Evaluation of Female Victims of Violence Presenting to the Emergency Department: Is Violence Against Women Only Perpetrated by Men?

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Emin Uysal, Suleyman Solak, Yahya Acar This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-9067362/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 7 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background Violence against women is a major public health and human rights problem with significant physical, psychological, and social consequences. Emergency departments frequently represent the first point of medical contact for victims. Understanding the sociodemographic characteristics, injury patterns, and perpetrator profiles of these patients may help emergency physicians better recognize and manage violence-related cases. This study aimed to evaluate the characteristics of female victims of violence presenting to the emergency department of a tertiary healthcare facility. Methods This prospective descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in the emergency department of the University of Health Sciences Bagcilar Training and Research Hospital between January 1 and December 31, 2023. Adult female victims of violence who provided informed consent were included. Data collected included demographic characteristics, assault history, perpetrator characteristics, injury locations and types, consultations, and outcomes. Statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, version 31.0, and a p value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results A total of 218 women were included, with a mean age of 33.1 ± 10.5 years. Most victims were aged 18–34 years (63.3%). Repeated violence was common, with 68.3% reporting a history of prior assaults, and spouses were the most frequent perpetrators (59.6%). In 31 (14.2%) of cases, the perpetrator was female. The head and face region was the most commonly affected anatomical area (66.1%). Significant differences according to perpetrator gender were observed for marital status (p < 0.001), employment status (p = 0.029), history of repeated assault (p < 0.001), and location of the incident (p < 0.001). No significant differences were found according to patient nationality. Conclusions Violence-related emergency department visits frequently involve recurrent assaults and injuries affecting the head and face. Although male perpetrators predominate, female perpetrators also account for a notable proportion of cases. Emergency departments therefore represent a critical setting for early recognition, documentation, and referral of victims of violence. Violence Women Emergency Service Hospital Forensic Medicine Domestic Violence 1. Introduction Gender-based violence (GBV) refers to acts of violence committed against individuals or groups based on their gender. This includes violence against women, which the UN Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women defines as “any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual, or mental harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion, or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or private life” [1,2]. Violence against women is a significant public health concern, a manifestation of gender inequality, and a violation of human rights. The effects of such violence are profound and long-lasting, impacting both the physical and mental well-being of victims. Additionally, it has serious economic consequences. Many survivors of intimate partner violence experience psychological trauma, particularly when the abuse is severe and persists over time [3,4]. Several factors have been identified as contributing to the risk of intimate partner violence. Unplanned pregnancies and lower socioeconomic status, often reflected by parental education levels, are associated with a higher likelihood of experiencing violence. On the other hand, being older or married has been found to have a protective effect [5]. In Turkiye, addressing violence against women has become an increasingly urgent priority for both civil society and government institutions. However, academic research and statistical data on the issue remain limited. Additionally, large-scale societal events such as wars, earthquakes, and mass migrations—both internal and external—have altered the country’s demographic structure. These shifts may have influenced the prevalence and nature of violence against women. This descriptive study aims to evaluate the sociodemographic characteristics, injury patterns, and perpetrator profiles of female victims of violence presenting to the emergency department of a tertiary healthcare facility. Given that emergency departments are often the first point of medical contact for victims, understanding these characteristics may help emergency physicians better recognize and manage such cases. In addition, this study provides prospective data from Türkiye, a country that has experienced substantial migration in recent years, which may offer additional context for understanding violence-related emergency department presentations. 2. Methods This prospective, descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in the University of Health Sciences, Bagcilar Training and Research Hospital, Department of Emergency Medicine between January 1, 2023, and December 31, 2023. The study protocol was approved by the Clinical Research Ethics Committee of Bağcılar Training and Research Hospital (Approval No: 2023/118). All study-related procedures were conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. After obtaining informed consent, required data recorded for patients included in the study comprised age, nationality, time elapsed between the assault and admission to the emergency department, number of assaults, reason for the assault, marital status, employment status, educational level, the perpetrator, location of the incident, nature of the incident, injured body region, pregnancy status, type of lesion, presence of consultation, surgical status, and outcome details. 2.1. Exclusion criteria: The exclusion criteria were determined as follows: being under 18 years of age, the patient not giving consent to participate in the study, and the inability to access the information required for the research. 2.2. Power analysis A priori power analysis was performed using G*Power 3.1 software. Assuming a medium effect size (d = 0.5), a significance level of 0.05, and 95% power, the required minimum sample size was calculated as 200 participants. 2.3. Statistical analyses The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to examine whether the variables follow a normal distribution. Frequencies and percentages were provided for categorical variables. The mean and standard deviation (SD) were used to represent quantitative data, while frequencies and proportions were utilized for qualitative data analysis. When analyzing differences between groups, the Mann-Whitney U test was used if the variables did not follow a normal distribution. Chi-square analysis was applied to examine the relationships between groups of nominal variables. Statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, version 31.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). A p value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. 