Prevalence of Bovine Trypanosomiasis, Its Associated Risk Factors and Apparent Tsetse Fly Density in Mako District, Buno Bedele Zone, Oromia Region, Ethiopia.

Prevalence of Bovine Trypanosomiasis, Its Associated Risk Factors and Apparent Tsetse Fly Density in Mako District, Buno Bedele Zone, Oromia Region, Ethiopia. | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Prevalence of Bovine Trypanosomiasis, Its Associated Risk Factors and Apparent Tsetse Fly Density in Mako District, Buno Bedele Zone, Oromia Region, Ethiopia. Dr. Gelan Dahesa Dahesa, Dr.Jembere Tesfaye Itefa This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6943064/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Bovine trypanosomosis is the primary animal blood parasitic disease that causes significant productivity loss and animal mortality. A cross-sectional study was conducted from April 2021 to August 2021 to determine the prevalence of bovine trypanosomiasis, associated risk factors and apparent fly density in the study animals. A parasitological study using thin and thick blood film and Buffy coat technique was employed for the determination of prevalence of trypanosomosis and packed cell volume determination used to determine anemic and mono pyramidal traps was used for entomology survey. Descriptive statistics was used to summarize the data and compute prevalence. The density of the tsetse fly population was estimated by dividing the number of flies caught by the number of traps and the number of days, given as fly /trap/day (FTD). The independent t-test was utilized to compare the mean PCV values of the parasitemic and aparasitemic animals. Univariable logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the association between the prevalence of bovine trypanosomiasis and risk factors. The overall prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis in the study area was 5.7% (95% CI: 3.8–8.6). The major species of trypanosomes identified in the study area were T. vivax (54.55%), T. congolense (31.81%), T. bruc ei (9.09%) and mixed ( T. vivax and T. congolens e) (4.55%). The logistic regression model identified body condition score and peasant associations as risk variables for trypanosomosis, with a statistically significant result (p < 0.05). Bovine trypanosomosis was most commonly prevalent in animals with poor BCS, at 11.6%, followed by medium at 3.4% and good 0.8% respectively. It was statistically significant (p < 0.05). In this study, the odds of trypanosomosis occurrence are 14.76 times greater in animal medium (95% CI: 1.91-114.15). For every animal with good body condition score is held constant. Parasitaemic cattle had an anemic PCV value of 21.17 ± 0.043%, which was substantially lower (P < 0.05) than aparasitaemic cattle's PCV value of 25.38 ± 0.36%. The apparent tsetse fly density was 11.87 flies per trap/day. The current study showed that lower bovine trypanosomosis. Furthermore study should be used molecular diagnostic tools to get a better prevalence of trypanosomosis in the study area. Moreover, further season-based studies should be conducted to determine apparent density of tsetse flies and to observe seasonal dynamics of trypanosomosis infection in the area. Parasitology Bovine Meko Risk factors Prevalence Trypanosomis Tsetse 1. INTRODUCTION Ethiopia has a diversified range of animal resources and its relatively sizable livestock population is well-adapted and spread across different ecological conditions and management methods (Feyissa et al ., 2023). It had the most livestock in Africa in 2020, with 65 million cattle, 51 million goats, 49 million poultry, 40 million sheep, and 8 million camels (CSA, 2020 ). The vast majority of Africans rely on livestock for food. They account for a significant amount of the continent's GDP and are a substantial source of foreign currency profits for some countries (Fayisa et al., 2015 ). Despite the importance of cattle to the wider population and the economy, the sub-sector has gone untouched (Tewodros et al ., 2012). Bovine trypanosomosis is one of the most well-known restrictions to African cattle productivity. It is the most common hemiparasitic disease in domestic animals, caused by the Trypanosoma protozoan parasites (Tsegaye et al., 2021 ). The principal vector is the tsetse fly, which belongs to the genus Glossina and transmits the most virulent Trypanosoma species in Ethiopia, including T. congolense, T. vivax, and T. bruce (Marta et al., 2016 ). This disease endangers cattle survival and productivity, hurting not only agricultural progress but also human health as one of the most well-known parasitic blood diseases (Megersa et al., 2019 ). It is a significant limitation, leading to both direct and indirect economic losses in crop and livestock production. Its socioeconomic impact is reflected in direct losses owing to death, illness, and reduced milk and meat output, abortion, and stillbirth, as well as direct expenditures connected with disease control (Gona et al., 2016 ). The availability of adequate habitat for tsetse is a crucial factor influencing the prevalence and epidemiology of bovine trypanosomosis (Fayisa et al., 2015 ). According to studies, five species of Glossina exist in Ethiopia: Glossina morsitans submorsitans, Glossina pallidipes, Glossina tachinoides, Glossina fuscipes fuscipes, and Glossina longipennis, but only four are widespread and economically significant (Tulu et al., 2018 ). African Animal Trypanosomosis (AAT) is found where the tsetse fly vector resides in Africa, between latitudes 15°N and 29°S (Tewodros Fentahun et al., 2012 ). Tsetse flies are hematophagous insects from the Glossinidae family that serve as biological vectors for African trypanosomosis in both animals and humans. Mechanical transmission of the disease occurs through biting flies, the most common of which being Tabanids and Stomoxys (Alemu and Alemneh, 2017 ). Clinical symptoms are not pathognomic, hence clinical examination is of limited use in determining the diagnosis (Lemu et al., 2019 ). Infected animals exhibit increasing loss of appetite, body weight, lower-body edema, intermittent fever, bilateral enlargement of prescapular lymph nodes, corneal opacity, salivation, lacrimation, and abortion (Addisalem et al., 2012 ). Diagnosis is frequently based on a history of chronic wasting in cattle exposed to tsetse insects. Trypanosomes can be proven parasitologically by detecting parasites in affected animals' blood, and many procedures are available (Tulu et al., 2020 ). In fact, many field programs for monitoring cattle for infection rely on routine screening of stained thick and thin blood films; thick films are checked to detect infected animals, while thin films determine the species of infecting trypanosomes (Shewangizaw and Takele, 2021). To combat trypanosomes, livestock must be kept away from vectors. The primary control measures are to manage tsetse populations, provide trypanocidal medications, and use disease-tolerant cattle breeds (Lemu et al., 2019 ). Trypanosomosis is common in Ethiopian domestic livestock in the Western, South, and South-western lowlands, as well as the linked river systems of Abay, Ghibe, Omo, and Baro/Akobo (Tadesse and Tsegaye, 2010 ). In Mako area, trypanosomosis was identified as one of the problems impeding livestock rearing in the majority of peasant organizations. Furthermore, a study of the disease's state, prospective risk factors, and vector inquiry is critical for optimal control. Therefore, the objectives of the study were:- To estimate the prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis. To identify the potential risk factors. To determine apparent densities of tsetse flies in the selected areas of Meko district, Buno Bedelle Zone, Oromia Region, Ethiopia. 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS 2.1. Study Area The study was carried out from April 2021 to August 2021 in three peasant associations of Mako district which is located in Buno Bedele Zone, Oromia Region, Ethiopia. The district is located about 86 km and 569 km from from zonal city (Bedele) and Addis Ababa, respectively. The district geographically falls between 8 o 41`N latitudes and 36 o 1`E longitudes. The average altitude of Mako district is 2226m above sea level. The annual mean temperature ranges from 8 o c to 28 o c and receives annual rainfall between 500-1200mm. Crop and livestock production are important sources of income for all society status. The livestock population of the district was 89,136 cattle, 32,909 sheep, 26,105 goats, 2,614 horses, 4818 donkeys, and 3001 mules the livestock are free grazing (CSA, 2020 ). The populations of livestock in the three peasants study area were 1418 cattle, 138 sheep, 4681 goats, and 97 donkeys (CSA, 2020 ). 2.2. Study Animals The study populations were native zebu cattle (Bos indicus) from three peasant associations in Meko district (Biftu Naga, Oda Chokorsa, and Ifa Jiru). The management system for all cattle was extensive, with animals kept on free grazing. The extensive (if the farmers have no feed reserves for a year, are operated mostly by family labor, and hence cows are allowed to graze in the field widely. The study animals were divided into two age groups: young (1–3 years) and adults ( > = 3 years) based on dentition features (Pace and Wakeman, 1983 ) and owner data. Calves under the age of one year were removed from this study because their exposure to trypanosomes is minimal due to their proximity to human housing where tsetse infection is infrequent or non-existent. Body condition scores were classified as poor, medium, or good (Nicholson and Butterworth, 1986 ). The study comprised both sexes. 2.3. Study Design A cross-sectional study was conducted from April 2021 to August 2021 to estimate the prevalence of bovine trypanosomiasis, its associated risk factors, and apparent tsetse flies density in Mako District, Buno Bedele Zone, Oromia Region, Ethiopia. The study focused on three specific peasant associations (PAs), chosen due to their proximity and the prevalence of cattle herding in the area. 2.4. Sampling Determination Initially, the study area and peasant associations involved in the study areas were chosen using a purposive sampling method based on the density of the cattle population, information from the district's administrative body, and inadequately documented information relating to the magnitude, distribution of bovine trypanosomiasis, its associated risk factors, and apparent fly density. Then, Animals were selected using simple random sampling techniques. The sample size was determined according to Thrusfield's (2018) formula with an expected prevalence of 50% and 95% statistical confidence level and 5% precision. Where: N is the required sample size, 1.96 is the value of 𝑍 at the 95% confidence level, 𝑃exp is the expected and 𝑑 is the desired absolute precision which is 5%. Thus, the desired sample size was 384. Accordingly, 128 from Biftu Naga, 128 from Oda Chokorsa, and 128 from Ifa Jiru were proportionally allocated. 2.5. Study Methodology 2.5.1. Data collection method Observation of the animals was assessed for age, sex, breed, color, body condition, and peasant associations study area. A structured questionnaire containing close-ended questions was used to collect data regarding the different potential risk factors mentioned above. 2.5.2. Sample collection The selected animals were restrained. Dirty ears were cleansed with a clean towel, disinfected with a solution, and finally dried. Samples were collected by piercing cattle's marginal veins with a sterile lancet, and blood from the ear veins was taken into a Heparinized micro-capillary tube of at least 3/4th volume, which was sealed at one end with a crystal seal. After bleeding each animal, the lancet was cleaned with cotton to prevent sample contamination. 2.5.3. Measuring of Packed Cell Volume (PCV) Blood samples were drawn from the research animals using heparinized capillary tubes, which were then sealed at one end with a crista seal. The capillary tubes carrying blood samples were then placed in a heparinized micro-haematocrit centrifuge with the sealed end facing outward. To achieve equilibrium, the tubes were weighted symmetrically (1800) to one another. After putting on the rotary cover and shutting the centrifuge lid, the specimens were centrifuged at 12,000 rpm for 5 minutes. Finally, the tubes were inserted in the hematocrit machine, and the results were expressed as a percentage of packed red cells to total volume of whole blood. Animals with PCV < 24% were termed anemic (Sima, 2012 ; Addisalem et al., 2012 ). 2.5.4. Buffy coat technique A heparinized capillary tube containing a blood sample drawn from an ear vein was centrifuged for 5 minutes at 12,000 RPM. After centrifugation, trypanosomes were typically identified in or slightly above the buffy coat layer. A diamond-tipped pen was used to cut the capillary tube 1 mm into the buffy coat to include the uppermost layers of red blood cells and 3 mm above to include the plasma. The contents of the capillary tube were transferred to a slide, homogenized on a clean glass slide, and covered with a cover slip. The slide was checked for parasite movement using (x40) and (x10) eyepieces (Dawud and Molalegne, 2011 ;Megersa et al., 2019 ). 2.5.5. Thin blood smear In cases where blood samples tested positive for trypanosomes, thin blood smears were prepared, stained with Giemsa stain, and scrutinized under light microscopy for species identification (Murray et al., 1988 ; Sima, 2012 ). A small drop of blood from a micro-hematocrit capillary tube to the slide was applied to a clean slide and spread by using another clean slide at an angle of 45°, air dried and fixed for 2 min in methyl alcohol, then immersed in Giemasa stain (1:10 solution) for 50 min. Drain and wash off excess stain using distilled water, allow to dry by standing upright on the rock, and examine under the microscope with an oil immersion objective lens. The differentiation of Trypanosoma species was conducted by analyzing morphological features such as size, the position of the kinetoplast, the extent of undulating membrane development, and the presence or absence of a free flagellum, following the guidelines provided by Desquesnes and Davila, (2002). 