Removal of Congo Red Dye by Using Chemically Activated Lemon Peel Adsorbent

Removal of Congo Red Dye by Using Chemically Activated Lemon Peel Adsorbent | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Removal of Congo Red Dye by Using Chemically Activated Lemon Peel Adsorbent Monisha Mondol, Molla Mohammad Shafiqur Rahman, Prodipto Bishnu Angon This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4720412/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The synthetic colorant Congo red (CR) dye is an organic pollutant due to its resistance to decolorization. It is used in rubber, textiles, printing, and dyeing industries. Different dye-contaminated water can have adverse effects, including carcinogenicity and toxicity to biotic components. The discovery of CR dye, its noteworthy effects on aquatic life, and the ability of chemically activated lemon peel (LP) to function as an adsorbent were all made possible by this effort. The optimal conditions of dye concentration, adsorbent quantities, temperature, and contact period were assessed. The separation and removal of pollutants from wastewater were assessed by centrifuging the samples for the adsorption procedure, which is often used by spectrophotometers to evaluate LP’s capacity to remove CR. LP was chemically activated by using different KOH and H 3 PO 4 material-chemical ratios due to its frequent availability in nature, high surface area, and active functional groups. For CR adsorption, the best contact periods were 80 and 100 minutes, respectively, with removal percentages of 86.86% and 89.03% for 1:3 or LP-H3 (1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, and 1:5 ratios of LP and H 3 PO 4 as LP-H1, LP-H2, LP-H3, LP-H4, and LP-H5) ratios. The greatest CR adsorption took place at a dye concentration of 100 ppm. Through this work, LP served as an affordable and eco-friendly adsorbent. Further, more research can be done on using low-cost, high-performing, eco-friendly adsorbents to remove hazardous dyes. Congo Red dye Lemon peel Carcinogenicity Adsorption Activation Eco-friendly High surface area Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 12 Figure 13 1. Introduction Congo Red (CR), a synthetic dye belonging to the azo group, finds extensive application in the paper and textile sectors to differentiate the stains applied to elastic fabrics. The most effective method for identifying amyloidosis is CR tissue staining. CR is used as a pH indicator, printing color, and food color in many countries (Imran et al., 2022; Oladoye et al ., 2022). This dye has the chemical formula (C 32 H 22 N 6 Na 2 O 6 S 2 ) and a molecular weight of 696.665 g/mol. Among the most extensively used and well-liked azo dyes is CR, which has two azo bonds (-N=N-) in its chemical structure (Rápó et al., 2020). An anionic diazo dye with benzidine as its basis, CR can trigger allergic responses and be metabolized to the carcinogenic compound benzidine. It is made up of the sodium salt of 3,3′-([1,1′-biphenyl]-4,4′-diyl) bis (4-aminonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid). CR, for example, is structurally resistant to oxidation and subsequent biodegradation, allowing it to persist in the environment for a long time (Indira et al ., 2021). Wastewater generally includes substances like human waste, food scraps, oils, soaps, sometimes harmful chemicals, or dissolved and suspended organic solids (Sonune & Ghate, 2004). Currently, the wastewater that the textile industry releases contains a number of contaminants, such as chemicals, heavy metals, disinfectants, steadying agents, synthetic dyes, and inorganic salts (Biocomposite From Novel Bioresin With Natural Biomass, 2023). There is a risk to the health of humans, aquatic life, plants, and other living things when numerous textile enterprises routinely discharge untreated effluent into rivers, lakes, etc. (Kim et al ., 2021). A few of the effluents produced by wet processing processes for textiles include chemicals, reactive dyes, biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and different organic compounds (Bilal & Iqbal, 2020; Harja et al., 2022). Textile effluents must therefore be treated before being released into lakes, rivers, etc. (Hunger, 2003; Ding et al ., 2022; Tomar et al ., 2022). The untreated wastewater directly releases from various industries and households results in the release of toxic pollutants to the aquatic environment (Rasalingam et al ., 2014). Therefore, treating dye effluent prior to release into the environment is crucial (Patel & Vashi, 2012; “Removal of Azo and Anthraquinone Dye by Plant Biomass as Adsorbent – a Review,” 2020; Patel & Vashi, 2012). In our country, industries like the textile industry, leather industry generally situated on the bank of any river and disposes their wastewater without treated in river. And this causes a threat to aquatic life of that river or surrounding environment (Chia et al., 2022; Kabir et al., 2015). One of the regular waste products of the soft drink and lemon juice industries worldwide is lemon peel (LP) (Dutta et al., 2023; Mahato et al., 2018), which has been utilized to eliminate various dyes such as Methyl orange; Methyl red; Congo red; Phenyl orange dye; Chrysoidine; Mordant dye; Mordant Black 17 (Calcon); Blue direct dye; Direct red dye etc. various toxic dye. Lemon/citrus peel is among the potential inexpensive adsorbents (Bailey et al., 1999; Novera et al ., 2021; Sanghi & Verma, 2013). Furthermore, fruit peels or skins typically contain amide surface functional groups, pectin compounds, cellulose, hemicellulose, carboxyl, and hydroxyl, all of which improve interactions between adsorbent and adsorbate (Garzón-Barrero et al ., 2016). Lemon peels, in particular, are frequently used as adsorbents in wastewater treatment due to their high surface areas and dynamic functional groups (Bhatnagar et al., 2009; Dey et al ., 2021). Trypan Blue elimination in lemon peel is highest at 89.47%, followed by Methylene Blue at 85.37%, Congo Red at 84.61%, Brilliant Yellow at 82.85%, Reaction bleach 5 at 66.37%, Naphthol Green-B at 62.09%, Acid Orange at 61.88%, Crystal Violet at 57.27%, Ramazol BB at 46.09% (Hamid, 2011; Mohammadi et al ., 2014; Bhatnagar et al ., 2010). To chemically activate lemon peel, use a ratio of 1:1 and a temperature of 600 °C (ALP-600). The capacitive performance of carbon materials is systematically analyzed in alkaline (2 M KOH) and acidic (0.5 M H 2 SO 4 ) electrolytes (Surya & Michael, 2021). So, wastewater have to be treated or have to remove these chemicals with different adsorbents. The most popular physicochemical treatment for removing dissolved organics from wastewater is activated carbon, which works even in diluted solutions. However, activated carbon that is sold commercially is very expensive (Zeng et al ., 2019; García et al ., 2021). Searches for low-cost, biodegradable substitute adsorbents have been conducted in an effort to reduce the treatment cost of dye removal (Sanghi & Verma, 2013; CRINI, 2006; Sen, 2013). In order to remove reactive dye from aqueous medium, activated carbon made from sawdust and other biomass-based materials was used as an adsorbent (Ara et al ., 2013; “Removal of Azo and Anthraquinone Dye by Plant Biomass as Adsorbent – a Review,” 2020; Vimonses et al ., 2009; Kaur et al ., 2013; Ahmad & Kumar, 2010; Bardhan et al ., 2020; Costa & Paranhos, 2019; Ramutshatsha-Makhwedzha et al ., 2022; Sime et al., 2023). Adsorbents formed from agricultural biomass can be broadly classified into four categories: leaf-based, peel-based, stem-based, and seed-based (Ramutshatsha-Makhwedzha et al ., 2022; Samanta et al ., 2022; Shafiqul Alam, 2015; Surya & Michael, 2021). Sorbents that are abundant in nature, need little processing, or are waste products or by-products of another business are generally seen to be inexpensive (Aslam & Javed, 2023; Pérez et al ., 2023). Congo red removal could be done by adsorption method by lemon peel. Adsorption is not a new concept and is likely to remain popular because of its many benefits, including low cost, plenty of readily available adsorbents, high adsorption capacity, simple regeneration potential, and low energy consumption (Mohammadi et al ., 2014; (Harja et al., 2022; Lafi et al., 2018; Liu et al ., 2023). One of the best methods for purifying polluted water is adsorption (Vimonses et al ., 2009). The experiment will have benefits including affordability, accessibility, and environmentally beneficial nature of lemon peel adsorbent (Zare et al ., 2015; Henseler et al ., 2022; Mafra et al ., 2013). Lemon peel could be efficient for the removal of this toxic dye (Türkmen et al., 2022). Human health is gravely threatened by the harmful and poisonous waste of water problem. These wastes also cause cancer and are hazardous. The methods to remove hazardous compounds from aquatic environments, particularly those supporting human health, are provided in this paper to assist readers. Furthermore, as demonstrated by the subsequent investigation, lemon peel may be an affordable and environmentally benign adsorbent for the removal of CR from wastewater. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1 Field of Study The experimental dye CR (Congo Red) was collected from the local market, Kumarkhali, Kushtia. 2.2 Collection of Materials The LP was retrieved from the neighborhood market next to the campus of Khulna University. To increase the surface porosity of LP, the surface structure had to be modified with a strong acid and base. For this investigation, KOH and H 3 PO 4 were gathered from nearby scientific supply stores. 2.3 Raw Materials Processing LP was collected but was not readily available for the preparation of activated material. To do so, it first needed to be well processed. The processing of raw materials included successive orders. 2.3.1 Raw Material Drying LP was dried in order to remove the moisture. Drying was obtained in two ways. 2.3.1.1 Manual Drying The LP was sun-dried for seven days in order to eliminate any remaining moisture. 2.3.1.2 Oven Drying After manual drying, the fresh lemon peel (lemon exocarp), which is the outer layer of the pericarp ( Citrus limon ) (Figure 1), was cleaned and chopped into small pieces to create the adsorbent lemon peel. It was weighed and baked for twenty-four hours at 60 ºC. It began to weigh again after this 24-hour period had passed. The texture was once more placed in the oven for an hour, and then it was once more weighed using an electric weight machine (ATY 224) to guarantee that the dry weight would be reached (Figure 2.a). To detect any appreciable variation in weight both before and after keeping the batch of LP in the oven, this procedure needs to be repeated. A constant weight was achieved, and water from the material is considered to be removed entirely when there is very little to no significant variation in the change in weight before and after an oven drying session. 2.3.2 Raw material grinding Initially, a grinder machine (Figure 2.b) was used for grinding because the lemon peel had a very hard texture (Table 2). Subsequently, the material was crushed and ground even more using standard blenders. It is necessary to rinse the powdered lemon peel with hot water and bake it for 12 hours at 60 ºC. They were sieved and utilized as an adsorbent after drying. The source of the CR dye was Across Organics. The Panasonic MX-AC210S model of blender was utilized throughout the grinding procedure. 2.3.3 Sieving Sieving was performed after grinding the lemon peel. A small sieve with a mesh size of 1 mm was used for sieving (Figure 2.c). 