3. Results A total of 218 participants were included in the study, with a mean age of 33.1 ± 10.5 years (minimum: 18, maximum: 79). Among them, in 31 cases (14.2%), the perpetrator was identified as female. Additionally, 27 participants (12.4%) were immigrants from other countries including Syria (n = 8), Iran (n = 3), Uzbekistan (n = 3), Azerbaijan (n = 2), Tunisia (n = 3), Morocco (n = 2), Georgia (n = 3), Libya (n = 1), Tajikistan (n = 1), Tanzania (n = 1), Turkmenistan (n = 1). Analysis of the demographic data revealed that the majority of cases fell within the 18–34 age range (n = 134, 61.0%), and a significant portion were high school graduates (n = 72, 33.0%). Furthermore, a history of repeated assaults was reported in most cases (n = 149, 68.3%), with spouses being the most frequent perpetrators (n = 130, 59.6%). (Table 1 ) Table 1 Demographics of the patients included in the study. Parameters n % Age group 18–34 138 63.3 35–44 57 26.1 45–64 20 9.2 >=65 3 1.4 Educational Level Illiterate 16 7.3 Primary School 69 31.7 Middle School 30 13.8 High School 72 33.0 University/Higher Education 31 14.2 Number of Times Assaulted 1 time 69 31.7 2 times 19 8.7 3 times 13 6.0 More than 3 times 117 53.7 Time Elapsed Between the Assault and Emergency Department Admission (days) 1 170 78.0 2 34 15.6 3 10 4.6 ≥4 4 1.8 The Assailant's Level of Relationship Spouse 130 59.6 Divorced spouse 2 0.9 Children 4 1.8 Neighbor 9 4.2 Not known – Foreigner 17 7.3 Partner 22 10.1 Friend 12 5.5 Boss 3 1.4 Siblings 7 3.3 Parents 5 2.3 Other relatives 7 3.3 Consulted to another clinic Yes 43 19.7 No 175 80.3 Surgery need Yes 4 1.8 No 214 98.2 Pregnancy Yes 5 2.3 No 213 97.7 Outcome Discharge from Emergency Department 215 98.6 Hospitalization 2 0.9 Referral to another facility 1 0.5 Died in the Emergency Department 0 0 The anatomical distribution of injuries showed that the head and face region was the most affected area (n = 144, 66.1%). Common physical findings included tenderness, erythema, ecchymosis, and dermabrasion. (Table 2 ) The number, location, and types of lesions of the patient did not show any difference based on the gender of the perpetrator and the nationality. (Table 2 ) Table 2 Comparison of the number of injured regions, their locations, and lesion types based on the gender of the perpetrator and the nationality of the patient. Parameter Groups Total Gender of Assailant Patient's Nationality Male Female p* Turkish Others p* Number of lesion sites Single site 93 80 13 0.930 82 11 0.829 Multiple sites 125 107 18 109 16 Location of the lesion(s) Head 144 123 21 0.282 124 20 0.732 Neck 30 25 5 26 4 Thorax 17 12 5 15 2 Abdomen 12 11 1 10 2 Upper extremity 93 80 13 78 15 Lower extremity 32 30 2 28 4 Lumbar 17 12 5 16 1 Multi-trauma (4 or more locations) 18 17 1 18 0 Lesion type Tenderness 206 175 31 0.124 180 26 0.381 Erythema 84 71 13 72 12 Ecchymosis 61 59 2 54 7 Dermabrasion 51 41 10 46 5 Epistaxis 9 6 3 8 1 Fracture 2 1 1 2 0 Laceration 17 14 3 14 3 Hemopneumothorax 1 1 0 0 1 *: Chi-square test Significant differences were noted based on the gender of the perpetrator in terms of marital status, employment status, history of repeated assault, and the location of the incident (p < 0.001, p = 0.029, p < 0.001, and p < 0.001, respectively). However, no significant variation was observed regarding the nationality of the cases. (Table 3 ) Table 3 Comparison of the cases based on different parameters according to the perpetrator and nationality. Parameter Groups Total Gender of Assailant Patient's Nationality Male (n = 187) Female (n = 31) p Turkish (n = 191) Foreign (n = 27) p Age Years 33.1 ± 10.5 33.1 ± 10.6 32.7 ± 9.4 0.833* 33.4 ± 10.9 30.8 ± 6.1 0.463* Marital Status Single 50 34 16 < 0.001** 42 8 0.184 ** Married 151 140 11 136 15 Widowed 17 13 4 13 4 Employment Status Employed 86 68 18 0.029** 78 8 0.265 ** Unemployed/Retired 132 119 13 113 19 Educational Level Illiterate 16 14 2 0.853 ** 12 4 0.604 ** Primary School 69 61 8 61 8 Middle School 30 24 6 26 4 High School 72 62 10 64 8 University/Higher Education 31 26 5 28 3 Number of Times Assaulted 1 69 45 24 3 117 113 4 104 13 Location of the Incident Home 159 149 10 < 0.001** 139 20 0.900 ** Workplace 13 7 6 11 2 Street 46 31 15 41 5 Nature of the Incident Assault 199 169 30 0.680 ** 176 23 0.599 ** Harassment 6 5 1 5 1 Snatching 1 1 0 1 0 Stabbing 11 11 0 8 3 Firearm Injury 1 1 0 1 0 *: Mann-Whitney U test, **: Chi-square Out of the total, 40 cases (18.3%) were referred to other clinics, with the most frequent referrals being to the Ear, Nose, and Throat clinic (n = 15, 6.9%) and the Orthopedics clinic (n = 14, 6.4%). 4. Discussion This study aimed to investigate the sociodemographic characteristics, injury patterns, and contextual factors associated with female victims of violence presenting to the emergency department. While violence against women is most often attributed to male perpetrators, our findings indicate that female perpetrators also represent a notable proportion of cases. In our cohort, 14.2% of assaults were committed by women, underscoring that violence against women may involve more complex interpersonal dynamics than commonly recognized. These findings highlight the importance of adopting a broader perspective when assessing violence-related presentations in emergency department settings. The majority of victims were between the ages of 18 and 34, consistent with global research indicating that younger women are at a higher risk of experiencing violence [6,7]. Sociodemographic factors, such as educational level, were also significant. High school graduates constituted the largest group among victims (33%), aligning with studies suggesting that education can serve as both a risk and protective factor depending on the sociocultural context. [8,9] Our findings indicated significant differences in marital status among victims based on the gender of the assailant (p < 0.001). Male perpetrators predominantly targeted married victims (92.7%), aligning with existing literature that identifies intimate partner violence as the most common form of violence against women globally [10]. Employment status showed statistically significant differences (p = 0.029), with female perpetrators more frequently targeting employed victims (20.9%). This is consistent with studies indicating that employed women are often at risk of workplace violence or harassment, particularly from female colleagues or supervisors [11]. Repeated violence was a significant finding, with 68.3% of victims reporting a history of prior assaults. This highlights the cyclical nature of violence, which is often perpetuated by close relationships such as spouses (59.6% of cases). Such findings are consistent with international data indicating that intimate partner violence remains the most common form of violence against women [12,13]. The number of assaults exhibited a significant gender-based pattern (p 3 times, 96.6%). This aligns with research indicating that male violence often follows a cyclical pattern, particularly in intimate relationships where control and coercion are sustained over time [14]. Conversely, female violence may be more episodic and reactive, a finding corroborated by studies suggesting that female-perpetrated violence often stems from situational triggers rather than prolonged cycles [15]. These insights highlight the importance of early interventions to break the cycle of repeated violence. The location of violence showed significant differences (p < 0.001), with male perpetrators dominating domestic settings (93.7%), consistent with global data on intimate partner violence [12,15]. Female perpetrators, however, were more frequently involved in workplace (46.1%) and street violence (32.6%). These findings align with studies suggesting that public violence by women is often linked to situational conflicts or disputes [16]. The predominance of male violence in the home underscores the need for strengthened domestic violence laws and support systems. At the same time, the significant proportion of female-perpetrated workplace and public violence highlights the importance of addressing violence in professional and public spheres. Interestingly, there were no statistically significant differences between Turkish and non-Turkish victims regarding the frequency or nature of violence. This suggests that cultural or national backgrounds do not significantly alter the dynamics of violence, reinforcing the universality of this issue [17–19]. The anatomical distribution of injuries further underscores the severity of violence. The head and face region were the most commonly affected, with physical findings such as tenderness, erythema, ecchymosis, and dermabrasion observed frequently. This is consistent with previous literature highlighting the vulnerability of visible body parts in violent encounters [20, 21]. These findings emphasize the important role of emergency physicians in the early identification, documentation, and multidisciplinary management of violence-related injuries. The findings emphasize the need for robust prevention strategies and support systems tailored to address diverse forms of violence. Integrating gender-sensitive training for healthcare providers and law enforcement officials is crucial. Moreover, international conventions such as the Istanbul Convention play a pivotal role in providing a legal framework for addressing violence against women, and their enforcement remains vital [22–24]. There is a lack of local data from Turkiye in the current literature on this specific subject, and the limited available studies highlight the inaccuracy of retrospective analyses because of incomplete data records [25]. Our results are highly significant due to the prospective design of the study. 