Effect of yoga on psychological aspect in persons in relief centers during the Meitei-Kuki clashes in Manipur.

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R K Roshni Raj Lakshmi, Naorem Jiteswori Devi, Naorem Romibai Devi, and 3 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5393603/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 23 Apr, 2025 Read the published version in Pastoral Psychology → Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background Illegal immigrants of Kuki-Chin-Mizo tribes from Myanmar have infiltrated into Manipur leading to change in the geopolitics of the state leading to conflict. The ongoing conflict between Meiteis and Kukis has led to extreme acts of violence including brutal killings, sexual assault, destruction and demolition of public and private properties. The affected people have been adversely affected in various ways including their mental aspect of health. Yoga is proven to be beneficial for such conditions like exposure to conflict and violence. Methods After baseline assessment of anxiety, depression, perceived stress, resilience, self-esteem, and spiritual well-being, the participants were given yoga intervention for 8 weeks. Post assessment was taken after the intervention period. Results There is significant difference between the baseline and post assessments of anxiety, depression, perceived stress, self-esteem and spiritual well-being with p-values < 0.05. Conclusion Yoga is an effective method to improve mental health in conflict affected persons residing in relief centers. Anxiety depression Manipur Meitei-Kuki conflict mental aspect resilience yoga Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Introduction Illegal immigrants like the Rohingya Muslims and Kuki-Chin-Mizo tribes from Myanmar have infiltrated into the north-eastern state of Manipur 1 . Drastic changes in the demography and population have been observed in many Kuki dominant districts of the state including burgeoning new villages that grew overnight in these regions 2 . The porous border between Manipur and Myanmar has contributed to this influx of Kukis from the troubled regions of Myanmar 3 . On 28th April 2024 mobs destroyed a gymkhana in Churachandpur opposing forest survey, demolition of illegal churches ahead of inauguration by Manipur Chief Minister 4 . On May 3rd 2024 All Tribal Students Union Manipur (ATSUM) took out a peace rally in hill areas of Manipur including Churachandpur, Tengnoupal, Pherzawl, Senapati districts opposing the demand for Scheduled Tribes category by the Meiteis 5 . The peace rally had gunmen wielding sophisticated automatic guns and the rally ended with burning of Meitei homes and properties in Torbung Bangla of Bishenpur district 6 . This initiated the ongoing conflict for 15 months leaving 300 people dead, and more than 60,000 persons displaced from home. The internally displaced persons (IDPs) have moved to relief centres in various parts of the state. Having lost all their material belongings, their homes and near and dear ones to the conflict, the mental health of the affected people are severely affected 7 , 8 . They need to be provided with proper medical aid and complimentary therapies to assuage their pain. Mind-body medicine techniques like yoga are found beneficial in similar populations 9 . The purpose of our study is to determine the effect of yoga practices and yogic counselling on mental aspect of the internally displaced persons (IDPs) in Manipur. Materials and methods Participants: A total of 50 volunteers from a relief center in Manipur were briefed about the study protocol. Out of which, 40 consented to participate in the study. The inclusion criteria were regular physical and psychological health as assessed by a physician who otherwise had no role in the study. We included participants with no prior experience of yoga. We excluded volunteers who had known history of psychiatric disorders before the conflict. We also excluded participants who had history of substance abuse. Finally, subjects (10 males and 25 females) with mean age of 36.62 years were recruited to the study. Out of the subjects, 8 persons were illiterate, 18 persons were within 10th class, 3 were 12th pass, 4 were pursuing their Undergraduate education, 2 were post-graduates. The 8 illiterate persons were helped by their family members and researchers to complete the outcome assessment. Sociologically, the group comprised of 1 driver, I businessman, 1 sportsperson, 6 farmers, 7 students and 20 housewives. This clearly shows the IDPs belong to the lower class of the society. Ethical consideration: The institutional ethical review committee of the university approved the study. The participants were duly informed regarding the study and their right to withdraw from the study at will. Written informed consent was obtained from individual participants before their recruitment to the study. Trial design: We executed a within-subject repeated measures design. All participants underwent baseline assessments, followed by yoga intervention for a period of two months and post assessment was done. The intervention was given by yoga experts who were trained as Masters in Yoga Science for a period of two years under the supervision of yoga experts who have doctorate degree in yoga. Intervention: Intervention consisted of module of 60 minutes of yoga practice 6 days a week for 8 weeks; which began with a prayer in the cross-legged position. Yogic counselling comprised of counselling the IDPs using yoga philosophy from texts like Bhagavadgita, and Patanjali Yoga Sutra. Yogic counselling was given by yoga experts who have Yoga and psychology as their specialization and PhDs in Yoga. Table 1 Yoga module Sl no Practice/technique Duration Frequency 1 Prayer 3 minutes Daily 2 Om chanting 3 minutes Daily 3 Ardhakati chakrasana- lateral arc 2 minutes Daily 4 Ardhachakrasana- half wheel 2 minutes Daily 5 Padahastasana- hands to feet 2 minutes Daily 6 Trikonasana- triangle 2 minutes Daily 7 Gomukhasana-cow’s face 2 minutes Daily 8 Ustrasana- camel 2 minutes Daily 9 Shashankasana- rabbit 2 minutes Daily 10 Bhujangasana- cobra 2 minutes Daily 11 Shalabhasana-locust 2 minutes Daily 12 Halasana-plough 2 minutes Daily 13 Matsyasana-fish 2 minutes Daily 14 Kapalabhati- skull shining breath 2 minutes Daily 15 Suryabhedana – right piercing breath 2 minutes Daily 16 Chandrabhedana- left piercing breath 2 minutes Daily 17 Sheetali/seetkari- cooling 2 minutes Daily 18 Nadishuddhi- alternate nostril breath 2 minutes Daily 19 Bhramari – humming bee breath 2 minutes Daily 20 Dhyana (meditation) 20 minutes Daily 21 Yogic counselling 30 minutes to 1 hour Twice a week Assessments: Perceived Stress scale: It is a self-rated questionnaire that was designed to measure the degree to which situations in one’s life are appraised as stressful. It consists of 10 