2.5.6. Entomological Survey In three peasant organizations in the district, 54 mono pyramidal traps were placed at approximately 100-meter intervals near animal grazing meadows and rivers. To attract tsetse flies, each trap was baited with acetone, octanol, and cow urine in different bottles. The traps were placed approximately 200–250 meters apart and surrounded by a cleared radius of 2–3 meters to improve visibility and reduce fire dangers. After 48 hours, tsetse flies in the cages were counted and identified to the genus and species level using their habitat and characteristics (Uilenberg, 1998 ). Tsetse flies were sexed simply by inspecting the posterior end of the ventral side of the abdomen with a hand lens. Male flies were distinguished by an expanded hypopygium on the posterior ventral end of the abdomen. Murray et al. ( 1988 ) calculated the apparent density of the tsetse fly as the number of catches/traps per day. 2.6. Data Management and Analysis All data collected were entered into a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet and transferred to software for analysis. Before statistical analysis, the dataset was extensively inspected for errors and/or mistakes and appropriately coded. STATA version 14 software (Stata Corp., College Station, USA) was used to analyze it. Descriptive statistics was used to summarize the data and compute prevalence (the prevalence was computed by dividing the number of bovine trypanosomiasis-positive animals by the total number of examined animals and multiplying by 100). The density of the tsetse fly population was estimated by dividing the number of flies caught by the number of traps and the number of days, given as fly /trap/day (FTD). The independent t-test was utilized to compare the mean PCV values of the parasitemic and aparasitemic animals. Univariable logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the association between the prevalence of bovine trypanosomiasis and risk factors. To identify important risk factors for bovine trypanosomiasis, all risk factors with a non-collinear effect p-value < 0.25 in the univariate logistic regression model were analyzed in a multivariable logistic regression model. The adjusted odds ratio (OR) was used to assess the impact of risk factors on the frequency of bovine trypanosomiasis infections. A 95% confidence interval and 5% were computed, and results were considered significant at P < 0.05. 3. RESULT 3.1. Overall Prevalence of Bovine Trypanosomosis The overall prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis in the study area was 5.7 % (95% CI: 3.8-8.6) (Table 1). The prevalence of trypanosomosis was determined to be 1.6% in Ifa Jiru, 3.1 % in Oda Chokorsa, and 12.5% in Biftu Naga in peasant associations, respectively (Table 3). Table 1: Overall prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis No of animal examined No of positive Prevalence (%) 95% CI 384 22 5.7 3.8-8.6 3.1.1. Prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis species The major species of trypanosomes identified in the study area were mixed ( T.vivax and T.congolens ) (4.55%), T.brucie (9.09%), T. congolense (31.81%) and T. vivax (54.55%) (Table 2). Table 2: Prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis species No of Infected animal Trypanosoma species Prevalence (%) 95% CI 12 T.vivax 54.55 0.02-0.05 7 T.congolens 31.81 0.01-0.04 2 T.brucie 9.09 0.00-0.02 1 T.vivax and T.congolens 4.55 0.00-0.18 3.1.2. Prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis related to risk factors Bovine trypanosomosis was more prevalent in female animals (7.2%) than in male animals (4.6%). The prevalence was higher in adults (>3) with an occurrence of 7.8%, while it was lower in young people (1-3) with an occurrence of 2.5%. Trypanosomosis was most widespread in black animals (6.9%), followed by brown (6.9%), gray (5%), and red (4.8%) (Table 3). Table 3: Prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis related to risk factors Risk factors Categories NEA NPA Prevalence 95% CI Sex Male 227 10 4.6 0.03-0.08 Female 167 12 7.2 0.04-0.12 Color of Animals Red 186 9 4.8 0.03-0.09 Gray 40 2 5 0.01-0.18 Brown 15 1 6.7 0.01-0.37 Black 43 10 6.9 0.04-0.13 Age Young (1-3) 156 4 2.5 0.01-0.07 Adult (>3) 228 18 7.8 0.05-0.12 BCS Good 119 1 0.8 0.00-0.06 Medium 119 4 3.4 0.01-0.09 Poor 146 17 11.6 0.07-0.18 PAs Ifa Jiru 128 2 1.6 0.00-0.06 Oda Chokorsa 128 4 3.1 0.01-0.08 Biftu Naga 128 16 12.5 0.08-0.19 NB: PAs= Peasant Associations; BCS= Body Condition Scores 3.2. Risk Factors Associated With Bovine Trypanosomosis 3.2.1. Univariable logistic regression analysis of risk factors The prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis associated with risk variables was calculated as the proportion of afflicted animals out of the total tested. A univariable logistic regression study found a significant (p < 0.05) association between trypanosomosis and color, age, body condition score, and origin (Table 4). Table: Univariable logistic regression analysis of risk factors Risk factors Categories Prevalence OR p-value 95% CI Sex Male 4.6 Ref Ref Ref Female 7.2 1.60 0.285 0.68-3.80 Color of Animals Red 4.8 Ref Ref Ref Gray 5 1.04 0.04 0.21-4.98 Brown 6.7 1.40 0.31 0.17-11.89 Black 6.9 1.48 0.83 0.58-3.74 Age Young (=3) 7.8 3.26 0.036 1.08-9.82 BCS Good 0.8 Ref Ref Ref Medium 3.4 4.10 0.210 0.45-37.28 Poor 11.6 15.56 0.008 2.04-118.66 PAs If a jiru 1.6 Ref Ref Ref Oda chokorsa 3.1 2.03 0.418 0.37-11.29 Biftu naga 12.5 8.99 0.004 2.02-40.01 3.2.2. Multivariable logistic regression analysis of associated risk factors Those putative risk factors with p-values less than 0.25 underwent multivariable logistic regression analysis utilizing the backward elimination technique. The logistic regression model identified body condition score and peasant associations as risk variables for trypanosomosis, with a statistically significant result (p 0.25 on initial univariate analysis were likewise excluded from subsequent analysis. Bovine trypanosomosis was most prevalent in animals with low BCS (11.6%), followed by medium (3.4%) and moderate (0.8%). In this study, the probabilities of trypanosomosis occurrence are 14.76 times higher in animal medium (95% confidence interval: 1.91-114.15). For each animal in good physical condition, the score is kept constant. Table 4 : Multivariable logistic regression analysis of associated risk factors Risk factors Categories OR p-value 95% CI BCS Good Ref Ref Ref Medium 3.27 0.296 0.35-30.22 Poor 14.76 0.010 1.91-114.15 Peasant Associations Ifa Jiru Ref Ref Ref Oda Chokorsa 1.99 0.436 0.35-11.26 Biftu Naga 9.27 0.004 2.05-42.01 3.3. Entomological Survey Result Three peasant associations were equipped with 54 unique traps in all. A total of 1283 flies were captured. Of the total caught tsetse flies, 33.13% were male and 66.87% were female. The apparent tsetse fly density was 11.87 flies per trap/day. Other biting fly species captured included Tabanus (225), Stomoxys (250), and Haematopota (381). Tabanus, Stomoxys, and Haematopota had apparent densities of 2.08, 2.31, and 3.53 f/t/d. A huge number of Musca species were also captured but released because they play no role in the transmission of trypanosomosis. 3.4. Packed Red Blood Cell Volume Parasitaemic cattle had an anemic PCV value of 21.17±0.043%, which was substantially lower (P<0.05) than aparasitaemic cattle's PCV value of 25.38±0.36% (Table 5). In cattle with trypanosomosis, parasitaemic animals had significantly decreased packed cell volume (PCV) (22.75±2.78, 95% CI: 21.90-23.59) compared to non-parasitaemic animals (29.24±3.94, 95% CI: 28.82-29.66). There was a statistically significant difference in the mean PCV value between the infected and uninfected animals (t=10.58,P=.0001) (Table 3). Table 5: The mean packed cell volume of examined cattle in Mako district Group Observations Mean PCV SE SD 95% CI t-value P-value Parasitemic 22 21.17 0.043 0.82 25.29-25.47 Aparasitemic 362 25.38 0.36 1.69 20.42-21.92 21.58 0.0000 Total 384 25.14 0.067 1.32 25.01-25.28 NB: SD= Standard Deviation, SE= Standard Error, PCV=Packed cell volume 4. DISCUSSION Trypanosomosis is a lethal haemoprotozoan disease caused by a variety of unicellular eukaryotic parasites from the Trypanosome genus. It is one of the most economically costly illnesses that impact mammals (Gebisa et al., 2020 ). The prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis in the study area was 5.7% (95% CI: 3.8–8.6). These findings are consistent with studies indicating 4.86% in the Didesa District of Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia (Alemu and Alemneh, 2017 ), 5.5% in Borecha, South-Western Ethiopia (Shewangizaw and Takele, 2021), and 5.35% in the Halu District of Ilubabor Zone, West Ethiopia (Bekele and Beshir, 2021 ). In contrast, the current finding was lower than those found in 23% of Metekel district, western Ethiopia (Terzu, 2004 ) and 27.5% of Arba Minch, southern Ethiopia (Tesfaheywet and Abraham, 2012). Higher than found in 3.44% of districts in the Buno Bedele Zone of Oromia Region, Ethiopia (Gebisa et al., 2020 ). Prevalence can vary based on agroecological conditions, vector control programs, diagnostic methods, and animal management practices in different locations (Gebisa et al., 2020 ). This study emphasizes the importance of area-specific disease control approaches by investigating socioeconomic factors such as human-wildlife interactions, land use patterns, and access to veterinary care (Terefe et al., 2015 ). To address vector-borne diseases, community-based surveillance must be improved and sustainable land management methods used (Gona et al., 2016 ). Improved community-based surveillance and sustainable land management approaches are critical for preventing trypanosomes and other vector-borne diseases. Furthermore, the considerable difference in trypanosomosis prevalence among the study sites may be connected with the differences in location and closeness to optimal Glossina habitats in the districts. Tullu et al. (2018) The recent findings revealed that the predominant trypanosome species discovered in the study region were mixed (T.vivax and T.congolens) (4.55%), T.brucie (9.09%), T. congolense (31.81%), and T. vivax (54.55%). This study region was similar to studies of 45.85%, 33.33%, and 20.83% of T. vivax, T. congolense, and T. brucei in Hawa Gelan district, Oromia Region, Ethiopia (Tewodros et al. 2012). Conversely, lower than studies of Trypanosoma vivax (81.82%) and T. congolense (18.18%) in Mandura District, Northwest Ethiopia (Lelisa et al., 2015 ); T. congolense (59.6%) was the most prevalent trypanosome species followed by T. vivax (25.5%) and mixed infection of T. congolense and T. vivax (14.9%) in Botor Tolay District, Jimma Zone, Ethiopia (Lemu et al., 2019 ). The existence of significant mechanical vectors and more effective T. vivax transmitters may be the cause of this discrepancy (Gona et al., 2016 ). According to the current findings, trypanosomosis was most common in black-colored animals (6.9%), followed by brown (6.9%), gray (5%), and red (4.8%). This finding was similar to the finding in Kellem Wollega, Western Ethiopia (Tsegaye et al., 2021 ); 77% of the cattle show light coat color, 30% red and red-white combinations, 27% white and white-red combinations, and 20% gray, roan, and fawn coat colors, and the rest 23% are black and black-black combinations, Bodi and Mursi districts of South Omo Zone, southwest Ethiopia (Terefe et al., 2015 ). Significantly higher trypanosomosis prevalence in black-colored animals could be attributed to the Glossina vector's preference to feed on black animals over other color types, as the tsetse fly was more attracted to black color due to their shade-loving behavior while flying from one area to another (Gona et al., 2016 ). According to the current findings, bovine trypanosomosis was most common in animals with poor BCS (11.6%), followed by medium (3.4%) and good (0.8%). In this study, the probabilities of trypanosomosis occurrence are 14.76 times higher in animal medium (95% confidence interval: 1.91-114.15). For each animal in good physical condition, the score is kept constant. The result was statistically significant (p < 0.05). This finding was similar to those reported by Bitew et al ( 2011 ) in Jabi Tehenan district, West Gojam of Amhara regional state, Northwestern Ethiopia. However, a higher probability of occurrence was reported by Tulu et al ( 2018 ) body condition indicated that animals with poor body condition are three times more likely to be affected by trypanosomosis (OR = 3.4) than good body condition, in Jimma Horro District, Kellem Wollega Zone, Western Ethiopia; poor body condition (18.46%) was higher than those in medium(2.4%) and good(1.92%) body condition (Tulu et al., 2018 ) This is due to poor physical condition. Animals are prone to infectious diseases. This could be related to diminished animal performance caused by a shortage of critical nutrients and improper management by the animal owner (Lemu et al., 2019 ). This may be due to trypanosomosis results in progressive emaciation of the infected animals; however, non-infected cattle in good condition have a well-developed immune status that can respond to any foreign protein better than non-infected cattle in poor body condition (Tulu et al., 2018 ). The current study region exhibited an overall apparent tsetse fly density of 11.87 flies/trap/day. Other biting flies included Tabanus, Stomoxys, and Haematopota, with f/t/days of 2.08, 2.31, and 3.53, respectively. These findings are supported by Terefe et al. ( 2015 ) work on G. pallidipes (80.6%), G. morsitans submersions (5.7%), G. fuscipes (13.7%), and other flies species like Stomoxys and Tabanus; 11.9 f/t/d from Hewa-Gelan district, Oromia region, west Ethiopia (Tewodros et al., 2012); 14.97 f/t/d from Arbaminch, Ethiopia (Teka et al., 2012 ). In contrast, the current finding is higher than studies that found 1.15 f/t/d of tsetse in the East Wollega zone (Tafese et al., 2012 ) and 2.83 f/t/d in the Bench Maji zone (Tadesse et al., 2010). This difference is related to their distinct habitat preferences, which influence the spread of tsetse fly species. Furthermore, seasonal fluctuations alter fly activity and density, which influences trap catches (Terefe et al., 2015 ). For example, during the rainy season, certain species may become more active or migrate to new places, influencing their abundance in traps placed at certain times (Teka et al., 2012 ). The current finding showed that the parasitaemic cattle were aneamic and their PCV value was 21.17 ± 0.043% and found significantly lower (P < 0.05) than aparasitaemic cattle 25.38 ± 0.36%. Its closely related to studies. In Nonno District, Western Shewa zone, West Ethiopia (1999) found mean PCV values of 22.39 + 3.75 SD and 28.83 + 4.52 SD and Terefe et al.,(2014) found 20.4 ± 1% and 23.7 ± 0.3%). in the Bodi and Mursi districts of South Omo Zone, southwest Ethiopias, respectively The PCV value of trypanosome-infected cattle may be an indicator of trypanosome tolerance ability, as parasitaemic cattle have a greater PCV value than non-trypanosome-tolerant cattle breeds (Lemecha et al. 2006), assuming no other predisposing variables lower cow PCV value. Cattle with this trait have the ability to survive and remain productive after trypanosome infection, with lower mortality, infection levels, and superior weight gain. Trypanosomosis may be responsible for reducing the PCV value of affected animals. (The low PCV value of infected animals may be related to the animals becoming sick with diseases such as helminthosis, tick-borne infections, and nutritional inequalities. 