4.1. Limitations: This study has several limitations. Firstly, as it was conducted in a single emergency department, even if the power analysis was performed, the findings may not be generalizable to other healthcare settings or populations. Also, the cross-sectional design limits the ability to establish causal relationships between variables. 5. Conclusions Violence against women remains a critical public health and human rights issue, with significant physical, psychological, and societal consequences. This study highlights that violence against women is not exclusively perpetrated by men, with female perpetrators also contributing to the problem. The findings underscore the importance of addressing intimate partner violence, repeated assaults, and the anatomical regions most affected in order to develop targeted intervention strategies. Because a substantial proportion of victims seek medical care in emergency departments, emergency physicians should be familiar not only with the clinical management of violence-related injuries but also with the social and demographic characteristics associated with these cases. Our study provides unique prospective data from Turkiye, a country that has experienced substantial migration in recent years, and may contribute to a better understanding of the characteristics of violence against women presenting to emergency departments. These findings may help inform emergency medicine professionals and provide broader context for the interpretation and potential generalizability of violence-related emergency department presentations. Abbreviations GBV Gender-based violence SD Standard deviation SPSS Statistical Package for the Social Sciences Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate The study protocol was approved by the Clinical Research Ethics Committee of Bağcılar Training and Research Hospital (Approval number: 2023/118). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to inclusion in the study. Consent for publication Not applicable. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Funding The authors received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. Author Contribution EU designed the study and supervised data collection. SS contributed to the study design and data collection. YA performed statistical analysis and drafted the manuscript. All authors critically revised the manuscript and approved the final version. Acknowledgements Not applicable. Data Availability The datasets generated and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. References Keyser L, Maroyi R, Mukwege D. Violence against women – a global perspective. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 2022;49:809-21. United Nations. CEDAW General Recommendation No. 19: Violence against women. 1992. Available from: https://www.refworld.org/legal/resolution/cedaw/1992/en/96542 Meyer SR, Lasater ME, Garcia-Moreno C. Violence against older women: A systematic review of qualitative literature. 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Influence of spousal educational disparities on intimate partner violence (IPV) against pregnant women: A study of 30 countries. Sci Rep. 2025;15:2022-2041. World Health Organization. World report on violence and health. 2002. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9241545615 McDonald P. Workplace sexual harassment 30 years on: A review of the literature. Int J Manag Rev. 2012;14:1-17. Cheng SY, Wang PL, Lin HF, Schindeler B, Yen YJ, Messing JT. The temporal pattern of repeat intimate partner violence incidents among high-risk survivors in Taiwan: A survival analysis. J Interpers Violence. 2024;26:8862605241280102. Sardinha L, Maheu-Giroux M, Stockl H, Meyer SR, Garcia-Moreno C. Global, regional, and national prevalence estimates of physical or sexual, or both, intimate partner violence against women in 2018. Lancet. 2022;26:803-13. Ellsberg M, Arango DJ, Morton M, Gennari F, Kiplesund S, Contreras M, et al. Prevention of violence against women and girls: What does the evidence say? Lancet. 2015;385:1555-66. Caldwell JE, Swan SC, Woodbrown VD. Gender differences in intimate partner violence outcomes. Psychol Violence. 2012;2:42-57. Garcia-Moreno C, Jansen HA, Ellsberg M, Heise L, Watts CH. WHO multi-country study on women's health and domestic violence against women. Lancet. 2006;368:1260-9. Basile KC, D’Inverno AS, Wang J. National prevalence of sexual violence by a workplace-related perpetrator. Am J Prev Med. 2020;58:216-23. Zark L, Satyen L. Cross-cultural differences in student attitudes toward intimate partner violence: A systematic review. Trauma Violence Abuse. 2022;23:1007-22. Acquadro Maran D, Cortese CG, Pavanelli P, Fornero G, Gianino MM. Gender differences in reporting workplace violence: A qualitative analysis of administrative records of violent episodes experienced by healthcare workers in a large public Italian hospital. BMJ Open. 2019;9:e031546. Saddki N, Suhaimi AA, Daud R. Maxillofacial injuries associated with intimate partner violence in women. BMC Public Health. 2010;10:268-74. Gujrathi R, Tang A, Thomas R, Park H, Gosangi B, Stoklosa HM, et al. Facial injury patterns in victims of intimate partner violence. Emerg Radiol. 2022;29:697-707. Colucci A, Luzi AM, Fanales Belasio E, Barbina D, Mazzaccara A, Farchi S, et al. A blended training programme for healthcare professionals aimed at strengthening territorial networks for the prevention and contrast of gender-based violence. Epidemiol Prev. 2019;43:177-84. Chang O, Ryan B, Rokoduru A, Hill A, Hataogo S, Naidu V. The Pasifika Veilomani Project: A pilot online training programme for healthcare workers in managing gender-based violence and family violence and sharing experiences. Australas Psychiatry. 2022;30:762-7. Ruiz-Fernández MD, Ortiz-Amo R, Alcaraz-Córdoba A, Rodríguez-Bonilla HA, Hernández-Padilla JM, Fernández-Medina IM, et al. Attention given to victims of gender violence from the perspective of nurses: A qualitative study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19:12925. Celbis O, Gokdogan MR, Kaya M, Gunes G. Review of forensic assessments of female referrals to the branch of legal medicine, Malatya region, Turkey – 1996–2000. J Clin Forensic Med. 2006;13:21-5. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Reviews received at journal 08 May, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 08 May, 2026 Reviewers invited by journal 30 Apr, 2026 Editor invited by journal 17 Mar, 2026 Editor assigned by journal 16 Mar, 2026 Submission checks completed at journal 16 Mar, 2026 First submitted to journal 08 Mar, 2026 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-9067362","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":633562466,"identity":"7153aab1-9c40-47f5-95b4-e1aa5ce3d251","order_by":0,"name":"Emin Uysal","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA7UlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDCCA0CcAGYxNz6G0MwNxGphbDZmYDAAamEkQgsEMLZJg7UwENDCd/vw0Q0PdxxOnN9+sK26oOJPNH87UMuPim04tUieS0u7kXjmcOKGM4ltt2ecMcidcZixgbHnzG2cWgzO8JjdSGwDamEAauFtM8htAGphZmzDp4X/G1jL/P6HbcUgLfMJa+FhA2tpAJLMIC0bCGmRPMMGcli68YYbD5ulec4Y524EajmIzy98Z5if3fzZZi07vz/54GeeCrnceecPH3zwowK3FhhwbEDmHSCoHgjsiVE0CkbBKBgFIxQAAKKRY6riUPxXAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"University of Health Sciences, Istanbul Bagcilar Training and Research Hospital","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Emin","middleName":"","lastName":"Uysal","suffix":""},{"id":633562467,"identity":"67eca6b9-e5e3-4e7a-a088-afd823e6f4dc","order_by":1,"name":"Suleyman Solak","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Health Sciences, Istanbul Bagcilar Training and Research Hospital","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Suleyman","middleName":"","lastName":"Solak","suffix":""},{"id":633562468,"identity":"89c9070a-5185-45ed-aea9-38fc437cf96e","order_by":2,"name":"Yahya Acar","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Mercer University, School of Medicine","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yahya","middleName":"","lastName":"Acar","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-03-09 02:08:16","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9067362/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9067362/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":108756464,"identity":"96e3dec4-b7de-4010-90bc-aafe83c415c8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-05-08 05:25:36","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":420868,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9067362/v1/ad6d2862-420a-4e02-9ead-acdd1f140e2b.