items on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 0-never to 4- very often. Higher scores indicate higher levels of perceived stress. Brief Resilience scale: It is a self-reported questionnaire designed to measure resilience in an individual. It comprises of 6 items on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1-strongly disagree to 5-strongly agree. Higher scores indicate higher resilience. Rosenberg Self Esteem scale: It is a self-reported questionnaire designed to assess self-esteem in a person. It has 10 items on a 4-point Likert scale ranging from strongly agree to strongly disagree. Spiritual Well-being: It is a self-rated questionnaire for assessing spiritual well-being. It consists 20 items on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from strongly agree to strongly disagree. State Trait Anxiety Inventory: This self-rated questionnaire is a set of 20 items on a 4-point Likert scale ranging from 1 to 4. The STAI form Y-1 is used to assess state anxiety. Data extraction and analysis: Data from the individual assessment tools were calculated using their respective manuals and entered in excel files to be saved as csv files. Scoring was done by a psychology graduate who was blinded regarding the time of assessment. The data was analyzed using JASP. Descriptive analysis is done and normality of data is checked using Shapiro-Wilk’s test. Since only one group is used in the study design paired samples t test is used to assess the change in means before and after intervention period. Results A total of 35 participants completed the study. The difference between the baseline and post-intervention assessments are shown in Table no.2. Descriptive analysis results are shown in Table no. 3. Results from the Paired samples t test revealed significant difference in scores between baseline and post-assessment. PSS scores reduced significantly post intervention with p-value of 0.001 and Cohen’s d of 0.79. BRS scores improved after yoga with p-value of 0.001 and Cohen’s d of 0.65. SWB scores improved with p-value of 0.001 and Cohen’s d of 0.8. HADS-A scores reduced significantly with p-value of 0.003 and Cohen’s d of 0.59. HADS-D scores reduced with p-value of 0.03 and Cohen’s d of 0.41. STAI scores reduced considerably with p-value of 0.004 and Cohen’s d of 0.56. Table 2 Descriptive result Paired Samples T-Test 95% CI for Effect Size Measure 1 Measure 2 Test Statistic df p Effect Size Lower Upper PSS PRE - PSS POST Student 4.152 34 < .001 0.702 0.327 1.068 Wilcoxon 446.500 < .001 0.691 0.425 0.848 RSES PRE - RSES POST Student -4.946 34 < .001 -0.836 -1.217 -0.445 Wilcoxon 53.000 < .001 -0.799 -0.904 -0.604 BRS PRE - BRS POST Student -3.547 34 0.001 -0.599 -0.956 -0.235 Wilcoxon 91.500 0.001 -0.653 -0.827 -0.366 SWB PRE - SWB POST Student -4.478 34 < .001 -0.757 -1.129 -0.376 Wilcoxon 45.500 < .001 -0.817 -0.914 -0.631 HADS-A PRE - HADS-A POST Student 3.459 34 0.001 0.585 0.222 0.940 Wilcoxon 473.500 0.003 0.592 0.287 0.788 HADS-D-PRE - HADS-DPOST Student 2.085 34 0.045 0.352 0.008 0.692 Wilcoxon 396.000 0.039 0.412 0.047 0.680 STAI PRE - STAI POST Student 3.435 34 0.002 0.581 0.218 0.936 Wilcoxon 465.500 0.004 0.565 0.249 0.772 Note. For the Student t-test, effect size is given by Cohen's d . For the Wilcoxon test, effect size is given by the matched rank biserial correlation. Table 2 : Paired Samples test Descriptives N Mean SD SE PSS PRE 35 24.886 6.072 1.026 PSS POST 35 21.200 4.523 0.765 RSES PRE 35 25.314 3.779 0.639 RSES POST 35 28.857 3.440 0.581 BRS PRE 35 2.734 0.480 0.081 BRS POST 35 3.017 0.391 0.066 SWB PRE 35 67.600 12.528 2.118 SWB POST 35 76.400 10.469 1.770 HADS-A PRE 35 11.229 4.386 0.741 HADS-A POST 35 8.886 3.132 0.529 HADS-D-PRE 35 9.571 4.307 0.728 HADS-DPOST 35 7.943 2.485 0.420 STAI PRE 35 55.114 8.761 1.481 STAI POST 35 46.886 9.996 1.690 Discussion The current study tried to determine the effect of yoga and yogic counselling on mental aspect of internally displaced persons residing in relief centers during the Meitei-Kuki conflict. There is high probability of these individuals to be affected adversely due to the conflict. Several studies have demonstrated the adverse effects of war and violence on mental health of the affected. Studies have demonstrated that mind-body medicine like yoga is beneficial in improving the mental aspect of health in those affected by violence and war 9 , 10 . The findings of our study show that after the intervention period, improvement was shown in resilience, self-esteem, and spiritual well-being while reduction in perceived stress and anxiety was observed. These findings corroborate earlier studies 10 and our hypothesis as well 11 . The probable mechanism of the beneficial effects could be attributed to ability of yoga to increase dopamine 12 , Benson’s relaxation response 13 , parasympathetic dominance 14 and deactivation of amygdala during om chanting 15 . Yogic counselling also works at the intellectual level and subconscious mind training during resolve (sankalpa) that helps to modulate one’s thinking besides the classical response of venting pent-up emotions during counselling. The strengths of the study lie in the fact that this is the first study to be conducted on IDPs during this conflict using yoga as an intervention. Also, the study incorporated both physical yoga practices and philosophical aspect of yoga to enhance the effect. The study can be limited due to small sample size as it was a convenient sampling owing to the curfew imposed by the state government. Further, a possible Hawthorne effect could be there as total blinding is not feasible in yoga interventions and due to small sample size, we could not have more active comparator group besides the yoga group. Future studies can be done on bigger sample size by incorporating objective tools of assessment. Conclusion It can be concluded from the study that yoga practice and yogic counselling could be an effective means for improving mental aspect of health in violence affected individuals. More robust studies with bigger sample size, mixed methods design, and multi-site should be conducted to ascertain the benefits and understand the mechanism. The state can come up with policies to provide these services to the IDPs in order to assuage their pain. Declarations The authors declare no conflicts of interests. There was no funding received for the study. Author Contribution Sl no Name Conceptualization Yoga class Data collection Data analysis and interpretation Manuscript writing 1 RKRRL Yes Yes Yes 2 NJD Yes Yes Yes 3 NRD Yes Yes Yes4 NND Yes Yes Yes 5 SMD Yes Yes Yes 6 TND Yes Yes Yes Acknowledgement We would like to acknowledge the psychologist who scored the assessment booklets and the participants of the study. References Saha, B., & Yadav, D. Refugee camps, border issues: Understanding influx of illegal immigrants from Myanmar