2.4 Chemical Activation process of LP For chemical activation different doses of Acid-Base ratio was used. · Five types of chemically activated material were prepared in this research based on the material-chemical (acid-base) ratios. The material-chemical ratio was selected in this research were, In case of acid activation, Lemon peel powder (LPP): H 3 PO 4 = 1:1 Lemon peel powder (LPP): H 3 PO 4 = 1:2 Lemon peel powder (LPP): H 3 PO 4 = 1:3 Lemon peel powder (LPP): H 3 PO 4 = 1:4 Lemon peel powder (LPP): H 3 PO 4 = 1:5 In case of base activation, Lemon peel powder (LPP): KOH = 1:1 Lemon peel powder (LPP): KOH = 1:2 Lemon peel powder (LPP): KOH = 1:3 Lemon peel powder (LPP): KOH = 1:4 Lemon peel powder (LPP): KOH = 1:5 This material-chemical ratio was kept in the case of the LPP - H 3 PO 4 weight/volume ratio (Figure 3) and in the case of the LPP - KOH weight/weight ratio (Figure 4). · The solutions of KOH and H 3 PO 4 were made and can be kept in different beakers. · The solution of acid and base must be directly added to the lemon peel powder, and deionized water must also be combined with the mixes. For twenty-four hours, the samples were stored at 25 °C in a 100 mL beaker (Novera et al., 2021). · The neutralization of the material was conducted the next day after separating it from the aqueous solution by washing it with distilled water, and pH had to be observed. Then have to keep it in an oven for drying until a constant weight is obtained. · Soon after that, the material was kept in the oven for drying, and the drying was prolonged until a constant weight was obtained. 2.5 Stock solution preparation To create a 1000 mg L −1 stock solution, dissolve 1 g of CR dye in 1000 mL of water (Chawla et al ., 2017). Then from the 1000 ppm solution, I prepared 20 ppm, 40 ppm, 60 ppm, 80 ppm, and 100 ppm respectively (Figure 5). 2.6 Adsorption methodology Procedure for removing the percentage of dye from the CR dye solution with respect to time: · The adsorption experiments were conducted in 10 mL of 100 ppm CR solution with 0.5 g of chemically activated material prepared by the earlier stated procedure. · The CR solutions containing the chemically activated material were arranged in a magnetic steer. · After that, an adsorption experiment was conducted for chemically activated material with different material-chemical ratios in the magnetic steer at various times (from 20 to 100 minutes) to ascertain the ideal adsorption time for the greatest possible elimination of CR · The solutions were centrifuged with a centrifugal machine (D-78532) at 10 rpm for two minutes and then subjected to quantitative analysis (Figure 6). · The solution's absorbance yielded the elimination % of the chemically activated substance with the help of a spectrophotometer at 480 nm for CR solution. The amount of CR absorbed by the chemically activated material surface was determined by the difference between the initial and remaining concentrations of CR solution. · The equation for removal percentage can be expressed as following: Procedure for determining the impact of the initial CR dye concentration uptake by activated LP. The determination of the impact of the initial CR dye concentration was conducted after carrying out the experiment of removing the dye percentage from the CR solution. With respect to time, the experiment will be conducted at the most efficient time observed in the previous experiment. It consisted of obeying the following procedures: · In this case, instead of adjusting the actual dose, a variation was made in the concentration of the solution (5 to 10 ppm) in order to obtain the optimum dose. · The CR solutions containing the chemically activated material were shaken in the horizontal shaker at the best optimum time obtained from the former procedure of determination of the optimum dose for adsorption for the highest removal of CR. · The solutions were centrifuged with a centrifugal machine and then subjected to quantitative analysis. · The equation for removal percentage was the same equation that was used in the determination of the optimum time. 3. Results and Discussion 3.1 Adsorption of CR by chemically modified LP with respect to time 3.1.1 Removal of CR using LP modified by KOH The percentages of CR removed by the chemically modified LP generated at various times with various KOH ratios are displayed in Figure 7. The LP's porosity rose when KOH was used as the modifying reagent. As a result, the surface area of LP grew. The elimination % of the CR with different times is significantly influenced by the LP and KOH ratio, according to the experimental data. Based on their performances, the appropriate ratio and duration were chosen Figure 7 represents the 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, and 1:5 ratios of LP and KOH expressed by LP-K1, LP-K2, LP-K3, LP-K4, and LP-K5 respectively. It also represents the time variations (5, 10, 15, 20, and 25) minutes. After using modified LP, the removal of CR has been noticed, and the removal range was found to be 36.4% to 81.197%. From Figure 3, the best removal percentage was found for LP-K4 with 80-minute contact time where 81.197% removal was found. After 80 minutes the removal percentage started to decrease. In the following study, though LP-K5 with an 80- minutes contact time removed 71.81% of CR, the contact time was higher with low differences in removal percentage. It shows a noteworthy CR elimination rate when compared to modified sawdust and pine leaves. Pine leaf removal ranges are 41-38 % and 66-84%, respectively, for modified sawdust and pine leaves. Lemon Peel shows maximum removal of Congo Red 84.61% (Hamid, 2011). 3.1.2 Removal of CR using LP modified by H 3 PO 4 Figure 8 displays the percentages of CR removed by chemically modified LP generated at various times with various H 3 PO 4 ratios. The porosity of the CR rose when H 3 PO 4 was used as the modifying reagent. As a result, CR's surface area rose. According to experimental results, H 3 PO 4 and LP have a significant impact on the elimination percentage of the CR across different time periods. A Suitable proportion and duration were chosen based on their respective performances. The LP and H 3 PO 4 ratios of 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, and 1:5 are shown in Figure 8 as LP-H1, LP-H2, LP-H3, LP-H4, and LP-H5, respectively. The time variations (20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 minutes) are likewise represented by it. Following the application of modified LP, the removal of CR was observed, with a removal range of 46.24% to 86.86%. Based on Figure 8, it was determined that LP-H3, with an 80-minute contact duration and an 86.86% removal rate, has the best CR removal percentage. 80 minutes is the ideal duration for LP-H3, because after that point, the elimination percentage started to decline.In a study, it indicates that, following batch mode experiments, there was a determination of 84.3% adsorptive elimination of Congo red (CR) on processed watermelon (PWM) at 30 minutes, and 95% on its acid modification and citric acid-treated PWM as (CPWM) at 25 minutes (Table 1). However, there was a determination of 75.7% on water chestnuts (PWC) at 40 minutes and 97.2% on citric acid-treated water chestnuts (CPWC) (Hussain et al., 2022). Here, this experiment determined that H 3 PO 4 with an 80-minute contact duration shows the best CR removal percentage is 86.86%. 3.2. Adsorption of CR by chemically modified LP with respect to initial dye concentration 3.2.1 Adsorption of CR using modified LP by KOH As the initial concentration of CR increases, the adsorption capacity for CR increased. The modified LP by KOH revealed an adsorption range of 38.94% to 83.53%. With an 80-minute contact duration, LP-K4 was shown to be the most effective adsorbent for the adsorption of CR modified by KOH (Figure 9). Thus, using these ratios and contact times, different CR concentration removal experiments were carried out, with 83.53% adsorption occurring at 100 ppm, which showed the most effective outcome. 3.2.2 Removal of varied CR doses using modified LP by H 3 PO 4 According to figure 10, the most efficient adsorbent for CR adsorption modified by H 3 PO 4 was found to be LP-H3, with a contact time of 80 minutes. Thus, using these ratios and contact times, different CR concentration removal experiments were carried out, with the greatest effective result being 89.03% adsorption at 100 ppm. The higher the concentration of CR, the greater the adsorption ability for CR. Under the experimental conditions of an initial dye concentration of 90 mg/L and a contact period of 84 minutes, 88% of the dye was removed from the actual textile wastewater and 96% from the aqueous solution (Sime et al ., 2023). The adsorption capacity of Hevea brasiliensis seed shells (HBSS) activated with H 3 PO 4 (PHBSS) and NaCl (SHBSS) to CR was 55.87 and 50.51 mg/g, respectively. H 3 PO 4 was a more efficient activating agent for HBSS than NaCl (Igwegbe et al ., 2021). 3.3. Adsorption experiments investigation 3.3.1. Adsorption isotherms Equation (1) was utilized to calculate the percentage of removal or elimination (%). 3.3.1.1. Langmuir isothermal expression In order to examine the equilibrium data, different isotherm equations are provided in the literature. In this work, Equation (3). represents the Langmuir isotherm in linear form (Bukhari et al ., 2022). Where, q e is the quantity of CR dye adsorbed per unit weight of adsorbent (mg g –1 ), C e is the dye concentration in the solution at equilibrium (mg L –1 ), Q m is the adsorption capacity (mg g –1 ), and K L is the adsorption energy or Langmuir constant. Figure 11 shows the graphic representation of the plotting of linear models of the Langmuir isotherm to ascertain the adsorption pattern of KOH and H 3 PO 4 . Equations (2) and (1) are used to calculate the adsorption capacity and percentage removal (R%) of CR, respectively. In equation (2), V is the volume of adsorbate in dm 3 , while (m) is related to the mass of each adsorbent used in the experimental work. q max (mgg -1 ) is the highest adsorption capacity (Praipipat et al ., 2022). The maximum adsorption capacities (q max ) of the KOH and H 3 PO 4 adsorbents are 6.71186 and 3.943529, respectively, whereas the correlation coefficients (R 2 ) for the adsorption of CR on these two adsorbents in the Langmuir isotherm are 0.97929 and 0.98936, respectively (Table 3). For the adsorbents KOH and H 3 PO 4 , the Langmuir constants, or "K L " (adsorption energy), are 3.703455 and 8.578484 (L/mg), respectively. 3.3.1.2. Freundlich isothermal expression The equation represents the Freundlich isotherm in its linear version Equation (4). where, K F (mg g −1 ) represents Freundlich constant. Figure 12 shows the graphic representation of the plotting of linear models of Freundlich to predict the adsorption pattern of KOH and H 3 PO 4 . The Freundlich adsorption constants K F (mg. L -1 ) × (L.mg -1 )1/n are linked to adsorption intensity and adsorption capacity, respectively. Table 3 is a tabulation of this isotherm's significant determined parameters (Bukhari et al ., 2022; Praipipat et al ., 2022). Less surface heterogeneity is indicated by the correlation coefficients (R 2 ) for the adsorptive removal of CR on KOH and H 3 PO 4 , which are 0.68201 and 0.78378, respectively. Table 3 contains a tabulation of the significant parameters. 3.3.1.3. Temkin isothermal expression Figure 13 shows a graphic representation of the heat of adsorption (B T ) of CR on chemically treated adsorbent surfaces. Plotting (q e vs. ln C e ) as shown in Figure 13 and utilizing the linear relation provided in Equation (5) are the methods used to obtain the Temkin constants B T and K T . q e = B T lnK T + B T lnC e (5). In the given situation, K T represents the equilibrium binding constant and B T (kJmol -1 ) represents the heat of adsorption. Determine the type of dye interaction on the surfaces of each modified and unmodified adsorbent by looking at the heat of adsorption (B T ) values found in Table 3, which are derived from linear Equation (5) (Praipipat et al ., 2022). Adsorbate-adsorbent connections in Table 3 are stronger, as seen by the larger values of B T of 3.74558 and 7.18548 J/mole for chemically modified adsorbents with KOH and H 3 PO 4 , respectively. 