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Evaluation of Female Victims of Violence Presenting to the Emergency Department: Is Violence Against Women Only Perpetrated by Men?","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eGender-based violence (GBV) refers to acts of violence committed against individuals or groups based on their gender. This includes violence against women, which the UN Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women defines as \u0026ldquo;any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual, or mental harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion, or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or private life\u0026rdquo; [1,2].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eViolence against women is a significant public health concern, a manifestation of gender inequality, and a violation of human rights. The effects of such violence are profound and long-lasting, impacting both the physical and mental well-being of victims. Additionally, it has serious economic consequences. Many survivors of intimate partner violence experience psychological trauma, particularly when the abuse is severe and persists over time [3,4]. Several factors have been identified as contributing to the risk of intimate partner violence. Unplanned pregnancies and lower socioeconomic status, often reflected by parental education levels, are associated with a higher likelihood of experiencing violence. On the other hand, being older or married has been found to have a protective effect [5].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn Turkiye, addressing violence against women has become an increasingly urgent priority for both civil society and government institutions. However, academic research and statistical data on the issue remain limited. Additionally, large-scale societal events such as wars, earthquakes, and mass migrations\u0026mdash;both internal and external\u0026mdash;have altered the country\u0026rsquo;s demographic structure. These shifts may have influenced the prevalence and nature of violence against women.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis descriptive study aims to evaluate the sociodemographic characteristics, injury patterns, and perpetrator profiles of female victims of violence presenting to the emergency department of a tertiary healthcare facility. Given that emergency departments are often the first point of medical contact for victims, understanding these characteristics may help emergency physicians better recognize and manage such cases. In addition, this study provides prospective data from T\u0026uuml;rkiye, a country that has experienced substantial migration in recent years, which may offer additional context for understanding violence-related emergency department presentations.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis prospective, descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in the University of Health Sciences, Bagcilar Training and Research Hospital, Department of Emergency Medicine between January 1, 2023, and December 31, 2023. The study protocol was approved by the Clinical Research Ethics Committee of Bağcılar Training and Research Hospital (Approval No: 2023/118). All study-related procedures were conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfter obtaining informed consent, required data recorded for patients included in the study comprised age, nationality, time elapsed between the assault and admission to the emergency department, number of assaults, reason for the assault, marital status, employment status, educational level, the perpetrator, location of the incident, nature of the incident, injured body region, pregnancy status, type of lesion, presence of consultation, surgical status, and outcome details.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1. Exclusion criteria:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe exclusion criteria were determined as follows: being under 18 years of age, the patient not giving consent to participate in the study, and the inability to access the information required for the research.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2. Power analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA priori power analysis was performed using G*Power 3.1 software. Assuming a medium effect size (d\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.5), a significance level of 0.05, and 95% power, the required minimum sample size was calculated as 200 participants.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.3. Statistical analyses\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to examine whether the variables follow a normal distribution. Frequencies and percentages were provided for categorical variables. The mean and standard deviation (SD) were used to represent quantitative data, while frequencies and proportions were utilized for qualitative data analysis. When analyzing differences between groups, the Mann-Whitney U test was used if the variables did not follow a normal distribution. Chi-square analysis was applied to examine the relationships between groups of nominal variables. Statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, version 31.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). A p value\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 was considered statistically significant.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eA total of 218 participants were included in the study, with a mean age of 33.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.5 years (minimum: 18, maximum: 79). Among them, in 31 cases (14.2%), the perpetrator was identified as female. Additionally, 27 participants (12.4%) were immigrants from other countries including Syria (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;8), Iran (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3), Uzbekistan (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3), Azerbaijan (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2), Tunisia (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3), Morocco (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2), Georgia (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3), Libya (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1), Tajikistan (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1), Tanzania (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1), Turkmenistan (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnalysis of the demographic data revealed that the majority of cases fell within the 18\u0026ndash;34 age range (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;134, 61.0%), and a significant portion were high school graduates (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;72, 33.0%). Furthermore, a history of repeated assaults was reported in most cases (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;149, 68.3%), with spouses being the most frequent perpetrators (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;130, 59.6%). (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDemographics of the patients included in the study.