to Manipur. India Today. Unplanned village explosion in Manipur - time to change rules. Accessed August 30 (2024). https://www.ifp.co.in/analysis/unplanned-village-explosion-in-manipur-time-to-change-rules Iyer, S. Rami Niranjan Desai • What is the root cause of the Manipur conflict? • An impartial perspective. youtube. Net Suspended In Churachandpur After Arson At Venue Of Cm’s Event | Imphal News - Times of India. Accessed August 30 (2024). https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/imphal/net-suspended-in-churachandpur-after-arson-at-venue-of-cms-event/articleshow/99859505.cms PTI (2023). Thousands-participate-in-tribal-solidarity-march-in-manipur. The Print . https://theprint.in/india/thousands-participate-in-tribal-solidarity-march-in-manipur/1553212/ Bobichand, R. (2023). The-violent-conflict-between-kuki-zomi-and-meitei-erupted-on-may-3- in-manipurs-churachandpur-district-was-not-spontaneous-and-without-early-warnings . Imphal Review of arts and politics . https://imphalreviews.in/the-violent-conflict-between-kuki-zomi-and-meitei-erupted-on-may-3-in-manipurs-churachandpur-district-was-not-spontaneous-and-without-early-warnings. July 22. Turner, R. J. A. Y., & EXPOSURE TO COMMUNITY VIOLENCE AND YOUNG ADULT CRIME: (2002). THE EFFECTS OF WITNESSING VIOLENCE, TRAUMATIC VICTIMIZATION, AND OTHER STRESSFUL LIFE EVENTS. ;39(2). Cardozo, B. L. (2023). Mental Health, Social Functioning, and Attitudes of Kosovar Albanians Following the War in Kosovo. ;284(5):569–577. Jindani, F., Turner, N., & Khalsa, S. B. S. (2015). A Yoga Intervention for Posttraumatic Stress: A Preliminary Randomized Control Trial. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med , 2015 . 10.1155/2015/351746 Cramer, H., Anheyer, D., Saha, F. J., & Dobos, G. (2018). Yoga for posttraumatic stress disorder - a systematic review and meta-analysis. Bmc Psychiatry , 18 (1). 10.1186/s12888-018-1650-x Lakshmi, R. K. R. R. Role of Yoga in Improving Mental Well-Being in Victims of Ethnic Clashes in Manipur, India. Pastoral Psychol . Published online 2024. 10.1007/s11089-024-01135-w Pandi-Perumal, S. R., Spence, D. W., Srivastava, N., et al. (2022). The Origin and Clinical Relevance of Yoga Nidra. Sleep Vigil , 6 (1), 61. 10.1007/S41782-022-00202-7 Friedman, R., Myers, P., & Benson, H. (2001). Meditation and the Relaxation Response. Assessment and Therapy . Published online January , 1 , 227–234. 10.1016/B978-012267806-6/50053-6 Khattab, K., Khattab, A. A., Ortak, J., Richardt, G., & Bonnemeier, H. (2007). Iyengar Yoga Increases Cardiac Parasympathetic Nervous Modulation among Healthy Yoga Practitioners. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine , 4 (4), 511–517. 10.1093/ECAM/NEM087 Gangadhar, B., Kalyani, B., Venkatasubramanian, G., et al. (2011). Neurohemodynamic correlates of ′OM′ chanting: A pilot functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Int J Yoga , 4 (1), 3. 10.4103/0973-6131.78171 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 23 Apr, 2025 Read the published version in Pastoral Psychology → Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5393603","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":379400190,"identity":"1180ea76-99c9-4fd2-b715-a6c531e225e2","order_by":0,"name":"R K Roshni Raj Lakshmi","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"Manipur University","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"R","middleName":"K Roshni Raj","lastName":"Lakshmi","suffix":""},{"id":379400191,"identity":"37a5d82b-399e-45fb-9031-ccd78d8b1276","order_by":1,"name":"Naorem Jiteswori Devi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Manipur University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Naorem","middleName":"Jiteswori","lastName":"Devi","suffix":""},{"id":379400194,"identity":"843f090d-1194-4512-aa37-622898a85499","order_by":2,"name":"Naorem Romibai Devi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Manipur University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Naorem","middleName":"Romibai","lastName":"Devi","suffix":""},{"id":379400195,"identity":"5f4429ea-cc3e-468d-a8cc-7ea7341111cc","order_by":3,"name":"Naorem Nebita Devi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Manipur University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Naorem","middleName":"Nebita","lastName":"Devi","suffix":""},{"id":379400196,"identity":"ab7dfcc8-2b61-4c00-afbf-ae8996558c9a","order_by":4,"name":"Shougaijam Menaka Devi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Manipur University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Shougaijam","middleName":"Menaka","lastName":"Devi","suffix":""},{"id":379400197,"identity":"079e7b42-c11f-462a-aabf-99adfe1be392","order_by":5,"name":"Thokchom Nandira Devi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Manipur University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Thokchom","middleName":"Nandira","lastName":"Devi","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-11-05 08:38:20","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5393603/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5393603/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11089-025-01222-6","type":"published","date":"2025-04-23T15:56:59+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":70479110,"identity":"21104475-3b73-4d94-a265-dd42c2023f07","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-03 14:40:42","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":50239,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePSS PRE - 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STAI POST\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Picture7.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5393603/v1/6d9a38136f587386fa2e196e.jpg"},{"id":81569520,"identity":"5739152d-a3c7-4de9-b47b-96adf0210d37","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-28 16:04:47","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1288812,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5393603/v1/3eacc068-a491-4b98-8f2a-7b7113c7cc1b.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eEffect of yoga on psychological aspect in persons in relief centers during the Meitei-Kuki clashes in Manipur.