4. Conclusions This study's goal is to determine how the chemically activated LP adsorbent is affected by contact time and dye concentration. Strong acid H 3 PO 4 may modify LP-H5 to remove 82.367% of the CR in 60 minutes of contact time, while strong base KOH can modify LP-K5 to remove 71.81% of the CR in 80 minutes. Furthermore, LP-K4, altered by strong base KOH, has the ability to eliminate 81.197% of CR, whereas LP-H3, altered by strong acid H 3 PO 4 , can eliminate 86.86% of CR in just 80 minutes of contact hours. In order to improve the proportion of CR dye removed by lemon peel, H 3 PO 4 acid is more effective, and 80 and 60 minutes, respectively, are the ideal contact times. The correlation coefficients (R 2 ) for the linear Langmuir isotherm is 0.97929 and 0.98936, which are fairly close to unity. However, the Freundlich and Temkin isotherms show less unity, and H 3 PO 4 exhibits the best result when compared to KOH. The linear Langmuir isothermal studies have q max values of 6.71186 and 3.943529 mg/g, respectively, indicating that KOH is more effective than H 3 PO 4 . In this study, an attempt has been made to determine the best efficiency of chemically activated lemon peel against time, dye concentration, and the ratio between source material and chemicals. However, the study fails to demonstrate its performance against some other important parameters, such as pH and temperature. Thus, LP was a promising and inexpensive medium for the adsorption of CR dyes, and it could find usage in industrial settings. Future research should look into competing ions like magnesium (Mg 2+ ), chromium (Cr), mercury (Hg), sodium (Na + ), and natural organic matter (NOM) that are contaminated in wastewater. The continuous flow study also necessitates investigating workable applications in the treatment of industrial wastewater. Abbreviations CR Congo Red LP Lemon Peel AC Activated Carbon DO Dissolve Oxygen BOD Biological Oxygen Demand COD Chemical Oxygen Demand g Gram ml Milliliter mm Millimeter Degree Celsius rpm Rotation Per Minute nm Nanometer Declarations Author Contribution M.M. and P.B.A. wrote the main manuscript text and M.M.S.R. supervise the study. All authors reviewed the manuscript. Data Availability All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article. References Abdul Razak, Z., Rushdi, S., Gadhban, M. Y., Al-Najjar, S. 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Biomass and Bioenergy , 152 , 106175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2021.106175 Tomar, S., Shahadat, M., Ali, S. W., Joshi, M., & Butola, B. (2022, December 27). Treatment of Textile‐Wastewater Using Green Technologies. Green Chemistry for Sustainable Water Purification , 129–156. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119852322.ch6 Türkmen, D., Bakhshpour, M., Akgönüllü, S., Aşır, S., & Denizli, A. (2022, March 23). Heavy Metal Ions Removal From Wastewater Using Cryogels: A Review. Frontiers in Sustainability , 3 . https://doi.org/10.3389/frsus.2022.765592 Vimonses, V., Lei, S., Jin, B., Chow, C. W., & Saint, C. (2009, March). Adsorption of congo red by three Australian kaolins. Applied Clay Science, 43(3–4), 465–472. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2008.11.008 Zare, K., Sadegh, H., Shahryari-ghoshekandi, R., Maazinejad, B., Ali, V., Tyagi, I., Agarwal, S., & Gupta, V. K. (2015, December). Enhanced removal of toxic Congo red dye using multi walled carbon nanotubes: Kinetic, equilibrium studies and its comparison with other adsorbents. Journal of Molecular Liquids, 212, 266–271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2015.09.027 Zeng, F., Liao, X., Pan, D., & Shi, H. (2019, December 16). Adsorption of dissolved organic matter from landfill leachate using activated carbon prepared from sewage sludge and cabbage by ZnCl2. Environmental Science and Pollution Research , 27 (5), 4891–4904. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-07233-0 Tables Table 1 Congo Red (CR) adsorption capability of the adsorbents of the previous studies. Name of adsorbents Removal capacity (%) Reference Saw dust 90% (Nimkar & Chavan, 2014). multi walled carbon nanotubes 92% (Zare et al ., 2015) Cyanoguanidine-modified chitosan 85.59% (Al-Harby et al., 2021) Bottom ash 96.95% (Mittal et al ., 2009) Deoiled soya 97.14% (Mittal et al ., 2009) Bael shell carbon 92% (Ahmad & Kumar, 2010) Guava leaf 86.84% (Ojedokun & Bello, 2016) Rice husk ash 98.835% (Chowdhury et al., 2009) Processed watermelon 84.3% (Hussain et al., 2022) Table 2 Instruments and chemical reagents used for the Congo red dye removal (in laboratory) Instruments Chemical Reagents References 1. Lemon peel 1. H 3 PO 4 2. KOH (Türkmen et al., 2022; Igwegbe et al. , 2021) 2. Congo Red 3. Beaker 4. Grinder 5. Distilled water 6. Oven 7. Centrifugal machine 8. Magnetic steer 9. pH meter 10. Filter paper 11. Spectrophotometer Table 3 Comparative linear isothermal studies for adsorptive removal of CR dye Isotherm model Parameter CR on KOH CR on H 3 PO 4 Langmuir isotherm R 2 0.97929 0.98936 q max (mgg -1 ) 6.71186 3.943529 K L (L/mg) 3.703455 8.578484 Freundlich isotherm R 2 0.68201 0.78378 1/n 0.20277 0.34935 K F (mg/g) (L/mg)1/ n 10.54775 7.53756 Temkin isotherm R 2 0.67489 0.8539 b T (J/mol) 3.74558 7.18548 K T (L mg -1 ) 10.1295 1.177207 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4720412","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":337010292,"identity":"a24b15f3-9ffa-4770-983b-bf359bf7a548","order_by":0,"name":"Monisha Mondol","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Khulna University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Monisha","middleName":"","lastName":"Mondol","suffix":""},{"id":337010295,"identity":"bf06cbd9-b9ff-407a-89ce-1dcfea1579e7","order_by":1,"name":"Molla Mohammad Shafiqur Rahman","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Khulna 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H\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003ePO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4720412/v1/fcfadf8159b1f67c5a338ce8.png"},{"id":62763122,"identity":"e0f70283-4711-4b68-88f1-1cf0fc3e5b3d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-08-19 07:58:33","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":16083,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eRemoval percentage of CR using LP-K4 modified by KOH\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4720412/v1/70537afaea183f3d6298cfbe.png"},{"id":62763910,"identity":"ce0be6a3-b894-4ddb-a222-fac4347b920e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-08-19 08:06:33","extension":"png","order_by":10,"title":"Figure 10","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":17532,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eRemoval percentage of CR using LP-H3 modified by H\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003ePO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4720412/v1/458db8c44faba618a88adabd.png"},{"id":62764498,"identity":"eb356444-f513-4068-b9f1-88ff933d68e4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-08-19 08:14:33","extension":"png","order_by":11,"title":"Figure 11","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":16637,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eLinearized Langmuir isotherm for removal of (a) CR on KOH and (b) CR on H\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003ePO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"11.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4720412/v1/69cb32ca86c07aabee0db7be.png"},{"id":62763912,"identity":"365a63ff-9fb3-428c-9d71-04ac35c0cc74","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-08-19 08:06:33","extension":"png","order_by":12,"title":"Figure 12","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":18149,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eLinearized Freundlich isotherm for removal of (a) CR on KOH and (b) CR on H\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003ePO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"12.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4720412/v1/4dd4790e28f95759d5610a1e.png"},{"id":62763123,"identity":"633d1975-e1d5-426d-8ec4-b8770123bcee","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-08-19 07:58:33","extension":"png","order_by":13,"title":"Figure 13","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":12858,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eLinearized Temkin isotherm for removal of (a) CR on KOH and (b) CR on H\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003ePO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"13.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4720412/v1/9713b2384d92a2e066f6f210.png"},{"id":75077805,"identity":"2b8a8807-a128-41c7-a158-b4c85c3f5cd5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-30 08:09:23","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":4198619,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4720412/v1/bd1d1d2e-f3ac-4eed-b39f-be5a3dd9ef26.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Removal of Congo Red Dye by Using Chemically Activated Lemon Peel Adsorbent","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eCongo Red (CR), a synthetic dye belonging to the azo group, finds extensive application in the paper and textile sectors to differentiate the stains applied to elastic fabrics. The most effective method for identifying amyloidosis is CR tissue staining. CR is used as a pH indicator, printing color, and food color in many countries (Imran \u003cem\u003eet al.,\u003c/em\u003e 2022;\u0026nbsp;Oladoye \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2022). This dye has the chemical formula (C\u003csub\u003e32\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e22\u003c/sub\u003eN\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003eNa\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003eS\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) and a molecular weight of 696.665 g/mol. Among the most extensively used and well-liked azo dyes\u0026nbsp;is CR, which has two azo bonds (-N=N-) in its chemical structure\u0026nbsp;(Rápó \u003cem\u003eet al.,\u003c/em\u003e 2020). An anionic diazo dye with benzidine as its basis, CR can trigger allergic responses and be metabolized to the carcinogenic compound benzidine.\u0026nbsp;It is made up of the sodium salt of 3,3′-([1,1′-biphenyl]-4,4′-diyl) bis (4-aminonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid). CR, for example, is structurally resistant to oxidation and subsequent biodegradation, allowing it to persist in the environment for a long time (Indira \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2021).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWastewater generally includes substances like human waste, food scraps, oils, soaps, sometimes harmful chemicals, or dissolved and suspended organic solids\u0026nbsp;(Sonune \u0026amp; Ghate, 2004). Currently, the wastewater that the textile industry releases contains a number of contaminants, such as chemicals, heavy metals, disinfectants, steadying agents, synthetic dyes, and inorganic salts (Biocomposite From Novel Bioresin With Natural Biomass, 2023). There is a risk to the health of humans, aquatic life, plants, and other living things when numerous textile enterprises routinely discharge untreated effluent into rivers, lakes, etc. (Kim \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2021). A few of the effluents produced by wet processing processes for textiles include chemicals, reactive dyes, biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and different organic compounds (Bilal \u0026amp; Iqbal, 2020; Harja \u003cem\u003eet al.,\u003c/em\u003e 2022). Textile effluents must therefore be treated before being released into lakes, rivers, etc. (Hunger, 2003; Ding \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2022; Tomar \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2022). \u0026nbsp;The untreated wastewater directly releases from various industries and households results in the release of toxic pollutants to the aquatic environment (Rasalingam \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2014).\u0026nbsp;Therefore, treating dye effluent prior to release into the environment is crucial (Patel \u0026amp; Vashi, 2012; “Removal of Azo and Anthraquinone Dye by Plant Biomass as Adsorbent – a Review,” 2020; Patel \u0026amp; Vashi, 2012). In our country, industries like the textile industry, leather industry generally situated on the bank of any river and disposes their wastewater without treated in river. And this causes a threat to aquatic life of that river or surrounding environment (Chia \u003cem\u003eet al.,\u003c/em\u003e 2022; Kabir \u003cem\u003eet al.,\u003c/em\u003e 2015).