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParameters\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge group\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u0026ndash;34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e138\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u0026ndash;44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45\u0026ndash;64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;=65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEducational Level\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIlliterate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimary School\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMiddle School\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh School\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUniversity/Higher Education\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNumber of Times Assaulted\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 time\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 times\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 times\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMore than 3 times\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e117\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTime Elapsed Between the Assault and Emergency Department Admission (days)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e170\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eThe Assailant's Level of Relationship\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpouse\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e130\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDivorced spouse\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChildren\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeighbor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot known \u0026ndash; Foreigner\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePartner\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFriend\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBoss\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSiblings\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParents\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther relatives\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eConsulted to another clinic\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e175\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSurgery need\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e214\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e98.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePregnancy\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e213\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e97.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eOutcome\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDischarge from Emergency Department\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e215\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e98.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHospitalization\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferral to another facility\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDied in the Emergency Department\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe anatomical distribution of injuries showed that the head and face region was the most affected area (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;144, 66.1%). Common physical findings included tenderness, erythema, ecchymosis, and dermabrasion. (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e) The number, location, and types of lesions of the patient did not show any difference based on the gender of the perpetrator and the nationality. (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComparison of the number of injured regions, their locations, and lesion types based on the gender of the perpetrator and the nationality of the patient.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"11\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParameter\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroups\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGender of Assailant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePatient's Nationality\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTurkish\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOthers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNumber of lesion sites\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSingle site\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.930\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.829\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMultiple sites\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e125\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e107\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e109\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"7\" rowspan=\"8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLocation of the lesion(s)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHead\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e144\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e123\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"7\" rowspan=\"8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.282\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e124\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" morerows=\"7\" rowspan=\"8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.732\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeck\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThorax\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbdomen\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUpper extremity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLower extremity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLumbar\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMulti-trauma (4 or more locations)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"7\" rowspan=\"8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLesion type\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTenderness\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e206\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e175\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"7\" rowspan=\"8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.124\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e180\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" morerows=\"7\" rowspan=\"8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.381\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eErythema\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEcchymosis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDermabrasion\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEpistaxis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFracture\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLaceration\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHemopneumothorax\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"11\"\u003e*: Chi-square test\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSignificant differences were noted based on the gender of the perpetrator in terms of marital status, employment status, history of repeated assault, and the location of the incident (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.029, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001, and p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001, respectively). However, no significant variation was observed regarding the nationality of the cases. (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComparison of the cases based on different parameters according to the perpetrator and nationality.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParameter\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroups\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGender of Assailant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePatient's Nationality\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;187)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;31)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTurkish (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;191)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eForeign\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;27)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAge\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYears\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.1 \u0026plusmn; 10.