\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eIllegal immigrants like the Rohingya Muslims and Kuki-Chin-Mizo tribes from Myanmar have infiltrated into the north-eastern state of Manipur\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Drastic changes in the demography and population have been observed in many Kuki dominant districts of the state including burgeoning new villages that grew overnight in these regions\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The porous border between Manipur and Myanmar has contributed to this influx of Kukis from the troubled regions of Myanmar\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOn 28th April 2024 mobs destroyed a gymkhana in Churachandpur opposing forest survey, demolition of illegal churches ahead of inauguration by Manipur Chief Minister\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. On May 3rd 2024 All Tribal Students Union Manipur (ATSUM) took out a peace rally in hill areas of Manipur including Churachandpur, Tengnoupal, Pherzawl, Senapati districts opposing the demand for Scheduled Tribes category by the Meiteis\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The peace rally had gunmen wielding sophisticated automatic guns and the rally ended with burning of Meitei homes and properties in Torbung Bangla of Bishenpur district \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. This initiated the ongoing conflict for 15 months leaving 300 people dead, and more than 60,000 persons displaced from home.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe internally displaced persons (IDPs) have moved to relief centres in various parts of the state. Having lost all their material belongings, their homes and near and dear ones to the conflict, the mental health of the affected people are severely affected\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. They need to be provided with proper medical aid and complimentary therapies to assuage their pain. Mind-body medicine techniques like yoga are found beneficial in similar populations \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The purpose of our study is to determine the effect of yoga practices and yogic counselling on mental aspect of the internally displaced persons (IDPs) in Manipur.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eParticipants:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA total of 50 volunteers from a relief center in Manipur were briefed about the study protocol. Out of which, 40 consented to participate in the study. The inclusion criteria were regular physical and psychological health as assessed by a physician who otherwise had no role in the study. We included participants with no prior experience of yoga. We excluded volunteers who had known history of psychiatric disorders before the conflict. We also excluded participants who had history of substance abuse. Finally, subjects (10 males and 25 females) with mean age of 36.62 years were recruited to the study. Out of the subjects, 8 persons were illiterate, 18 persons were within 10th class, 3 were 12th pass, 4 were pursuing their Undergraduate education, 2 were post-graduates. The 8 illiterate persons were helped by their family members and researchers to complete the outcome assessment. Sociologically, the group comprised of 1 driver, I businessman, 1 sportsperson, 6 farmers, 7 students and 20 housewives. This clearly shows the IDPs belong to the lower class of the society.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eEthical consideration:\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e The institutional ethical review committee of the university approved the study. The participants were duly informed regarding the study and their right to withdraw from the study at will. Written informed consent was obtained from individual participants before their recruitment to the study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eTrial design:\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe executed a within-subject repeated measures design. All participants underwent baseline assessments, followed by yoga intervention for a period of two months and post assessment was done. The intervention was given by yoga experts who were trained as Masters in Yoga Science for a period of two years under the supervision of yoga experts who have doctorate degree in yoga.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eIntervention:\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIntervention consisted of module of 60 minutes of yoga practice 6 days a week for 8 weeks; which began with a prayer in the cross-legged position. Yogic counselling comprised of counselling the IDPs using yoga philosophy from texts like Bhagavadgita, and Patanjali Yoga Sutra. Yogic counselling was given by yoga experts who have Yoga and psychology as their specialization and PhDs in Yoga.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYoga module\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSl no\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePractice/technique\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDuration\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrayer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 minutes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDaily\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOm chanting\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 minutes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDaily\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eArdhakati chakrasana- lateral arc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 minutes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDaily\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eArdhachakrasana- half wheel\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 minutes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDaily\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePadahastasana- hands to feet\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 minutes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDaily\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTrikonasana- triangle\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 minutes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDaily\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGomukhasana-cow\u0026rsquo;s face\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 minutes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDaily\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUstrasana- camel\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 minutes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDaily\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eShashankasana- rabbit\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 minutes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDaily\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBhujangasana- cobra\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 minutes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDaily\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eShalabhasana-locust\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 minutes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDaily\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHalasana-plough\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 minutes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDaily\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMatsyasana-fish\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 