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOne of the regular waste products of the soft drink and lemon juice industries worldwide is lemon peel (LP) (Dutta et al., 2023; Mahato et al., 2018), which has been utilized to eliminate various dyes such as Methyl orange; Methyl red; Congo red; Phenyl orange dye; Chrysoidine; Mordant dye; Mordant Black 17 (Calcon); Blue direct dye; Direct red dye etc. various toxic dye.\u0026nbsp;Lemon/citrus peel is among the potential inexpensive adsorbents (Bailey \u003cem\u003eet al.,\u003c/em\u003e 1999; Novera \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2021;\u0026nbsp;Sanghi \u0026amp; Verma, 2013).\u0026nbsp;Furthermore, fruit peels or skins typically contain amide surface functional groups, pectin compounds, cellulose, hemicellulose, carboxyl, and hydroxyl, all of which improve interactions between adsorbent and adsorbate (Garzón-Barrero \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2016). Lemon peels, in particular, are frequently used as adsorbents in wastewater treatment due to their high surface areas and dynamic functional groups (Bhatnagar \u003cem\u003eet al.,\u003c/em\u003e 2009; Dey \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2021).\u0026nbsp;Trypan Blue elimination in lemon peel is highest at 89.47%, followed by Methylene Blue at 85.37%, Congo Red at 84.61%, Brilliant Yellow at 82.85%, Reaction bleach 5 at 66.37%, Naphthol Green-B at 62.09%, Acid Orange at 61.88%, Crystal Violet at 57.27%, Ramazol BB at 46.09%\u0026nbsp;(Hamid, 2011; Mohammadi \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2014; Bhatnagar \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2010).\u0026nbsp;To chemically activate lemon peel, use a ratio of 1:1 and a temperature of 600 °C (ALP-600). The capacitive performance of carbon materials is systematically analyzed in alkaline (2 M KOH) and acidic (0.5 M H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e) electrolytes\u0026nbsp;(Surya \u0026amp; Michael, 2021). So, wastewater have to be treated or have to remove these chemicals with different adsorbents.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe most popular physicochemical treatment for removing dissolved organics from wastewater is activated carbon, which works even in diluted solutions. However, activated carbon that is sold commercially is very expensive (Zeng \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2019; García \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2021).\u0026nbsp;Searches for low-cost, biodegradable substitute adsorbents have been conducted in an effort to reduce the treatment cost of dye removal (Sanghi \u0026amp; Verma, 2013; CRINI, 2006;\u0026nbsp;Sen, 2013).\u0026nbsp;In order to remove reactive dye from aqueous medium, activated carbon made from sawdust and other biomass-based materials was used as an adsorbent (Ara \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2013; “Removal of Azo and Anthraquinone Dye by Plant Biomass as Adsorbent – a Review,” 2020;\u0026nbsp;Vimonses \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2009; Kaur \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2013; Ahmad \u0026amp; Kumar, 2010; Bardhan \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2020; Costa \u0026amp; Paranhos, 2019; Ramutshatsha-Makhwedzha \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2022; Sime \u003cem\u003eet al.,\u003c/em\u003e 2023).\u0026nbsp;Adsorbents formed from agricultural biomass can be broadly classified into four categories: leaf-based, peel-based, stem-based, and seed-based\u0026nbsp;(Ramutshatsha-Makhwedzha \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e.,\u0026nbsp;2022; Samanta \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2022;\u0026nbsp;Shafiqul\u0026nbsp;Alam, 2015; Surya \u0026amp; Michael, 2021). Sorbents that are abundant in nature, need little processing, or are waste products or by-products of another business are generally seen to be inexpensive (Aslam \u0026amp; Javed, 2023; Pérez \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2023). Congo red removal could be done by adsorption method by lemon peel.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAdsorption is not a new concept and is likely to remain popular because of its many benefits, including low cost, plenty of readily available adsorbents, high adsorption capacity, simple regeneration potential, and low energy consumption (Mohammadi \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2014;\u0026nbsp;(Harja \u003cem\u003eet al.,\u003c/em\u003e 2022; Lafi \u003cem\u003eet al.,\u003c/em\u003e 2018; Liu \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2023).\u0026nbsp;One of the best methods for purifying polluted water is adsorption (Vimonses \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2009).\u0026nbsp;The experiment will have benefits including affordability, accessibility, and environmentally beneficial nature\u0026nbsp;of lemon peel adsorbent\u0026nbsp;(Zare \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2015;\u0026nbsp;Henseler \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2022; Mafra \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2013).\u0026nbsp;Lemon peel could be efficient for the removal of this toxic dye (Türkmen \u003cem\u003eet al.,\u003c/em\u003e 2022).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHuman health is gravely threatened by the harmful and poisonous waste of water problem. These wastes also cause cancer and are hazardous. The methods to remove hazardous compounds from aquatic environments, particularly those supporting human health, are provided in this paper to assist readers. Furthermore, as demonstrated by the subsequent investigation, lemon peel may be an affordable and environmentally benign adsorbent for the removal of CR from wastewater.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.1 Field of Study\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe experimental dye CR (Congo Red) was collected from the local market, Kumarkhali, Kushtia.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.2\u0026nbsp;Collection of Materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe LP was retrieved from the neighborhood market next to the campus of Khulna University. To increase the surface porosity of LP, the surface structure had to be modified with a strong acid and base. For this investigation, KOH and H\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003ePO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e were gathered from nearby scientific supply stores.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.3 Raw Materials Processing\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLP was collected but was not readily available for the preparation of activated material. To do so, it first needed to be well processed. The processing of raw materials included successive orders.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.3.1 Raw Material Drying\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLP was dried in order to remove the moisture. Drying was obtained in two ways.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.3.1.1 Manual Drying\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe LP was sun-dried for seven days in order to eliminate any remaining moisture.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.3.1.2 Oven Drying\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAfter manual drying, the fresh lemon peel (lemon exocarp), which is the outer layer of the pericarp (\u003cem\u003eCitrus limon\u003c/em\u003e) (Figure 1), was cleaned and chopped into small pieces to create the adsorbent lemon peel. It was weighed and baked for twenty-four hours at 60 \u0026ordm;C. It began to weigh again after this 24-hour period had passed. The texture was once more placed in the oven for an hour, and then it was once more weighed using an electric weight machine (ATY 224) to guarantee that the dry weight would be reached (Figure 2.a). To detect any appreciable variation in weight both before and after keeping the batch of LP in the oven, this procedure needs to be repeated.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA constant weight was achieved, and water from the material is considered to be removed entirely when there is very little to no significant variation in the change in weight before and after an oven drying session.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.3.2 Raw material grinding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInitially, a grinder machine (Figure 2.b) was used for grinding because the lemon peel had a very hard texture (Table 2). Subsequently, the material was crushed and ground even more using standard blenders. It is necessary to rinse the powdered lemon peel with hot water and bake it for 12 hours at 60 \u0026ordm;C. They were sieved and utilized as an adsorbent after drying. The source of the CR dye was Across Organics. The Panasonic MX-AC210S model of blender was utilized throughout the grinding procedure.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.3.3 Sieving\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSieving was performed after grinding the lemon peel. A small sieve with a mesh size of 1 mm was used for sieving (Figure 2.c).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.4 Chemical Activation process of LP\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor chemical activation different doses of Acid-Base ratio was used.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026middot;\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Five types of chemically activated material were prepared in this research based on the material-chemical (acid-base) ratios. The material-chemical ratio was selected in this research were,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn case of acid activation,\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Lemon peel powder (LPP): H\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003ePO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e = 1:1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Lemon peel powder (LPP): H\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003ePO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e = 1:2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Lemon peel powder (LPP): H\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003ePO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e = 1:3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Lemon peel powder (LPP): H\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003ePO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e = 1:4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Lemon peel powder (LPP): H\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003ePO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e = 1:5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;In case of base activation,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Lemon peel powder (LPP): KOH = 1:1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Lemon peel powder (LPP): KOH = 1:2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Lemon peel powder (LPP): KOH = 1:3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Lemon peel powder (LPP): KOH = 1:4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Lemon peel powder (LPP): KOH = 1:5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis material-chemical ratio was kept in the case of the LPP - H\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003ePO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e weight/volume ratio (Figure 3) and in the case of the LPP - KOH weight/weight ratio (Figure 4).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026middot;\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;The solutions of KOH and H\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003ePO\u003csub\u003e4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003ewere made and can be kept in different beakers.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026middot;\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;The solution of acid and base must be directly added to the lemon peel powder, and deionized water must also be\u0026nbsp;combined with the mixes. For twenty-four hours, the samples were stored at 25 \u0026deg;C in a 100 mL beaker\u0026nbsp;(Novera \u003cem\u003eet al.,\u003c/em\u003e 2021).