":"Learn more about [Plasmonics](https://www.springer.com/journal/11468)","snPcode":"11468","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/11468/3","title":"Plasmonics","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Integrated MEMS resonator, Sagnac interferometer, Microring resonator, Electron cloud sensors","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-478714/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-478714/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eA micro Sagnac interferometer is proposed for electron cloud distributed sensors formed by an integrated (micro-electro-mechanical systems) MEMS resonator structure. The Sagnac interferometer consists of four microring probes integrated into a Sagnac loop. Each of the microring probes is embedded with the silver bars to form the plasmonic wave oscillation. The polarized light of 1.50\u0026micro;m wavelength is input into the interferometer, which is polarized randomly into upstream and downstream directions. The polarization outputs can be controlled by the space-time input at the Sagnac port. Electrons are trapped and oscillated by the whispering gallery modes (WGMs), where the plasmonic antennas are established and applied for wireless fidelity (WiFi) and light fidelity (LiFi) sensing probes, respectively. Four antenna gains are 2.59dB, 0.93dB, 1.75dB, and 1.16dB, respectively. In manipulation, the sensing probe electron densities are changed by input source power variation. When the electron cloud is excited by the microscopic medium, where the change in electron density is obtained and reflected to the required parameters. Such a system is a novel device that can be applied for brain-device interfering with the dual-mode sensing probes. The obtained WGM sensors are 1.35\u0026micro;m\u003csup\u003e-2\u003c/sup\u003e, 0.90\u0026micro;m\u003csup\u003e-2\u003c/sup\u003e, 0.97\u0026micro;m\u003csup\u003e-2\u003c/sup\u003e and, 0.81\u0026micro;m\u003csup\u003e-2\u003c/sup\u003e, respectively. The WGMs behave as a four-point probe for the electron cloud distributed sensors, where the electron cloud sensitivities of 2.31prads\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003emm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e (electrons)\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e, 2.27prads\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003emm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e (electrons)\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e, 2.22prads\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003emm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e(electrons)\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e, 2.38prads\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003emm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e(electrons)\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e are obtained, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Distributed MEMS Sensors using Plasmonic Antenna Array Embedded Sagnac Interferometer","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2021-05-19 18:13:55","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-478714/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2021-09-17T03:56:58+00:00","index":0,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2021-05-17T11:32:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2021-05-04T00:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Plasmonics","date":"2021-04-30T06:11:26+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"plasmonics","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"plas","sideBox":"Learn more about [Plasmonics](https://www.springer.com/journal/11468)","snPcode":"11468","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/11468/3","title":"Plasmonics","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"b7ad87db-af50-4ff3-8dd4-411429c9e3c1","owner":[],"postedDate":"May 19th, 2021","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[{"id":4430325,"name":"Plasma and Fluids"},{"id":4430326,"name":"Scientific Communication"},{"id":4430327,"name":"Technical Communication"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2021-12-03T03:06:45+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2021-05-19 18:13:55","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-478714","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-478714","identity":"rs-478714","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"_2-kVJe1T_tPrBINL-cwx","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}