minutes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDaily\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKapalabhati- skull shining breath\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 minutes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDaily\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSuryabhedana \u0026ndash; right piercing breath\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 minutes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDaily\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChandrabhedana- left piercing breath\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 minutes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDaily\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSheetali/seetkari- cooling\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 minutes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDaily\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNadishuddhi- alternate nostril breath\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 minutes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDaily\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBhramari \u0026ndash; humming bee breath\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 minutes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDaily\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDhyana (meditation)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20 minutes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDaily\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYogic counselling\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30 minutes to 1 hour\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTwice a week\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eAssessments:\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePerceived Stress scale:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt is a self-rated questionnaire that was designed to measure the degree to which situations in one\u0026rsquo;s life are appraised as stressful. It consists of 10 items on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 0-never to 4- very often. Higher scores indicate higher levels of perceived stress.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eBrief Resilience scale:\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt is a self-reported questionnaire designed to measure resilience in an individual. It comprises of 6 items on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1-strongly disagree to 5-strongly agree. Higher scores indicate higher resilience.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eRosenberg Self Esteem scale:\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt is a self-reported questionnaire designed to assess self-esteem in a person. It has 10 items on a 4-point Likert scale ranging from strongly agree to strongly disagree.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSpiritual Well-being:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt is a self-rated questionnaire for assessing spiritual well-being. It consists 20 items on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from strongly agree to strongly disagree.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eState Trait Anxiety Inventory:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis self-rated questionnaire is a set of 20 items on a 4-point Likert scale ranging from 1 to 4. The STAI form Y-1 is used to assess state anxiety.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eData extraction and analysis:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eData from the individual assessment tools were calculated using their respective manuals and entered in excel files to be saved as csv files. Scoring was done by a psychology graduate who was blinded regarding the time of assessment. The data was analyzed using JASP. Descriptive analysis is done and normality of data is checked using Shapiro-Wilk\u0026rsquo;s test. Since only one group is used in the study design paired samples t test is used to assess the change in means before and after intervention period.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eA total of 35 participants completed the study. The difference between the baseline and post-intervention assessments are shown in Table no.2. Descriptive analysis results are shown in Table no. 3. Results from the Paired samples t test revealed significant difference in scores between baseline and post-assessment. PSS scores reduced significantly post intervention with p-value of 0.001 and Cohen\u0026rsquo;s d of 0.79. BRS scores improved after yoga with p-value of 0.001 and Cohen\u0026rsquo;s d of 0.65. SWB scores improved with p-value of 0.001 and Cohen\u0026rsquo;s d of 0.8. HADS-A scores reduced significantly with p-value of 0.003 and Cohen\u0026rsquo;s d of 0.59. HADS-D scores reduced with p-value of 0.03 and Cohen\u0026rsquo;s d of 0.41. STAI scores reduced considerably with p-value of 0.004 and Cohen\u0026rsquo;s d of 0.56.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDescriptive result\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"24\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c13\" colnum=\"13\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c14\" colnum=\"14\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c15\" colnum=\"15\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c16\" colnum=\"16\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c17\" colnum=\"17\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c18\" colnum=\"18\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c19\" colnum=\"19\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c20\" colnum=\"20\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c21\" colnum=\"21\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c22\" colnum=\"22\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c23\" colnum=\"23\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c24\" colnum=\"24\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"24\" nameend=\"c24\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePaired Samples T-Test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"20\" nameend=\"c20\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c24\" namest=\"c21\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95% CI for Effect Size\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeasure 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeasure 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTest\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStatistic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c20\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffect Size\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c22\" namest=\"c21\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLower\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c24\" namest=\"c23\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUpper\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePSS PRE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePSS POST\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.152\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026nbsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.702\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c21\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.327\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c22\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c23\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.068\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c24\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWilcoxon\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e446.500\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026nbsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.691\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c21\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.425\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c22\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c23\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.848\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c24\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRSES PRE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRSES POST\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-4.946\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026nbsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.836\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c21\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.217\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c22\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c23\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.445\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c24\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWilcoxon\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026nbsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.799\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c21\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.904\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c22\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c23\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.604\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c24\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBRS PRE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBRS POST\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-3.547\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.599\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c21\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.956\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c22\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c23\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.235\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c24\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWilcoxon\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91.500\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.653\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c21\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.827\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c22\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c23\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.366\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c24\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSWB PRE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSWB POST\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-4.478\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026nbsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.757\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c21\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.129\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c22\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c23\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.376\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c24\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWilcoxon\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.500\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026nbsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.817\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c21\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.914\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c22\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c23\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.631\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c24\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHADS-A PRE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHADS-A POST\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.459\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.585\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c21\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.222\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c22\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c23\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.940\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c24\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWilcoxon\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e473.500\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.592\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c21\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.287\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c22\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c23\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.788\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c24\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHADS-D-PRE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHADS-DPOST\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.085\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.045\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.352\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c21\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.008\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c22\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c23\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.692\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c24\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWilcoxon\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e396.