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.1 \u0026plusmn; 10.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.7 \u0026plusmn; 9.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.833*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.4 \u0026plusmn; 10.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.8 \u0026plusmn; 6.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.463*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMarital Status\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSingle\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.184\u003cb\u003e**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e151\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e140\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e136\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWidowed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEmployment Status\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmployed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.029**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.265\u003cb\u003e**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnemployed/Retired\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e132\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e119\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e113\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEducational Level\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIlliterate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.853\u003cb\u003e**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.604\u003cb\u003e**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimary School\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMiddle School\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh School\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUniversity/Higher Education\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNumber of Times Assaulted\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.916\u003cb\u003e**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e117\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e113\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e104\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLocation of the Incident\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHome\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e159\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e149\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e139\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.900\u003cb\u003e**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWorkplace\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStreet\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNature of the Incident\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAssault\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e199\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e169\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.680\u003cb\u003e**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e176\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.599\u003cb\u003e**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHarassment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSnatching\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStabbing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFirearm Injury\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"9\"\u003e*: Mann-Whitney U test, **: Chi-square\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOut of the total, 40 cases (18.3%) were referred to other clinics, with the most frequent referrals being to the Ear, Nose, and Throat clinic (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;15, 6.9%) and the Orthopedics clinic (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;14, 6.4%).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"4. Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study aimed to investigate the sociodemographic characteristics, injury patterns, and contextual factors associated with female victims of violence presenting to the emergency department. While violence against women is most often attributed to male perpetrators, our findings indicate that female perpetrators also represent a notable proportion of cases. In our cohort, 14.2% of assaults were committed by women, underscoring that violence against women may involve more complex interpersonal dynamics than commonly recognized. These findings highlight the importance of adopting a broader perspective when assessing violence-related presentations in emergency department settings.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe majority of victims were between the ages of 18 and 34, consistent with global research indicating that younger women are at a higher risk of experiencing violence [6,7]. Sociodemographic factors, such as educational level, were also significant. High school graduates constituted the largest group among victims (33%), aligning with studies suggesting that education can serve as both a risk and protective factor depending on the sociocultural context. [8,9] Our findings indicated significant differences in marital status among victims based on the gender of the assailant (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). Male perpetrators predominantly targeted married victims (92.7%), aligning with existing literature that identifies intimate partner violence as the most common form of violence against women globally [10]. Employment status showed statistically significant differences (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.029), with female perpetrators more frequently targeting employed victims (20.9%). This is consistent with studies indicating that employed women are often at risk of workplace violence or harassment, particularly from female colleagues or supervisors [11].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRepeated violence was a significant finding, with 68.3% of victims reporting a history of prior assaults. This highlights the cyclical nature of violence, which is often perpetuated by close relationships such as spouses (59.6% of cases). Such findings are consistent with international data indicating that intimate partner violence remains the most common form of violence against women [12,13]. The number of assaults exhibited a significant gender-based pattern (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). Female perpetrators were disproportionately involved in first-time assaults (34.8%), whereas male perpetrators accounted for the majority of repeated assaults (\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;3 times, 96.6%). This aligns with research indicating that male violence often follows a cyclical pattern, particularly in intimate relationships where control and coercion are sustained over time [14]. Conversely, female violence may be more episodic and reactive, a finding corroborated by studies suggesting that female-perpetrated violence often stems from situational triggers rather than prolonged cycles [15]. These insights highlight the importance of early interventions to break the cycle of repeated violence.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe location of violence showed significant differences (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), with male perpetrators dominating domestic settings (93.7%), consistent with global data on intimate partner violence [12,15]. Female perpetrators, however, were more frequently involved in workplace (46.1%) and street violence (32.6%). These findings align with studies suggesting that public violence by women is often linked to situational conflicts or disputes [16]. The predominance of male violence in the home underscores the need for strengthened domestic violence laws and support systems. At the same time, the significant proportion of female-perpetrated workplace and public violence highlights the importance of addressing violence in professional and public spheres.