5. Conclusion and Recommendations The present study recorded an overall prevalence of 5.7 % (95% CI: 3.8-8.6), which might entail that bovine trypanosomiasis was health problem of animals which undoubtedly will have a drawback on the productivity and affecting the agricultural activity of farmers. The study revealed that major species of trypanosomes identified were T. vivax (54.55%), T. congolense (31.81%), T. bruc ei (9.09%) and mixed ( T. vivax and T. congolens e) (4.55%). This study showed that the risk factors were body conditions and origin (PAs) had significant association with prevalence of bovine trypanosomiasis (P<0.05). Overall apparent tsetse fly density was 11.87 flies/trap/days. Parasitaemic cattle had an anemic PCV value of 21.17±0.043%, which was substantially lower (P<0.05) than aparasitaemic cattle's PCV value of 25.38±0.36%. The current study showed that lower bovine trypanosomosis. Based on the above conclusions, the following recommendations were forwarded:- The government and the public should be collaborate to control the vector as well as the disease in a sustainable way. Furthermore study should be used molecular diagnostic tools to get a better prevalence of trypanosomosis in the study area. Moreover, further season-based studies should be conducted to determine apparent density of tsetse flies and to observe seasonal dynamics of trypanosomosis infection in the area. Declarations Ethics approval and Consent to participate Not applicable Consent for publication Not applicable Ethics approval and consent to participate Ethical consent was obtained from JU-RRC (2021). The purpose of the study was well explained to the animal owners/attendant/farmer before taking the samples, and informed consent was obtained to take the appropriate sample through verbal consent. Availability of data and materials All the datasets generated or analyzed during this study are included in this manuscript. Competing interests All authors have nothing to disclose in this work. Funding The current study was not funded by any institution. Authors' contributions All authors contributed to data collection, study design, data interpretation, reference search, manuscript writing, and editing, and all authors have approved the submission of the final manuscript. References Sima, S. (2012). Protozoan Diseases in Farm Ruminants. A Bird's-Eye View of Veterinary Medicine , Carlos C. Perez-Marin, IntechOpen Murray, M. Murray, P. Mc, Intyre, W. (1988). An improved parasitological technique for the diagnosis of African trypanomiasis. Transaction of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygien 71: 325-326. Dawud, A. and Molalegne, B. (2011). Epidemiological study of Bovine Trypanosmosis in Mao-komo. Special District, Benishangul Gumuz Regional State, Western Ethiopia. Global Veterinaria , 6: 402-408. Addisalem, H., Tafere, C., Beshatu, F. and Asamnew, T . (2012). Prevalence of Bovine Trypanosomosis in Addisamba and Amarit District of West Gojjam Zone, Amhara Regional State. Am-Euras. J. Sci. Res., 7 (3): 112-117 . Abosse, J. S., Ayele, Z. M., & Fufa, A. F. Prevalence And Associated Risk Factors Of Bovine Trypanosomiasis In And Around Itang District Of Gambella Region, Western Ethiopia. Alemu, G., & Alemneh, T. (2017). The prevalence of bovine trypanosomiasis in Quara Woreda, North Western of Ethiopia. Journal of Veterinary Medicine Research , 4 (1), 1067. Bekele, D., & Beshir, A. (2021). Host-related risk factors of bovine trypanosomosis and vector density in Halu District of Ilubabor Zone, West Ethiopia. Vet Med Open J , 6 (1), 32-38. Bitew, M., Amedie, Y., Abebe, A., & Tolosa, T. (2011). Prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis in selected areas of Jabi Tehenan district, West Gojam of Amhara regional state, Northwestern Ethiopia. African Journal of Agricultural Research , 6 (1), 140-144. CSA (2020): Agricultural sample survey 2019/20 [2012 EC]. Volume II report on livestock and livestock characteristics (private peasant holdings). Fayisa, G., Mandefro, A., Hailu, B., Chala, G., & Alemayehu, G. (2015). Epidemiological status and vector identification of bovine trypanosomiosis in Didesa district of Oromia regional state, Ethiopia. International Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences , 4 (3), 373-380. Gebisa, G., Beriso, K., Bogale, B., Gizaw, O., & Chala, D. (2020). Bovine Trypanosomosis and its vectors in three selected districts of Buno Bedele zone of Oromia region, Ethiopia. Veterinary Medicine International , 2020 (1), 1571947. Gona, Z., Teshale, A., & Tilahun, A. (2016). Study on prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis and density of its vectors in three selected districts of Wolaita Zone, Southern Ethiopia. Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health , 8 (9), 128-135. Lahunta, A. D., & Habel, R. E. (1986). Applied veterinary anatomy (pp. xiv+-330pp). Lelisa, K., Damena, D., Kedir, M., & Feyera, T. (2015). Prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis and apparent density of tsetse and other biting flies in Mandura District, Northwest Ethiopia. Journal of Veterinary Sciences and Technology , 6 , 229. Lemu, M., Bekuma, F., Abera, D., & Meharenet, B. (2019). Prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis and apparent density of tsetse flies in Botor Tolay District, Jimma Zone, Ethiopia. Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research , 13 (3), 8. Marta, T., Bedaso, K., Gutu, K., & Eshetu, G. (2016). Prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis and its vector apparent density in Chora District of Illuababora Western Oromia, Ethiopia. Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health , 8 (7), 64-71. Megersa L, Feyisa B, Dereje A, Behablom M. Prevalence of Bovine Trypanosomosis and Apparent Density of Tsetse Fly in Botor Tolay District, Jimma Zone, Ethiopia. Biomed J Sci & Tech Res 13(3)-2019. BJSTR. MS.ID.002401 Nicholson, M. J., & Butterworth, M. H. (1986). A guide to condition scoring of zebu cattle . ILRI (aka ILCA and ILRAD). Pace, J.E. and Wakeman, D.L. (1983): Determining the age of cattle by their teeth . University of Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agriculture Sciences, EDIS. Tadesse, A., & Tsegaye, B. (2010). Bovine trypanosomosis and its vectors in two districts of Bench Maji zone, South Western Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 42, 1757-1762. Tafese, W., Melaku, A., & Fentahun, T. (2012). Prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis and its vectors in two districts of East Wollega Zone, Ethiopia. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, 79(1), 1-4. Takele, E., Kore, K., & Geremew, Y. Bovine Trypanosomosis: Infection Rate, its Risk Factors, and the Relationship between Packed Cell Volume and Infection Rate in Humbo District, Southern Ethiopia. Teka, W., Terefe, D., & Wondimu, A. (2012). Prevalence study of bovine trypanosomosis and tsetse density in selected villages of Arbaminch, Ethiopia. J. Vet. Med. Anim. Health , 4 (3), 36-41. Terefe, E., Haile, A., Mulatu, W., Dessie, T., & Mwai, O. (2015). Phenotypic characteristics and trypanosome prevalence of Mursi cattle breed in the Bodi and Mursi districts of South Omo Zone, southwest Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production , 47 , 485-493. Terzu, D. "Seasonal Dynamics of Tsetse and Trypanosomosis in Selected Sites of Southern Nation." Nationalities and Peoples Regional State (SNNPRS), Ethiopia (2004). Tesfaheywet Zeryehun, T. Z., & Abraham, Z. (2012). Prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis in the selected district of Arba Minch, Snnpr, southern Ethiopia. Tewodros Fentahun, T. F., Mitiku Tekeba, M. T., Tadegegn Mitiku, T. M., & Mersha Chanie, M. C. (2012). Prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis and distribution of vectors in Hawa Gelan District, Oromia Region, Ethiopia. Tsegaye D, Terefe G, Delema D, Tadesse A. Bovine trypanosomosis and its vectors: prevalence and control operations in Kellem Wollega, Western Ethiopia. Ethiop Vet J. 2021;25:60-84 Thrusfield, M., 2018). Veterinary epidemiology . John Wiley & Sons. Tulu, D., Bogale, A., Mengistu, G., Urge, B., & Aleme, M. (2020). Epidemiological Study of Bovine Trypanosomosis in Bench Maji Zone. Livestock Research Results , 95. Tulu, D., Gebeyehu, S., Aseffa, N., & Negera, C. (2018). Prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis and associated risk factor in Jimma Horro District, Kellem Wollega zone, Western Ethiopia. Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health , 10 (8), 185-191. Uilenberg, G. (1998). A field guide for the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of African animal trypanosomosis (pp. xi-+). 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INTRODUCTION","content":"\u003cp\u003eEthiopia has a diversified range of animal resources and its relatively sizable livestock population is well-adapted and spread across different ecological conditions and management methods (Feyissa \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2023). It had the most livestock in Africa in 2020, with 65\u0026nbsp;million cattle, 51\u0026nbsp;million goats, 49\u0026nbsp;million poultry, 40\u0026nbsp;million sheep, and 8\u0026nbsp;million camels (CSA, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe vast majority of Africans rely on livestock for food. They account for a significant amount of the continent's GDP and are a substantial source of foreign currency profits for some countries (Fayisa et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). Despite the importance of cattle to the wider population and the economy, the sub-sector has gone untouched (Tewodros \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2012).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBovine trypanosomosis is one of the most well-known restrictions to African cattle productivity. It is the most common hemiparasitic disease in domestic animals, caused by the Trypanosoma protozoan parasites (Tsegaye et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). The principal vector is the tsetse fly, which belongs to the genus Glossina and transmits the most virulent Trypanosoma species in Ethiopia, including T. congolense, T. vivax, and T. bruce (Marta et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis disease endangers cattle survival and productivity, hurting not only agricultural progress but also human health as one of the most well-known parasitic blood diseases (Megersa et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). It is a significant limitation, leading to both direct and indirect economic losses in crop and livestock production. Its socioeconomic impact is reflected in direct losses owing to death, illness, and reduced milk and meat output, abortion, and stillbirth, as well as direct expenditures connected with disease control (Gona et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe availability of adequate habitat for tsetse is a crucial factor influencing the prevalence and epidemiology of bovine trypanosomosis (Fayisa et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). According to studies, five species of Glossina exist in Ethiopia: Glossina morsitans submorsitans, Glossina pallidipes, Glossina tachinoides, Glossina fuscipes fuscipes, and Glossina longipennis, but only four are widespread and economically significant (Tulu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfrican Animal Trypanosomosis (AAT) is found where the tsetse fly vector resides in Africa, between latitudes 15\u0026deg;N and 29\u0026deg;S (Tewodros Fentahun et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). Tsetse flies are hematophagous insects from the Glossinidae family that serve as biological vectors for African trypanosomosis in both animals and humans. Mechanical transmission of the disease occurs through biting flies, the most common of which being Tabanids and Stomoxys (Alemu and Alemneh, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClinical symptoms are not pathognomic, hence clinical examination is of limited use in determining the diagnosis (Lemu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Infected animals exhibit increasing loss of appetite, body weight, lower-body edema, intermittent fever, bilateral enlargement of prescapular lymph nodes, corneal opacity, salivation, lacrimation, and abortion (Addisalem et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiagnosis is frequently based on a history of chronic wasting in cattle exposed to tsetse insects. Trypanosomes can be proven parasitologically by detecting parasites in affected animals' blood, and many procedures are available (Tulu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). In fact, many field programs for monitoring cattle for infection rely on routine screening of stained thick and thin blood films; thick films are checked to detect infected animals, while thin films determine the species of infecting trypanosomes (Shewangizaw and Takele, 2021).