Exogenous HMGB1 promotes pancreatic cancer progression by supporting the crosstalk between tumor and myeloid-derived suppressor cell

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Abstract Background The main reasons pancreatic cancer (PC) is difficult to treat are high tissue fibrosis and a strong immunosuppressive microenvironment. Therefore, it is necessary to elucidate the cause and mechanism of tumour immunosuppressive microenvironment formation. High-mobility group Box 1 (HMGB1) is a highly conserved nuclear protein that is widely distributed in mammalian cells and plays an important role in tumours. However, the functions and mechanisms of HMGB1 in the PC tumour microenvironment remain controversial. Here, we report a novel role for HMGB1 in the formation of the PC immune microenvironment. Methods In this study, the HMGB1 expression level of samples was detected in PC patients and TCGA database. The relative expression of HMGB1 in serum and tissues was evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Flow cytometry was used to detect the infiltration of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and regulatory T cells in tumours from PC xenograft mouse models treated with HMGB1. Vascular density and cytokine expression levels in tumour tissues were measured by immunohistochemistry (IHC). HMGB1-associated differentially expressed genes from the GEPIA database were used to analyse GO terms and KEGG pathways. Subsequently, the expression of related proteins was detected by Western blotting. Results The expression level of HMGB1 was higher in PC tumours than in normal tissues. High levels of HMGB1 predict poor overall survival in PC patients, suggesting its potential clinical significance in PC prognosis. The mouse model results show that HMGB1 significantly promotes tumour growth. We further found that CD69 + CD8 + T cells were markedly decreased in HMGB1-treated mice. Furthermore, after treatment with HMGB1, the infiltration of immunosuppressive myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) into tumour tissues was increased. The IHC results showed that HMGB1 promoted the expression of intracellular inflammatory factors and neovascularization. Mechanistically, the results indicated that HMGB1 significantly enhanced the expression of CXCL2 chemokines that attract MDSCs to tumours. HMGB1 upregulates CXCL2 expression through the MAPK pathway. Conclusion In conclusion, HMGB1 plays an unexpected role in cancer metastasis by promoting microvessel formation and cytokine CXCL2 expression mediated by the MAPK pathway to recruit MDSC aggregation, which in turn creates an immunosuppressive microenvironment. Thus, HMGB1 may be an important mediator and a potential therapeutic target for regulating PC progression.
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Therefore, the authors do not wish this work to be cited as a reference. Questions should be directed to the corresponding author. Editorial notes are used to provide important context regarding the topic of a preprint or to alert readers to potential issues concerning that preprint or a downstream publication associated with it. For more information on editorial notes, see our Editorial Policies . Abstract The full text of this preprint has been withdrawn by the authors while they make corrections to the work. Therefore, the authors do not wish this work to be cited as a reference. Questions should be directed to the corresponding author. Full Text The authors have withdrawn this preprint from Research Square. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 2 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Show more versions Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. 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