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026middot;\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;The neutralization of the material was conducted the next day after separating it from the aqueous solution by washing it with distilled water, and pH had to be observed. Then have to keep it in an oven for drying until a constant weight is obtained.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026middot;\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Soon after that, the material was kept in the oven for drying, and the drying was prolonged until a constant weight was obtained.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.5 Stock solution preparation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo create a 1000 mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;1\u003c/sup\u003e stock solution, dissolve 1 g of CR dye in 1000 mL of water (Chawla \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2017). Then from the 1000 ppm solution, I prepared 20 ppm, 40 ppm, 60 ppm, 80 ppm, and 100 ppm respectively (Figure 5).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.6 Adsorption methodology\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eProcedure for removing the percentage of dye from the CR dye solution with respect to time:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026middot;\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;The adsorption experiments were conducted in 10 mL of 100 ppm CR solution with 0.5 g of chemically activated material prepared by the earlier stated procedure.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026middot;\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;The CR solutions containing the chemically activated material were arranged in a magnetic steer.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026middot;\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;After that, an adsorption experiment was conducted for chemically activated material with different material-chemical ratios in the magnetic steer at various times (from 20 to 100 minutes)\u0026nbsp;to ascertain the ideal adsorption time for the greatest possible elimination of CR\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026middot;\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;The solutions were centrifuged with a centrifugal machine (D-78532) at 10 rpm for two minutes and then subjected to quantitative analysis (Figure 6).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026middot;\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;The solution\u0026apos;s absorbance yielded the elimination % of the chemically activated substance\u0026nbsp;with the help of a spectrophotometer at 480 nm for CR solution. The amount of CR absorbed by the chemically activated material surface was determined by the difference between the initial and remaining concentrations of CR solution.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026middot; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;The equation for removal percentage can be expressed as following:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg 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\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eProcedure for determining the impact of the initial CR dye concentration uptake by activated LP.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe determination of the impact of the initial CR dye concentration was conducted after carrying out the experiment of removing the dye percentage from the CR solution. With respect to time, the experiment will be conducted at the most efficient time observed in the previous experiment. It consisted of obeying the following procedures:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026middot;\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;In this case, instead of adjusting the actual dose, a variation was made in the concentration of the solution (5 to 10 ppm) in order to obtain the optimum dose.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026middot;\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;The CR solutions containing the chemically activated material were shaken in the horizontal shaker at the best optimum time obtained from the former procedure of determination of the optimum dose for adsorption for the highest removal of CR.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026middot; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;The solutions were centrifuged with a centrifugal machine and then subjected to quantitative analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026middot; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;The equation for removal percentage was the same equation that was used in the determination of the optimum time.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results and Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.1 Adsorption of CR by chemically modified LP with respect to time\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.1.1 Removal of CR using LP modified by KOH\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe percentages of CR removed by the chemically modified LP generated at various times with various KOH ratios are displayed in Figure 7. The LP\u0026apos;s porosity rose when KOH was used as the modifying reagent. As a result, the surface area of LP grew. The elimination % of the CR with different times is significantly influenced by the LP and KOH ratio, according to the experimental data. Based on their performances, the appropriate ratio and duration were chosen Figure 7 represents the 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, and 1:5 ratios of LP and KOH expressed by LP-K1, LP-K2, LP-K3, LP-K4, and LP-K5 respectively. It also represents the time variations (5, 10, 15, 20, and 25) minutes. After using modified LP, the removal of CR has been noticed, and the removal range was found to be 36.4% to 81.197%.\u0026nbsp;From Figure 3, the best removal percentage was found for LP-K4 with 80-minute contact time where 81.197% removal was found. After 80 minutes the removal percentage started to decrease. In the following study, though LP-K5 with an 80- minutes contact time removed 71.81% of CR, the contact time was higher with low differences in removal percentage.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt shows a noteworthy CR elimination rate when compared to modified sawdust and pine leaves. Pine leaf removal ranges are 41-38 % and 66-84%, respectively, for modified sawdust and pine leaves.\u0026nbsp;Lemon Peel shows maximum removal of Congo Red 84.61% (Hamid, 2011).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.1.2 Removal of CR using LP modified by H\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003ePO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFigure 8 displays the percentages of CR removed by chemically modified LP generated at various times with various H\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003ePO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e ratios. The porosity of the CR rose when H\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003ePO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e was used as the modifying reagent. As a result, CR\u0026apos;s surface area rose. According to experimental results, H\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003ePO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e and LP have a significant impact on the elimination percentage of the CR across different time periods. A Suitable proportion and duration were chosen based on their respective performances. The LP and H\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003ePO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e ratios of 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, and 1:5 are shown in Figure 8 as LP-H1, LP-H2, LP-H3, LP-H4, and LP-H5, respectively. The time variations (20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 minutes) are likewise represented by it. Following the application of modified LP, the removal of CR was observed, with a removal range of 46.24% to 86.86%. Based on Figure 8, it was determined that LP-H3, with an 80-minute contact duration and an 86.86% removal rate, has the best CR removal percentage. 80 minutes is the ideal duration for LP-H3, because after that point, the elimination percentage started to decline.In a study, it indicates that, following batch mode experiments, there was a determination of 84.3% adsorptive elimination of Congo red (CR) on processed watermelon (PWM) at 30 minutes, and 95% on its acid modification and citric acid-treated PWM as (CPWM) at 25 minutes (Table 1). However, there was a determination of 75.7% on water chestnuts (PWC) at 40 minutes and 97.2% on citric acid-treated water chestnuts (CPWC) (Hussain \u003cem\u003eet al.,\u003c/em\u003e 2022).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHere, this experiment determined that H\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003ePO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e with an 80-minute contact duration shows the best CR removal percentage is 86.86%.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.2. Adsorption of CR by chemically modified LP with respect to initial dye concentration\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.2.1 Adsorption of CR using modified LP by KOH\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs the initial concentration of CR increases, the adsorption\u0026nbsp;capacity for CR increased. The modified LP by KOH revealed an adsorption range of 38.94% to 83.53%. With an 80-minute contact duration, LP-K4 was shown to be the most effective adsorbent for the adsorption of CR modified by KOH (Figure 9).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThus, using these ratios and contact times, different CR concentration removal experiments were carried out, with 83.53% adsorption occurring at 100 ppm, which showed the most effective outcome.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.2.2 Removal of varied CR doses using modified LP by H\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003ePO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to figure 10, the most efficient adsorbent for CR adsorption modified by H\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003ePO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e was found to be LP-H3, with a contact time of 80 minutes. Thus, using these ratios and contact times, different CR concentration removal experiments were carried out, with the greatest effective result being 89.03% adsorption at 100 ppm.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe higher the concentration of CR, the greater the adsorption ability for CR. Under the experimental conditions of an initial dye concentration of 90 mg/L and a contact period of 84 minutes, 88% of the dye was removed from the actual textile wastewater and 96% from the aqueous solution\u0026nbsp;(Sime \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2023).\u0026nbsp;The adsorption capacity of Hevea brasiliensis seed shells (HBSS) activated with H\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003ePO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e (PHBSS) and NaCl (SHBSS) to CR was 55.87 and 50.51 mg/g, respectively. H\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003ePO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e was a more efficient activating agent for HBSS than NaCl (Igwegbe \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2021).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.3. Adsorption experiments investigation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.3.1. Adsorption isotherms\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEquation (1) was utilized to calculate the percentage of removal or elimination (%).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg 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\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.3.1.1. Langmuir isothermal expression\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn order to examine the equilibrium data, different isotherm equations are provided in the literature. In this work, Equation (3). represents the Langmuir isotherm in linear form (Bukhari \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2022).