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo combat trypanosomes, livestock must be kept away from vectors. The primary control measures are to manage tsetse populations, provide trypanocidal medications, and use disease-tolerant cattle breeds (Lemu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTrypanosomosis is common in Ethiopian domestic livestock in the Western, South, and South-western lowlands, as well as the linked river systems of Abay, Ghibe, Omo, and Baro/Akobo (Tadesse and Tsegaye, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e). In Mako area, trypanosomosis was identified as one of the problems impeding livestock rearing in the majority of peasant organizations. Furthermore, a study of the disease's state, prospective risk factors, and vector inquiry is critical for optimal control.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTherefore, the objectives of the study were:-\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo estimate the prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo identify the potential risk factors.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo determine apparent densities of tsetse flies in the selected areas of Meko district, Buno Bedelle Zone, Oromia Region, Ethiopia.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/ul\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. MATERIALS AND METHODS","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1. Study Area\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study was carried out from April 2021 to August 2021 in three peasant associations of Mako district which is located in Buno Bedele Zone, Oromia Region, Ethiopia. The district is located about 86 km and 569 km from from zonal city (Bedele) and Addis Ababa, respectively. The district geographically falls between 8\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003e41`N latitudes and 36\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003e1`E longitudes. The average altitude of Mako district is 2226m above sea level. The annual mean temperature ranges from 8\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003ec to 28\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003ec and receives annual rainfall between 500-1200mm. Crop and livestock production are important sources of income for all society status. The livestock population of the district was 89,136 cattle, 32,909 sheep, 26,105 goats, 2,614 horses, 4818 donkeys, and 3001 mules the livestock are free grazing (CSA, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). The populations of livestock in the three peasants study area were 1418 cattle, 138 sheep, 4681 goats, and 97 donkeys (CSA, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2. Study Animals\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study populations were native zebu cattle (Bos indicus) from three peasant associations in Meko district (Biftu Naga, Oda Chokorsa, and Ifa Jiru). The management system for all cattle was extensive, with animals kept on free grazing. The extensive (if the farmers have no feed reserves for a year, are operated mostly by family labor, and hence cows are allowed to graze in the field widely. The study animals were divided into two age groups: young (1\u0026ndash;3 years) and adults (\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3 years) based on dentition features (Pace and Wakeman, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1983\u003c/span\u003e) and owner data. Calves under the age of one year were removed from this study because their exposure to trypanosomes is minimal due to their proximity to human housing where tsetse infection is infrequent or non-existent. Body condition scores were classified as poor, medium, or good (Nicholson and Butterworth, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1986\u003c/span\u003e). The study comprised both sexes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.3. Study Design\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA cross-sectional study was conducted from April 2021 to August 2021 to estimate the prevalence of bovine trypanosomiasis, its associated risk factors, and apparent tsetse flies density in Mako District, Buno Bedele Zone, Oromia Region, Ethiopia. The study focused on three specific peasant associations (PAs), chosen due to their proximity and the prevalence of cattle herding in the area.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.4. Sampling Determination\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eInitially, the study area and peasant associations involved in the study areas were chosen using a purposive sampling method based on the density of the cattle population, information from the district's administrative body, and inadequately documented information relating to the magnitude, distribution of bovine trypanosomiasis, its associated risk factors, and apparent fly density. Then, Animals were selected using simple random sampling techniques. The sample size was determined according to Thrusfield's (2018) formula with an expected prevalence of 50% and 95% statistical confidence level and 5% precision.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,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\" height=\"54\" width=\"197\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhere:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eN is the required sample size, 1.96 is the value of \u0026#119885; at the 95% confidence level, \u0026#119875;exp is the expected and \u0026#119889; is the desired absolute precision which is 5%. Thus, the desired sample size was 384. Accordingly, 128 from Biftu Naga, 128 from Oda Chokorsa, and 128 from Ifa Jiru were proportionally allocated.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.5. Study Methodology\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.5.1. Data collection method\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eObservation of the animals was assessed for age, sex, breed, color, body condition, and peasant associations study area. A structured questionnaire containing close-ended questions was used to collect data regarding the different potential risk factors mentioned above.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.5.2. Sample collection\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe selected animals were restrained. Dirty ears were cleansed with a clean towel, disinfected with a solution, and finally dried. Samples were collected by piercing cattle's marginal veins with a sterile lancet, and blood from the ear veins was taken into a Heparinized micro-capillary tube of at least 3/4th volume, which was sealed at one end with a crystal seal. After bleeding each animal, the lancet was cleaned with cotton to prevent sample contamination.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.5.3. Measuring of Packed Cell Volume (PCV)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eBlood samples were drawn from the research animals using heparinized capillary tubes, which were then sealed at one end with a crista seal. The capillary tubes carrying blood samples were then placed in a heparinized micro-haematocrit centrifuge with the sealed end facing outward. To achieve equilibrium, the tubes were weighted symmetrically (1800) to one another. After putting on the rotary cover and shutting the centrifuge lid, the specimens were centrifuged at 12,000 rpm for 5 minutes. Finally, the tubes were inserted in the hematocrit machine, and the results were expressed as a percentage of packed red cells to total volume of whole blood. Animals with PCV\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;24% were termed anemic (Sima, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e; Addisalem et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.5.4. Buffy coat technique\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA heparinized capillary tube containing a blood sample drawn from an ear vein was centrifuged for 5 minutes at 12,000 RPM. After centrifugation, trypanosomes were typically identified in or slightly above the buffy coat layer. A diamond-tipped pen was used to cut the capillary tube 1 mm into the buffy coat to include the uppermost layers of red blood cells and 3 mm above to include the plasma. The contents of the capillary tube were transferred to a slide, homogenized on a clean glass slide, and covered with a cover slip. The slide was checked for parasite movement using (x40) and (x10) eyepieces (Dawud and Molalegne, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e;Megersa et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.5.5. Thin blood smear\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn cases where blood samples tested positive for trypanosomes, thin blood smears were prepared, stained with Giemsa stain, and scrutinized under light microscopy for species identification (Murray et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1988\u003c/span\u003e; Sima, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). A small drop of blood from a micro-hematocrit capillary tube to the slide was applied to a clean slide and spread by using another clean slide at an angle of 45\u0026deg;, air dried and fixed for 2 min in methyl alcohol, then immersed in Giemasa stain (1:10 solution) for 50 min. Drain and wash off excess stain using distilled water, allow to dry by standing upright on the rock, and examine under the microscope with an oil immersion objective lens. The differentiation of Trypanosoma species was conducted by analyzing morphological features such as size, the position of the kinetoplast, the extent of undulating membrane development, and the presence or absence of a free flagellum, following the guidelines provided by Desquesnes and Davila, (2002).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.5.6. Entomological Survey\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn three peasant organizations in the district, 54 mono pyramidal traps were placed at approximately 100-meter intervals near animal grazing meadows and rivers. To attract tsetse flies, each trap was baited with acetone, octanol, and cow urine in different bottles. The traps were placed approximately 200\u0026ndash;250 meters apart and surrounded by a cleared radius of 2\u0026ndash;3 meters to improve visibility and reduce fire dangers. After 48 hours, tsetse flies in the cages were counted and identified to the genus and species level using their habitat and characteristics (Uilenberg, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1998\u003c/span\u003e). Tsetse flies were sexed simply by inspecting the posterior end of the ventral side of the abdomen with a hand lens. Male flies were distinguished by an expanded hypopygium on the posterior ventral end of the abdomen. Murray et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1988\u003c/span\u003e) calculated the apparent density of the tsetse fly as the number of catches/traps per day.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.6. Data Management and Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll data collected were entered into a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet and transferred to software for analysis. Before statistical analysis, the dataset was extensively inspected for errors and/or mistakes and appropriately coded. STATA version 14 software (Stata Corp., College Station, USA) was used to analyze it. Descriptive statistics was used to summarize the data and compute prevalence (the prevalence was computed by dividing the number of bovine trypanosomiasis-positive animals by the total number of examined animals and multiplying by 100). The density of the tsetse fly population was estimated by dividing the number of flies caught by the number of traps and the number of days, given as fly /trap/day (FTD). The independent t-test was utilized to compare the mean PCV values of the parasitemic and aparasitemic animals. Univariable logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the association between the prevalence of bovine trypanosomiasis and risk factors. To identify important risk factors for bovine trypanosomiasis, all risk factors with a non-collinear effect p-value\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.25 in the univariate logistic regression model were analyzed in a multivariable logistic regression model. The adjusted odds ratio (OR) was used to assess the impact of risk factors on the frequency of bovine trypanosomiasis infections. A 95% confidence interval and 5% were computed, and results were considered significant at P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. RESULT","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.1. Overall Prevalence of Bovine Trypanosomosis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe overall prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis in the study area was 5.7 % (95% CI: 3.8-8.6) (Table 1). The prevalence of trypanosomosis was determined to be 1.6% in Ifa Jiru, \u0026nbsp;3.1 % in Oda Chokorsa, and 12.5% in Biftu Naga in peasant associations, respectively (Table 3).