Optimization of Engine Efficiency and Emission Characteristics Using Waste Cooking Oil Biodiesel Blends

Optimization of Engine Efficiency and Emission Characteristics Using Waste Cooking Oil Biodiesel Blends | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Optimization of Engine Efficiency and Emission Characteristics Using Waste Cooking Oil Biodiesel Blends Jonas Matijošius, Edward Kozłowski, Ornella Chiavola, Alfredas Rimkus, and 5 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8000907/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This study investigates the influence of alternative diesel fuels containing waste cooking oil (WCO) biodiesel on engine performance, combustion efficiency, and exhaust emissions under varying operating conditions. Experimental analysis was carried out for three fuel types – pure diesel, Diesel WCO20, and Diesel WCO40 – by systematically evaluating the effects of load, engine speed (RPM), and air–fuel ratio (λ). The results demonstrated that increasing the biodiesel share significantly improves the combustion quality and reduces harmful emissions. Compared with conventional diesel, WCO20 and WCO40 blends decreased carbon monoxide (CO) emissions by up to 70%, carbon dioxide (CO₂) by 10–15%, and particulate number (PN) by nearly six times. A moderate increase in nitrogen oxides (NOx) was observed for WCO20 due to higher in-cylinder temperatures; however, NOx levels decreased again for WCO40 because of slower combustion and lower temperature peaks. Brake thermal efficiency (BTE) increased by approximately 10%, while brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) exhibited a non-linear dependence on biodiesel concentration—initially increasing for WCO20 and later decreasing for WCO40, reaching 254 g/kWh. Statistical tests (Kruskal–Wallis, p < 0.05) confirmed significant differences among fuel types, especially for CO, NO, and PN emissions. Regression and artificial neural network (ANN) modeling (R² up to 0.99) accurately described the relationships between engine parameters and emission behavior. Overall, the 40% WCO blend (WCO40) provided the optimal balance between engine efficiency and emission reduction, proving its potential as a sustainable and environmentally friendly diesel substitute without requiring engine modifications. waste cooking oil (WCO) biodiesel diesel engine emissions brake thermal efficiency (BTE) brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) particulate number (PN) nitrogen oxides (NOx) regression analysis sustainable fuels Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8000907","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":582661972,"identity":"c43ce2f2-b5e1-4680-9a6b-e4f522173414","order_by":0,"name":"Jonas 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fuel consumption (BSFC), particulate number (PN), nitrogen oxides (NOx), regression analysis, sustainable fuels","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8000907/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8000907/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis study investigates the influence of alternative diesel fuels containing waste cooking oil (WCO) biodiesel on engine performance, combustion efficiency, and exhaust emissions under varying operating conditions. Experimental analysis was carried out for three fuel types \u0026ndash; pure diesel, Diesel WCO20, and Diesel WCO40 \u0026ndash; by systematically evaluating the effects of load, engine speed (RPM), and air\u0026ndash;fuel ratio (λ). The results demonstrated that increasing the biodiesel share significantly improves the combustion quality and reduces harmful emissions. Compared with conventional diesel, WCO20 and WCO40 blends decreased carbon monoxide (CO) emissions by up to 70%, carbon dioxide (CO₂) by 10\u0026ndash;15%, and particulate number (PN) by nearly six times. A moderate increase in nitrogen oxides (NOx) was observed for WCO20 due to higher in-cylinder temperatures; however, NOx levels decreased again for WCO40 because of slower combustion and lower temperature peaks. Brake thermal efficiency (BTE) increased by approximately 10%, while brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) exhibited a non-linear dependence on biodiesel concentration\u0026mdash;initially increasing for WCO20 and later decreasing for WCO40, reaching 254 g/kWh. Statistical tests (Kruskal\u0026ndash;Wallis, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) confirmed significant differences among fuel types, especially for CO, NO, and PN emissions. Regression and artificial neural network (ANN) modeling (R\u0026sup2; up to 0.99) accurately described the relationships between engine parameters and emission behavior. Overall, the 40% WCO blend (WCO40) provided the optimal balance between engine efficiency and emission reduction, proving its potential as a sustainable and environmentally friendly diesel substitute without requiring engine modifications.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Optimization of Engine Efficiency and Emission Characteristics Using Waste Cooking Oil Biodiesel Blends","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-01-30 03:12:56","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8000907/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"524aaebd-1087-4394-9880-1d9717e92b1f","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 30th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-05-13T18:23:21+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-01-30 03:12:56","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8000907","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8000907","identity":"rs-8000907","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}