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.039\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.412\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c21\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.047\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c22\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c23\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.680\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c24\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSTAI PRE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSTAI POST\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.435\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.581\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c21\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.218\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c22\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c23\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.936\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c24\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWilcoxon\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e465.500\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.565\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c21\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.249\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c22\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c23\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.772\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c24\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"24\" nameend=\"c24\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNote.\u003c/em\u003e \u0026nbsp;For the Student t-test, effect size is given by Cohen's \u003cem\u003ed\u003c/em\u003e. For the Wilcoxon test, effect size is given by the matched rank biserial correlation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cb\u003ePaired Samples test\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"24\" nameend=\"c24\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDescriptives\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eN\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMean\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSD\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSE\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"13\" nameend=\"c24\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePSS PRE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.886\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.072\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.026\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"13\" nameend=\"c24\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePSS POST\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.200\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.523\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.765\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"13\" nameend=\"c24\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRSES PRE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.314\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.779\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.639\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"13\" nameend=\"c24\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRSES POST\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.857\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.440\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.581\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"13\" nameend=\"c24\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBRS PRE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.734\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.480\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.081\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"13\" nameend=\"c24\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBRS POST\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.017\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.391\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.066\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"13\" nameend=\"c24\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSWB PRE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67.600\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.528\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.118\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"13\" nameend=\"c24\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSWB POST\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76.400\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.469\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.770\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"13\" nameend=\"c24\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHADS-A PRE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.229\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.386\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.741\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"13\" nameend=\"c24\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHADS-A POST\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.886\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.132\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.529\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"13\" nameend=\"c24\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHADS-D-PRE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.571\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.307\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.728\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"13\" nameend=\"c24\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHADS-DPOST\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.943\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.485\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.420\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"13\" nameend=\"c24\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSTAI PRE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.114\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.761\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.481\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"13\" nameend=\"c24\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSTAI POST\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.886\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.996\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.690\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"13\" nameend=\"c24\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe current study tried to determine the effect of yoga and yogic counselling on mental aspect of internally displaced persons residing in relief centers during the Meitei-Kuki conflict. There