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,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\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhere, q\u003csub\u003ee\u003c/sub\u003e is the quantity of CR dye adsorbed per unit weight of adsorbent (mg g\u003csup\u003e\u0026ndash;1\u003c/sup\u003e), C\u003csub\u003ee\u003c/sub\u003e is the dye concentration in the solution at equilibrium (mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026ndash;1\u003c/sup\u003e), Q\u003csub\u003em\u003c/sub\u003e is the adsorption capacity (mg g\u003csup\u003e\u0026ndash;1\u003c/sup\u003e), and K\u003csub\u003eL\u003c/sub\u003e is the adsorption energy or Langmuir constant.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFigure 11 shows the graphic representation of the plotting of linear models of the Langmuir isotherm to ascertain the adsorption pattern of KOH and H\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003ePO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEquations (2) and (1) are used to calculate the adsorption capacity and percentage removal (R%) of CR, respectively. In equation (2), V is the volume of adsorbate in dm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e, while (m) is related to the mass of each adsorbent used in the experimental work. q\u003csub\u003emax\u003c/sub\u003e (mgg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e) is the highest adsorption capacity (Praipipat\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2022).\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003eThe maximum adsorption capacities (q\u003csub\u003emax\u003c/sub\u003e) of the KOH and H\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003ePO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e adsorbents are 6.71186 and 3.943529, respectively, whereas the correlation coefficients (R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e) for the adsorption of CR on these two adsorbents in the Langmuir isotherm are 0.97929 and 0.98936, respectively (Table 3). For the adsorbents KOH and H\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003ePO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e, the Langmuir constants, or \u0026quot;K\u003csub\u003eL\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026quot; (adsorption energy), are 3.703455 and 8.578484 (L/mg), respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.3.1.2. Freundlich isothermal expression\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe equation represents the Freundlich isotherm in its linear version \u0026nbsp; Equation (4). \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,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\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ewhere, K\u003csub\u003eF\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e(mg g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;1\u003c/sup\u003e) represents Freundlich constant.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFigure 12 shows the graphic representation of the plotting of linear models of Freundlich to predict the adsorption pattern of KOH and H\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003ePO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e. The Freundlich adsorption constants K\u003csub\u003eF\u003c/sub\u003e (mg. L\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e) \u0026times; (L.mg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e)1/n are linked to adsorption intensity and adsorption capacity, respectively. Table 3 is a tabulation of this isotherm\u0026apos;s significant determined parameters (Bukhari \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2022; Praipipat \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2022). Less surface heterogeneity is indicated by the correlation coefficients (R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e) for the adsorptive removal of CR on KOH and H\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003ePO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e, which are 0.68201 and 0.78378, respectively. Table 3 contains a tabulation of the significant parameters.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.3.1.3. Temkin isothermal expression\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFigure 13 shows a graphic representation of the heat of adsorption (B\u003csub\u003eT\u003c/sub\u003e) of CR on chemically treated adsorbent surfaces.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePlotting (q\u003csub\u003ee\u003c/sub\u003e vs. ln C\u003csub\u003ee\u003c/sub\u003e) as shown in Figure 13 and utilizing the linear relation provided in Equation (5) are the methods used to obtain the Temkin constants B\u003csub\u003eT\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003eand K\u003csub\u003eT\u003c/sub\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; q\u003csub\u003ee\u003c/sub\u003e = B\u003csub\u003eT\u003c/sub\u003e lnK\u003csub\u003eT\u003c/sub\u003e + B\u003csub\u003eT\u003c/sub\u003e lnC\u003csub\u003ee\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; (5).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the given situation, K\u003csub\u003eT\u003c/sub\u003e represents the equilibrium binding constant and B\u003csub\u003eT\u003c/sub\u003e (kJmol\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e) represents the heat of adsorption. Determine the type of dye interaction on the surfaces of each modified and unmodified adsorbent by looking at the heat of adsorption (B\u003csub\u003eT\u003c/sub\u003e) values found in Table 3, which are derived from linear Equation (5) (Praipipat \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2022). Adsorbate-adsorbent connections in Table 3 are stronger, as seen by the larger values of B\u003csub\u003eT\u003c/sub\u003e of 3.74558 and 7.18548 J/mole for chemically modified adsorbents with KOH and H\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003ePO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"4. Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study's goal is to determine how the chemically activated LP adsorbent is affected by contact time and dye concentration. Strong acid H\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003ePO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e may modify LP-H5 to remove 82.367% of the CR in 60 minutes of contact time, while strong base KOH can modify LP-K5 to remove 71.81% of the CR in 80 minutes. Furthermore, LP-K4, altered by strong base KOH, has the ability to eliminate 81.197% of CR, whereas LP-H3, altered by strong acid H\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003ePO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e, can eliminate 86.86% of CR in just 80 minutes of contact hours. In order to improve the proportion of CR dye removed by lemon peel, H\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003ePO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e acid is more effective, and 80 and 60 minutes, respectively, are the ideal contact times. The correlation coefficients (R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e) for the linear Langmuir isotherm is 0.97929 and 0.98936, which are fairly close to unity. However, the Freundlich and Temkin isotherms show less unity, and H\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003ePO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e exhibits the best result when compared to KOH. The linear Langmuir isothermal studies have q\u003csub\u003emax\u003c/sub\u003e values of 6.71186 and 3.943529 mg/g, respectively, indicating that KOH is more effective than H\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003ePO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e. In this study, an attempt has been made to determine the best efficiency of chemically activated lemon peel against time, dye concentration, and the ratio between source material and chemicals. However, the study fails to demonstrate its performance against some other important parameters, such as pH and temperature. Thus, LP was a promising and inexpensive medium for the adsorption of CR dyes, and it could find usage in industrial settings. Future research should look into competing ions like magnesium (Mg\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e), chromium (Cr), mercury (Hg), sodium (Na\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e), and natural organic matter (NOM) that are contaminated in wastewater. The continuous flow study also necessitates investigating workable applications in the treatment of industrial wastewater.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"558\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"62.47755834829444%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCR\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.52244165170556%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCongo Red\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"62.47755834829444%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLP\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.52244165170556%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLemon Peel\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"62.47755834829444%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAC\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.52244165170556%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eActivated Carbon\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"62.47755834829444%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDO\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.52244165170556%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDissolve Oxygen\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"62.47755834829444%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBOD\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.52244165170556%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBiological Oxygen Demand\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"62.47755834829444%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCOD\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.52244165170556%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChemical Oxygen Demand\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"62.47755834829444%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eg\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.52244165170556%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGram\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"62.47755834829444%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eml\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.52244165170556%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMilliliter\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"62.47755834829444%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003emm\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.52244165170556%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMillimeter\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"62.47755834829444%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.52244165170556%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDegree Celsius\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"62.47755834829444%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003erpm\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.52244165170556%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRotation Per Minute\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"62.47755834829444%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003enm\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.52244165170556%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNanometer\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eM.M. and P.B.A. wrote the main manuscript text and M.M.S.R. supervise the study. All authors reviewed the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData Availability\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAll data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAbdul Razak, Z., Rushdi, S., Gadhban, M. Y., Al-Najjar, S. Z., \u0026amp; Al-Sharify, Z. T. (2020). Possibility of utilizing the lemon peels in removing of red reactive (RR) dye from simulated aqueous solution. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Green Engineering\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e10\u003c/em\u003e, 7343-7359.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAhmad, R., \u0026amp; Kumar, R. (2010, December). Adsorptive removal of congo red dye from aqueous solution using bael shell carbon. Applied Surface Science, 257(5), 1628\u0026ndash;1633. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2010.08\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAl-Harby, N. F., Albahly, E. F., \u0026amp; Mohamed, N. A. (2021). 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REMOVAL OF Pb(II) IONS AND MALACHITE GREEN DYE FROM WASTEWATER BY ACTIVATED CARBON PRODUCED FROM LEMON PEEL. \u003cem\u003eQu\u0026iacute;mica Nova\u003c/em\u003e. https://doi.org/10.5935/0100-4042.20140129\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eNimkar, D. A., \u0026amp; Chavan, S. K. (2014). Removal of Congo red dye from aqueous solution by using saw dust as an adsorbent. \u003cem\u003eInt. J. Eng. Res. Appl\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e4\u003c/em\u003e, 47-51.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eNovera, T. M., Tabassum, M., Bardhan, M., Islam, M. A., \u0026amp; Islam, M. A. (2021, April). Chemical modification of betel nut husk prepared by sodium hydroxide for methylene blue adsorption. Applied Water Science, 11(4). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-021-01394-5\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eOladoye, P. O., Bamigboye, M. O., Ogunbiyi, O. D., \u0026amp; Akano, M. T. (2022, November). Toxicity and decontamination strategies of Congo red dye. \u003cem\u003eGroundwater for Sustainable Development\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e19\u003c/em\u003e, 100844. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsd.2022.100844\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eOjedokun, A. T., \u0026amp; Bello, O. S. (2016). Kinetic modeling of liquid-phase adsorption of Congo red dye using guava leaf-based activated carbon. \u003cem\u003eApplied Water Science\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e7\u003c/em\u003e(4), 1965\u0026ndash;1977. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-015-0375-y\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003ePatel, H., \u0026amp; Vashi, R. (2012, April). Removal of Congo Red dye from its aqueous solution using natural coagulants. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Saudi Chemical Society\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e16\u003c/em\u003e(2), 131\u0026ndash;136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jscs.2010.12.003\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eP\u0026eacute;rez, S., Ulloa, M., Fl\u0026oacute;rez, E., Acelas, N., Ocampo- P\u0026eacute;rez, R., Padilla-Ortega, E., \u0026amp; Forgionny, A. (2023, December). Valorization of lemon peels wastes into a potential adsorbent for simultaneous removal of copper ion (Cu2+) and Congo red from wastewater. \u003cem\u003eEnvironmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring \u0026amp; Management\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e20\u003c/em\u003e, 100795. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enmm.2023.100795\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003ePraipipat, P., Ngamsurach, P., \u0026amp; Prasongdee, V. (2022). Comparative Reactive Blue 4 Dye Removal by Lemon Peel Bead Doping with Iron(III) Oxide-Hydroxide and Zinc Oxide. \u003cem\u003eACS Omega\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e7\u003c/em\u003e(45), 41744\u0026ndash;41758. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.2c05956\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eRamutshatsha-Makhwedzha, D., Mavhungu, A., Moropeng, M. L., \u0026amp; Mbaya, R. (2022, August). Activated carbon derived from waste orange and lemon peels for the adsorption of methyl orange and methylene blue dyes from wastewater. \u003cem\u003eHeliyon\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e8\u003c/em\u003e(8), e09930. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09930\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eR\u0026aacute;p\u0026oacute;, E., Posta, K., Csavd\u0026aacute;ri, A., Vincze, B. V., Mara, G., Kov\u0026aacute;cs, G., Haddidi, I., \u0026amp; Tonk, S. (2020, July 1). Performance Comparison of Eichhornia crassipes and Salvinia natans on Azo-Dye (Eriochrome Black T) Phytoremediation. \u003cem\u003eCrystals\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e10\u003c/em\u003e(7), 565. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst10070565\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eRasalingam, S., Peng, R., \u0026amp; Koodali, R. T. (2014). Removal of Hazardous Pollutants from Wastewaters: Applications of TiO2-SiO2Mixed Oxide Materials. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Nanomaterials\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e2014\u003c/em\u003e, 1\u0026ndash;42. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/617405\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eRemoval of Azo and Anthraquinone Dye by Plant Biomass as Adsorbent \u0026ndash; A Review. (2020, July 22). \u003cem\u003eBiointerface Research in Applied Chemistry\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e11\u003c/em\u003e(1), 8218\u0026ndash;8232. https://doi.org/10.33263/briac111.82188232\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSanghi, R., \u0026amp; Verma, P. (2013, January 15). Decolorisation of aqueous dye solutions by low‐cost adsorbents: a review. \u003cem\u003eColoration Technology\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e129\u003c/em\u003e(2), 85\u0026ndash;108. https://doi.org/10.1111/cote.12019\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSamanta, P., Dey, S., Kundu, D., Dutta, D., Jambulkar, R., Mishra, R., Ghosh, A. R., \u0026amp; Kumar, S. (2022, December). An insight on sampling, identification, quantification and characteristics of microplastics in solid wastes. \u003cem\u003eTrends in Environmental Analytical Chemistry\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e36\u003c/em\u003e, e00181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.teac.2022.e00181\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSen, T. K. (2013, August 2). Review on Dye Removal from Its Aqueous Solution into Alternative Cost Effective and Non-Conventional Adsorbents. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Chemical and Process Engineering\u003c/em\u003e. https://doi.org/10.17303/jce.2014.105\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eShafiqul Alam, M. (2015). Removal of Congo Red Dye from Industrial Wastewater by Untreated Sawdust. \u003cem\u003eAmerican Journal of Environmental Protection\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e4\u003c/em\u003e(5), 207. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20150405.12\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSime, T., Fito, J., Nkambule, T. T. I., Temesgen, Y., \u0026amp; Sergawie, A. (2023, January 10). Adsorption of Congo Red from Textile Wastewater Using Activated Carbon Developed from Corn Cobs: The Studies of Isotherms and Kinetics. \u003cem\u003eChemistry Africa\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e6\u003c/em\u003e(2), 667\u0026ndash;682. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42250-022-00583-2\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSonune, A., \u0026amp; Ghate, R. (2004, August). Developments in wastewater treatment methods. \u003cem\u003eDesalination\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e167\u003c/em\u003e, 55\u0026ndash;63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2004.06.113\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSurya, K., \u0026amp; Michael, M. (2021, September). Hierarchical porous activated carbon prepared from biowaste of lemon peel for electrochemical double layer capacitors. \u003cem\u003eBiomass and Bioenergy\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e152\u003c/em\u003e, 106175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2021.106175\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eTomar, S., Shahadat, M., Ali, S. W., Joshi, M., \u0026amp; Butola, B. (2022, December 27). Treatment of Textile‐Wastewater Using Green Technologies. \u003cem\u003eGreen Chemistry for Sustainable Water Purification\u003c/em\u003e, 129\u0026ndash;156. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119852322.ch6\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eT\u0026uuml;rkmen, D., Bakhshpour, M., Akg\u0026ouml;n\u0026uuml;ll\u0026uuml;, S., Aşır, S., \u0026amp; Denizli, A. (2022, March 23). Heavy Metal Ions Removal From Wastewater Using Cryogels: A Review. \u003cem\u003eFrontiers in Sustainability\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e3\u003c/em\u003e. https://doi.org/10.3389/frsus.2022.765592\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eVimonses, V., Lei, S., Jin, B., Chow, C. W., \u0026amp; Saint, C. (2009, March). Adsorption of congo red by three Australian kaolins. Applied Clay Science, 43(3\u0026ndash;4), 465\u0026ndash;472. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2008.11.008\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eZare, K., Sadegh, H., Shahryari-ghoshekandi, R., Maazinejad, B., Ali, V., Tyagi, I., Agarwal, S., \u0026amp; Gupta, V. K. (2015, December). Enhanced removal of toxic Congo red dye using multi walled carbon nanotubes: Kinetic, equilibrium studies and its comparison with other adsorbents. Journal of Molecular Liquids, 212, 266\u0026ndash;271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2015.09.027\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eZeng, F., Liao, X., Pan, D., \u0026amp; Shi, H. (2019, December 16). Adsorption of dissolved organic matter from landfill leachate using activated carbon prepared from sewage sludge and cabbage by ZnCl2. \u003cem\u003eEnvironmental Science and Pollution Research\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e27\u003c/em\u003e(5), 4891\u0026ndash;4904. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-07233-0\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1\u003c/strong\u003e Congo Red (CR) adsorption capability of the adsorbents of the previous studies.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"564\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"43.61702127659574%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eName of adsorbents\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.53191489361702%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRemoval\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ecapacity (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.851063829787233%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReference\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"43.61702127659574%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSaw dust\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.53191489361702%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.851063829787233%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(Nimkar \u0026amp; Chavan, 2014).