Galectin-1, The New Player in Staging and Prognosis of COVID-19

Galectin-1, The New Player in Staging and Prognosis of COVID-19 | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Galectin-1, The New Player in Staging and Prognosis of COVID-19 Sofija Sekulic, Nevena Gajovic, Milena Jurisevic, Marina Jovanovic, and 6 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-830345/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 10 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background A new virus from the group of coronaviruses was identified as the cause of atypical pneumonia and called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and disease called Corona Virus Disease (COVID-19). During the cytokine storm, the main cause of the death, proinflammatory cytokines are released which stimulate further tissue destruction. Galectin-1 is pleiotropic cytokine involved in many immune and inflammatory processes and its role in COVID-19 is still unknown. Objective The aim of this study was to determine systemic values of galectin-1 and correlations between gal-1 and proinflammatory cytokines and clinical parameters during COVID-19 progression. Design Observational and cross-sectional study. Patients 210 COVID-19 patients were included and divided into mild, severe or critical group according to COVID-19 severity. Main Measures Serum levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IL-23, IL-33 and galectin-1 were measured using sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. Key Results Systemic levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IL-23, IL-33 and galectin-1 were significantly higher in stage III of COVID-19 patients compared to stage I and II. There were no significant differences in ratio between Galectin-1 and IL-10 with proinflammatory cytokines. Positive correlation was detected between Gal-1 and IL-1β, IL6, IL-10, IL-23 and IL-33. Gal-1 positively correlated with chest radiographic finding, dry cough and headache and negatively correlated with normal breathing sound. Conclusions Linear regression model and ROC curve analysis point on Gal-1 as significant predictors for COVID-19 severity. Presented results implicate on Gal-1 and IL-10 dependent immunomodulation. The precise mechanism of Gal-1 effect in COVID-19 and its potential as a stage marker of disease severity is still to be clarified. Immunology Health Economics & Outcomes Research Medical Genetics galectin-1 COVID-19 prognostic marker Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Major revision 12 Nov, 2021 Reviews received at journal 08 Nov, 2021 Reviewers agreed at journal 18 Oct, 2021 Reviews received at journal 14 Oct, 2021 Reviewers agreed at journal 14 Oct, 2021 Reviewers invited by journal 10 Oct, 2021 Editor assigned by journal 10 Oct, 2021 Editor invited by journal 01 Sep, 2021 Submission checks completed at journal 01 Sep, 2021 First submitted to journal 20 Aug, 2021 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-830345","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":49469574,"identity":"333594b4-6d7e-4dec-9ba0-91d0560e2559","order_by":0,"name":"Sofija Sekulic","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Infectious disease","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sofija","middleName":"","lastName":"Sekulic","suffix":""},{"id":49469575,"identity":"a605b6ed-7beb-448b-9499-e67f8bae08ce","order_by":1,"name":"Nevena Gajovic","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research,","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Nevena","middleName":"","lastName":"Gajovic","suffix":""},{"id":49469576,"identity":"2ea186b7-a983-4cb1-8104-e06838d1b2ef","order_by":2,"name":"Milena Jurisevic","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Clinical pharmacy","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Milena","middleName":"","lastName":"Jurisevic","suffix":""},{"id":49469577,"identity":"735204f6-c77f-4dd0-8a57-e69ccccc5ad0","order_by":3,"name":"Marina Jovanovic","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA2ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYJCCA0DMI89wGERLyBCtRc6w8VgCSAsP0TYZMxw+YwBiENai23724eHCHXaJjW1nPr+6UWPBw8B++OgGfFrMzqQbHJ55JjmxnefsNuucY0CH8aSl3cCr5UAaw2HeNubExhlntxnnsAG1SPCY4ddy/hlIS31iw/03z4xz/hGj5QbYlsPGDAfOMD/ObSNKC9iW43KGDcfMmHP7JHjYCPrlfBrzZ962alBUPv6c861Ojp/98DG8WpABmwSYJFY5CDB/IEX1KBgFo2AUjBwAAM6ITKsZkiI6AAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Internal medicine","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Marina","middleName":"","lastName":"Jovanovic","suffix":""},{"id":49469578,"identity":"915d15c5-d2f1-44f7-974a-09fc900f51dd","order_by":4,"name":"Biljana Popovska Jovicic","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Infectious 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Kragujevac, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Otorinolaringology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Marina","middleName":"","lastName":"Jovanovic","suffix":""},{"id":49469582,"identity":"af65a3f4-2e77-4010-b4f2-88ec598d2f8a","order_by":8,"name":"Zana Dolicanin","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"State University of Novi Pazar, Department of Biomedical sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Zana","middleName":"","lastName":"Dolicanin","suffix":""},{"id":49469583,"identity":"a4df6f21-b995-4193-ae97-13bc2a5da90d","order_by":9,"name":"Ivan Jovanovic","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research,","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ivan","middleName":"","lastName":"Jovanovic","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2021-08-20 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During the cytokine storm, the main cause of the death, proinflammatory cytokines are released which stimulate further tissue destruction. Galectin-1 is pleiotropic cytokine involved in many immune and inflammatory processes and its role in COVID-19 is still unknown. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eObjective \u003c/strong\u003eThe aim of this study was to determine systemic values of galectin-1 and correlations between gal-1 and proinflammatory cytokines and clinical parameters during COVID-19 progression. Design Observational and cross-sectional study. Patients 210 COVID-19 patients were included and divided into mild, severe or critical group according to COVID-19 severity. Main Measures Serum levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IL-23, IL-33 and galectin-1 were measured using sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. Key \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults \u003c/strong\u003eSystemic levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IL-23, IL-33 and galectin-1 were significantly higher in stage III of COVID-19 patients compared to stage I and II. There were no significant differences in ratio between Galectin-1 and IL-10 with proinflammatory cytokines. Positive correlation was detected between Gal-1 and IL-1β, IL6, IL-10, IL-23 and IL-33. Gal-1 positively correlated with chest radiographic finding, dry cough and headache and negatively correlated with normal breathing sound. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusions \u003c/strong\u003eLinear regression model and ROC curve analysis point on Gal-1 as significant predictors for COVID-19 severity. Presented results implicate on Gal-1 and IL-10 dependent immunomodulation. 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