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1:\u003c/strong\u003e Overall prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27.451%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo of animal examined\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 26.4706%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo of positive\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23.366%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrevalence (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22.7124%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95% CI\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27.451%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e384\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 26.4706%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 23.366%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22.7124%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.8-8.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e3.1.1. Prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis species\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe major species of trypanosomes identified in the study area were mixed (\u003cem\u003eT.vivax\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eT.congolens\u003c/em\u003e) (4.55%), \u003cem\u003eT.brucie\u003c/em\u003e (9.09%), \u003cem\u003eT. congolense\u003c/em\u003e (31.81%) and \u003cem\u003eT. vivax\u003c/em\u003e (54.55%) (Table 2).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2:\u003c/strong\u003e Prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis species\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 26.4706%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo of Infected animal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28.4314%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTrypanosoma species\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.9542%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrevalence (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 26.1438%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95% CI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 26.4706%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28.4314%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eT.vivax\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.9542%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 26.1438%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02-0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 26.4706%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28.4314%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eT.congolens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.9542%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 26.1438%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01-0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 26.4706%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28.4314%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eT.brucie\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.9542%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 26.1438%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00-0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 26.4706%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28.4314%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eT.vivax\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eT.congolens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.9542%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 26.1438%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00-0.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e3.1.2. Prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis related to risk factors\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBovine trypanosomosis was more prevalent in female animals (7.2%) than in male animals (4.6%). The prevalence was higher in adults (\u0026gt;3) with an occurrence of 7.8%, while it was lower in young people (1-3) with an occurrence of 2.5%. Trypanosomosis was most widespread in black animals (6.9%), followed by brown (6.9%), gray (5%), and red (4.8%) (Table 3).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3:\u003c/strong\u003e Prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis related to risk factors\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"647\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20.4019%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRisk factors\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.7651%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCategories\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.7558%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNEA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14.8377%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNPA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.6924%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Prevalence\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.5471%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95% CI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20.4019%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.7651%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.7558%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e227\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14.8377%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.6924%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.5471%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03-0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20.4019%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.7651%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.7558%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e167\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14.8377%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.6924%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.5471%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.04-0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20.4019%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eColor of Animals\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.7651%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.7558%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e186\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14.8377%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.6924%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.5471%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03-0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20.4019%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.7651%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGray\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.7558%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14.8377%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.6924%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.5471%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01-0.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20.4019%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.7651%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBrown\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.7558%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14.8377%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.6924%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.5471%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01-0.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20.4019%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.7651%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBlack\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.7558%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14.8377%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.6924%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.5471%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.04-0.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20.4019%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.7651%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYoung (1-3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.7558%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e156\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14.8377%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.6924%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.5471%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01-0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20.4019%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.7651%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAdult (\u0026gt;3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.7558%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e228\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14.8377%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.6924%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.5471%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05-0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20.4019%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBCS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.7651%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGood\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.7558%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e119\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14.8377%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.6924%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.5471%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00-0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20.4019%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.7651%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMedium\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.7558%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e119\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14.8377%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.6924%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.5471%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01-0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20.4019%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.7651%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePoor\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.7558%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e146\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14.8377%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.6924%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.5471%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.07-0.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20.4019%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePAs\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.7651%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIfa Jiru\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.7558%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e128\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14.8377%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.6924%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.5471%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00-0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20.4019%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.7651%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOda Chokorsa\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.7558%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e128\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14.8377%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.6924%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.5471%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01-0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20.4019%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.7651%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBiftu Naga\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.7558%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e128\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14.8377%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.6924%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.5471%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.08-0.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNB: PAs= Peasant Associations; BCS= Body Condition Scores\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.2. Risk Factors Associated With Bovine Trypanosomosis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp id=\"_Toc167626594\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e3.2.1. Univariable logistic regression analysis of \u0026nbsp;risk factors\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis associated with risk variables was calculated as the proportion of afflicted animals out of the total tested. A univariable logistic regression study found a significant (p \u0026lt; 0.05) association between trypanosomosis and color, age, body condition score, and origin (Table 4).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp id=\"_Toc167701071\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable:\u003c/strong\u003e Univariable logistic regression analysis of risk factors\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"650\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20.3077%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRisk factors\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4615%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCategories\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14.7692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Prevalence\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14.6154%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.6923%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep-value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.1538%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95% CI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20.3077%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4615%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14.7692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14.6154%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.6923%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.1538%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20.3077%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4615%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14.7692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14.6154%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.6923%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.285\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.1538%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.68-3.