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"43.61702127659574%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003emulti walled carbon nanotubes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.53191489361702%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.851063829787233%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(Zare \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2015)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"43.61702127659574%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCyanoguanidine-modified chitosan\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.53191489361702%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e85.59%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.851063829787233%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(Al-Harby \u003cem\u003eet al.,\u003c/em\u003e 2021)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"43.61702127659574%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBottom ash\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.53191489361702%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96.95%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.851063829787233%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(Mittal \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2009)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"43.61702127659574%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDeoiled soya\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.53191489361702%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e97.14%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.851063829787233%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(Mittal \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2009)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"43.61702127659574%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBael shell carbon\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.53191489361702%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.851063829787233%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(Ahmad \u0026amp; Kumar, 2010)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"43.61702127659574%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGuava leaf\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.53191489361702%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e86.84%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.851063829787233%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(Ojedokun \u0026amp; Bello, 2016)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"43.61702127659574%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRice husk ash\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.53191489361702%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98.835%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.851063829787233%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(Chowdhury \u003cem\u003eet al.,\u003c/em\u003e 2009)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"43.61702127659574%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eProcessed watermelon\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.53191489361702%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e84.3%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.851063829787233%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(Hussain \u003cem\u003eet al.,\u003c/em\u003e 2022)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2\u003c/strong\u003e Instruments and chemical reagents used for the Congo red dye removal (in laboratory)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"530\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.145009416195855%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInstruments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.4180790960452%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eChemical Reagents\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.436911487758945%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReferences\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.145009416195855%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1. Lemon peel\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.4180790960452%\" rowspan=\"11\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1. H\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003ePO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2. KOH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.436911487758945%\" rowspan=\"11\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(T\u0026uuml;rkmen \u003cem\u003eet al.,\u003c/em\u003e 2022; Igwegbe \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 2021)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2. Congo Red\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3. Beaker\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4. Grinder\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5. Distilled water\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6. Oven\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7. Centrifugal machine\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8. Magnetic steer\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9. pH meter\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10. Filter paper\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11. Spectrophotometer\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eComparative linear isothermal studies for adsorptive removal of CR dye\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"583\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.66323024054983%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIsotherm model\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.240549828178693%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eParameter\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.446735395189002%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCR on KOH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.649484536082475%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCR on H\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003ePO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.66323024054983%\" rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLangmuir isotherm\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.240549828178693%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.446735395189002%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.97929\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.649484536082475%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.98936\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.80522565320665%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eq\u003csub\u003emax\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e(mgg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.26603325415677%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.71186\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.928741092636578%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.943529\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.80522565320665%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eK\u003csub\u003eL\u003c/sub\u003e (L/mg)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.26603325415677%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.703455\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.928741092636578%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.578484\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.66323024054983%\" rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFreundlich isotherm\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.240549828178693%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.446735395189002%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.68201\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.649484536082475%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.78378\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.80522565320665%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1/n\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.26603325415677%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.20277\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.928741092636578%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.34935\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.80522565320665%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eK\u003csub\u003eF\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e(mg/g) (L/mg)1/\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.26603325415677%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.54775\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.928741092636578%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.53756\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.66323024054983%\" rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTemkin isotherm\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.240549828178693%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.446735395189002%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.67489\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.649484536082475%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8539\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.80522565320665%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eb\u003csub\u003eT\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e(J/mol)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.26603325415677%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.74558\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.928741092636578%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.18548\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.80522565320665%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eK\u003csub\u003eT\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e(L mg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.26603325415677%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.1295\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.928741092636578%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.177207\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Congo Red dye, Lemon peel, Carcinogenicity, Adsorption, Activation, Eco-friendly, High surface area","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4720412/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4720412/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe synthetic colorant Congo red (CR) dye is an organic pollutant due to its resistance to decolorization. It is used in rubber, textiles, printing, and dyeing industries. Different dye-contaminated water can have adverse effects, including carcinogenicity and toxicity to biotic components. The discovery of CR dye, its noteworthy effects on aquatic life, and the ability of chemically activated lemon peel (LP) to function as an adsorbent were all made possible by this effort. The optimal conditions of dye concentration, adsorbent quantities, temperature, and contact period were assessed. The separation and removal of pollutants from wastewater were assessed by centrifuging the samples for the adsorption procedure, which is often used by spectrophotometers to evaluate LP’s capacity to remove CR. LP was chemically activated by using different KOH and H\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003ePO\u003csub\u003e4 \u003c/sub\u003ematerial-chemical ratios due to its frequent availability in nature, high surface area, and active functional groups. For CR adsorption, the best contact periods were 80 and 100 minutes, respectively, with removal percentages of 86.86% and 89.03% for 1:3 or LP-H3 (1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, and 1:5 ratios of LP and H\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003ePO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e as LP-H1, LP-H2, LP-H3, LP-H4, and LP-H5) ratios. The greatest CR adsorption took place at a dye concentration of 100 ppm. Through this work, LP served as an affordable and eco-friendly adsorbent. Further, more research can be done on using low-cost, high-performing, eco-friendly adsorbents to remove hazardous dyes.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Removal of Congo Red Dye by Using Chemically Activated Lemon Peel Adsorbent","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-08-19 07:58:28","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4720412/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"d4151737-9651-4208-8e16-cc3488e2f2be","owner":[],"postedDate":"August 19th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-01-30T08:08:52+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-08-19 07:58:28","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4720412","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4720412","identity":"rs-4720412","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}