is high probability of these individuals to be affected adversely due to the conflict. Several studies have demonstrated the adverse effects of war and violence on mental health of the affected. Studies have demonstrated that mind-body medicine like yoga is beneficial in improving the mental aspect of health in those affected by violence and war\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The findings of our study show that after the intervention period, improvement was shown in resilience, self-esteem, and spiritual well-being while reduction in perceived stress and anxiety was observed. These findings corroborate earlier studies\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e and our hypothesis as well\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The probable mechanism of the beneficial effects could be attributed to ability of yoga to increase dopamine\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, Benson\u0026rsquo;s relaxation response\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, parasympathetic dominance\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e and deactivation of amygdala during om chanting\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Yogic counselling also works at the intellectual level and subconscious mind training during resolve (sankalpa) that helps to modulate one\u0026rsquo;s thinking besides the classical response of venting pent-up emotions during counselling.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe strengths of the study lie in the fact that this is the first study to be conducted on IDPs during this conflict using yoga as an intervention. Also, the study incorporated both physical yoga practices and philosophical aspect of yoga to enhance the effect. The study can be limited due to small sample size as it was a convenient sampling owing to the curfew imposed by the state government. Further, a possible Hawthorne effect could be there as total blinding is not feasible in yoga interventions and due to small sample size, we could not have more active comparator group besides the yoga group. Future studies can be done on bigger sample size by incorporating objective tools of assessment.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIt can be concluded from the study that yoga practice and yogic counselling could be an effective means for improving mental aspect of health in violence affected individuals. More robust studies with bigger sample size, mixed methods design, and multi-site should be conducted to ascertain the benefits and understand the mechanism. The state can come up with policies to provide these services to the IDPs in order to assuage their pain.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":" \u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no conflicts of interests.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere was no funding received for the study.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eSl no Name Conceptualization Yoga class Data collection Data analysis and interpretation Manuscript writing 1 RKRRL Yes Yes Yes 2 NJD Yes Yes Yes 3 NRD Yes Yes Yes4 NND Yes Yes Yes 5 SMD Yes Yes Yes 6 TND Yes Yes Yes\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eWe would like to acknowledge the psychologist who scored the assessment booklets and the participants of the study.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSaha, B., \u0026amp; Yadav, D. Refugee camps, border issues: Understanding influx of illegal immigrants from Myanmar to Manipur. 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Neurohemodynamic correlates of \u0026prime;OM\u0026prime; chanting: A pilot functional magnetic resonance imaging study. \u003cem\u003eInt J Yoga\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e4\u003c/em\u003e(1), 3. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.4103/0973-6131.78171\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.4103/0973-6131.78171\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Anxiety, depression, Manipur, Meitei-Kuki conflict, mental aspect, resilience, yoga","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5393603/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5393603/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIllegal immigrants of Kuki-Chin-Mizo tribes from Myanmar have infiltrated into Manipur leading to change in the geopolitics of the state leading to conflict. The ongoing conflict between Meiteis and Kukis has led to extreme acts of violence including brutal killings, sexual assault, destruction and demolition of public and private properties. The affected people have been adversely affected in various ways including their mental aspect of health. Yoga is proven to be beneficial for such conditions like exposure to conflict and violence.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfter baseline assessment of anxiety, depression, perceived stress, resilience, self-esteem, and spiritual well-being, the participants were given yoga intervention for 8 weeks. Post assessment was taken after the intervention period.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere is significant difference between the baseline and post assessments of anxiety, depression, perceived stress, self-esteem and spiritual well-being with p-values\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusion\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eYoga is an effective method to improve mental health in conflict affected persons residing in relief centers.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Effect of yoga on psychological aspect in persons in relief centers during the Meitei-Kuki clashes in Manipur.","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-12-03 14:40:37","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5393603/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"c33fca7e-1a5d-48a4-85e3-f346e51d29b1","owner":[],"postedDate":"December 3rd, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-04-28T15:58:58+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-5393603","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11089-025-01222-6","journal":{"identity":"pastoral-psychology","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Pastoral Psychology"},"publishedOn":"2025-04-23 15:56:59","publishedOnDateReadable":"April 23rd, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2024-12-03 14:40:37","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s11089-025-01222-6","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11089-025-01222-6","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5393603","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5393603","identity":"rs-5393603","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"cBFmMYwuxLRRLfASyISRj","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}