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20.3077%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eColor of Animals\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4615%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14.7692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14.6154%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.6923%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.1538%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20.3077%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4615%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGray\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14.7692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14.6154%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.6923%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.1538%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.21-4.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20.3077%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4615%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBrown\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14.7692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14.6154%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.6923%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.1538%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.17-11.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20.3077%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4615%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBlack\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14.7692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14.6154%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.6923%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.1538%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.58-3.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20.3077%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4615%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYoung (=\u0026lt;3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14.7692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14.6154%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.6923%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.1538%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20.3077%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4615%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAdult (\u0026gt;3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14.7692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14.6154%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.6923%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.036\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.1538%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.08-9.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20.3077%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBCS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4615%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGood\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14.7692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14.6154%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.6923%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.1538%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20.3077%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4615%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMedium\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14.7692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14.6154%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.6923%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.210\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.1538%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.45-37.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20.3077%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4615%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePoor\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14.7692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14.6154%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.6923%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.008\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.1538%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.04-118.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20.3077%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePAs\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4615%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIf a jiru\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14.7692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14.6154%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.6923%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.1538%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20.3077%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4615%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOda chokorsa\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14.7692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14.6154%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.6923%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.418\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.1538%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.37-11.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20.3077%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.4615%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBiftu naga\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14.7692%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14.6154%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.6923%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.1538%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.02-40.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp id=\"_Toc167626596\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e3.2.2. Multivariable logistic regression analysis of associated risk factors\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThose putative risk factors with p-values less than 0.25 underwent multivariable logistic regression analysis utilizing the backward elimination technique. The logistic regression model identified body condition score and peasant associations as risk variables for trypanosomosis, with a statistically significant result (p \u0026lt; 0.05) (Table 4). Risk factors that yielded P\u0026gt;0.25 on initial univariate analysis were likewise excluded from subsequent analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBovine trypanosomosis was most prevalent in animals with low BCS (11.6%), followed by medium (3.4%) and moderate (0.8%). In this study, the probabilities of trypanosomosis occurrence are 14.76 times higher in animal medium (95% confidence interval: 1.91-114.15). For each animal in good physical condition, the score is kept constant.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp id=\"_Toc167701073\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 4\u003c/strong\u003e:\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eMultivariable logistic regression analysis of associated risk factors\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"606\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27.7228%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRisk factors\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.802%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCategories\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14.8515%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14.8515%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep-value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22.7723%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95% CI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27.7228%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBCS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.802%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGood\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14.8515%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14.8515%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22.7723%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27.7228%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.802%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMedium\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14.8515%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14.8515%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.296\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22.7723%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.35-30.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27.7228%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.802%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePoor\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14.8515%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14.8515%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.010\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22.7723%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.91-114.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27.7228%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePeasant Associations\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.802%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIfa Jiru\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14.8515%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14.8515%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22.7723%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27.7228%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.802%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOda Chokorsa\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14.8515%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14.8515%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.436\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22.7723%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.35-11.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27.7228%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.802%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBiftu Naga\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14.8515%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14.8515%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22.7723%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.05-42.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.3. Entomological Survey Result\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThree peasant associations were equipped with 54 unique traps in all. A total of 1283 flies were captured. Of the total caught tsetse flies, 33.13% were male and 66.87% were female. The apparent tsetse fly density was 11.87 flies per trap/day. Other biting fly species captured included Tabanus (225), Stomoxys (250), and Haematopota (381). Tabanus, Stomoxys, and Haematopota had apparent densities of 2.08, 2.31, and 3.53 f/t/d. A huge number of Musca species were also captured but released because they play no role in the transmission of trypanosomosis.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.4. Packed Red Blood Cell Volume\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eParasitaemic cattle had an anemic PCV value of 21.17\u0026plusmn;0.043%, which was substantially lower (P\u0026lt;0.05) than aparasitaemic cattle\u0026apos;s PCV value of 25.38\u0026plusmn;0.36% (Table 5). In cattle with trypanosomosis, parasitaemic animals had significantly decreased packed cell volume (PCV) (22.75\u0026plusmn;2.78, 95% CI: 21.90-23.59) compared to non-parasitaemic animals (29.24\u0026plusmn;3.94, 95% CI: 28.82-29.66). There was a statistically significant difference in the mean PCV value between the infected and uninfected animals (t=10.58,P=.0001) (Table 3).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 5:\u003c/strong\u003e The mean packed cell volume of examined cattle in Mako district\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"648\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.7407%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGroup\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.7407%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eObservations\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.963%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean PCV\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.1111%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.33333%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14.8148%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95% CI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9.25926%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003et-value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.037%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP-value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.7407%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eParasitemic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.7407%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.963%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.1111%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.043\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.33333%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14.8148%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.29-25.