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInterestingly, there were no statistically significant differences between Turkish and non-Turkish victims regarding the frequency or nature of violence. This suggests that cultural or national backgrounds do not significantly alter the dynamics of violence, reinforcing the universality of this issue [17\u0026ndash;19].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe anatomical distribution of injuries further underscores the severity of violence. The head and face region were the most commonly affected, with physical findings such as tenderness, erythema, ecchymosis, and dermabrasion observed frequently. This is consistent with previous literature highlighting the vulnerability of visible body parts in violent encounters [20, 21]. These findings emphasize the important role of emergency physicians in the early identification, documentation, and multidisciplinary management of violence-related injuries.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe findings emphasize the need for robust prevention strategies and support systems tailored to address diverse forms of violence. Integrating gender-sensitive training for healthcare providers and law enforcement officials is crucial. Moreover, international conventions such as the Istanbul Convention play a pivotal role in providing a legal framework for addressing violence against women, and their enforcement remains vital [22\u0026ndash;24]. There is a lack of local data from Turkiye in the current literature on this specific subject, and the limited available studies highlight the inaccuracy of retrospective analyses because of incomplete data records [25]. Our results are highly significant due to the prospective design of the study.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.1. Limitations:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study has several limitations. Firstly, as it was conducted in a single emergency department, even if the power analysis was performed, the findings may not be generalizable to other healthcare settings or populations. Also, the cross-sectional design limits the ability to establish causal relationships between variables.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"5. Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eViolence against women remains a critical public health and human rights issue, with significant physical, psychological, and societal consequences. This study highlights that violence against women is not exclusively perpetrated by men, with female perpetrators also contributing to the problem. The findings underscore the importance of addressing intimate partner violence, repeated assaults, and the anatomical regions most affected in order to develop targeted intervention strategies. Because a substantial proportion of victims seek medical care in emergency departments, emergency physicians should be familiar not only with the clinical management of violence-related injuries but also with the social and demographic characteristics associated with these cases. Our study provides unique prospective data from Turkiye, a country that has experienced substantial migration in recent years, and may contribute to a better understanding of the characteristics of violence against women presenting to emergency departments. These findings may help inform emergency medicine professionals and provide broader context for the interpretation and potential generalizability of violence-related emergency department presentations.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionList\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eGBV\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGender-based violence\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eSD\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStandard deviation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eSPSS\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStatistical Package for the Social Sciences\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003e The study protocol was approved by the Clinical Research Ethics Committee of Bağcılar Training and Research Hospital (Approval number: 2023/118). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to inclusion in the study.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eFunding\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe authors received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eEU designed the study and supervised data collection. SS contributed to the study design and data collection. YA performed statistical analysis and drafted the manuscript. All authors critically revised the manuscript and approved the final version.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData Availability\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe datasets generated and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKeyser L, Maroyi R, Mukwege D. Violence against women \u0026ndash; a global perspective. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 2022;49:809-21.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eUnited Nations. CEDAW General Recommendation No. 19: Violence against women. 1992. Available from: https://www.refworld.org/legal/resolution/cedaw/1992/en/96542\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMeyer SR, Lasater ME, Garcia-Moreno C. Violence against older women: A systematic review of qualitative literature. PLoS One. 2020;15:e0239560.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKrahe B. Violence against women. Curr Opin Psychol. 2018;19:6-10.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYakubovich AR, Stockl H, Murray J, Melendez-Torres GJ, Steinert JI, Glavin CEY, et al. Risk and protective factors for intimate partner violence against women: Systematic review and meta-analyses of prospective-longitudinal studies. Am J Public Health. 2018;108:e1-e11.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWalton-Moss BJ, Manganello J, Frye V, Campbell JC. Risk factors for intimate partner violence and associated injury among urban women. J Community Health. 2005;30:377-89.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJoksimovic N, Valli\u0026egrave;res F, Hyland P. Gender differences in intimate partner violence: Risk factors and associations with suicide. Psychol Trauma. 2024;16:470-7.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAmir-Ud-Din R, Idrees R, Farooqui J, Abbasi AS. Exploring spousal disparities: Age, earnings, and education as predictors of intimate partner violence in 29 developing countries. Womens Health. 2024;20:17455057241310289.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNishan M, Ahmed M, Mashreky SR, Dalal K. Influence of spousal educational disparities on intimate partner violence (IPV) against pregnant women: A study of 30 countries. Sci Rep. 2025;15:2022-2041.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWorld Health Organization. World report on violence and health. 2002. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9241545615\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMcDonald P. Workplace sexual harassment 30 years on: A review of the literature. Int J Manag Rev. 2012;14:1-17.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCheng SY, Wang PL, Lin HF, Schindeler B, Yen YJ, Messing JT. The temporal pattern of repeat intimate partner violence incidents among high-risk survivors in Taiwan: A survival analysis. J Interpers Violence. 2024;26:8862605241280102.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSardinha L, Maheu-Giroux M, Stockl H, Meyer SR, Garcia-Moreno C. Global, regional, and national prevalence estimates of physical or sexual, or both, intimate partner violence against women in 2018. Lancet. 2022;26:803-13.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEllsberg M, Arango DJ, Morton M, Gennari F, Kiplesund S, Contreras M, et al. Prevention of violence against women and girls: What does the evidence say? Lancet. 2015;385:1555-66.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCaldwell JE, Swan SC, Woodbrown VD. Gender differences in intimate partner violence outcomes. Psychol Violence. 