Greenness-Assessed RP-HPLC Method for Budesonide Quantification in Layer-by-Layer Polymeric Nanoparticles: Validation, Stability, and Controlled Release in Colonic Delivery

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Abstract

Robust and sustainable analytical tools are essential for the design, manufacture, and evaluation of advanced drug delivery systems. This study reports the first validated reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method for quantifying budesonide encapsulated within poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)-based, layer-by-layer (LbL) coated nanoparticles intended for colonic delivery in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Using response surface methodology with a central composite design, optimal conditions were identified as acetonitrile:water (80:20, v/v) under isocratic mode, achieving complete separation within 5 min at a flow rate of 0.34 mL/min and detection at 244 nm. The method is buffer-free, rapid, and solvent-efficient, resulting in a favorable greenness profile, further confirmed by GAPI and NEMI assessments. Validation in line with ICH Q2(R2) demonstrated excellent linearity (R² > 0.999), precision (%RSD < 2 %), accuracy, specificity, and sensitivity (LOD: 0.04 µg/mL; LOQ: 1.2 µg/mL). Forced degradation studies under acidic, alkaline, oxidative, thermal, photolytic, and photostatic conditions showed that the LbL coating markedly enhanced drug stability, particularly against thermal and photostatic stress, while >75% degradation occurred in alkaline and oxidative environments. In vitro release profiling under simulated gastrointestinal conditions demonstrated sustained, pH-responsive release (20.6% over 48 h), consistent with colonic targeting. This validated, green, and stability-indicating method integrates controlled release assessment with comprehensive performance evaluation, providing a versatile platform for quality control of nanoparticulate drug delivery systems and supporting their progression from formulation development to clinical translation

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[{'doi': None, 'name': 'Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) and the European Regional Development Fund', 'awards': ['Grant number 13/RC/2073_P2']}]

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License: CC-BY-NC-ND-4.0