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9.25926%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.037%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.7407%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAparasitemic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.7407%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e362\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.963%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.1111%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.33333%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14.8148%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.42-21.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9.25926%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.037%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.7407%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15.7407%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e384\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.963%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.1111%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.067\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8.33333%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14.8148%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.01-25.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9.25926%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12.037%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNB: SD= Standard Deviation, SE= Standard Error, PCV=Packed cell volume\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"4. DISCUSSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eTrypanosomosis is a lethal haemoprotozoan disease caused by a variety of unicellular eukaryotic parasites from the Trypanosome genus. It is one of the most economically costly illnesses that impact mammals (Gebisa et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). The prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis in the study area was 5.7% (95% CI: 3.8\u0026ndash;8.6). These findings are consistent with studies indicating 4.86% in the Didesa District of Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia (Alemu and Alemneh, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e), 5.5% in Borecha, South-Western Ethiopia (Shewangizaw and Takele, 2021), and 5.35% in the Halu District of Ilubabor Zone, West Ethiopia (Bekele and Beshir, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn contrast, the current finding was lower than those found in 23% of Metekel district, western Ethiopia (Terzu, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e) and 27.5% of Arba Minch, southern Ethiopia (Tesfaheywet and Abraham, 2012). Higher than found in 3.44% of districts in the Buno Bedele Zone of Oromia Region, Ethiopia (Gebisa et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrevalence can vary based on agroecological conditions, vector control programs, diagnostic methods, and animal management practices in different locations (Gebisa et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study emphasizes the importance of area-specific disease control approaches by investigating socioeconomic factors such as human-wildlife interactions, land use patterns, and access to veterinary care (Terefe et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). To address vector-borne diseases, community-based surveillance must be improved and sustainable land management methods used (Gona et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). Improved community-based surveillance and sustainable land management approaches are critical for preventing trypanosomes and other vector-borne diseases.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFurthermore, the considerable difference in trypanosomosis prevalence among the study sites may be connected with the differences in location and closeness to optimal Glossina habitats in the districts. Tullu et al. (2018)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe recent findings revealed that the predominant trypanosome species discovered in the study region were mixed (T.vivax and T.congolens) (4.55%), T.brucie (9.09%), T. congolense (31.81%), and T. vivax (54.55%). This study region was similar to studies of 45.85%, 33.33%, and 20.83% of T. vivax, T. congolense, and T. brucei in Hawa Gelan district, Oromia Region, Ethiopia (Tewodros et al. 2012).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eConversely, lower than studies of \u003cem\u003eTrypanosoma vivax\u003c/em\u003e (81.82%) and \u003cem\u003eT. congolense\u003c/em\u003e (18.18%) in Mandura District, Northwest Ethiopia (Lelisa et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e); T. \u003cem\u003econgolense\u003c/em\u003e (59.6%) was the most prevalent trypanosome species followed by T. vivax (25.5%) and mixed infection of \u003cem\u003eT. congolense\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eT. vivax\u003c/em\u003e (14.9%) in Botor Tolay District, Jimma Zone, Ethiopia (Lemu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). The existence of significant mechanical vectors and more effective T. vivax transmitters may be the cause of this discrepancy (Gona et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAccording to the current findings, trypanosomosis was most common in black-colored animals (6.9%), followed by brown (6.9%), gray (5%), and red (4.8%). This finding was similar to the finding in Kellem Wollega, Western Ethiopia (Tsegaye et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e); 77% of the cattle show light coat color, 30% red and red-white combinations, 27% white and white-red combinations, and 20% gray, roan, and fawn coat colors, and the rest 23% are black and black-black combinations, Bodi and Mursi districts of South Omo Zone, southwest Ethiopia (Terefe et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSignificantly higher trypanosomosis prevalence in black-colored animals could be attributed to the Glossina vector's preference to feed on black animals over other color types, as the tsetse fly was more attracted to black color due to their shade-loving behavior while flying from one area to another (Gona et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAccording to the current findings, bovine trypanosomosis was most common in animals with poor BCS (11.6%), followed by medium (3.4%) and good (0.8%). In this study, the probabilities of trypanosomosis occurrence are 14.76 times higher in animal medium (95% confidence interval: 1.91-114.15). For each animal in good physical condition, the score is kept constant. The result was statistically significant (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis finding was similar to those reported by Bitew et al (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e) in Jabi Tehenan district, West Gojam of Amhara regional state, Northwestern Ethiopia. However, a higher probability of occurrence was reported by Tulu et al (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e) body condition indicated that animals with poor body condition are three times more likely to be affected by trypanosomosis (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.4) than good body condition, in Jimma Horro District, Kellem Wollega Zone, Western Ethiopia; poor body condition (18.46%) was higher than those in medium(2.4%) and good(1.92%) body condition (Tulu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis is due to poor physical condition. Animals are prone to infectious diseases. This could be related to diminished animal performance caused by a shortage of critical nutrients and improper management by the animal owner (Lemu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). This may be due to trypanosomosis results in progressive emaciation of the infected animals; however, non-infected cattle in good condition have a well-developed immune status that can respond to any foreign protein better than non-infected cattle in poor body condition (Tulu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe current study region exhibited an overall apparent tsetse fly density of 11.87 flies/trap/day. Other biting flies included Tabanus, Stomoxys, and Haematopota, with f/t/days of 2.08, 2.31, and 3.53, respectively. These findings are supported by Terefe et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e) work on G. pallidipes (80.6%), G. morsitans submersions (5.7%), G. fuscipes (13.7%), and other flies species like Stomoxys and Tabanus; 11.9 f/t/d from Hewa-Gelan district, Oromia region, west Ethiopia (Tewodros et al., 2012); 14.97 f/t/d from Arbaminch, Ethiopia (Teka et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn contrast, the current finding is higher than studies that found 1.15 f/t/d of tsetse in the East Wollega zone (Tafese et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e) and 2.83 f/t/d in the Bench Maji zone (Tadesse et al., 2010). This difference is related to their distinct habitat preferences, which influence the spread of tsetse fly species. Furthermore, seasonal fluctuations alter fly activity and density, which influences trap catches (Terefe et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). For example, during the rainy season, certain species may become more active or migrate to new places, influencing their abundance in traps placed at certain times (Teka et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe current finding showed that the parasitaemic cattle were aneamic and their PCV value was 21.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.043% and found significantly lower (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) than aparasitaemic cattle 25.38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.36%. Its closely related to studies. In Nonno District, Western Shewa zone, West Ethiopia (1999) found mean PCV values of 22.39\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;3.75 SD and 28.83\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;4.52 SD and Terefe et al.,(2014) found 20.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1% and 23.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3%). in the Bodi and Mursi districts of South Omo Zone, southwest Ethiopias, respectively\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe PCV value of trypanosome-infected cattle may be an indicator of trypanosome tolerance ability, as parasitaemic cattle have a greater PCV value than non-trypanosome-tolerant cattle breeds (Lemecha et al. 2006), assuming no other predisposing variables lower cow PCV value. Cattle with this trait have the ability to survive and remain productive after trypanosome infection, with lower mortality, infection levels, and superior weight gain.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTrypanosomosis may be responsible for reducing the PCV value of affected animals. (The low PCV value of infected animals may be related to the animals becoming sick with diseases such as helminthosis, tick-borne infections, and nutritional inequalities.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"5. Conclusion and Recommendations","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe present study recorded an overall prevalence of 5.7 % (95% CI: 3.8-8.6), which might entail that bovine trypanosomiasis was health problem of animals which undoubtedly will have a drawback on the productivity and affecting the agricultural activity of farmers. The study revealed that major species of trypanosomes identified were \u003cem\u003eT. vivax\u003c/em\u003e (54.55%), \u003cem\u003eT. congolense\u003c/em\u003e (31.81%), \u003cem\u003eT. bruc\u003c/em\u003eei (9.09%) and mixed (\u003cem\u003eT. vivax\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eT. congolens\u003c/em\u003ee) (4.55%). This study showed that the risk factors were body conditions and origin (PAs) had significant association with prevalence of bovine trypanosomiasis \u0026nbsp; (P\u0026lt;0.05). Overall apparent tsetse fly density was 11.87 flies/trap/days. Parasitaemic cattle had an anemic PCV value of 21.17\u0026plusmn;0.043%, which was substantially lower (P\u0026lt;0.05) than aparasitaemic cattle\u0026apos;s PCV value of 25.38\u0026plusmn;0.36%. The current study showed that lower bovine trypanosomosis.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBased on the above conclusions, the following recommendations were forwarded:-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul start=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eThe government and the public should be collaborate to control the vector as well as the disease in a sustainable way.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eFurthermore study should be used molecular diagnostic tools to get a better prevalence of trypanosomosis in the study area.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMoreover, further season-based studies should be conducted to determine apparent density of tsetse flies and to observe seasonal dynamics of trypanosomosis infection in the area.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and Consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEthical consent was obtained from JU-RRC (2021). The purpose of the study was well explained to the animal owners/attendant/farmer before taking the samples, and informed consent was obtained to take the appropriate sample through verbal consent.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll the datasets generated or analyzed during this study are included in this manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll authors have nothing to disclose in this work.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe current study was not funded by any institution.