2012;2:42-57.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGarcia-Moreno C, Jansen HA, Ellsberg M, Heise L, Watts CH. WHO multi-country study on women\u0026apos;s health and domestic violence against women. Lancet. 2006;368:1260-9.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBasile KC, D\u0026rsquo;Inverno AS, Wang J. National prevalence of sexual violence by a workplace-related perpetrator. Am J Prev Med. 2020;58:216-23.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZark L, Satyen L. Cross-cultural differences in student attitudes toward intimate partner violence: A systematic review. Trauma Violence Abuse. 2022;23:1007-22.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAcquadro Maran D, Cortese CG, Pavanelli P, Fornero G, Gianino MM. Gender differences in reporting workplace violence: A qualitative analysis of administrative records of violent episodes experienced by healthcare workers in a large public Italian hospital. BMJ Open. 2019;9:e031546.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSaddki N, Suhaimi AA, Daud R. Maxillofacial injuries associated with intimate partner violence in women. BMC Public Health. 2010;10:268-74.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGujrathi R, Tang A, Thomas R, Park H, Gosangi B, Stoklosa HM, et al. Facial injury patterns in victims of intimate partner violence. Emerg Radiol. 2022;29:697-707.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eColucci A, Luzi AM, Fanales Belasio E, Barbina D, Mazzaccara A, Farchi S, et al. A blended training programme for healthcare professionals aimed at strengthening territorial networks for the prevention and contrast of gender-based violence. Epidemiol Prev. 2019;43:177-84.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChang O, Ryan B, Rokoduru A, Hill A, Hataogo S, Naidu V. The Pasifika Veilomani Project: A pilot online training programme for healthcare workers in managing gender-based violence and family violence and sharing experiences. Australas Psychiatry. 2022;30:762-7.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRuiz-Fern\u0026aacute;ndez MD, Ortiz-Amo R, Alcaraz-C\u0026oacute;rdoba A, Rodr\u0026iacute;guez-Bonilla HA, Hern\u0026aacute;ndez-Padilla JM, Fern\u0026aacute;ndez-Medina IM, et al. Attention given to victims of gender violence from the perspective of nurses: A qualitative study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19:12925.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCelbis O, Gokdogan MR, Kaya M, Gunes G. Review of forensic assessments of female referrals to the branch of legal medicine, Malatya region, Turkey \u0026ndash; 1996\u0026ndash;2000. J Clin Forensic Med. 2006;13:21-5.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-emergency-medicine","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"emmd","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Emergency Medicine](http://bmcemergmed.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/emmd","title":"BMC Emergency Medicine","twitterHandle":"@BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Violence, Women, Emergency Service, Hospital, Forensic Medicine, Domestic Violence","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9067362/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9067362/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBackground\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eViolence against women is a major public health and human rights problem with significant physical, psychological, and social consequences. Emergency departments frequently represent the first point of medical contact for victims. Understanding the sociodemographic characteristics, injury patterns, and perpetrator profiles of these patients may help emergency physicians better recognize and manage violence-related cases. This study aimed to evaluate the characteristics of female victims of violence presenting to the emergency department of a tertiary healthcare facility.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMethods\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis prospective descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in the emergency department of the University of Health Sciences Bagcilar Training and Research Hospital between January 1 and December 31, 2023. Adult female victims of violence who provided informed consent were included. Data collected included demographic characteristics, assault history, perpetrator characteristics, injury locations and types, consultations, and outcomes. Statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, version 31.0, and a p value\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 was considered statistically significant.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eResults\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA total of 218 women were included, with a mean age of 33.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.5 years. Most victims were aged 18\u0026ndash;34 years (63.3%). Repeated violence was common, with 68.3% reporting a history of prior assaults, and spouses were the most frequent perpetrators (59.6%). In 31 (14.2%) of cases, the perpetrator was female. The head and face region was the most commonly affected anatomical area (66.1%). Significant differences according to perpetrator gender were observed for marital status (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), employment status (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.029), history of repeated assault (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), and location of the incident (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). No significant differences were found according to patient nationality.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eConclusions\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eViolence-related emergency department visits frequently involve recurrent assaults and injuries affecting the head and face. Although male perpetrators predominate, female perpetrators also account for a notable proportion of cases. Emergency departments therefore represent a critical setting for early recognition, documentation, and referral of victims of violence.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Evaluation of Female Victims of Violence Presenting to the Emergency Department: Is Violence Against Women Only Perpetrated by Men?","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-05-08 05:24:59","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9067362/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-05-08T13:57:55+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"196710422804088865219191485103797636911","date":"2026-05-08T10:42:07+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2026-04-30T07:04:57+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2026-03-17T07:46:46+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2026-03-16T07:08:18+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2026-03-16T07:07:29+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Emergency Medicine","date":"2026-03-09T02:04:25+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-emergency-medicine","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"emmd","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Emergency Medicine](http://bmcemergmed.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/emmd","title":"BMC Emergency Medicine","twitterHandle":"@BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"0e77cc53-8f8b-4cc5-92f1-c86ea0018b7a","owner":[],"postedDate":"May 8th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-05-08T13:57:55+00:00","index":50,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"196710422804088865219191485103797636911","date":"2026-05-08T10:42:07+00:00","index":49,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"28","date":"2026-04-30T07:04:57+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-05-08T05:24:59+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-05-08 05:24:59","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-9067362","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-9067362","identity":"rs-9067362","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}