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026apos; contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll authors contributed to data collection, study design, data interpretation, reference search, manuscript writing, and editing, and all authors have approved the submission of the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSima, S. (2012). Protozoan Diseases in Farm Ruminants. \u003cem\u003eA Bird\u0026apos;s-Eye View of Veterinary Medicine\u003c/em\u003e, Carlos C. Perez-Marin, IntechOpen\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMurray, M. Murray, P. Mc, Intyre, W. (1988). An improved parasitological technique for the diagnosis of African trypanomiasis. Transaction of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygien 71: 325-326.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eDawud, A. and Molalegne, B. (2011). Epidemiological study of Bovine Trypanosmosis in Mao-komo. Special District, Benishangul Gumuz Regional State, Western Ethiopia. \u003cem\u003eGlobal Veterinaria\u003c/em\u003e, 6: 402-408.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAddisalem, H., Tafere, C., Beshatu, F. and Asamnew, T\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e (2012). Prevalence of Bovine Trypanosomosis in Addisamba and Amarit District of West Gojjam Zone, Amhara Regional State. \u003cem\u003eAm-Euras.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003eJ.\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;Sci.\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003eRes.,\u003c/em\u003e 7 (3): 112-117\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAbosse, J. S., Ayele, Z. M., \u0026amp; Fufa, A. F. Prevalence And Associated Risk Factors Of Bovine Trypanosomiasis In And Around Itang District Of Gambella Region, Western Ethiopia.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAlemu, G., \u0026amp; Alemneh, T. (2017). The prevalence of bovine trypanosomiasis in Quara Woreda, North Western of Ethiopia. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Veterinary Medicine Research\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e4\u003c/em\u003e(1), 1067.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBekele, D., \u0026amp; Beshir, A. (2021). Host-related risk factors of bovine trypanosomosis and vector density in Halu District of Ilubabor Zone, West Ethiopia. \u003cem\u003eVet Med Open J\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e6\u003c/em\u003e(1), 32-38.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBitew, M., Amedie, Y., Abebe, A., \u0026amp; Tolosa, T. (2011). Prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis in selected areas of Jabi Tehenan district, West Gojam of Amhara regional state, Northwestern Ethiopia. \u003cem\u003eAfrican Journal of Agricultural Research\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e6\u003c/em\u003e(1), 140-144.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eCSA (2020): Agricultural sample survey 2019/20 [2012 EC]. Volume II report on livestock and livestock characteristics (private peasant holdings).\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eFayisa, G., Mandefro, A., Hailu, B., Chala, G., \u0026amp; Alemayehu, G. (2015). Epidemiological status and vector identification of bovine trypanosomiosis in Didesa district of Oromia regional state, Ethiopia. \u003cem\u003eInternational Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e4\u003c/em\u003e(3), 373-380.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eGebisa, G., Beriso, K., Bogale, B., Gizaw, O., \u0026amp; Chala, D. (2020). Bovine Trypanosomosis and its vectors in three selected districts of Buno Bedele zone of Oromia region, Ethiopia. \u003cem\u003eVeterinary Medicine International\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e2020\u003c/em\u003e(1), 1571947.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eGona, Z., Teshale, A., \u0026amp; Tilahun, A. (2016). Study on prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis and density of its vectors in three selected districts of Wolaita Zone, Southern Ethiopia. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e8\u003c/em\u003e(9), 128-135.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eLahunta, A. D., \u0026amp; Habel, R. E. (1986). \u003cem\u003eApplied veterinary anatomy\u003c/em\u003e (pp. xiv+-330pp).\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eLelisa, K., Damena, D., Kedir, M., \u0026amp; Feyera, T. (2015). Prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis and apparent density of tsetse and other biting flies in Mandura District, Northwest Ethiopia. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Veterinary Sciences and Technology\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e6\u003c/em\u003e, 229.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eLemu, M., Bekuma, F., Abera, D., \u0026amp; Meharenet, B. (2019). Prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis and apparent density of tsetse flies in Botor Tolay District, Jimma Zone, Ethiopia. \u003cem\u003eBiomedical Journal of Scientific \u0026amp; Technical Research\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e13\u003c/em\u003e(3), 8.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMarta, T., Bedaso, K., Gutu, K., \u0026amp; Eshetu, G. (2016). Prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis and its vector apparent density in Chora District of Illuababora Western Oromia, Ethiopia. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e8\u003c/em\u003e(7), 64-71.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMegersa L, Feyisa B, Dereje A, Behablom M. Prevalence of Bovine Trypanosomosis and Apparent Density of Tsetse Fly in Botor Tolay District, Jimma Zone, Ethiopia. Biomed J Sci \u0026amp; Tech Res 13(3)-2019. BJSTR. MS.ID.002401\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eNicholson, M. J., \u0026amp; Butterworth, M. H. (1986). \u003cem\u003eA guide to condition scoring of zebu cattle\u003c/em\u003e. ILRI (aka ILCA and ILRAD).\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003ePace, J.E. and Wakeman, D.L. (1983): \u003cem\u003eDetermining the age of cattle by their teeth\u003c/em\u003e. University of Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agriculture Sciences, EDIS.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eTadesse, A., \u0026amp; Tsegaye, B. (2010). Bovine trypanosomosis and its vectors in two districts of Bench Maji zone, South Western Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 42, 1757-1762.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eTafese, W., Melaku, A., \u0026amp; Fentahun, T. (2012). Prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis and its vectors in two districts of East Wollega Zone, Ethiopia. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, 79(1), 1-4.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eTakele, E., Kore, K., \u0026amp; Geremew, Y. Bovine Trypanosomosis: Infection Rate, its Risk Factors, and the Relationship between Packed Cell Volume and Infection Rate in Humbo District, Southern Ethiopia.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eTeka, W., Terefe, D., \u0026amp; Wondimu, A. (2012). Prevalence study of bovine trypanosomosis and tsetse density in selected villages of Arbaminch, Ethiopia. \u003cem\u003eJ. Vet. Med. Anim. Health\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e4\u003c/em\u003e(3), 36-41.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eTerefe, E., Haile, A., Mulatu, W., Dessie, T., \u0026amp; Mwai, O. (2015). Phenotypic characteristics and trypanosome prevalence of Mursi cattle breed in the Bodi and Mursi districts of South Omo Zone, southwest Ethiopia. \u003cem\u003eTropical Animal Health and Production\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e47\u003c/em\u003e, 485-493.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eTerzu, D. \u0026quot;Seasonal Dynamics of Tsetse and Trypanosomosis in Selected Sites of Southern Nation.\u0026quot; \u003cem\u003eNationalities and Peoples Regional State (SNNPRS), Ethiopia\u003c/em\u003e (2004).\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eTesfaheywet Zeryehun, T. Z., \u0026amp; Abraham, Z. (2012). Prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis in the selected district of Arba Minch, Snnpr, southern Ethiopia.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eTewodros Fentahun, T. F., Mitiku Tekeba, M. T., Tadegegn Mitiku, T. M., \u0026amp; Mersha Chanie, M. C. (2012). Prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis and distribution of vectors in Hawa Gelan District, Oromia Region, Ethiopia.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eTsegaye D, Terefe G, Delema D, Tadesse A. Bovine trypanosomosis and its vectors: prevalence and control operations in Kellem Wollega, Western Ethiopia. Ethiop Vet J. 2021;25:60-84\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eThrusfield, M., 2018). \u003cem\u003eVeterinary epidemiology\u003c/em\u003e. John Wiley \u0026amp; Sons.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eTulu, D., Bogale, A., Mengistu, G., Urge, B., \u0026amp; Aleme, M. (2020). Epidemiological Study of Bovine Trypanosomosis in Bench Maji Zone. \u003cem\u003eLivestock Research Results\u003c/em\u003e, 95.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eTulu, D., Gebeyehu, S., Aseffa, N., \u0026amp; Negera, C. (2018). Prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis and associated risk factor in Jimma Horro District, Kellem Wollega zone, Western Ethiopia. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e10\u003c/em\u003e(8), 185-191.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eUilenberg, G. (1998). \u003cem\u003eA field guide for the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of African animal trypanosomosis\u003c/em\u003e (pp. xi-+).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"Jimma University","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Bovine, Meko, Risk factors, Prevalence, Trypanosomis, Tsetse","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6943064/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6943064/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eBovine trypanosomosis is the primary animal blood parasitic disease that causes significant productivity loss and animal mortality. A cross-sectional study was conducted from April 2021 to August 2021 to determine the prevalence of bovine trypanosomiasis, associated risk factors and apparent fly density in the study animals. A parasitological study using thin and thick blood film and Buffy coat technique was employed for the determination of prevalence of trypanosomosis and packed cell volume determination used to determine anemic and mono pyramidal traps was used for entomology survey. Descriptive statistics was used to summarize the data and compute prevalence. The density of the tsetse fly population was estimated by dividing the number of flies caught by the number of traps and the number of days, given as fly /trap/day (FTD). The independent t-test was utilized to compare the mean PCV values of the parasitemic and aparasitemic animals. Univariable logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the association between the prevalence of bovine trypanosomiasis and risk factors. The overall prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis in the study area was 5.7% (95% CI: 3.8\u0026ndash;8.6). The major species of trypanosomes identified in the study area were \u003cem\u003eT. vivax\u003c/em\u003e (54.55%), \u003cem\u003eT. congolense\u003c/em\u003e (31.81%), \u003cem\u003eT. bruc\u003c/em\u003eei (9.09%) and mixed (\u003cem\u003eT. vivax\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eT. congolens\u003c/em\u003ee) (4.55%). The logistic regression model identified body condition score and peasant associations as risk variables for trypanosomosis, with a statistically significant result (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Bovine trypanosomosis was most commonly prevalent in animals with poor BCS, at 11.6%, followed by medium at 3.4% and good 0.8% respectively. It was statistically significant (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). In this study, the odds of trypanosomosis occurrence are 14.76 times greater in animal medium (95% CI: 1.91-114.15). For every animal with good body condition score is held constant. Parasitaemic cattle had an anemic PCV value of 21.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.043%, which was substantially lower (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) than aparasitaemic cattle's PCV value of 25.38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.36%. The apparent tsetse fly density was 11.87 flies per trap/day. The current study showed that lower bovine trypanosomosis. Furthermore study should be used molecular diagnostic tools to get a better prevalence of trypanosomosis in the study area. Moreover, further season-based studies should be conducted to determine apparent density of tsetse flies and to observe seasonal dynamics of trypanosomosis infection in the area.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Prevalence of Bovine Trypanosomiasis, Its Associated Risk Factors and Apparent Tsetse Fly Density in Mako District, Buno Bedele Zone, Oromia Region, Ethiopia.","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-06-24 09:10:03","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6943064/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"a33e2a0f-5da1-49a7-bf57-85ab57502bd8","owner":[],"postedDate":"June 24th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":50379976,"name":"Parasitology"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-06-24T09:10:03+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-06-24 09:10:03","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6943064","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6943064","identity":"rs-6943064","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}